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. . .
( )
III
–
Скопје, 2013
: . . .
:
. - . , - . ,
. . .
:
:
, : ,
:
:
,
Тираж: 169
CIP - Каталогизација во публикацијаНационална и универзитетска библиотека “Св.Климент Охридски” , Скопје
623.3(075.3)
БОЖИНОВСКА, НаташаЕлектроника за III година : (редовен и изборен) : образовен профил
автотехничар-мехатроничар машинска струка / Наташа Божиновска. - Скопје: Министерство за образование и наука на Р.Македонија, 2010. - 323 стр. : илустр. ; 26 см
Библиографија: стр. 323
ISBN 978-608-226-262-8
COBISS.MK-ID 84273930
Со решение на Министерот за образование и наука на Република Македонија бр. 22-4313/1 од 29.07.2010 година се одобрува употребата на овој учебник
„ “ III
, - .
III , 2007 .
“
”, .
. ,
: 7
, , 6
.
– :
1. .
, , PN–
, .
2. . -
PN– , ,
.
3. MOSFET . MOSFET
, , , ,
.
4.
.
.
.
5. . -
, , ,
, .
6. .
, .
7. .
.
– :
1. – .
4 .
2. . ,
.
3. .
,
.
4. .
.
5. .
.
6. .
.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
I
MOSFET
7
" "
,
:
;
;
P- N- ;
PN- PN- ;
;
;
;
-
;
-
;
.
–
8
1904 , (John
Fleming),
,
.
X –
, ,
.
1906 , (Lee
De Forest) ,
.
Lee De Forest
20.
.
,
, ,
.
9
1.1.
.
,
,
,
( 1.1).
,
1913 .
1.1: .
. .
.
.
,
.
. , , 14,
32 .
. , ,
.
,
, .
, .
–
10
, Ce 19106,1 −⋅−= ,
, .
.
.
,
.
.
, , ,
. ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
( ).
,
( ).
1.2.
1.2: .
,
,
.
. 1.3
11
.
,
.
1.3: .
. -
, , -
.
, .
-
, -
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
–
12
10-6 10
-5Ωcm,
106 10
8Ωcm,
10-3 10
7Ωcm.
1.2.
.
. 1.4 .
1.4:
.
,
.
, .
. ,
, 1.5.
1.5:
.
, .
13
.
, ,
. ,
(-2730C = 0K). 18 200C (300K)
. -
. : ,
.
, .
. ,
, .
.
0,75eV ( JeV 19106,1 −⋅= )
1,2eV .
, .
.
. ,
, .
.
.
, .
, .
, .
–
14
( ) .
, .
, ,
, .
.
– .
,
.
,
.
,
. -
. , , .
...!
∗∗∗∗ , ,
.
∗∗∗∗
.
∗∗∗∗ , , ,
.
.
∗∗∗∗
.
∗∗∗∗
.
15
∗∗∗∗
.
1. !
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
1.3. N-
( 1.6)
.
.
1.6: . 1.7:
.
,
. ,
. , .
–
16
. 0,05 eV.
1.7.
N- ( ),
.
N-
: , ,
.
“ ” ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
. , ,
.
, .
,
.
, 1.8,
E,
.
1.8: N-
.
17
F, E,
. -
E.
-
. -
. . ,
.
,
, .
, .
1.4. P-
, 1.9,
,
.
1.9: .
.
, " "
,
.
" " -
( 1.10).
1.10:
.
–
18
“ ”
,
.
.
P- .
:
.
.
1.11
P- .
, E
. F,
E,
, .
I.
1.11: P-
.
.
,
, .
,
,
.
19
.
P- .
...!
∗∗∗∗ N- ,
.
, N-
.
∗∗∗∗ P- ,
. ,
P-
.
∗∗∗∗
.
1.5. PN -
N P-
. -
.
-
, ,
, .
PN – .
P- , N-
( 1.12). .
–
20
1.12: PN- .
N-
, P-
. , 1.12,
,
.
N- P- .
P- N-
. ,
, .
: N-
P- , P-
N- .
P- .
P- -
. , N- ,
, .
. .
P- , -
, .
N- ,
.
PN-
,
21
1.13. E1
N P- PN- .
.
1.13: PN- .
N- , P-
. ,
, , ,
.
1 μm.
UB, 1.13.
.
,
.
, PN-
, ,
.
–
22
1.5.1. PN-
PN- , -
E,
. , PN-
, .
PN-
P-
, N- ( 1.14),
E
E1. E ,
P N- .
1.14: PN-
.
, P-
N- , N-
P- .
ID. PN-
, .
PN- , ID
1 μA. ,
-
. 0,3V, 0,7V.
23
PN-
E ( 1.15)
E1.
1.15: PN-
.
,
,
. , PN-
. PN- , , .
, N-
P- .
,
. .
...!
* N P-
, ,
.
* PN–
P, N-
.
–
24
* PN –
N, P -
.
*
, .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ,
?
4. ?
5. ?
6. N- ?
7. ?
8. N-
!
9. P- ?
10. ?
11. P-
!
13. ,
N- ?
14. ,
P- ?
15. PN- ?
25
1.6.
PN-
.
1.16.
1.16: .
P- A, N-
K.
PN- ,
- .
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
, - .
–
26
: , ,
, , , , , LED
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
:
- IDmax;
- Uimax ( 70%
UP);
- PDmax (
).
, :
- 3W;
- 10W;
- KW.
1.6.1.
( 1.17)
. -
, .
27
1.17:
.
. ( 1.18).
, A,
.
,
. ,
.
1.18:
.
.
(B), , ,
0,3V, 0,7V.
, B C,
.
.
,
. α
–
28
.
.
( 1.19).
1.19:
.
4, 0 D, 1,
.
5, D ,
,
. ,
.
6, F,
. ,
. ,
.
Up .
7 PN- ,
.
- 1.17
.
,
,
. 1.20.
– ,
29
, – ,
.
1.20:
.
- OA90
1.21.
: mA, μA.
0,3V,
,
,
.
-
, 1V
50 - 200Ω,
–10V 0,5 -
10MΩ.
1.21: -
90.
,
1pF,
.
90
.
–
30
...!
∗∗∗∗ PN–
: .
∗∗∗∗ , ,
,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
∗∗∗∗
.
1. ?
2. !
3. !
4. !
5. !
6.
!
1.6.2. -
,
.
,
, N- P- .
-
.
. -
1.22.
31
1.22: -
.
A B,
. ΔI
ΔU
,
. , M
( )
A B.
3V
75V, ( 200V).
3V
.
, ( ) (n x 0,7V).
1.23.
1.23: .
:
- 3,3V 75V;
- , 5% 10%,
0,05%
;
- , ,2
1,
4
1 1, 5, 10 50W.
–
32
1.6.3.
1.24. Uvl
Uiz.
1.24: .
.
. R
,
.
:
Id
UizUvlR
−= .
,
.
. , , BZX
79C5V6, 5,6V 0,5W,
5m .
.
.
.
, , 12V,
,
.
33
.
.
...!
∗∗∗∗ ,
0,3 V, 1pF,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
1.
?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7.
!
8. !
9. ?
10. ?
–
34
I
( )
1. :
)
)
) .
2. P-
)
)
)
.
3. N- PN- ,
:
)
)
) .
35
II
4. :
) ) )
1. ___________
2. ___________.
5. :
1. ) 10-6 10
-5 Ωcm ___________
2. ) 106 10
8 Ωcm ___________
3. ) 10-3 10
7 Ωcm __________.
6. :
1. P- ) _____________
2. N- ) _____________ .
7. :
1. ) _____
2. ) _____.
–
36
III
8. (-273oC = 0K)
____________________________ .
9.
______ .
10. N- ________
.
11. P-
PN- , N-
PN- , PN- ________________________
.
12. -
______________ ______________________,
___________________ .
:
.
.
37
,
:
;
;
;
;
;
(U-I ):
,
.
–
38
PN-
? , 1948
, .
TRANSfer resISTOR,
, ,
.
, ,
1951
(
Junction transistor).
John Bardeen Walter Houser
Brattain
:
(FET – Field
Effect Transistor).
PN- , . -
, PN- ,
,
.
,
.
39
PN-
.
TRANSfer resISTOR, , ,
.
:
: , ,
, .;
PN- : NPN- , PNP- ;
: , ,
, , ;
: , , ,
, .;
: , .
2.1. NPN-
NPN- PN- , P-
. 2.1.
2.1: NPN- .
–
40
(B)
. ,
, 50 μm ( ,
1 μm). N-
( ) -
, (B)
, (C). N-
P- .
NPN- , 2.2.
2.2: NPN- .
,
1 2 .
, ,
.
2.2. NPN-
( 2.3). UB , UC
.
41
2.3: NPN- .
P1 , P2 , UC
C, .
2,
2,
IC .
P2.
UB b ,
. ,
b 1
.
. ,
,
. -
IB.
,
. ,
C 2,
. , IC.
,
–
42
. , NPN-
, ,
( V)7,06,0( −≈≥ BECE UU ).
UC UB
.
? UC,
P2 , P1 ( 2.3). ,
C 1.
,
.
P2,
IB . ,
,
. C
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
UB,
,
. : UBC = UB – UC.
,
UB > UC.
.
UB, Eb
. ,
UC UB, C
b ,
.
43
UB UC,
.
.
1. .
2. ?
3. NPN- .
4. ?
5. NPN ?
6. NPN- ?
2.3.
PNP-
PNP- PN- , N-
. 2.4.
2.4: PNP- .
NPN-
, P N-
. P- , N- . PN-
1 2
–
44
NPN- . P-
N- ,
.
PNP-
, 2.5.
UC UB
2.3.
P1,
C UC.
2,
.
2.5: PNP- .
P2,
.
, .
,
C 2,
,
UC .
45
NPN- .
PNP-
.
1. PNP- .
2. E1 E2 PNP
NPN- ?
3. , ?
4. ?
5. PNP- ?
2.4.
.
. ,
, .
,
:
- ,
, ;
- ,
, ;
- ,
, .
2.6. .
–
46
2.6: .
...!
*
: , ,
PN– .
* , NPN
PNP- .
*NPN- N- P-
.
.
*PNP- P- N-
. .
*
.
*
, NPN
PNP- , .
2.5.
:
.
.
47
, .
, ,
, .
2.5.1.
2.7.
2.7: .
NPN- ,
PNP- , .
RB,
RC,
.
:
UCE – –
UBE – –
UCC -
UBB -
IC -
IB -
IE -
. , ,
–
48
,
.
2.5.2.
,
. : IB - UBE, ,
IC - UCE,
.
.
,
.
,
.
2.8.
