854 Von. XXIL, No. 49.‘THE RAILROAD -GAZETTE’.

totalinterestofa littlemorethan$3,300,000,andtherefundingnowarrangedforwill giveabouthalf a million a year,or somethingoverone per cent.on thecapitalstock.

HearingshavelatelybeenheldbythecityauthoritiesofNewYork andBrooklynonthematteroftheproposedtunnelof theLongIslandRailroadCompanyunderAtlantic avenue,Brooklyn,and underthe EastRivertosomepointbeneathMaidenLaneand Cortlandtstreet.Thereaderisawarethatthisprojectis designedtogiveapassengerentrancefor the Long IslandsystemintothecityofNewYork,andthat it is thepurposeof thePresidentandDirectorsto put on averyfrequentandfastelectricservice.Theproposalis to putthetunneldownsofar thatit cannotpossiblyinterferewithbuildings or any otherconstruction,and so faraswecanjudge,it wouldbea greatpublicimprovementandwilldonoharmtoanyone,unlessit maybetosomecompetingtrollevandferrycompanies.The projectseemstobeasthoroughlycommendableandasentirelyunobjec—tionableasit wellcouldbe,andit isgreatlytothepublicinterestthat it shouldbe facilitated Indeed,no cityoflicercanaffordtoholdit upwithoutmakinghisreasonsabsolutelycleartothepublic.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Tervas&:PacificQuarlerlg/.—TheOctoberissueis the‘firstnumberofapublicationissuedbytheGeneralPassengerDepartmentof the Texas&PacificRailwayatDallascalledtheTexas& PacificQuarterly.Thisis thefirstefiortof this kind that hasbeenmade,so far aswe know,byanyof the Southwesternrailroads.Thelittle journalcontainsa gooddealof interestinginformation,bothlocalandgeneral,andshowsthemarksofintelligentediting.

TRADE CATALOGUES.

CrosbySteamGage&-ValveCo.—TheCrosbycataloguefori897is asolid,6 x9in.,170pagebook,inwhicharecarefullydescribedandfullyillustratedthe numerous gages,valves,indicators,regulatorsand otherspecialtiesmadeby this company.Thecataloguewillbevaluedbyengineersparticularlybecauseof itscompletenessand accuracy. Specialmentionshould bemadeof theCrosbymineand draughtrecorder,whichis designedfor makingacontinuousrecordof thepressureoffluidseitheraboveorbelowthehtmosphere,asordinarilymeasuredin inchesofwater.It isalsousefulforspecialpurposes,asfordeterminingandrecordingchimneydrnughts.TheCrosbyindicator,thespringseatvalveandthevarioustypesof well-knownrecordersare describedatsomelength. Theplanimetersandrecordinginstruments,togetherwithinstructionsfortheiruse,arediscussedin thelatterpartofthebook.Theclosingpagesare occupiedwith lettersfromwell-knownengineersandusefultablesandacomplexindex. Thislast-namedfeatureissometimesoverlookedordisregardedin cataloguesofthisnature,muchto theirdetriment.

CoalScreensand Washers.—TheLink Belt Machinery Co., of Chicago,sendsa smallspecialpamphletshowingand describingthe link belt,shakingscreenandweighboxes,andthelluhrig patentpicking tableandpatentcoal-washingmachinery,as madeand soldbythiscompany.

AmericanSocietyof MechanicalEngineers.

C'on.liniu'iIfrompage8&9.)conditionswascomputed,fromwhichthe efliiciencyoftheentireplant,includingbothengineand pump,wascalculated. The paperwas accompaniedby tablesshowingtheresultsof varioustestsand computationswhenthewaterwasdischargedunderdifferentconditions.

Mr. WilliamWallaceChristie,of Paterson.N. J., preseatedinpaperon Boiler 'I'e.<il's.-Classificationof Dataand PloffeilResults,in whichhegavebynumerousdiagramsthe resultsof boilertests,whichhavebeenrecordedandbyclassifyingthemand plottingthesere

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Fig. -l.—DiagramsShowingMost EconomicalPerformanceof Boiler.

suits,determinedboththeaveragevaluesandthemeanvaluessuchasshownin Figs. 3 and 4 Theaverageresultsare plottedin DiagramsI., If. andIll. It isinterestingto notethat in eachof thesethree diagramstheverticalboileroccupiesthelowestandhighestplaceasfarasevaporativeefficiencyisconcerned,whilehorizontalboilersoccupythe middlepositions.DiagramsIV. andV. givetheresultsshowingtheareasof

III)

mosteconomicalperformanceforhorizontalandverticalboilersusingbituminousandanthracitecoal.

