8852 291220119320gtlythuyetbandan Split 1

7/24/2019 8852 291220119320gtlythuyetbandan Split 1

1/10


2/10

T R N G I H C B C H K H O A H N I

PHNG H & PHAN QUC PH

G I O T R N H

V T L B N D N

N H X U T B N K H O A H C V K T H U T

H N i - 2 0 0 1


3/10

_ 123-31-2-13/9/2001

K H K T - 2 0 0 1


4/10

L I

N I

U

Trong hng ng ng o cc vt l i u cht rn, cc cht bn dn ch im mi

v

tr rt

quan

trng,

c

quan

tm nghin cu lin tc

trong

sut su

by

chc nm qua.

Vt l bn dn,

lnh

vc khoa hc k thut nghin cu

nhng tnh cht v

c

c h vt l xy ra trong cc cht bn dn,

t

c

nhng thnh tu ht sc to l n. V i nhng thnh tu , cc cht bn dn

thc

s

lm mt

cuc

cch mng

trong

cng nghip

i

n t

ng nhu

trong

nhiu ngnh khoa hc, k thut v cng nghip khc.

T

nm 1970,

Tr

ng

i hc Bch

khoa

H ni

m mt ng n h

o

to m i , ngnh k

s

vt l

cht

rn. Trong

chng

tr nh

o

to k

s

vt

l cht rn, vt l bn dn l mt mn hc quan trng

c ch ngay

t u. V mc ch , n m 1976 c h n g ti bin so n tp bi ging

" V t

l bn dn" ging dy cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh k s vt l

cht rn.

Do yu cu

i m i ni dung

c h n g

tr nh

o

to, b

sung

thm ti l i u

phc

v hc tp, nghin cu, ging dy ca sinh vin i hc, sinh vin

cao hc. nghin cu

sinh.

cn b

trong

n g n h

ng

nh cc ngnh

khoa

hc k thut c lin quan, chng ti bin so n gio trnh "Vt l bn

dn" ny.

Gio trnh Vt l bn dn gm c su

chng. Chng

th nht

g i i

thiu so

lc v "Cu trc tinh th v cu trc Yne nng lng ca cc cht bn

dn" .

C h n g

th hai

g i i

thiu "Nng

ht dn cn bng".

Chng

th ba

cp

n Cc hin

t

ng

ng trong cht bn dn",

kho

st cc hin

tno lin quan n chuyn ng ca ht dn

d

i tc dng ca in trng,

t

tr

ng,

gra ien

nhi t

, p

sut...

Chng

th

t

cp

n "Nng

ht dn khng cn b

ng v bn dn khng

ng

nht", giai thiu cc hin

tng xy ra trong bn dn khng cn b

ng v cc cu trc bn dn khng

ng nht. C h n g th n m g i i thiu "Tnh cht quang ca cc cht bn

dn" .

C h n g

th su

g i i

thiu tng quan v " V t l i u bn dn",

s l

c v

cng ngh c h to vt l i u bn dn. cc phng php xc nh cc c trng

v thng s ca vt l i u , cc h bn dn nh: bn dn nguyn t, bn dn

hp

cht,

bn dn hu

c, bn

dn v

nh hnh.

Gio trnh vt l bn dn ny dnh cho cc k

s

vt l, cc nh vt l

thc

nghim v cc cn b k thut thuc chuyn ngnh khc

nh: i

n t - v i n

t h n g ,

v vy

y chng ti

phi bo qua s

cht h

v mt l thuyt

3


5/10

t n h t o n trong k h i t r n h b y , c h c h t r n g n b n cht v t l v

nhng

k t

q u n g

dng.

Tuy c cht t kinh ng him trong hn 30 nmging dy v nghin cu

v t l b n d n , c h n g t i

chc chn

r n g c n c r t n h i u nhng sai st

c h n g t i c h a p h t h i n c trong s c h , r t

mong

c c c g i l n g t h v

v u i l n g g p c h o c h n g t i .

C c t c g i t h n h thc c m n th c N g u y n H u L m v k s P h V n

T o n n g g p n h i u c n g s c trong v i c c h b n i n t v h o n t h i n

b n tho g i o t r n h n y .