2.8: NPN-
.
2.9
IC UCE
IB, :
IC = f( UCE ) IB = const. ......................………………………………………...(2.1)
2.8. UCE , ,
IC ,
. IB ,
.
49
P2
IB 0, P1 UCE
1V, 10V
IC, IB
. IC–UCE
IC = f(UCE) IB = 0.
2.9: . 2.10: .
, P2
IB 10μA,
. IB 20, 40, 60,
80, 100, 120μA .
:
IC = f( IB ) UCE =const. …...………………………………………………………(2.2)
IC
IB UCE.
2.10 .
,
.
2.8. UCE P1
, , 1V, P2
20μA
–
50
. , UCE
. , P1,
IC.
UCE
, , , 10V, 15V .
,
2.10.
:
IB = f ( UBE ) UCE = const. …………..…………………………………………...(2.3)
IB
- UBE -
UCE .
2.8, -
P2, UCE P1.
2.11: .
UBE ,
UCE .
UCE .
IB–UBE,
2.11.
:
UBE = f( UCE ) IB = const. ……………………………………...…………………(2.4)
– UBE
– UCE
IB.
51
. .
2.12.
2.12: UBE UCE.
2.6.
.
,
.
IC = f(UCE) IB = const.,
:
- ,
- ,
.
2.6.1.
: UCE, ICE IB
.
–
52
Riz ,
2.13.
2.13: .
, UCE = 5V IB = 40μA
A, 5V
40μA.
2,8mA.
A ,
α. :
izC
C
RUCA
CBtg
1=
Δ
ΔΙ==α ( )……………...………….....……………..(2.5)
α Riz
A. 2V -
0,2mA, .
:
( ) Ω=⋅
=Δ
Δ=
−10000
1022
4C
CEiz I
UAR .
80μA, UCE
5V, D.
D:
izC
C
RU
I
DE
EFtg
1=
Δ
Δ==δ ( D)……………………………………...….(2.6)
53
ΔIC 0,3mA,
:
( ) Ω=⋅
=Δ
Δ=
−6666
103,02
3C
CEiz I
UDR .
, ,
.
.
2.6.2.
ΔIC, ΔIB,
β hFE :
.B
CFE I
Ih
Δ
Δ==β ……………..………………………………………………………...(2.7)
,
,
:
.B
CFE I
Ih ==β ……………………...………………………………………………….(2.8)
UCE -
( , 5V) , -
( 2.14).
,
.
–
54
2.14: .
B,
10μA, C 20μA,
1200μA 1800μA, :
( )60
10
600
1020
12001800==
−
−=
Δ
Δ==
B
CFE I
Ihβ .
. ,
, ,
.
.
2.6.3.
,
.
RC ( 2.7),
UCE .
.
55
,
.
, II
:
0=−− CECCCC UIRU . .....…………………………...……………………………...(2.9)
:
UCE
= UCC
– RCIC . ............................................................................................(2.10)
:
IC = 0, UCE = UCC
UCE = 0, C
CCC R
UI = ,
IC – UCE
.
, , UCC = 10V RC = 1KΩ,
:
IC = 0, UCE =10V , A,
,0=CEU mAIC 101000
10== , B.
2.15. α
, :
.1
CC
C
C
RU
R
U
tg ==α .............................................................................................(2.11)
.
,
900, 0.
–
56
2.15: .
,
,
.
1. .
2. ,
?
3. ,
?
4. ?
5. β?
6.
?
57
...!
* ,
.
* , ,
.
* UCE
IC IB, .
* IC
UCE
IB.
*
IB UBE
UCE.
*
IC IB
UCE.
* ββββ FE
ΔΔΔΔIC,
ΔΔΔΔIB .
*
–
58
2. 7.
2.7.1
.
. ,
, ( ).
,
.
, ,
D+ , D- .
DF. D+ B+
,
. 61.
.
, 2.16,
.
2.16:
59
D+ D-
R1/R2.
1 ZD,
R3. D+ D- 14V,
1 2 , D+
- , R3 D-. D+
DF , .
D+ D_ 14V,
1 , 2
D+, 2 ,
.
1 .
1 2. D
,
.
2.17 ,
DF D-
2.
2.17: .
–
60
è D+ D- 14V,
1 , , ,
1 . R6
- 2 .
4,5 DF 2 D-.
D+ D- 14V,
1 2
, D+ (D-).
D1
1. -
13,8
14V. R4
14 16V. D2,
2
,
.
2.18.
2.18: .
61
. Zd2
2
39V 2. D1 D2
Zd1 1,7V.
, -
, -
.
2.7.2.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3.
.
2.19.
2.19:
–
62
LED ( ,
). LED ,
11,7V. LED
11,7 12,7V, LED
12,7V .
11,7V,
, R3, LED 1 LED 2.
, ,
, .
11,7 - 12,7V, 2 3
, ZD1 , 1
LED
2. LED 1 ( )
12,7V.
12,7V ,
3 ,
R7, ZD2 .
3 LED 3, 2
LED 2. LED 3
.
63
I
( )
1. PNP- :
)
)
)
) .
2. hfe :
)
) A
) V.
3. PNP- :
)
)
)
) .
4. IC Uce IB
:
)
)
) .
–
64
5. :
) IC ) IB
) IE .
6.
:
) IC = f (UCE) IB = const.
) IB = f (UBE) UCE = const.
) UBE = f (UCE) IB = const.
7.
:
)
)
) .
II
8. :
1. NPN – ___________
2. PNP – ___________
65
9.
:
) ) )
1. _________
2. _________
3. _________.
III
10. ΔIc,
ΔIB ____________________________________.
11. ,
____________ , _____________ .
12. , :
IC = f (UCE) IB = const. _______________________
.
–
66
13. β FE
_________________ ________________ .
14. IB
UBE UCE
________________ .
:
–
.
.
MOSFET
67
,
MOSFET :
MOSFET ;
MOSFET;
MOSFET;
MOSFET
.
–
68
FET (Field Effect
Transistor) 1920 . 1930 .,
. FET
.
. -
.
.
.
1952 ., (William
Shockley) FET (JFET - Junction Field Effect),
PN- .
,
. , ,
.
.
,
, . ,
.
,
.
: FET MOSFET
(Metal – Oxide – Semiconductor FET).
. :
, ,
.
, , ,
.
MOSFET
69
MOSFET
, -
, , ,
MOSFET (Metal – Oxide – Semiconductor FET). ,
. , MOS
.
MOSFET N– P–
, .
N– ,
.
.
3.1. MOSFET
N– MOSFET
3.1. P-
,
μm. , ,
( ) 0,1 μm. ,
.
–
70
3.1: N – MOSFET.
, ,
, " "
10 μm .
N-
μm, .
.
,
, . ,
, , B.
,
.
, , B
.
.
PN– , .
PN- , .
3.1,
, , ,
, .
3.2: N-
MOSFET UGS=0.
MOSFET
71
3.1 3.2
.
.
PN- ,
.
, PN-
1nA. MOSFET .
,
(UGS>UT) ( 3.3), .
3.3: .
.
,
.
,
,
, .
,
P- N-
. MOSFET
" ".
MOSFET 3.4( ).
–
72
3.4: MOSFET
.
P- MOSFET N- ,
. P–
N– .
, 3.4( ).
N- MOSFET,
,
.
3.2. MOSFET
MOSFET
" ",
.
ID
3.5.
3.5:
MOSFET.
MOSFET
73
UGS=0, - .
UGS , ID
.
,
.
(UT) MOSFET
0,3 0,8V.
ID = f (UDS) UGS = const.
3.6.
UGS=0 , . MOSFET
UGS > UT.
3.6: MOSFET .
3.3. MOSFET
MOSFET
.
( 3.7).
–
74
, 3.3,
UGS=0.
UDS .
3.7: MOSFET .
,
,
MOSFET . UGS,
,
, ID. , MOSFET
" ".
,
, ,
.
ID.
.
MOSFET
3.8, 3.9.
UGS=0 ID
" , " ".
MOSFET
75
3.8: 3.9:
MOSFET . MOSFET .
MOSFET
3.10.
3.10: MOSFET .
MOSFET ,
.
.
1. MOSFET ?
2.
MOSFET.
3. MOSFET.
4. MOSFET?
5. UGS, MOSFET ?
6. MOSFET ?
7. UGS = 0 MOSFET ?
–
76
...!
* MOSFET FET –
.
* MOSFET ,
MOSFET.
* MOSFET ,
MOSFET.
* , .
* ID
: ID=f(UGS) UDS=const.
ID
: ID = f (UDS) UGS = const.
3.4. MOSFET
-
3.11 MOSFET
.
, ,
, .
.
,
T1, T2.
R1 R3 +12
V ,
– .
MOSFET
77
3.11: MOSFET
.
,
1 1 ,
. C1
R3 D1,
2
. , ,
1 , C1 R4
R5, .
2 2
, 2 .
R5 C1. 2 N–
MOSFET, UDS 50 V.
BUZ74, 50 V 12 A,
RDS = 0,12 Ω.
–
78
I
( )
1. P- MOSFET :
)
)
) .
2. ID=f(UGS) UDS=const. ID=f(UGS) UDS=const. :
)
) .
MOSFET .
3. MOSFET:
:
)
)
)
) .
MOSFET
79
4. ID UDS UGS
MOSFET :
)
)
) .
II
5. :
1. N– MOSFET ___________
2. P– MOSFET ___________
3. N– MOSFET ___________
4. P– MOSFET ___________.
6. MOSFET- :
1. ) UGS<<UT _____.
2. ) UGS>>UT _____.
III
7. UDS > (UGS – UT) MOSFET- _________________ .
–
80
8. ID = f (UDS) UGS = const. ________________
MOSFET .
9. MOSFET ,
________________________________.
10. MOSFET , _________________ .
:
- MOSFET –
.
- MOSFET
.
81
, :
.
.
.
–
82
.
.
,
. ,
, 220V - 240V.
4.1 -
. :
,
.
4.1: - .
, ,
.
, .
PRIM
SEK
N
Nn = , N
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
83
4.1.
.
.
.
, .
4.2.
4.2: .
. ),
A B,
,
–
84
R ,
.
, i uiz.
, B
( 4.2 ), R
. , ,
, :
mm
SR II
I 32.0==π
, ..........................................................................................(4.1)
Im ,
:
πm
IZ
UU = ; ................................................................................................ .......(4.2)
Um .
ISR ,
.
. ,
.
1,21
. ,
,
.
4.2.
: 2
4
, . 4.3
2 .
85
B, .
uAB uCB ,
, ,
C .
4.3:
.
uAB, D1
i1
RL. ,
C
uCB, D2
i2
.