In thepaper,A SlayboltThreadingDevice,Mr. Hartnessdescribesameansfor threadingstaybolts,whichconsistsofplacingtwoscrewdies,describedabove,intandemandthreadingbothendsof theboltatthesametime. This insuresaccuratecorrespondencein lead.Bothdiesshouldbeofthe openingtype.but the reardiemaybeanon-openingone.

TheStevensValveGearfor MarineEngines,byMr.AndrewFletcher,isanaccountof theoriginandintroductionoftheStevensvalvegearfor thebeamtypeofmarineengines,as containedin two lettersof recentdatefrom the inventor,Mr.FrancisB. Stevens.TheStevensvalvegear.whereinthe cutofi is fixedandthespeediscontrolledbythesteampressure,wasfirstusedin 1840on thesteamboatAlbany. Thepatentsexpiredin 1862.Sincetheexpirationofthepatentsthegearhas

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beenusedalmostexclusivelyonall,beam-enginepaddlewheelsteamboatsin the UnitedStates.Of lateyearsthe substitutionof the screw,with quickmovingenginesandslidevalves,hasin greatpartsupersededthepaddlewheel.

Mr. David Guelbaumreada paperon The Law ofHydraulicObstructionin Closer!Streams,in whichhearrivesata formulawhich,expressedinwords,says:“ifanobstructionplacedwithinastreamenclosedin a casingwithanupsetischangingitspositionfromthelimitdistancehotothedistanceh towardthe upset,causingtherebya cerlainvariationin the quantityof motionsof thecontractedstreamaroundthe obstruction,thenthedifferencebetweenthe full pressureuponthe obstructionandthedirectpressureuponit due to lossofheightonly,equalstwicethepartof thevariationin thequantityofmotionthatreactsupontheareaof the obstruction,plusacertalnconstant;pressuresandlossofheightmentionedbeingthosedue to presenceof obstructiononly."

Mr.ArthurL.RicedescribedA Wire-TestingMachine.Thisconsistssimplyofa framemadeof two uprightssupportinga springbalanceonatopcrosspiece.At thebaseof the frameis a pulling gearmadewith gearwheelsandascrew,all operatedbyahandwheel. Theapparatusisalsosuppliedwithan air dash—pottopreventthesuddenreboundof thespringbalancewhenthespecimenbreaks.Themachineworkssatisfactorilyupto its full capacityof200lbs.andcostsabout$32.

Mr.CharlesT. Mainpresenteda paperontheValuationof TextileManufacturingProperty,in whichheatconsiderablelengthsetsforththevariousconditionstoconsiderin the valuationof manufacturingproperty,whether it beforthepurposeofsale,bonding,insurance,condemnation,adjustmentof lossesbyfire,etc.

BriefmentionshouldalsobemadeofthepaperbyProf.\Vm. S.Aldrich,ofMorgantown,W. Va.,on NotesonRating_EleclricPowerPlants Uponthe Heat UnitStandard,the firstpaperof whichwaspresentedattheHartfordmeetingand reportedwithdiscussionin ourissueofJune 4

,

page383.Thepresentpapergoesalittleintothedetailsof thesubject,andtheauthordrawsfromhis investigationssomepracticalconclusions.Amongotheritemshestatesthatanythingwhichtendsto increasetheeconomyof electricpowerplantspalongthelineswhichhavebeenclearlymarkedout in thedevelopmentof high duty pumpingengineplants,merlticonsiderableattention.and it isbelievedthat theheatunitstandardspecificationsandthesubsequentcontracttrials of pumpingplantsupontheheatunit basishavecombinedto developelectricrailroadplantsina largedegree.Shouldtherebeanextensivediscussionon thispaperwe will speaklatermorein detail in referencetotheheatunitstandard.