C c t c g i


6/10

GIO TRNH

VT

L BN

DN

M C L C

M

u 3

M c lc 5

Chng 1. Cu trc tinh th v cu trc nng lng ca cc cht bn dan 13

1.1.

C u

trc t inh

t h 13

.2. M n g

o vvng B r i l louin 16

.3.

Phng

tr nh

Schrodingerv hm

sng

i

n

t

trong tinh

th 21

.4.

Phng php

gn

ng l in

kt

mnh

29

.5.

Chuyn

ng

ca i

n

t

trong tinh

th 36

1.5,1. i u k i n b i n 36

1.5.2. S ph

thuc

nng l

ng

ca i

n

tvovec - t s ng

y v

nh vng

n n g n cho

p h p

39

1.5.3. C h u yn n g

ca

i n tTTong tinh

t hd

i

t c

dng

ca m t i n t rng

42

.6.

C u

trc v ng

nng l

ng

ca mt s bn dn 48

1.6.1.

C u

t rc vng

nng l

ng

ca

si l ic

50

1.6.2. C u t rc vng nng lng ca germani 55

.6.3. C u

t rc v ng

nng l

ng

c c hpcht

1

" B

v

57

1.7. C c

trng thi

nh

x 60

1.7.1.

C c

trng thi

t p

cht

60

1.7.2.

C c

trn g th i

b m t 65

1.7.3. H i u

ng l

ng

t hoa v

h nh dng, k ch

th

c

69

Bi

tpc h n g 71

7vChng 2.

Nng

ht dn cn bng 73

2.1. Mt

trng thi 73

2 . 1 . 1 .

M t

trn g th i trong v n g

dn 74

2.1.2.

M t

trn g th i trong v n g

ho a tr 76

2.1.3.

M t

trn g th i t rn

cc mc

nh

x 77

2.2. H mphn b 78

2.2.

. Hm

p h n

b

Fermi-Dirac

79

2.2.2.

H m

p h n

b theo cc

trng thi

t p

cht

80

2.3. Nng

i

n

tv l

trng

t do -Phng

tr nh

trung hoa 81

2.3.1 . N n g

i

n

ttrong

v n g

dn 81

Tr

ng

i hc

Bch khoa

H Ni 5


7/10

GIO TRNHVTL BNDN

2.3.2. Nn g

l trng t do

trong

v n g hoa tr 82

2.3.3. Gi tr ca tc h p h n Fe rm i - B n dn k h n g suy b in

v bn dn suy b i n 83

2 3 4

P h n g

t r nh

trung

hoa 86

2.4. B n d n ri n g 87

2 . 4 . 1 . T r n g h p ma = m

p c

j 87

2.4.2.

Tr

ng hp mj i m

pd

88

2.5. Bn dn cha mt l o i tp

cht

90

2.5 .1 . Vng nh i t thp. vng n g c ng " ht d n 90

2.5.2.

V ng nh i t

lon ha tp

cht,

v n g

d n n go i la i 92

2.5.3. Vng nhi t cao. vng d n ri ng 94

2.6. Bn dn cha hai l o i tp

cht

96

2.6.1. Bn dn b ton phn 97

2.6.2. Bn dn b mt phn 98

2.7. Bn n suy b in l o i

2 .7 .1 . i u k i n dn n bn dn suy b i n l o i

2 7 2 N n g ht dn v mc Fermi trong bn dn suy b i n

103

Bi tp

c h n g 2 105

Chng 3. Cc

hin

t

ng

ng trong bn dn 108

3 . 1 . Thuyt in t k i m l o i 108

3.2.

Phng

tr nh

ng Boltzmann 111

3.3. Tn x ht d n 114

3 .3 .1 .

T i t

din tn x hiu

dng

114

3.3.2.

Tn x trn ion tp

cht

118

3.3.3.

Tn x

i

n t t rn nguyn t tp

cht trung

h a 120

3.3.4. Tn x trn dao

ng mng t inh th 121

3.4. dn in 122

3 .4 .1 . B i u

thc

m t

dng

i

n 122

3.4.2.