,
-
D1, C
D2 i2
RL. i1 i2
,
( 4.4). 4.4:
.
–
86
, :
21 iii += , ...........................................................................................................(4.3)
.64,02
mm
SR II
I ==π
...........................................................................................(4.4)
, , 0,48.
,
. , , , "
",
,
.
.
4
4.5.
4.5: .
.
,
,
RL.
87
, D1
i1
RL. RL D2,
, .
.
, D3 D4
i2, D1 D2
.
RL i1 i2,
.
4.4,
, .
: "∼",
"+" "-". "∼" -
, "+" "-"
.
1.
?
2. ?
3. .
4. " ".
5. ,
?
6. .
7.
?
–
88
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ;
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
;
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
;
∗∗∗∗ 1,21;
∗∗∗∗ 0,48.
4.3.
63,7% . ,
,
, 15 kW.
,
.
4.6
,
4.7.
4.6: 4.7:
. .
89
3
:
3sin
1Im)1(
π
π=DI . .............................................................................................(4.5)
.
. , .
, ,
. , 1/3
.
4.8.
4.8: .
.
,
.
4.9.
4.9:
.
–
90
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 15 kW
,
;
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ,
;
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ .
4.4.
.
4.4.1.
–
( -
), ,
( 4.10).
4.10: .
91
,
. 0,3 0,6 .
4.11.
4.11: .
R . r1 r2
. Res,
rs
.
Pr ,
R2, D1 1
. C2 1, R3
D4, C3 +12V. 2
.
Pr D
( ) L ( ) C2 R3, R4.
C2 2,
2 R ,
r1 r2 .
2 ,
. C3
D1 1 .
–
92
C3 2 R2 , ,
0,5 , 1 2.
1 , 2 , R
.
.
D1 D2
1 2,
D3
R
.
r1 r2
3 .
,
Res
Res ,
. 4.11 :
j.
( 4.11 ),
2, 3
1 2N3055 4
.
: 49 +12V, 49
C .
.
Pr ,
, .
93
,
( ) .
1,5Hz,
R Rb C.
Rb ,
Ra .
1 -
.
S.
,
.
4.4.2.
4.12.
. 1
R5, R2 - 1.
1
2
3.
4.12:
.
–
94
3 ,
. C1 +12 V.
R1
R2, R5, - 1,
1
1. 1
2 3 . 30sec.
, ,
.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
95
I
( )
1. mm
SR II
I 32.0==π
:
)
)
) .
2. 15 kW :
)
)
) .
II
3. :
1. _____ ) 1,21
2. _____ ) 0,48
3. ______
4. :
1. I- ) ____
2. II- ) ____
3. III- ) ____
–
96
5.
:
1. 3
sin1
Im3π
π=SRI )
2. mm
SR II
I 32.0==π
)
3. .64,02
mm
SR II
I ==π
) .
III
6. _________.
7.
_______________.
8. , ,
__________________________.
9. __________________.
:
–
.
.
97
,
:
;
;
;
( );
.
–
98
5.1.
, ,
. ( 5.1).
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
5.1: .
,
( ),
( ).
B C
, ,
.
(
D) .
,
.
.
99
,
.
.
, , .
.
,
.
.
.
5.2.
.
5.2.1.
, ,
. ,
-
. .
(GaAs), (InSb), (InAs),
(PbSe) (PbS). -
, ., 250nm
1100nm , 800nm 2μm .
5.2.
–
100
5.2: .
E
. ,
,
, , , ,
.
P- . -
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
101
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
, .
( ) .
5.3.
5.3: - .
.
–
102
5.2.2.
, -
.
( ) ,
.
,
I
I max 5.4.
.
5.4: .
,
. PN- ,
.
5.5.
103
5.5: o.
UCC,
RE , -
, . ,
-
. –
,
, .
, RE -
. I :
, ICE0
. ,
" ".
10nA
.
,
.
,
.
5.2.3.
, .
–
104
LED ,
,
. ,
’’ ’’ .
.
, 5V,
220V.
.
( ,
).
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
LED
.
LED
,
.
105
LED
.
,
.
6 8 -
.
E 5.6.
5.6: .
LED ,
.
500 7500V.
, ,
, .
5.7.
5.7: .
.
,
–
106
–
.
LED
, 5.8.
5.8: .
.
Rs LED
1mA 100mA, LED
1,2 1,3 V. LED
,
, 5.9.
5.9: LED .
, ,
( 5.10).
107
,
.
. ,
.
, 30
MHz .
5.10: .
5.3.
, ,
: . -
,
MOS .
. MOS
. -
.
. , ,
7400 .
MOS
.
,
–
108
, MOS-
. :
. , ,
-
, ,
.
: TTL –
CMOS –
.
TTL – 74,
, .
5V.
74xx,
TTL – LS,
74LSxx. LS ,
. , , 7432
74LS32.
CMOS 40xx
3 15V. 74 HC CMOS
HCT CMOS TTL – .
74 CMOS 40xx,
25mA, , ,
LED. , 74HC
2 6V. 74HC 74HCT
74LS.
CMOS
.
,
.
,
.
109
,
, . ,
CMOS
. , CMOS ,
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.
1. !
2. !
3. !
4. ?
5.
.
6. ?
7. ?
8. .
9. !
10.
?
–
110
...!
∗∗∗∗
, .
.
∗∗∗∗
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
∗∗∗∗ , - ‘’
’’.
∗∗∗∗ LED ,
.
∗∗∗∗ : TTL –
CMOS –
.
5.4.
5.11.
5.11 : .
111
:
- ,
;
- ( );
- ,
;
- .
4 4- .
,
,
.
R1 R2 .
2
1, 2. 3 4,
,
Np 20kV Ns
.
4 Np
4 .
–
112
I
( )
1.
, ,
:
)
)
) .
2.
:
)
)
)
) LED .
3. :
)
)
)
) .
113
4. :
) CMOS
) TTL
) RTL .
II
5. :
) ) )
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________.
III
6.
___________________.
7. ,
,
_________________________.
8. TTL- ________________.
–
114
9. CMOS- _______________.
10. __________________
, , , ,
:
.
.
115
,
:
;
;
;
.
–
116
:
, .
. , ,
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
- , -
.
,
, .
117
6.1.
,
,
.
, .
.
(
)
RC
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
. , ,
. ,
( ) ,
e , , .
, ,
, .
,
. :
–
118
- , -
. ,
.
;
- -
. , ,
.
,
;
- .
.
.
( ).
.
6.1.1.
,
,
.
. ,
, .
,
.
,
. ,
119
6.1 .
.
6.1: RC- .
,
,
.
, .
( 6. 2) ,
.
6.2: RL- .
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, ,
.
6.2,
–
120
( ).
. , ,
, :
Ω==
112V
R
UI .
63%
, , ,
.
τ ( ),
:
- :
τ = R•C;
- :
τ = L/R.
6.1:
τ = 10KΩ•100μF = 10•103•100•10-6 = 1s,
:
I = 15V/10KΩ =1,5mA.
6.2:
τ = 1H/1Ω = 1s.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4.
?
5.
?
6. .
7. RC ?
121
6.1.2.
6.3 .
.
,
2 1
R2, C2,
1 2 R3, C1.
6.3: .
1 2, C1 = C2 R2 = R3.
.
,
, .
.
1 ,
. , 2 .
( ) C1 ,
1. B
2 0,6V
–
122
- 2 .
6 - 0,6 = 5,4V.
1 ,
0,6V.
B, B C1
-5,4V, , 2
.
C1
R3. , 2
R3C1,
0,6V 2
.
, C2 -
1 -5,4V.
, è .
( 6.4).
6.4: .
C R
C1 = C2 R2 = R3, -
( ) ,
. ,
( 6.5).
123
6.5: .
(
).
.
6.1.3.
.
,
RC .
,
. ,
, è
.
6.6.
–
124
6.6: .
, 2
+Vcc
R2. 2
1 , -
.
,
C1
1. 1 ,
,
Ucc, 0V,
C2 -0,6V.
2 -0,6V
2 . ,
,
.
-0,6V
C2 R2,
. 2
, C2R2.
-
, 2
1 . ,
125
( 6.7).
.
6.7: .
.
.
RC .
C2
R2 .
,
.
–
126
6.1.4.
, ,
.
,
. - .
.
,
-
, .
-
.
,
( 6.8).
6.8:
: .
6.9.
. S ( )
2, Q ,
Q . ,
R
.
127
6.9:
.
,
. ,
.
,
. - VBB,
RB1=RB2=RB
.
6.10.
,
1 , 2 .
,
,
.
–
128
6.10:
.
,
.
, .
C1 C2,
.
1. .
2.
?
3. ?
4. .
5.
?
6.
?
7. ?
9. .
129
...!
*
- ,
.
* .
*
.
*
,
.
*
.
*
C2
R2 .
* ,
.
-
* S
( ) R.
6.1.5. o -
.
.
,
.
–
130
,
,
( 6.11).
6.11: .
0V, TR1 . -
RC1, R1 R2
T2 .
-
. ,
,
.
,
6.12, .
6.12: .
131
. -
, ,
.
, V0=V0(V1)
,
, .
6.13: .
,
6.13.
VT1 VT2. VT1,
, VT2, -
.
6.13 6.14.
741Aμ
R2 R1.
–
132
6.14:
741Aμ .
VREF,
VREF>0. -
V1(t)=V-(t), V0
.
1. ?
2. .
3. ?
6.2.
6.2.1.
.
. -
133
( , -
). ,
6.15, .
6.15: .
, .
.
6.2.2.
,
.
.
6.16. 6.16:
.
–
134
,
T2 T3, .
T2, T3 ,
T3, T2 .
C1•R4 C2•R5. ,
T2, D3 .
, , T3 T2
, ,
. ,
LED .
-
, 12 V. -
, ,
T1 - , D2 R1.
T1 -
, LED D3 .
- , R1, D1, 11,4
V ( 12 V D1 0,6 V).
D2 R1. ,
D2 , D2 ,
T1 .
e - .
6.2.3.
.
.
,
.
135
.
, ,
( ),
20 000V,
200V.
- . ,
, 4
.
,
, .
.
6.17.
6.17: .
1 2,
2. -
1 ,
( ), 1
. -
R4 2 C
–
136
. 2
R5 1,
. ,
C 1 R
R6. ,
R C, 2
, R7
1 R5 .
.
RC 4
R = 28 C = 0,1μF 2,8 μs.
3
.
( 6.18).
6. 18: .
.
. -
1mA -
300 , 2.
P1
137
. P2
RC
4
6000 .
C3
, , D2
,
12 15V. , ,
.