Mr. John B. Mayo,of Brooklyn,N. Y., submittedapaperon A Strengthof Gear Chart which showedgraphicallythehorsepowersfor cast-irongears,cutormachinedressed,for givenvelocities,fromformulzeby

WilfredLewis,originallyappearingin theAmericanMachinist. Thepublicationof thischartwouldhardlvbeof valuetoourreaders,andthoseinterestedwill findthesubjectwelldiscussedin thepaper.

Mr. GeorgeRichmond,of New York, presenteda.

paperonThermodynamicsWithouttheCalculus.Thissubjectshouldproveof considerableinterestto engineers,andthepaperwill bepublishedatsomelengthin

a futureissue,withnotesonthediscussionatthemeeting.

Dr.Thurston’spaperonMultipleCylinderSteamEngineswealsohold until the call on ourspaceshallbeless,in orderthatwemayprint it nearlyin full. Mr.Geo.W. Dickie’spaperon Aiuciliary EnginesandTransmissionof Poweron Naval Vessels is also heldover.

The UnionElectricSemaphoreSignal.

TheUnionSwitchandSignalCompany,of Swissvale,Pa.,haslatelydesignedasemaphoresignalto be operatedbyanelectricmotor.themotorto be placedin asuitableboxatthebaseofthepost. Oneof thosesignalslsin useontheMichiganCentralatDetroitandwegiveherewithillustrationsshowingits generalappearanceandsomeof thedetailsof construction.Its moreprominentpeculiaritiesarethemetallicpost and arm.thedisposalof therodsinsidethepostand theplacingthe battery-wellbeneaththe post. From Mr. J’. P_goleman,AssistantEngineerof the Union Company,wehavethefollowingaccountof thedifferentstagesintheevolutionofthissignal.

Until quite recentlysemaphoresignalsoperateden»tirelybyelectricityhavebeenof doubtfulvaluebecausetherewasnosuitablebatteryormotor;butsmallmotorsof highefficiencyand primarybatteriesof lowinternalresistance,freefromthewastefuleffectsofpolarization,havebeendevelopedin the pastfewyears,makingtheproblemcommerciallypossible.Thebesttypesofthesebatteries,however,arecapableof but twoor threeamperesdischargewithout a seriousfall in theirelectromotiveforce. It is, therefore,undesirablethat morethanthisamountof currentshouldbedrawnfromthecellsunderanyconditionofservice,andtoavoidthisthemotorof thesignalshouldhavesucha resistanceas topreventagreaterdischargethroughit. A motorwhichusesas a maximumthreeamperesofcurrentwill require

a batteryofmanycellsin ordertodevelopthenecessaryenergyto operatea signalof the usualtype,counterweightedin theusualway,and thecostof installationandofmaintenancebecomeshighin consequence.Sam‘aphoresignals,while fairly well suitedto beworkedmanually,arefar fromwelldesignedtowork automat.ically,whengravityconstitutestheonlypowerbywhichtheyaremovedtodanger.

Thefirstandmostimportantrequirementof a signalis thatit shallinvariablyshowdangerwhentheforceoperatingtoclearit ceasestoactuponit. In theUnionpneumaticsignalsa failurein thesupplyofeitherthecompressedairor of the electriccurrentcontrollingitwill causethesignaltomovebygravitytothedangerposition. Signalsthusoperatedwere,untilquiterecently,of the sameconstructionas thoseworkedmanually.Thefrictionof thepartswasobjectionable,butnotwithstandingthisand otherdrawbacks,fully 2,000signalsof this typeare in successfuloperationto-day.Buteachoperationof a pneumaticsignal representsabout }

{ H.

P. of energy,the largerpart of whichis requiredto operatethe heavy counterweight,andalthoughonecompressorsuppliesthe energyformanysignalsandit is foundeconomicaltothusoperatethem,a lightersignalis desirable.

Bydesigningasemaphoresignalwithconnectionsinsidethepost,andbyeliminatingthesurfaceswhichareliabletosufferfromsnow,sleet,iceandwindpressure,wewereenabledtomateriallyreducethecounterweightrequiredto insurethesignul’sreturntodanger,andthereforetoreducethe powernecessarytomovethe signal.Thischangeindesignproducedapostwhichis lightandgracefulin appearance,andleftonlythesemaphorearmandits bearingsubjecttoweatherinfluences.Notwithstandingtheseimprovementsthe signalwasyet toocumbersometoworkby electricpoweralone,andtheproblemofstill furtherlighteningit wastakenupandsolved.

