84231131 Sprint Training

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Nide niversitesi Beden Eitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 6, Say 2, 201Nigde University Journal of Physical Education And Sport Sciences Vol 6, No 2, 201

engl AKDENZ1

mid KARLI1

Tuba DADEMR1

Hakan YARAR1

Bayram YILMAZ1

1

Abant Izzet Baysal University,School of Physical Education and

Sport, Bolu, TURKYE

IMPACT OF EXERCISE INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGEON SPRINT AND AGILITY PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise induced muscl

damage on sprint and agility performance.

Methods: Eleven healthy male soccer players [(SD) age: 21.63 1.91 years; stature: 176.63 5.31cm; body mass: 70.36 3.72kg] who did not perform any high intensity physical training during las3 months volunteered to participate in this study. Agility and sprint running times were measuredfollowing determination of athletes muscle soreness level using visual analog scale (VAS), befor(baseline) and at 1st, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th hours after muscle damaging exercise protocol. Five setof 20 repetitions drop jumps were performed as a muscle damage exercise protocol. Repeatemeasure ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.

Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant changes in muscle soreness [F(5-50)196.65, p


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INTRODUCTION

Exercise induced muscle damage whichcan be also expressed as micro-trauma,micro-injury or muscle damage, is defined

as temporary cellular damage occurring inthe skeletal muscle after exercise (Simith &Miles, 2000). The formation of exerciseinduced muscle damage is a commonsituation following high intensity exercisesincluding eccentric contractions such asplyometrics or unaccustomed exercises(Hazar, 2004; Twist & Eston, 2007; Hightonet al., 2009). In recent studies, increase of

muscle proteins in blood (Howatson &Milak, 2009), long-lasting muscle soreness(Howell et al., 1993), inflammation (Cleak &Eston, 1992) and impairment of musclefunction (Rawson et al., 2001) have beenreported along with the formation of muscledamage.

In recent years, the effects of exerciseinduced muscle damage on athletic

performance have become a subject ofcuriosity among researchers. In thesestudies, impact of muscle damage onvarious athletic performance componentswere examined following eccentricexercises or plyometrics including intenseeccentric contractions. In the initial studiesthe impacts of exercise induced muscledamage on physical performance wereassessed with isometric strengthmeasurements. Negative effects of muscledamage on isometric strength wereconfirmed in various studies (Byrne &Eston, 2002; Sayers & Clarkson, 2001;Cleak & Eston, 1992). However, isometricstrength measurements were widely usedin most experimental studies to assessstrength performance; it is thought thatisometric contractions do not reflect the

athletic performance including dynamiccontractions. Because of researchers who

aim to keep athletic performance forefronpreferred dynamic based tests to assesthe effects of muscle damage operformance.

Studies done in this context indicatesignificant decrease in isokinetic strengtfollowing eccentric exercise protocols anthis decline has reached to the highest levat 24th and 48th hours (Twist & Eston, 200Burt & Twist, 2011; Highton et al., 2009). addition to this, studies examininendurance reported significant reduction running distance after eccentric exercisespecially at 48th hour (Burt & Twist, 201Twist & Eston, 2009; Marcora & Bosio2007). Twist et al. (2008) investigatesignificant deterioration in the balancedominant leg following muscle damagexercise protocol. Furthermore, significadegradation was reported in vertical jumperformance (Marginson et al., 2005; Byrn& Eston, 2002) and in peak power outpvalues recorded with cycle ergomete

(Twist & Eston, 2005; Nottle & Nosaka2007; Byrne & Eston, 2002) followineccentric exercise protocols in varioustudies.

There is limited data on the effects exercise induced muscle damage on sprinand agility performance. According to oobservations, there were three recestudies which examined the influence

exercise induced muscle damage on sprinperformance (Twist & Eston, 2005; Hightoet al., 2009; Semark et al., 1999). Twist Eston (2005) and Highton et al. (2009) whexamined effects of exercise inducemuscle damage on sprint performancestablished significantly high sprint runnintimes at 30th minute, 24th and 48th houafter similar exercise protocols an

recorded comeback to baseline values 72nd hours. Nevertheless, in contrast


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these studies Semark et al. (1999) did notfind any impact of eccentric exerciseprotocol on sprint performance on trainedathletes. Currently only one study examinedthe effects of muscle damage on agility.Highton et al. (2009) determinedsignificantly higher agility performancetimes at 24th and 48th hours followingexercise protocol and reported comeback tobaseline values barely at 168th hours.