–
138
I
( )
1. :
)
)
) .
2. :
)
)
) .
3. :
)
)
) .
4. :
)
) .
139
II
5. :
1. ) _____
2. ) _______
3. ) ________.
III
6. ,
, ______________________ .
7. ,
___________________ .
8.
________________________ .
9. ___________________________
.
10. S
___________ R
______________ .
–
140
:
.
.
141
:
;
;
.
–
142
7.1.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
:
o ;
o ;
o ;
o .
.
7.2.
,
SMD .
.
e
.
143
7.2.1.
, , , .
:
- ;
- ( , );
- ,
(VDR-Voltage Dependent Resistors)
, (TDR-Temperature Dependent Resistors)
-
(LDR-Light Dependent Resistors).
7.1.
7.1: .
:
- (Ω );
- (W);
- ( ., %5± );
- , 0C ( .,%/0C).
.
–
144
.
:
- , ,
,
. ,
;
- , - ,
, .
SMD .
,
( ., 223 22000 Ω ).
,
.
:
- ,
.
;
- , ,
.
7.2.
. : .
: , , ,
, , , , ,
, .
.
145
7.2: .
( , )
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
7.3 .
7.3: .
–
146
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. .
6. ?
7. .
8. .
9. .
,
. , ,
Forward Voltage Drop. 0,3V,
0,6V. ,
.
.
Reverse Repetitive maximum Voltage (URRM).
. ,
, , ,
. .
7.4 .
147
7.4: .
.
,
. 2,4V 91V.
,
. .
.
, .
5V 6V.
...!
∗∗∗∗
, .
∗∗∗∗ e
.
∗∗∗∗ , , ,
.
–
148
∗∗∗∗ : .
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
∗∗∗∗ .
∗∗∗∗
.
( Silicon Controlled Rectifiers).
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
( ). ,
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
, (Gate-G). 7.5
.
7.5: .
149
, ,
.
( SCR),
. 1 ( 1), 2 ( 2) G (Gate).
,
, 2
.
, ,
.
7.2.2.
,
(IC-Integrated Circuits).
( )
:
- (LF 100 kHZ);
- (RF 100 kHZ);
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
( ) (
).
:
-
B- .
–
150
:
C- , ;
D- , ;
F- , ;
L- , .
.
, . - -
.
. .
.
, ,
. , ,
.
PNP- ,
NPN- .
7.6.
7.6: NPN PNP- .
:
maxCI - ;
maxCEOV -
;
maxtP - ;
feh - ;
151
tf - ( .
).
. ,
feh
.
.
.
.
7.7.
7.7: .
FET (Field Effect Transistor)
(Source-S), (Drein-D) (Gate-G).
P- N- . FET :
( Junction Gate-JFET) (Insulated
Gate-IGFET).
(Metal on Silicium-MOS) MOSFET. JFET
IGFET.
FET .
JFET 100 ΜΩ , MOSFET 10.000 ΜΩ . MOSFET
.
MOSFET
. MOSFET, JFET
–
152
.
7.8 FET
MOSFET.
7.8: FET MOSFET.
, 1mm
.
– ,
( ) .
, -
.
(chip),
. (IC)
.
, .
.
STK.
153
,
, ,
,
.
, .
.
7.9
DIL DIP , SIL
SMD .
7.9: .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
7.3.
:
–
154
.
.
-
, .
: -
.
, ,
.
,
( )
TEST DIODA hFE
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
-
. -
.
,
,
,
,
.
155
1 : 10 1 : 100,
, .
,
.
7.4.
. -
,
.
. ,
,
.
7.10.
7.10: .
1
2 3 Re. RC
–
156
3, Re.
.
R2 R3,
.
2 40 sec. ,
C1 R4, 1 sec.
R4.
,
. -
( 7.11).
P1 ( 7.11. ),
,
. Pk,
.
. ,
P1
Pk.
7.11: .
157
.
K1 K2, ( 7.11. ). K1
P1, K2 Pk.
,
Pk
.
.
I
( )
1. :
)
)
)
) .
2. :
)
)
)
) MOSFET.
–
158
3.
:
)
)
) .
4. :
)
)
) .
5. :
)
)
) .
II
6. :
1. N- JFET _________
2. P- JFET _________
3. MOSFET N- _________
4. MOSFET P- _________
5. MOSFET N- _________
6. MOSFET P- _________ .
159
7. :
) _______
) ______
) ______
) ______
) ______ .
III
8.
, ,
_____________________.
–
160
:
.
:
,
.
II
-
-
163
:
;
;
- ( .);
;
;
;
;
.
–
164
-1.1.
.
.
R.
( 1.1). A B (uAB)
u(t).
1.1: .
u(t),
B.
. ,
,
B.
1.2.
.
1.2:
.
-
165
u(t),
B A.
.
.
( 1.3).
1.3:
.
,
.
1.4 uAB
.
1.4: .
–
166
: 4.
.
.
-1.2.
. : 2
4
, .
1.5 .
1.5: .
, .
uAB uBC .
.
,
.
uAB, D1
i1 RL
B ( 1.6). , uBC ,
-
167
D2 e (
).
1.6:
.
uAB, D2
i2 RL
C B ( 1.7). , uAB
D2 (
).
1.7: .
.
.
–
168
1.8 uAB
.
1.8:
.
: 4.
.
.
.
( 1.9).
.
uAB ,
RL.
-
169
1.9: .
uAB,
C, D1 D2
i1 RL ,
C, D B ( 1.10). , D3
D4 e (
).
1.10:
.
uAB, C
A, D1 D2
. , D3 D4
e RL i2
B, C, D A ( 1.11).
–
170
1.11:
.
uAB
1.8.
. ,
.
: 4.
.
-1.3.
,
.
1.12
.
.
R, S .
.
.
,
-
171
.
.
. ,
.
,
.
.
1.13.
1.12: .
1.13: .
–
172
-1.4.
, (
), (
– ).
,
. - ( ),
, , ,
.
,
2 3 ,
3 2-3 .
:
B
C
D
, :
A
B –
E
Q (LED)
P
Q LED ( )
-
173
X -
Y
Z
( )
, .
,
.
.
,
( =±1%, B=±2%, C=±5%,
D=±10%),
.
:
1. 113 –
113;
2. BB105 – 105;
3. BAY18 –
18;
4. BZY9,1 – 9,1 V;
5. BZY88C4V7 – 88
±5% 4,7 V.
-1.5.
Um .
50 .
,
.
–
174
, ,
, .
. ,
.
:
.
, .
RC- ,
( ),
RL.
1.14.
1.14: .
uAB,
Um
( 1 ). R1
,
.
.
-
175
C
Um,
. uAB
,
, uAB
.
, ,
RL, .
( 2
). ,
τ:
CRL=τ . ...........................................................................................................(1.1)
:
LCRFB
0058,0= . ................................................................................................(1.2)
,
C. , ,
.
2
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
–
176
5. ?
6.
.
7. ?
...!
∗∗∗∗ ,
2 3 ,
3 2-3 .
∗∗∗∗ .
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
∗∗∗∗ ( )
, .
∗∗∗∗ :
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
,
.
-1.6.
.
. .
, ,
( ).
,
-
177
-
.
, ,
D+ , D- .
3 DF. D+ B+
S,
.
1.15
.
1.15: .
D+
14,1V, 1 (2XBCY78)
, 2 (BD440).
2
1. 2
3, DF.
D+.
13V 1,
2 3
14,1V. .
–
178
R2,
13,8-13,9V, 14,1-14,3V.
B+ D+ S,
.
Pp ( ) S
B+,
Pp, S, D+, DF,
. ,
D+ B+
, S .
I
( )
1.
:
)
)
) .
2.
:
)
)
) .
-
179
II
3.
:
1. a)
2. B )
3. C )
4. D ) .
4. :
1. a)
2. B ) LED
3. Q )
4. Z ) .
5. :
1. a)
2. P )
3. T )
4. Y ) .
III
6.
_________.
7. ,
___________ .
–
180
8. 4
_______________.
9. ,
_________________.
:
,
, .
181
,
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
–
182
-2.1.
PN-
,
, . ,
, .
NPN PNP.
NPN- PN- , P- .
2.1.
2.1: NPN- .
(B)
. ,
, 50 μm ( ,
1 μm). N
( ) - ,
(B)
, (C). N-
P- .
PNP- PN- ,
N- . 2.2.
2.2: PNP- .
183
NPN-
, P N-
. P- , N- .
P- N- ,
.
-2.2.
.
.
2N ( ., 2N3055)
,
. ,
- . ,
( –
B – ).
(L, C)
(F). D o
( – ., BD675 e -
40W). U
( .,
BU208 UCEO=700V, UCES=1500V). , , S,
( ., BSY54). .
R (
., 5GHz), Q – .
.
.
–
184
AC -
ACY -
AD -
AF -
BC -
BD -
BF -
BSY
-2.3.
53
, : 2.
.
1. NPN- .
2. ?
3. NPN ?
4. .
5. PNP ?
-2.4.
.
. ,
, .
185
,
( 2.3):
- ,
, ;
- ,
, ;
- ,
, .
2.3: .
.
, :
, .
-2.5.
. 2.4.
.
.
C .
–
186
2.4:
.
,
,
( 2.5).
UCC, .
,
. RE
.
2.5: .
2.6
.
187
.
2.6: .
.
. .
CB.
1
.
1
AI
feh−
feh+1
1
1≅
+ fe
fe
h
h
Rvl ieh
( )feLie hRh ++ 1"
fe
ie
h
h
+1
AU ie
Lfe
h
Rh ''−
( )( )
11
1''
''
≅++
+
feLie
feL
hRh
hR
ie
Lfe
h
Rh ''
Riz
∞
fe
Sie
h
Rh
+
+
1
∞
–
188
1. .
2. ,
?
2. ,
?
2. ,
?
-2.6.
,
,
, .
PN- . ,
, ,
0 1 1 0.
, PN- ,
,
. -
, -
.
: , .
PN- :
. .
,
189
,
.
2.7: .
2.7
.
.
.
,
.
, .
.
. ,
,
. , ,
.
, .
.
–
190
-2.6.1
( 2.8).
G,
.
2.9. ,
:
1 – ,
2 – ( )
3 – .
2.8: . 2.9:
.
-2.6.1.1.
,
. ,
IB = 0 ( 2.10).
191
2.10:
.
(IB =0)
ICE0.
ICE0.
, ,
ICB0, (
μA, nA).
, ,
ICE0 ICB0,
,
( NPN- )
0,1V.
-2.6.1.2.
.
,
.
.
IBES, ICES.
( 2.11).
–
192
2.11: .