'l'hechiefobstacleto the reductionof thecounterweightwasthe lengthand areaof the blade,andtheconsequentliabilityof a heavyaccumulationof sleetoriceuponitssurface.Toreducethiswedesignedablademorein harmonywiththe slenderpostsupportingit.A furtherstepin this directionwasto extendthespectaclecasting,andtoso designit asto presentasmuchsurfaceas possibleto theweather,therebypermittingsnowandsleettoaccumulateuponit with theeffectofbalancingtosomeextenta like accumulationupontheblade. Thesemodifications,coupledwiththepivotingofthebladetotherightof thepost’acenter,producedablade which. while somewhatsmallerthan thoseordinarilyused,bearsa strongresemblanceto them.Yet it is muchlessliabletoberetardedin itsoperationbysnow,iceorwind.

Experiencewith all classesof signalsfor aboutKlyearshad impresseduponus the dangersresultingfromthefreeand frequentuseof paint uponthem.Numerousinstancesof improperoperationsweretrace

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Disc.3, issr. 868THE RAILROAD GAZETTE.

abletothiscause.An ordinarysemaphoresignalbal—ancedwhennewto restatdangermaybeandactuallyhasbeenrepaintedenoughin fouryearsto completelyoverbalanceits spectacleand back light, so that itwouldshowsafetywhendisconnectedfrom its balancelever. Woodenbladessometimesbreakoffin serviceand by heavywinds. To meetthesefaults wehavemadethebladeofournewsignalofaluminum,asbeingthelightestandmostdurablemetalsuitabletothispurpose,andwehaveusedcoloredenamel,carefullyapplied,as a substitutefor paint.\Vhendulledbyservicetheoriginal brilliancy of thecolorsmaybe restoredbysimplewashing.

Furthermore,snow andsleetarelesslikelytoadheretothehardsmoothsurfaceof theenamelthanto that

pendentlyof it, whilethemotorandgearingneveroperateexcepttoclearthesignal.'l‘hesignalmovesinstantlytodangerwhenthecurrentholdingit atclearis interrupted. Thismethodof operationalso enablesus tooperatetwoormorebladesononepostbyasinglemotorandsetofgearing;that oneof the signalsonlybeingoperatedwhoseslotisenergized.In thecaseofahomeandadistantsignalononepost,thehomesignalisfirstcleared,andthedistantsignalas soonthereafterastheconditionspermit. Both maybe throwntodangertogether,or thedistantsignalindependentlyofthehome,asiscustomaryanddesirablein commonpractice.

The magnetsof theslotsareof veryhighresistanceandhold the signalat clearwithacurrentmuchlessthan that usedin anyotherformof signal,whilethemotor,havingnoweightto raiseotherthanthatactuallyrequiredtoInsurethe signal’sreturnto danger,operatesfroma10-voltbatteryon acurrentof lessthantwoainperes.

Themotoruponclearingthe signalbecomesidleandremainsuponanopencircuit(theslotholdingthesignalatclear),until thesignalis againput todangerbyactionof theslotmagnet.

Thismechanismhas beenfoundverysimpleandreliableinoperation.

The UnionElectrically-OperatedSemaphoreSignal.

presentedbywoodenblades. The flatellipticalsectionwasadoptedsothatthereshouldhenohorizontalsurfacepresentedbytheupperedgeof theblade.

Anotherstepof importancewastoremovethesurfacepresentedby the extensionof the semaphoreshaftthroughitshearingattherearforsupportingthe backlight. In thenewsignalthebacklightiscarriedbythesemaphorespectacleonanarmprojectingfromit totherearof thepost;andthesemaphoreshaftdoesnot projectthroughthebearingin therearof thepostatall.