G i i

p h n g

t r nh

n g Boltzmann khi ch c

i

n

t rng tc dng vo t inh th 123

3.4.3. H s nhi t n g

K n

125

3.4.4. dn i n ca bn dn suy b i n 126

3 4 5

dn

i

n ca bn dn khng suy b i n 127

3 4 6 dn i n ca b n d n v i cu tr c v n g n ng lng

c M cc

t i u ,

M el p n g n n g 129

6

Tr

ng

i hoe Bch khoa H Ni


8/10

GIO TRNH VT L BNDAN

3 .5 . d n n h i t 1 3 4

3 . 5 . 1 . G i i p h n g t r n h

ng

Boltzmann 134

3.5.2.

B i u

thc

m t

d n g

n n g

l

ng

135

3.5.3. B i u

thc

c a d n n h i t 1 3 7

3.5.4.

d n n h i t c a b n d n s u y b i n 1 3 8

3 5 5 d n n h i t c a b n d n k h n g s u y b i n 1 3 9

3 . 6 . C c h i u n g n h i t

i

n 141

3 . 6 . 1 . H i u n g Seebeck 142

3.6.2. H i u n g Thomson 148

3.6.3. H i u n g Peltier 150

3.6.4.

H s

phm cht

c a v t

l i u

n h i t

i

n 1 5 2

3.7. H i u n g H a n ' .' '. ' 153

3 . 7 . 1 . N g h i n c u h i u n g H a l l b

ng thc ng h i m 154

3.7.2. G i i p h n g t r n h

ng

Boltzmann trong t r n g h p c

i n v t t r n g t c dng 156

3.7.3. H i u n g H a n trong b n d n s u y b i n 1 5 9

3 7 4 H i u n g H a l l trong b n d n k h n g s uy b i n 1 6 2

3 7 5 B n d n c t n h d n h n h p i n t v l trng 163

3 .8 . H i u n g t

i

n t r 167

3 . 9 . C c h i u n g t n h i t in 169

3 . 9 . 1 . H i u n g Nerns 169

3.9.2.

H i u n g Ettingshausen 171

3.9.3. H i u n g R i g h i - Leduc 172

3 . 1 0 . C c h i n

tng ng

trong b n d n v i c u t r c v n g n n g

lng

c M c c

t i u .

H i u n g i n t r te n x 174

3.10.1 .

C c

h i u n g ganvanic t k h i k h i lng h i u dng l

t e n x 1 74

3.10.2.

L thuyt n h i 177

3.10.3. H i u n g p

i

n t r 180

3.10.4.

C c h v t l d n t i h i u n g p i n t r 184

3.10.5. H i u n g p

i

n t r trong Si v Ge 188

3 . 1 1 . C c h i u n g trong i n t r n g m nh 190

3.11.1. i n t n n g v t h i gian h i

phc

n n g lng 190

3.11.2. H i n

t

ng l o n h a d o v a

ch m

(Impact

ionization)

194

3.11.3. H i u n g

ener 2 0 6

3.11.4. H i u n g G u n n 2 0 9

B i t p c h n g 3 2 1 5

T r n g i hc B c h khoa H Ni 7


9/10

. GIO TRNHVT

L

B NDAN

Chng 4.Nng ht dn khng cn bng v bn dn khng ng nht 219

4 . . Q u t r n h

phun

h t d n 2 1 9

4 . 2 . Q u t r n h t i h p h t d n 2 2 3

4 . 2 . 1 . T i h p v n g - v n g , t i h p c b n , h ay l t i h p trc t i p 224

4 2 2

T i h p q u a t m , t i h p g i n t i p 2 2 5

4 . 3 . Q u t r n h khuch t n h t d n , h thc Einstein 2 3 0

4 . 4 . P h n g t r n h l i n t c 2 3 4

4 . 4 . 1 . Q u t r n h k c h t h c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2 3 4

4.4.2. Q u t r n h s u y g i m n

ng h t d n d

theo

t h i gian 2 3 6

4.4.3.

Q u t r n h

phun

t m t p h a 2 3 7

4.4.4. Thc n g h i m c a Haynes-Shockley 2 4 0

4 . 5 . T i h p b m t 241

4 . 5 . 1 . P h n g t r n h l i n t c trong t r n g h p t i h p b m t 242

4.5.2.