UCES
,
, .
, -
ICES, UCES. -
0,6V, 0,25V.
:
( )
C
CESCCCES R
UUI
−= ..........................................................................................(2.1)
:
FE
CESBES h
II = ........................................................................................................(2.2)
:
CES
CESiz I
UR = .........................................................................................................(2.3)
( Ω).
:
,
, .
193
-2.6.1.3.
,
.
2.12.
2.12: .
,
ICES, tvkl.
.
.
.
.
,
.
. -
,
.
tiskl .
.
–
194
.
...!
*NPN N- P-
.
.
*PNP- P- N-
. .
* , -
,
.
* , –
, –
.
* ,
,
.
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4.
.
5.
?
195
-2.7.
.
.
,
UCE
. ,
, -
.
2.13 ,
,
.
2.13: .
.
–
196
a1, a2, a3, a4 M
IB = const.
.
2.14
, 2.13.
2.14: .
:
tUu vlmvl ωsin= , ................................................................................................(2.4)
: vlu – , vlmU – , ω –
. -
UBE,
( 2.14 ). , ,
:
tIIi bmMBb ωsin)( += ..........................................................................................(2.5)
IB(M)
M, Ibm .
197
:
tIIi cmMCc ωsin)( += ..........................................................................................(2.6)
IC(M) ,
Icm
( 2.14 ).
M
B1 ,
. ,
,
180o.
RL ,
,
RC, . :
tRIRIuu CcmCMCceiz ωsin)( −−=−= ....................................................................(2.7)
tUUu cemMCEiz ωsin)( −−= ..................................................................................(2.8)
UCE(M)
M, Ucem
.
, ,
:
bem
cem
vlm
izmu U
U
U
UA == ...............................................................................................(2.9)
:
.ln bm
cm
v
izni I
I
U
IA == ................................................................................................(2.10)
, :
–
198
.iuvl
izP AA
P
PA ⋅== ............................................................................................(2.11)
,
,
.
,
.
1.
?
2.
2.13.
3. , ?
-2.8.
, 2.3.
2.15. UCC,
. ,
R1 R2
h11e, RE, -
CE RL -
-
. + –
,
199
.
2.15: .
3.15
:
U1 = h11e I1 + h12e U2
I2 = h21e I1 + h22e U2 .......................................................................................... (2.12)
U2 :
U2 = - R I2 , .....................................................................................................(2.13)
:
.22
CR
UI −= ......................................................................................................(2.14)
(2.14) (2.12)
I1 :
.1
2221
21 +−= e
Ce
hRh
UI
I1 (2.12)
:
( ).
21
211222111121
−+−=
Ce
eeeeCe
Rh
hhhhRhUU
:
Δhe = h11eh22e – h12eh21e ...................................................................................(2.15)
:
–
200
Ce
eC
Rh
hRhUU
21
1121
Δ+−= ......................................................................................(2.16)
:
eCe
Ce
vl
izu hRh
Rh
U
U
U
UA
Δ+−===
11
21
1
2 , .....................................................................(2.17)
1800.
(2.13)
(2.12) ,
I2:
.1 22
1212
Ce
e
Rh
IhI
+= ................................................................................................(2.18)
:
.1 22
21
1
2
Ce
e
vl
izi Rh
h
I
I
I
IA
+=== ................................................................................(2.19)
-
, :
( )( ).
1 2211
221
CeeCe
CeP RhhRh
RhAiAuA
+Δ+=⋅= .........................................................(2.20)
:
h11e >> RCΔhe h22eRC<< 1.
,
:
Cie
feC
e
eu R
h
hR
h
hA −=−≈
11
21 ...................................................................................(2.21)
feei hhA =≈ 21 ....................................................................................................(2.22)
ie
Cfe
e
CeP h
Rh
h
RhA
2
11
221 =≈ ........................................................................................ (2.23)
Uiz , ,
:
201
.11 ieevl
vlvl hh
I
UR === .........................................................................................(2.24)
,
, :
.11
22 oeeiz
iziz hhI
UR === ......................................................................................(2.25)
.
,
,
.
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ :
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ :
- ;
-
;
- ;
- hie;
-
1/hoe.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ,
1.
.
–
202
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
. 1,
, .
I
( )
1. :
) 2N
) BS
) AC
) BF.
2.
:
)
)
) .
3. ,
:
) -
) -
) -
) - .
203
4. :
) IB
) IE
) IC.
5. , :
) IC ) IB
) IE .
6.
:
)
)
) .
7. 1800
:
)
)
) .
II
8.
:
1. IC=f(UCE)/IB=const. a)
2. IC=f(UCB)/IE=const. )
3. IC=f(UEC)/IB=const. )
–
204
9.
:
1. ) ____
2. ) ____
) ____
10.
:
1. ) ______
2. ) 1800 ______
3. .
III
11.
_______0 .
12. PN- ,
______________________.
–
206
1. β =100.
UBB=2V VUBE 7,0≈ .
:
) ;
) ;
) .
:
) - :
UBB - R1IB - UBE = 0
IB :
AR
UUI BEBB
B μ651020
7,023
1
=⋅
−=
−= .
) :
mAII BC 5,61065100 6 =⋅⋅== −β .
) - :
UCC-RCIC-UCE=0
UCE :
VIRUU CCCCCE 5,5105,610112 33 =⋅⋅⋅−=−= −
2. ,
,
: UCE =0,2V , UBE=0,6V β=50.
)
;
)
.
207
:
)
:
mAR
UUI
C
CESCCCS 1
108,42,05
3 =⋅
−=
−= .
:
CSB II =⋅β .02,050101 3
mAI
I CSB =
⋅==
−
β
UVL :
VUIRU BEBBVL 8,06,02,06,01002,01010 33 =+=+⋅⋅⋅=+⋅= −
, .
β.
0,2V ,
.
)
, - 0,7V. :
e Uvl < 0.6V, 0≈CI ,
:
IZCCCE UUU ≈= .
3. RC
.
:
, UCE
0,2V. ,
:
–
208
CCCCCE IRUU −=
: mAR
UUI
C
CECCC 4,2
1022,063 =
⋅
−=
−=
IB
:
B
C
I
I=β , IC :
mAII BC 204001005,0 3 =⋅⋅=⋅= −β
Uce
. ,
, .
,
.
4.
1KΩ
RL.
β = 50 UBE = 0,7V.
0, 40, 100, 200μA.
:
IB =0,
IC =0, RL, UCE = 5V URL = 0,
.
IB = 40μA,
mAII BC 2104050 6 =⋅⋅=⋅= −β ,
VVVKmAVIRVU CLCE 3251255 =−=Ω⋅−=⋅−=
UR = 5 – UCE = 5 – 3 = 2V.
209
:
UCB = UCE – UBE =3 – 0,7 = 2,3V .
IB = 100μ ,
mAII BC 51010050 6 =⋅⋅=⋅= −β ,
0551555 =−=Ω⋅−=⋅−= VVKmAVIRVU CLCE ,
UCB=UCE – UBE = 0 – 0,7V = - 0,7V.
,
.
( RL) 5V.
mAK
VII CC 5
15
max =Ω
==
( ) AI
I CZASB μ
β100
50105 3
=⋅
==−
.
IB
.
IB = 200μA,
, IC
5mA, .
IC = 5mA, IB = 200mA , 2510200
1056
3
=⋅
⋅==
−
−
B
Csat I
Iβ .
βsat - β
.
5.
RE . UCC=6V; URE=2,4V;
UBE=0,6V; β=100; RB=300KΩ.
–
210
:
B
C
I
I=β ; IC : β⋅= BC II
AmAR
UUUI
B
REBECCB μ1001,0
103006,04,26
3 ==⋅
−−=
−−=
mAII BC 11010100 6 =⋅⋅=⋅= −β
Ω=⋅+⋅
=+
=−−
KII
UR
BC
REE 38,2
1001,01014,2
33
6. UCE IC IB
.
a) IB = 0,
) IB = 20μ ,
) IB = 60 μ ,
) IB = 100 μ
( :
) Ic=0, UCE=+4V ,
) Ic=0,8mA, UCE=2,4V ,
) Ic=2,4mA, UCE=0,2V ,
) Ic=4mA, UCE=0,2V )
7. PNP
β = 75 UCE(ZAS) = - 0,1V.
)
?
) UBE = -0,6V,
U1
?
( : ) Ic=1,98mA, ) U1=0,9V ).
211
8. NPN β = 100,
UBE = 0,6V.
) ?
) ,
.
( : ) UCE = 5V, ) IB = 28μμμμA, IC = 2,8mA, IE = 2,828mA).
9. NPN
.
. UBE = 0,7V β = 49,
.
( : IB = 0,1μμμμA, IC = 5μμμμA).
10. , β = 100 UBE = 0,7V,
) UIZ UVL = 0,8; 1,5; 2,0 2,5V.
) UVL
β? ?
) UVL = 2,5V
(βsat)
.
( : a) UVL=0,8V, UIZ=10-0,86=9,14V,
UVL=1,5V, UIZ=3,12V,
UVL=2V, UIZ=0,2V,
–
212
UVL=2,5V, UIZ=0,2V,
) UVL>0.8V
) ββββsat====50<100).
11. UBE = 0,7V, β
. ( : β=β=β=β=73).
12. , ,
UBE 0,7V, UCES 0,1V, β 200.
UVL = 0,8V 1,0V
.
( : UVL=0,8V, UIZ=4V,
UVL=1V, UIZ=2V,
ΔΔΔΔUvl = 0,2V ΔΔΔΔUiz = -0,5V 10−=Δ
Δ
Uvl
Uiz).
213
,
:
;
;
;
-
.
–
214
-3.1.
.
.
,
.
e ,
, , 1800.
vl
izU U
UA = ...........................................................................................................(3.1)
:
vl
izI I
IA = , ..........................................................................................................(3.2)
Piz Pvl :
IUvlvl
iziz
vl
izP AA
IU
IU
P
PA ⋅=
⋅
⋅== ...........................................................................(3.3)
(dB) :
( )vl
izU U
UdBA log20= , ( )
vl
izI I
IdBA log20= , ( )
vl
izP P
PdBA log10= ................(3.4)
η
,
,
:
( )%100⋅=izv
sig
P
Pη ................................................................................................(3.5)
215
:
( )Ω=vl
vlvl I
UR ......................................................................................................(3.6)
:
( ).Ω=iz
iziz I
UR ......................................................................................................(3.7)
Uiz
, Iiz .
,
.
, , ,
.
-
. ( 3.1)
,
.
3.1: .
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
–
216
, .
fH
3 dB, 0,707,
.
,
fL.