Havingconstructedasignalcapableof reliableoperationwitha moderatecounterweight,weobtainedtheconditionstooperateeconomicallya semaphoresignalfroma reasonablenumberof cellsof primarybattery.Thenextproblemwastoconstructa mechanismwhichwouldworksucha signalunderall conditions.Motorsoperatingonlowelectro-motiveforceand usingsmallcurrentsarenecessarilyofhighspeed.from1,500to2,000revolutionsaminute. Totransmitthis energyto theshaftofasemaphoresignalsoastoturn it through60deg.(tomovethesignalfrom dangerto safety),couldbeaccomplishedbydirectlyconnectingtheshaftof themotorwiththatofthesignalbymeansof oneor moresetsof gearwheels,as in ordinaryclockwork. Assumingthattheaveragetimeconsumedin movingthesignalfromdangertoclearshouldbeaboutsixseconds,andthatthespeedofmotorsbestsuitedtothiswork is1,800revolutionsa minute,it followsthatthe motorwill make180revolutionsin clearingthe signal. This,however,involvesonlyone-sixth_ofa revolutionof thesignalshaft. A wholerevolutionwould,therefore,involve1,080revolutionsof themotor,fromwhich factitisevidentthat the semaphoreshaft revolveswith apower1,080timesgreaterthanthatof themotors.

A motorofsmallsizeis thereforewell suitedto thispurpose,andhasamplepowertooperateasignalin thetimespecifiedandto overcomeunusualresistancesinits bearings,etc. Buton returningto danger,thesignal.if thusdirectlyconnected,mustdrivebackwardthegearingandthemotor,andtodothismusthavea largeexcessofcounterweightoverwhatwould beusedwerethe gearsand motornot operatedby it, just asthepowertoovercomeresistanceis increasedin eachsuccessiveshaftwhendrivenby lhemotorin clearingthesignal; so is that powerdecreasedin eachsuccessiveshaftwhendrivenbackward.

Therefore,wehaveavoidedthe directgearingof themotortothes'gnal Instead,themotoris geared,in asimilarmanner,toamainshaftintheD1€Cll8.lll:§l1l,Wl]lClJissuitablyequippedtogiveaverticalupwardmovementtothesignal-operatingrod. Thisrodisformedof twoparts,oneattachedtothesignalandonetothedrivingmechanism,andtheyareenagedordisengagedbymeansofanelectro-magnet,the deviceformingwhat is commonlytermedanelectricslot. By thismeansofoperation the mechanism,includingthe motor, is neverturnedbackward,thesignalbeingtotallydisconnectedfromthegearingandmovingto dangerentirelyinde

It will beevidentthateverysteptakenin thedevelopmentof thissignalwaswithaviewof reducingthecostof itsmaintenance.Heretoforethe aimhasbeenmoreto producea cheapsignal thanonecheaplyoperated.Wehave,asa result,asignallongdesiredforautomaticblockworkthatnotonlyfarexcelsthedisksignal,butonewhichcanbeoperatedatanexpenseverymuchlessthanhaseverbeenattainedwithdisksignals.

We recognizethat this signal, though acceptableto manyashavingabladesufficientin sizefor theordinaryrequirementsof blockwork, will not meetwithuniversalapprovalin thisparticular;andthoughweareencouragedbythefavorablecommentsof thosewhohaveseenit, wearepreparedto furnishasignalofthis designprovidedwith oneor two bladesof anysize andstyledesired.In thedesignhereshownthebladeisabout8in. shorterthan that of our standardmanuallyoperatedsemaphore;,butitsbearingisat therightof thecenterof thepost,sothat for all practicalpurposesit isonly3in. shorterthantheolderform.

Whilethesignalis shownas mountedona pedestalwhichformsa compartmentover its foundation,intowhichthebatteriesare drawnup for inspectionor renewalsfromawell formedin themasonry,it is manifestlypossibleto mountit otherwiseif desired.Butanyresistancein the motorcircuit, externalto themotoritself.isasourceof loss,andthe batteriesshouldheasclosetothemotoraspracticable.Batteriesworkbestin a moderateand uniformtemperature,hencethedesire to placethem below ground. A receptacle is formedin the signal baseinto which thelampof thesignalmaybeplacedbyday,andwhereoil,track wires,drills andotherrepairmaterialmaybehousedandall securedwiththebatteriesbyonelock.