G i i p h n g t r n h l i n t c trong t i h p b m t 2 4 4

4.5.3. K h o s t s p h n b n

ng h t d n d

theo

t c

t i h p b m t S ( 0 ) v S ( d ) . 2 4 6

4 . 6 . H i u n g

Dember

2 4 7

4 . 7 . C c h i u n g t i p x c 2 5 3

4 . 7 . 1 . S u n cong v n g n n g l n g c a cht b n d n trong

i n

t r n g 2 5 3

4.7.2. C n g t h o t i n t 2 5 6

4.7.3. H i u

t h t i p x c 2 6 0

4 7 4 T i p x c k i m l o i - b n d n 2 6 2

4.7.5. T n h ch

nh l u c a t i p x c k i m l o i - b n d n 2 6 5

4 . 8 . B n d n k h n g n g nht,

chuyn

t i p p n 2 7 1

4 . 8 . 1 . L p chuyn t i p p n n g cht 2 7 2

4.8.2.

S p h n b

i

n t c h

trong chuyn

t i p p n

t b i n 2 7 3

4 8 3

i n t r n g trong l p chuyn t i p p n 2 7 4

4 8 4

S v n g n n g l n g

trong

chuyn t i p p n 2 7 5

4 8 5 P h n b n

ng h t d n trong l p chuyn t i p p n 2 7 7

4 8 6

T n h

ch

nh

l u c a chuyn t i p p n 2 7 8

4 8 7

B d y l p chuyn t i p p n 2 8 2

4 8 8 C h u y n t i p d cht 2 8 3

4 . 9 .

H i u

n g

quang

i n 2 8 5

4 . 9 . 1 .

H i n

t

n g

quang

i

n 2 8 5

4.9.2. C c c t r n g c a h i u n g quang i n 2 8 7

4 . 1 0 . C u t r c k i m l o i - i n m i - b n d n 2 8 9

4 . 1 1 . C c c u t r c v i h i u n g l n g t k c h t h c 29 7

8

T r n g i h oe B ch

khoa

H Ni


10/10

GIO TRNH

VT

L BN

DN

4. 11 .1 . C u tr c M O S 297

4.11.2.

Cu t rc chuyn t i p d

cht

298

4.11.3. Cu trc chuyn t i p d cht k p 299

4.11.4.

Siu mng v i cu tr c ch uyn t i p d cht 299

Bi tp

ch ng 4 301

Chng 5. Tnh

cht quang ca cc cht bn dn 304

5 . 1 .

Cc

c

t rng quang 304

5.2.

Tng quan v cc

c

c h hp th n h s ng 311

5.3. Hp th

c

bn 314

5.3.1. H s hp th i v i chuy n mc i n t gia cc vng

cho p h p 314

5.3.2. Dng ph ti ln cn b hp th

c

bn trong

t r

ng

hp chuy n mc thng 319

5.3.3. Dng ph ti ln cn b hp th

c

bn

trong t r

ng

hp chuy n mc x i n 321

5.3 4. S

dch

c huyn b hp th

c

b n 324

5.4. H p th ex iton 326

5.5. Hp th tp

cht

333

5.6. Hp th do h t d n t do 338

5.7. Hp th do phonon 343

5.8.

Ph n g ph p vi sai ngh in

cu tnh cht quang 348

5.8.1 . Ph n g p h p i n - v i sai 349

5.8.2. P h n g p h p nh i t- vi sai 350

5.8.3.

Phng php p-v i s a i

( b i n d ng -v i sai) 350

5.8.4. P h n g p h p

quang vi

sai 351

5.8.5.

P h ng p h p catot-vi sai 351

5.8.6. P h n g p h p t - v i sai 351

5.9. Bc x t i h p 352

5.10. Bc x t pht v bc x cng bc 359

5.11. H i u ng quang dn 363

5.12.

H i n

tng hp th cng hng cyc lot ron 373

Bi tp ch ng 5 383

Chng 6.Vt liu bn dn 385

6.1. Phn loi vt liu bn dn 385

6.1.1 . Phn l o i

theo

thnh phn ha hc ca vt l i u bn dn

...385

Trng

i hc Bch khoa H Ni

9

Documents

8852 291220119320gtlythuyetbandan Split 1