:
B = fH – fL............................................................................................................(3.8)
.
.
.
3.2: .
( 3.2)
.
.
450,
450.
1800 .
217
1. ?
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6.
.
7. ?
...!
* ,
.
*
,
.
*
.
* ,
, ,
.
*
3dB
.
*
.
–
218
-3.2.
3.3.
3.3:
.
PN-
. ,
R1 R2, PN-
, ,
. RC ,
RE
.
CE -
RE
. C1
C2, .
,
219
C1 C2
.
IC >> IB, :
( ) CECCECC IRRUU ++= . ..................................................................................(3.9)
.
, ,
( 3.4).
UCC.
,
IB, UCE IC.
3.4: .
R1-R2
IB:
BCC I
RR
U>>
+ 21
.................................................................................................(3.10)
, :
–
220
2121 RR
UII CC
RR+
≈≈ , ........................................................................................(3.11)
:
21
2
RR
RUU CCB
+= . ..........................................................................................(3.12)
UE :
)( BCEEEBEBE IIRIRUUU +==−= .................................................................(3.13)
RE:
.C
E
BC
EE I
U
II
UR ≈
+= ........................................................................................(3.14)
RC -
:
UC = UCE + UE ..................................................................................................(3.15)
.C
cCCC I
UUR
−= ...............................................................................................(3.16)
RE RC
, .
.
,
RE CE,
.
3.10,
( 3.5),
IB.
21
2
RR
RUU ccBT
+= ...........................................................................................(3.17)
.21
21
RR
RRRBT
+= ................................................................................................(3.18)
– :
0=⋅−−⋅− EEBEBBTBT RIUIRU .....................................................................(3.19)
221
IB :
.1+
=β
EB
II ......................................................................................................(3.20)
3.5:
.
RE .
,
, CE .
.
. , ,
,
, RE
- , ,
R1 R2.
UBE IB,
IC. IC
.
. RE
, .
–
222
50
, : 2.
, 53
.
...!
* ,
:
- NPN UC > UB > UE,
- PNP UC < UB < UE.
* -
,
.
* ,
.
*
.
* ,
, –
.
* RE,
.
-3.3.
,
"–",
"+". , U1 U2.
.
223
.
, ,
.
.
:
12 UUUd −= , .................................................................................................(3.21)
Ad:
.d
izd U
UA = ........................................................................................................(3.22)
Uc
:
,2
21 UUUC
+= .................................................................................................(3.23)
Ac :
.c
izc U
UA = .........................................................................................................(3.24)
Uiz
:
.ccddiz AUAUU += ..........................................................................................(3.25)
.
(+)
, (-)
. , (+)
, , , (-)
. , (-)
, (+) .
:
, , ,
.
–
224
–
.
, ,
.
,
, :
.c
d
A
A=ρ ..........................................................................................................(3.26)
.
:
c
d
A
AdB log20)( =ρ ..........................................................................................(3.27)
).()()( dBAdBAdB cd −=ρ ...............................................................................(3.28)
.
,
. ,
,
Ad.
3.6.
3.6: .
225
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
-3.3.1.
3.7.
.
3.7: .
+UCC –UEE. , U1 U2
.
, –
0,7 V. RE :
.)(7,0
E
EERE R
UVI
−−−= ..................................................................................(3.29)
( ),
:
–
226
.21
21 EREE III == ............................................................................................(3.30)
. –UEE RE
, U1 U2
.
, .
:
21
dUU =
22dU
U−
=
U1
, U2 . IE1
, IE2 .
RE , , .
, .
,
,
3.8.
3.8:
.
227
,
:
.2 ie
Cd h
RA ≈ ......................................................................................................(3.31)
, ,
3.9.
, :
Uiz = Uiz1 – Uiz2 ................................................................................................(3.32)
.
:
.ie
Cd h
RA ≈ ........................................................................................................(3.33)
3.9: .
RE
3.7
, 2RE,
3.10.
3.10:
.
–
228
,
, RE hie,
:
.2 E
CC R
RA ≈ ......................................................................................................(3.34)
Ad hfe Rc, Ac
RE.
1. - :
, ,
.
2.
?
3. ?
4. ?
5.
?
...!
*
.
*
.
*
.
229
*
, .
*
.
I
( )
1. PN- :
) - -
) - -
) - - .
2. :
)
)
.
3. :
)
)
.
4. c
d
A
A=ρ :
)
)
) .
–
230
5.
:
)
)
) .
III
6.
________________ ________.
7. 3 dB
_____________________.
8.
________ _____ ______, ______
__________.
:
.
231
,
:
( );
;
;
.
–
232
.
,
, ,
, , .
.
,
.
4.1,
4.2.
.
4.1: 4.2:
. .
"+", , "-",
Uiz U-
U+ ( ):
( ) ( )−+ −=−= UUAUUAU UUiz 21 , .................................................................(4.1)
233
AU
( ).
1800 U2- "-"
. U1+ "+"
.
-4.1.
.
:
1. .∞=UA
.
.
2. , Rvl → ∝,
,
.
3. , Riz = 0,
, .
4. ,
.
1800. ,
,
.
5. – ( U+ = U-, Uiz = 0).
.
4.3.
–
234
4.3: .
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
-4.2.
4.4: .
,
( 4.4), .
,
235
. ,
,
, .
Uvl,
Uvl ( ), ,
Uvl ,
. ,
.
, 200 000
Uvl = 6V, 5,999970000149999V,
: 6 – 5,999970000149999V =
29,99985 V. 29,99985 V
( 5.5).
4.5: .
,
:
1.
.
2.
U+ U - .
.
–
236
1. .
2. ?
3. ?
-4.3.
.
-4.3.1.
, 4.6 ,
. R2
.
.
4.6: .
:
.vl
izinv U
UA =
237
, 4.6 .
AU
, AU
(AU → ∝).
R2
:
212 RR
UUI vliz
R+
−= , ................................................................................................(4.2)
:
.21 Rvl IRUU ⋅+=− ............................................................................................(4.3)
IR2 (5.2) (5.3) :
.21
1 RR
UURUU vliz
vl+
−+=− ...................................................................................(4.4)
, :
0=+U −⋅−= UAU Uiz , U
iz
A
UU −=− 5.4
:
+
−+−=
211 RR
UURUAU vliz
vlUiz . ..........................................................................(4.5)
:
.1
1
21
1
21
1
RR
R
A
RR
R
U
UA
u
vl
izinv
++
+−
−== .............................................................................(4.6)
∞→UA , 01
→UA
:
.1
2
R
RAinv −= ......................................................................................................(4.7)
–
238
AU, AU
. "-"
1800
.
.
,
,
,
.
1
2
R
R
U
U
vl
iz −= (5.7)
_U (3.134) : 0_ =U .
, ,
, 0. ,
.
Rvl,
Uvl:
.1RRvl =
.
, ,
.
-4.3.2.
,
4.7 ,
239
.
.
4.7: .
,
:
izvl URR
RUUU
21
1
+=== −+ , ............................................................................(4.8)
:
.11
2
R
R
U
UA
vl
iznoninv +== .......................................................................................(4.9)
Anoninv
,
, .
1, R2 = 0,
,
1, .
-4.3.3.
.
–
240
4.8.
4.8: .
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
Uiz U -.
,
.
" "
.
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
, .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
, : , , ,
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ :
,
.
241
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ,
1800.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ,
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
.
-4.3.4.
4.9,
.
U1A U1B R1A R1B.
–
.
4.9: .
,
( )0_ == +UU . :
–
242
A
AA R
UI
1
1= , B
BB R
UI
1
1= , 2
2 R
UI iz
R = ..........................................................(4.10)
, II ,
:
2RBA III −=+ , ……………………………………………………….…..……..…(4.11)
(5.10) (5.11) :
21
1
1
1
R
U
R
U
R
U iz
B
B
A
A −=+ ,
:
+−= BB
AA
iz UR
RU
R
RU 1
1
21
1
2 . ……………………………………………….…….(4.12)
.
.
.
-4.3.5.
,
, 4.10.
4.10: .
U1A R1A -
, U1B R1B
243
.
.
U+ U1A,
R1A R3:
AA
URR
RU 1
31
3
+=+ . …………………………………………….…………..…….(4.13)
R2 R1B
:
.21
12 R
UU
R
UUI iz
B
BR
−=
−= −− …………………………………….………..………(4.14)
:
+
+−−= A
A
BB
Biz U
RR
RR
R
RU
R
RU 1
31
21.
2
31
1
2 . ………………………………………….(4.15)
:
3
1
2
1
R
R
R
R AB = . ………………………….……………………………………....……..(4.16)
:
( )ABB
iz UUR
RU 11
1
2 −−= . ……………………………………………………….….(4.17)
,
R2
R1B.
-4.3.6.
- .
.
–
244
( 4.11).
4.11: .
,
R2. :
2RIU vliz = . ....................................................................................................(4.18)
" "
" ", , .
,
" " .
.
( 4.12)
.
, ,
.
4.12: .
245
-4.3.7.
, ,
. ,
. ( 4.13)
- .
R1 R2.
,
:
1R
UI vl
iz = . ......................................................................................................(4.19)
R2, .
4.13:
.
-4.3.8.
,
, .
, 21 ZZ = ,
:
11
2 =−=Z
ZA
:
–
246
RE
IM
A
Aarctg=ϕ ...................................................................................................(4.20)
:
IM e ,
RE e .
4.14.
4.14: .
-4.3.9.
.
.
4.15. 4.15: .
C
.
(U+=U-, ii(t)=0) ,
R C . ,
C
. :
R
uti vl=)( .
247
t,
. uiz(t)
C,
, .
,
, .
4.16
.
4.16:
.
4.16 ,
.
4.16
. .
,
.
4.16 4.16
,
τ , Τ>τ (
4.16 ), Τ<τ ( 4.16 ).
–
248
τ=RC
.
-4.3.10.
4.17.
C.
R. (U+=U-, ii(t)=0)
, C
R.
4.17: .
. τ=RC
.
4.18
.
( 4.18 ),
,
. ( 4.18 ),
,
.
. 4.18
4.18 ,
249
.
( Τ>τ ), ( 4.18 ),
,
. Τ<τ ( 5.18 ),
.
( 4.18 ).
4.18:
.
1.
∞→UA .
2. " ".
3. ?
4. .
5. ?
6. ?
7.
?
–
250
9. ?
10. .
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
-4.4.
,
.
.
:
1) (Differential
open-loop voltage gain).
105-106.
(741) Ad 200000 (106dB),
5000 (74dB).
Ad .
2) ( ),
.
251
3) .
fd=0,
.
4) (Common mode
rejection ratio – CMRR).