It ismanifestlypossibleto operatethissignaleithernormally-clearornormally-danger,butwemustadheretoouradvocacyof thenormally-clearplanasbeingthesimplestin construction,themostreliablein operation,theonemostreadilyadaptedtotrafficconditionsandtounusualtracksituations,andtheonlyonebywhichinspectorscanseetheconditionsofthesignalsofadjacenttracksfromthe rear of trains. From themethodbywhichtheyoperate,normally-dangersignalscannotbemadetoconformto the rule that everyfailureshouldputthesignalin thedangerposition:andtheinabilitytodeterminewhetherasignal'smovementtoclear isdue to theapproachof a trainor to a failureof theapparatusisasundesirableasit isunavoidable.

Additionsto the NiagaraFalls-BuffaloTransmissionPlant.

Thepowertransmissionline from the NiagaraFallspowerhouseto Buffalois beingincreased,thedemandforpowerfromBuflalohavingextendedbeyondthe caparity of the wiresalreadyin us”. in orderforthreenewcablesto be strongon the presentpoles,aswellasforadditionaltransformers,hasbeenplacedwith

theGeneralElectricCompany.Thecablewill beinsulatedtostandtheultimatepressureof theline,of22,000volts,andis testedunderaconsiderablyhigherpressurebeforeleavingthe works. Twenty-fourthousandfeetof thiscablewill be usedat first for thatpart of thetransmissionlinewithinthecityofBuffalo. Theorderforincreasingtransformerscoverssevenofsimilarsizeanddesigntothethreealreadyinstalledin the transformerhouseof theNiagaraFalls PowerCo. Eachofthese10transformershasacapacityof 1,250H. P.,makingatotalstep-uptransformercapacityof 10,000H. P.They are of the air-blast type, and will standin rows of four upon the air-tight chamber,whencethe air is forced through the ventilatingspacesin the transformers.It will be rememberedthatthetwo—phasecurrentat2,200voltspassesfromthe5.000H. P. generatorsin the powerhousetothetransformers.In theseit is not only increasedin pressurebut changedin phase,the currentissuingfrom thetransformersthree-phasecurrentat11,000volts. Thispressurewill be adopteduntil it becomesnecessarytoincreaseit, whenit will bedoubledand bedeliveredtothetransmissionlines at 22,000volts. OnitsarrivalinBuffaloit will bedeliveredtothe step-downtransformers of the CataractPower ConduitCo., whichcontrols its distributionthere. The electricitywill betransformeddowntodifferentpressuresfordistributionovera citynetworkto differentpointsforavarietyofpurposes,beinguseddirectlyin inductionmotors.

Severalstep-downtransformerswill alsobeplacedinthe stationof the BuffaloGeneralElectricCo.,andfromthese.three—pha.securrent,convertedinto directcurrentin rotaryconverters,will be utilizedfor lightingpurposesandforsmallpower.

The Buffalo RailwayCo.is also increasingitsstepdowntransformerand rotaryconvertercapacityin itsNiagarastreetpowerhouse. In additionto the two5'10H. P. convertersalreadyin operation,twoothersofsimilar capacityand constructionare tobe installed.Thesewill bringthe totalconvertercapacityin thestationup to 2,000H.P. Tosupplythesenecessitatestheinstallationof threeadditionalstepdowntransformers,andin the transformerhousebetweenthe stationandthecanal. Thesewill beof aboutthesamecapacityasthe three alreadythere—eachof 275KW., reducingthree—pha.securrentfrom about10,500voltsto375voltsfordeliverytothealternatingcurrentsideof therotaryconverters,in orderthatit mayissuedirectcurrentat550volts,at whichpressureit is deliveredto thebusbarsof thestationswitchboard.

ForeignRailroadNotes.

Aug.24lastcontractswereletfor400newlocomotivesfor thePrussianStateRailroads. The contractswereawardedtoeightdifferentworks,threeof whichhaveenoughtokeepthembusytill theendofnextyear. Theaveragecostappearstobeabout$12,000perengine.

A “northandsouth”expresstrainis torun thiscom

1''

UnionElectricSemaphore—Baseof Post.

ing seasonbetween.Berlin and Naples,passingbyLeipsic,MunichandInspruck. It will haveonly firstclasscarsandthefarewill be morethan the ordinaryfirst-classfare.

TheHungariangovernmentcontemplatesgivingoutcontractsfor370locomotives,1,130passengerand conductors’carsand7,000freight cars,to be deliveredatintervalswithinthenextfiveyears.

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