-
.
70dB 100dB.
5) (Input resistance).
. 100 Ω 1 Ω. ,
, .
. ,
, ,
( 10 ),
. , ,
. , ,
MOSFET-
, ,
.
6) (Output resistance)
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
40 100 Ω.
–
252
7) – (input offset
current).
,
,
.
.
8) (Input offset current drift).
. 741 0,1 nA/0C.
9) – (input offset
voltage).
( ), (
),
.
. , 0,1 2 mV,
- 1 20 mV.
10) (PSRR-
power supply rejection ratio).
, ,
.
,
.
. 20 V/V.
11) (Slew rate).
,
.
253
(slew rate)
.
1V/ s 15V/ s.
, ,
.
12) .
( “ ”)
, ,
. ,
741 .
.
,
.
.
.
, , .
13) .
. ,
.
14) (Input noise voltage, Input
noise current).
,
–
254
.
Hz
nV10,
Hz
pA2,0.
-4.4.1. -
.
: ,
( 4.19).
741 (UA741
μ 741).
4.19: - .
,
, ,
.
.
.
AB.
,
300mW.
741
4.22.
255
4.22: 741.
T1
T2.
I1, I2 I3.
,
.
.
T3,
, T4, .
, T4
I4. C
T4 T3.
,
.
,
10Hz. .
T5 T6, B.
, .
741, 24
, 11 ,
1mm2,
–
256
,
.
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
105-106.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
100 ΩΩΩΩ 1 ΩΩΩΩ.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
(
), ( ),
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ (slew rate)
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ :
,
.
257
1. .
2.
?
3. (μ 741).
4. 5 6
741?
5. C
741?
I
( )
1. :
)
)
) .
2.
:
)
)
) .
–
258
3. :
)
)
) .
4. :
)
)
) .
5. :
)
)
) .
II
6.
:
) ) )
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________.
259
7. :
1. I ) ___________
2. II ) ___________
3. III ) ___________.
III
8.
____________________________ .
9.
__________ .
10. ______________
.
13. __________________ .
:
- .
-
.
-
.
741
261
263
1. 4.6 ,
R1 = 2KΩ R2 = 80KΩ.
:
)
) 100.
:
) .40102
10803
3
1
2 −=⋅
⋅−=−=
R
RAinv
) 428
822
1001
822
1
1
1
21
1
21
1
−=
+
−
−=
++
+−
−==
K
KK
K
RR
R
A
RR
R
U
UA
u
vl
izinv .
2.
4.01
4.6
, :
) AU = 50, R2 =10KΩ, R1 = 800Ω;
) ) AU =500;
) ) AU →∝.
3. 4.02
.
( : Au=6,2).
–
264
4. 4.7
R1 = 10KΩ R2
25.
:
310102
125⋅
+=R
→ R2 = 240KΩ
5. 4.7 ,
R1 = 200Ω R2 =4KΩ.
( : Au=41).
6. 4.03
.
( : Au=28,5).
7. 4.04
R2 30.
( : R2=38KΩΩΩΩ).
8.
.
( : Iiz=2,4mA).
265
:
;
;
;
-
;
;
;
.
–
266
-5.1.
, ,
.
( ), (
).
.
5.1: .
RN ( 5.1). I,
:
IRUU NIZVRL−= . ............................................................................................(5.1)
RL
I, LRU . -
, I
,
.
,
RS, 5.1 .
267
, LRI
SRI :
LS RR III += . .................................................................................................(5.2)
.
.
,
.
.
-5.2.
,
.
5.2.
5.2: .
,
, R1 ZD -
RL. Uns
Uz. R1
I, Iz,
LRZ III += , .....................................................................................................(5.3)
–
268
:
LRLS IRU = , .....................................................................................................(5.4)
Us
Uns LRI ,
RL.
Uns,
I R1. ,
Iz, LRI Us
.
, ,
.
RL,
LRI
IZ. RL, Iz, LRI
. Us
, .
,
. ,
.
6V,
( 5.3).
269
5.3: .
-5.3.
,
,
( )
. ,
.
,
.
-5.3.1.
5.4.
5.4: .
–
270
,
,
.
-
:
Us=UZ+UBE.
UZ+UBE
R1-R2 (
5.5). R1
Us.
:
( )ZBE UUR
RRUs +
+=
2
21 .
5.5: .
,
Uz ,
UBE,
Ic. ,
IRL, Us.
.
271
-5.3.2.
R1 .
– ,
.
5.6.
,
-
T1.
5.6: .
.
IB,
LRI . Uz
UBE , Us
:
BEZS UUU −= , .................................................................................................(5.5)
.
.
RL,
IB, (1 + β)
. :
–
272
-
. -
( ), ,
.
Uns,
IB ,
UCE ,
UCE
Uns.
:
CEnsRLS UUUU −== , ......................................................................................(5.6)
URL . Uns,
, .
,
,
. -
.
, 5.7.
, .
5.7: 5.8:
. .
,
5.8, .
273
-5.4.
.
, 5.9.
5.9: .
R3 – R4
T2.
T2 , .
Us
U1.
T2, .
,
. ,
( Us) IC2,
R1, B,
T1 , ,
Us.
–
274
,
-
.
.
10 .
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4.
?
5. -
?
6. -
?
-5.5.
.
5.10.
275
5.10: .
, (
).
.
.
T1 ,
NPN- , PNP-
. ,
, T2
. R1-R2
IRL.
, ,
R1–R2, " "
. " "
. ,
( T1)
. ,
,
.
,
5.11.
–
276
5.11: .
+5V,
78xx 79xx
( xx
, , 05).
5.12
,
.
5.12: .
R1-R2
:
( )
1
21
R
RRUU REF
S
+= . ......................................................................................(5.7)
, 5.8 , -
( ) ,
-
. ,
.
, :
277
- (
)
- ( PNP- ).
,
2,5V - 3V, +5V,
+8V. ,
,
.
.
0,7V 0,8V -
. 50mV.
.
1.
, ?
2. ?
3.
?
4. PNP- ?
-5.6.
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
–
278
.
.
5.13.
.
5.13: – .
:
.
,
– ,
.
UBE , , ,
.
.
RE.
β 1,
:
.constR
UUzIEIIc
E
BERL ≈
−=≈−=
279
, .
5.14.
5.14: .
-5.7.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
5.15
. D2 D3
1,4 V T1,
.
R5 0,7 V,
. R5 0,7 Ω
1 , 0,35 Ω 2 .
–
280
5.15: .
5.16
, .
5.16: .
-5.8.
-
,
.
( 5.17)
.
281
5.17: .
5 V
:
U1 = Uref + 5 V.
P 0,5 1V. , ,
5,6V 6 V.
30V, 5V
, a
20 m .
-5.9.
5.18.
1 D1 D2
, 2
uvl ua. ,
ua = uiz. 2 :
–
282
vlvlvlavliz uuuuuu =+−=−−= 22 .
5.18: .
uvl ,
uiz=0. 2
:
vliz uu −= .
, .
, vliz uu = .
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ , , ,
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
283
1. .
2. ?
3.
?
4.
.
I
( )
1. 7905
:
) 79V
) 5V
) 7905V.
2. 78xx
:
)
)
) .
–
284
II
3.
:
1. ) ___
2. ) ____
III
4.
________ .
5.
__________________ .
6. _________
.
7. , _____________, _______________
____________________ .
:
-
.
287
1. UNS=20V, Us=12V,
R1=50Ω RL=100Ω. !
mAR
UsI
LRL 120== ,
mAR
UsUI NS 160
)(
1
=−
= ,
.40mAIIIz RL =−=
2. ?
( 2,88W).
3. ?
( 12V).
–
288
4. : Uz =5,3V, R3=R4=2KΩ.
?
( : 12V).
5. , R3=R4=2KΩ, US=15V.
? ( : 6,8V).
6. , : UNS=16V
Us=12V. RL,
10W.
( : 4,8ΩΩΩΩ).
289
:
;
;
;
,
, ,
;
, , ;
.
–
290
-6. 1.
.
.
, ,
,
.
( 6.1 ),
( 6.1 ).
,
.
6.1: .
, . , ,
, .
, ,
( ),
( ).
.
,
. -
– dioda test,
291
1mA. ,
UAK 200 400
mV, 500 700 mV,
,
1 OL ( ).
( 6.2).
6.2: .
-6. 2.
PNP,
NPN ( 6.3).
6.3: 6.4: . .
–
292
“dioda test”.
, .
. .
1,2 3 ( 6.4)
.
1.
1:
+ ( )
- ( )
2 3 OL 1 - ( )
3 2 OL 1 - ( )
1 2 660 mV
2 1 OL 1 - ( )
3 1 OL 1 - ( )
1 3 665 mV
1
2 1 3. 1
. 1 2
- , 2
.
1 3
- , 3 .
( )
, NPN- .
PNP-
( 1).
,
.
293
UBE ,
( 6.5). UBE (
), NPN– , , ,
, PNP- .
6.5: - NPN PNP- .
1. -
?
2. ,
?
3.
UAK ?
4. ?
5.
?
6. ?
7. UBE NPN – ,
PNP- ?
–
294
-6.3.
- ,
.
, ,
.
6.6 .
6.6: -
.
mA .
, 2V.
R .
:
max
max
max
maxmax
DD
D
I
U
I
UUR ≈
−= 2
maxDR RIP > .
UD
ID.
.
295
X-Y . X-
UD Y- ID
.
6.6 .
, ,
.
.
,
μA.
,
.
, , ,
.
(-X –Y).
.
-6.4.
.
6. 7.
R
, .
, ,
.
, ,
: UZ,
, rz, Izmax PDmax.
–
296
6.7: -
.
-6.5.
. : IB - UBE, ,
IC - UCE,
.
.
,
.
:
- IC = f( UCE ) IB = const.;
- IC = f( IB ) UCE =const.;
- UBE = f( UCE ) IB = const.
6.8: NPN-
.
297
6.8
.
.
...!
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
.
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ UBE
, NPN– , , ,
, PNP- .
∗∗∗∗
,
,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
,
,
.
∗∗∗∗ ,
.
–
298
1. -
?
2. -
.
3.
.
4.
?
5. ?
-6.6.
.
, ,
.
.
. e
,
,
.
.
.
2 ,
,
,
.
299
2:
AA 119 Ge-Di , 30V, 35mA AA 133 Ge-Di , 130V, 50mA BA 159 Si-Di , 1000V/1A, 300ns
3
.
3:
Idmax -
- (A)
(V)
Iinv -
-
(mA)
(V)
Uimax (V)
AX101 0,5 <0,5 <0,02 40 40 AX102 0,5 <0,6 <0,03 60 60 AX103 0,5 <0,8 <0,04 80 80 BY50A 20 1,2 1 100 100 BY50B 20 1,2 1 200 200 BY50D 20 1,2 1 400 400 1N4001 1 1,1 0,01 50 50 1N4002 1 1,1 0,01 100 100 1N4003 1 1,1 0,01 200 200 1N5407 3 1,3 / / 1000
LED 4.
4:
IF
max. UF
typ. UF
max. UR
max.
30mA 1.7V 2.1V 5V 5mcd 60° 660nm
30mA 2.0V 2.5V 5V 80mcd 60° 625nm
30mA 2.1V 2.5V 5V 32mcd 60° 590nm
25mA 2.2V 2.5V 5V 32mcd 60° 565nm
High intensity
30mA 4.5V 5.5V 5V 60mcd 50° 430nm
Super bright 30mA 1.85V 2.5V 5V 500mcd 60° 660nm
Low current 30mA 1.7V 2.0V 5V 5mcd 60° 625nm
–
300
5
:
5:
Uz (V)
Rz= ΔUz/ΔIz
(Ω)
Iz (mA)
Pdmax (mV)
Izmax (mA)
(0C)
BZ1 0,6-0,75 5 5 250 100 150 BZ2 2-3 70 5 250 50 150 BZ3 3-4 75 5 250 50 150 BZ4 4-5 65 5 250 100 150 ZE4,7 4,1-5,2 65 5 250 / 150 ZE5,6 5-6,3 35 5 250 / 150 ZE6,8 6,1-7,5 4 5 250 / 150 ZF1,4 1,3-1,5 20 1,4 400 130 150 ZF2,1 1,9-2,3 30 2,1 400 80 150 ZR2,7 2,5-2,9 70 5 250 / 150 BZL27 24,1-30 <15 25 1,25 40 150
ZBL28 29,6-36,5 <15 25 1,25 33 150
6 :
6:
AC 187k Ge-N NF 25V/1A, 1W AF 239S Ge-P UHF 20V/10mA, 780MHz
AL 102 Ge-P 130V/6A, 30W
(TG=550C)
BC 879 N-darl. 100V/1A, 0,8W,
200MHz
BC 880 P-darl. 100V/1A, 0,8W,
200MHz
BD 139 Si-N 100V/1,5A, 12,5W,
250MHz
301
7
β .
7:
8
,
.
8:
ICmax (mA) UCEmax (V) PCDmax AC175 2000 18 1100 AF115 10 20 50 AF139 8 15 60 ASY80 1000 15 500 BC183A 200 45 300
9.
9:
NDV 8501 National Semiconductor
NE 555 Philips
NDY 4803 DC-DC C&D Technologies
IC
(mA) UCE (V)
β ( )
BC107 2 5 125-260 , BC182 BC547
AF240 2 10 50 UHF- /
BC182 2 5 125-260 ,
BC107 BC182L
BC547B 2 5 110-450 , BC107B
BC875 7 10 2000
BC876
BF421 25 20 >40
- /
–
302
9
,
.
.
.
-6.7.
.
.
1
cm. .
–
. ,
, .
6.9.
6.9: .
, ( .,
).
303
–
(BNC), .
Y- .
, ,
V/cm.
, vreme/cm (sec/cm,
msec/cm μsec/cm).
.
AUTO TRIGGER.
.
.
.
, .
.
:
f=1 / .
.
Y- . ,
3,4cm,
2V/cm, :
U = 3,4cm x 2V/cm = 6,8V.
4cm,
X- 5ms/cm,
:
T = 4cm x 5ms/cm = 20ms,
:
f = 1/20ms = 50Hz.
–
304
.
6.10:
.
6.11.
6.11: .
-6.7.1.
,
.
, ( )
( ).
.
305
6.12
.
. ,
, ( )
, ( ) .
“ ”.
6.12: .
6.13
.
6.13: .
6.13
6.13
.
–
306
6.13 :
.
6.13 :
.
6.14 4
,
.
6.14: .
307
6.15 ,
.
6.15: - .
6.16 6.17
.
6.16: .
6.17: .
–
308
6.18
.
6.18:
.
-6.8.
78xx
79xx
.
6.19
78xx 79xx. C1 ,
C2, ,
. ,
C1 100nF.
6.19: O 78xx 79xx.
309
10
.
10:
7805 5
7806 6
7808 8
7885 8,5
7809 9
7810 10
7812 12
7815 15
7818 18
7824 24
7905 -5
7906 -6
7908 -8
7985 -8,5
7909 -9
7910 -10
7912 -12
7915 -15
7918 -18
7924 -24
0,1 , 1 5 . 0,1 L,
1 , 5 , S ( 11).
11:
L <0,1A
<1A
S <5A
–
310
, , 78L05 5V
0,1 , 7915
15V 1 .
.
( )
.
12
.
12:
7805 min. +7,2V
max. +30V +5V
- 78L05 0,1
- 7805 1
- 78S05 5
7905 min. -7,2V
max. -30V -5V
- 79L05 0,1
- 7905 1
- 79L05 5
78L06 min. +8,2V
max. +30V +6V 0,1
79S08 min. -10,2V
max. -30V -8V 5
7809 min. +11,2V
max. +30V +9V
- 78L09 0,1
- 7809 1
- 78L09 5
7912 min. -14,2V
max. -30V -12V
- 79L12 0,1
- 7912 1
- 79L12 5
78L15 min. +17,2V
max. +30V +15V 0,1
311
,
,
( 200V),
,
20 .
–
312
I
( )
1.
:
)
) .
2. :
)
) .
II
3.
UBE:
) NPN– 1. ______
) PNP- 2. _______.
313
III
4.
, , __________
, _________
( ).
:
* -
.
–
314
SI-
l m
m kg t ss
I A
T kg n mol Iv cd
SI-
N kg m s-2 Pa N/m2=kg m-1 s-2
J N m=kg m2 s-2
kg m-3 kg m-3
10-24 y 1024 Y 10-21 z 1021 Z 10-18 a 1018 E 10-15 f 1015 P 10-12 p 1012 T 10-9 n 109 G 10-6 μ 106 M 10-3 m 103 K 10-2 c 102 h 10-1 d 101 da
315
:
................................................................................5
1. .................................................................................7
1.1. .........................................9
1.2. ...........................12
1.3. N- ..........................................................................15
1.4. P- ..........................................................................17
1.5. PN- ........................................................................................................19
1.5.1. PN- …..................................………22
1.6. ..........................................................................25
1.6.1. .................................26
1.6.2. - ..............................30
1.6.3. .....................................................32
2. ..................................................................37
2.1. NPN- ...................................................39
2.2. NPN- ............................................................40
2.3. PNP- …................….43
2.4. ...............................................45
2.5. ...........................................46
2.5.1. ........................................................................47
2.5.2. ...........................................................................48
2.6. ...................................................51
2.6.1. ................................................................51
2.6.2. .............................53
2.6.3. ............................................................................................54
2.7. ..58
2.7.1. .................................58
2.7.2. ..............................................................................61
3. MOSFET- ..........................................................................67
3.1. MOSFET .........69
3.2. MOSFET ...................72
3.3. MOSFET ......................................................................73
3.4. MOSFET ...........................76
4. -
.....................................81
4.1. ............................................................................83
4.2. ............................................................................84
4.3. ........................................................................88
4.4. ...............................90
4.4.1. – ............90
4.4.2. .................................93
5. ...................................97
5.1. ............................................98
5.2. .....................................................................99
5.2.1. ................................................................................................99
5.2.2. ...................................................................................102
5.2.3. ..........................................................................................103
5.3. ......................107
5.4. ........................110
6. ................................................................115
6.1. ....................................................................................117
6.1.1. ............................................................................118
6.1.2. ....................................................................121
6.1.3. .............................................................123
6.1.4. ..................................................................126
6.1.5. ( )...................................................129
6.2. ..............................132
6.2.1. ......................................132
6.2.2.
...................................................................133
6.2.3. ........................................................................134
7. .............................................141
7.1. ................................................................142
7.2. .................................142
7.2.1. .............................................................................143
..............................................................................................143
.........................................................................................144
.......................................................................................145
............................................................146
...........................................................................................147
....................................................................................148
7.2.2. ..............................................................................149
........................................................................149
FET ....................................................................................151
..................................................................................152
7.3. ...........................................153
7.4. ..........................................................155
..................................................................................161
-1. – ....................163
-1.1. ......................................................................164
-1.2. .....................................................................166
-1.3. .................................................................170
-1.4. .......................................172
-1.5. .........................................................................173
-1.6. ..............................176
-2. .....................................181
-2.1. ............................................182
-2.2. .............................................................183
-2.3. ..........................................184
-2.4. ....................................184
-2.5.
........................185
-2.6. .......................188
-2.6.1. …190 -2.6.1.1. ................................................................................190
-2.6.1.2. .......................................................................191
-2.6.1.3. ...................................................................................193
-2.7. ….195
-2.8.
……….….…………………………………….……….…...198
- ....................................................................................205
-3. ....................................................213
-3.1. ..................................214
-3.2. .........................218
-3.3. ...............................................................222
-3.3.1. …….……....225
-4.
.......................................................231
-4.1. .......................................................233
-4.2. .......................................234
-4.3. .........................236
-4.3.1. ....................................................................236
-4.3.2. ................................................................238
-4.3.3. ............................239
-4.3.4. ..............................................................................241
-4.3.5. ..........................................242
-4.3.6. .......................................................243
-4.3.7. .......................................................245
-4.3.8. ..........................................................................245
-4.3.9. .........................................................................................246
-4.3.10. .................................................................................248
-4.4. ..........................................................250
-4.4.1. - ..................................254
- 741................260
- ....................................................................................262
-5. ........................................265
-5.1. ...........................................266
-5.2. ..........................................267
-5.3. ............................................269
-5.3.1. ....................................................269
-5.3.2. .................................271
-5.4. ...........................273
-5.5. ................................274
-5.6. ............................................................................277
-5.7. .......................279
-5.8. ............................280
-5.9. .............281
- .......................................................................................285
-6. .........................289
-6.1. ........................................................................290
-6.2. .............................................................291
-6.3. ............294
-6.4. .................................295
-6.5. ...................................296
-6.6. ...................................298
-6.7. .........................................................................302
-6.7.1. ........................304
-6.8.
...................................................................................308
SI .......................................................314
......................................................315
1. David Irwin David Kerns: Introduction to Electrical Engineering, Prentice Hall
International Editions, 1995
III
3. Milman – Halkias: Integrated electronics: analog and digital circuits and
systems, 1972
III
I II
II
I II
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