Indeed, there are very few studieinvestigating effects of exercise inducemuscle damage on sprint and agiliperformance. Furthermore, the results the studies examining the effects of muscdamaging exercises on sprint performancappear to be equivocal. Therefore the aiof this study was to investigate the impaof exercise induced muscle damage osprint and agility performance.

METHODS

Participants

Eleven healthy male soccer players [(SD) age: 21.63 1.91 years; stature:176.63 5.31cm; body mass: 70.36 3.72kg; body mass index (BMI): 23.52 3.59kg*m2] who has 6 - 11 years trainingbackground and did not perform any highintensity physical training during last 3months volunteered to participate in thisstudy. Measurements were taken at the off

season of the athletes when they were nottraining. At the beginning of the studybefore the applications detailed informationwas given to the athletes about thepurpose, methods, contributions andpossible risks.

Experimental Design

One week before the beginning of the

experiment, the athletes were familiarizedwith the test battery to avoid the learningeffect during the testing period of the study.Each athlete had repeated the tests (Illinois

agility test and 30m sprint running) at leathree times during separated days, befo

the baseline values were taken. At the firday of the study, anthropometrmeasurements were taken and then eacathletes baseline muscle soreness levwas determined with visual analog sca(VAS). Later, Illinois agility test and 30sprint running test were completed for pretest. Afterwards, participants completemuscle damaging exercise protocol anVAS, Illinois agility tests and 30m sprirunning tests were repeated at 1st, 24t

48th, 72nd and 96th hours following exerciseAll measurements were taken in AbaIzzet Baysal Universitys synthetic floosport hall at 22-24oC temperature, betwee15:00-18:00 hours. Athletes were asked not to do any physical activity during last 2hours before the test and were asked tcome to tests with full rest. Also, they wer

asked to eat at least 3 hours before tesand were allowed to drink only watebetween test and last meal. Experimentdesign of the study was shown in table 1.

Table 1: Experimental Design of the Study

Pre-TestBaseline

ExerciseProtocol

Post-Exercise1st hour 24t hour 48t hour 72n hour 96t hour

VAS5sets x 20Repetitions

Drop Jump

VAS VAS VAS VAS VASIllinois

Agility TestIllinois





Agility Test

Sprint Test SprintTest

SprintTest

SprintTest

SprintTest

SprintTest


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Anthropometric MeasuStature was measured

0.1cm via a Stadiometer(BW) was measured to thvia a scale (Seca 7Participants were askedclothing, shoes, jeweleaccessories except a lighmeasurement. Body Masscalculated by body weight (formula.

Illinois Agility Test

The length of the courswidth is 5m. Four cones wcenter of test course with a(3.3m) apart. Test was cstraight run with 180 turand 20m slalom running

(Jarvis et al., 2009; WilkinHazr et al., 2010). The

Nide niversitesi Beden EitimiNigde University Journal of Physical Educ

rements to the nearest

nd body weight e nearest 0.1kg

00, Germany). to remove all

rs and other t shorts for the

Index (BMI) was kg) / height (m)

AssessmentSorenessVisual analog s

to10 was usedmuscle sorenessakimbo and squknee angle of 90asked to indicatesoreness betweesoreness) to 10 (on the rating scbeen used succe(Twist & Eston 20

Figure 1: Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

is 10m and the ere placed in the n equal distance

mposed of 40m ns at each 10m

between cones

son et al., 2009; rocedure of the

agility test waselectronic (0.01s(Newtest 1000, Ostart and finish of tasked to complshortest time andautomatically. Thtimes at 5 minutdegree was used iapplications were

igure 2: lllinois Agility Test Procedure

e Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 6, Say 2, 20 ation And Sport Sciences Vol 6, No 2, 20

of Perceived Musc

cale (VAS) graded from to determine perceive

(Figure 1). With arm tting to an approxima

degree, participants we the level of perceive

numbers 0 (no musc oo sore to move) base

ale. This technique ha sfully in previous studie

7; Jakeman et al. 2010)

hown in figure 2. Tw c sensitively) photo cel

ulu, Finland) were set t est course. Athletes wer

te the course in th test time was recorde

test was repeated intervals and the be

n statistical analysis. Th ade on a synthetic floo


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30m Sprint Running TestParticipants performed 2 times 30m

sprint running at 5 minute intervals and thetime elapsed between start and finish wererecorded by photo cell timer to the nearest

0.01sec. After two trials the best runningtime was used in statistical analysis(Temoin et al. 2004; zkan et al. 2004).

Muscle Damaging Exercise ProtocolExercise protocol is consisted of 5 sets

of 20 repetitions totally 100 drop jumps froma height of 60cm. Rests between sets were2 minute and jumps were performed at10sc intervals. Athletes were asked to dropfrom a 60cm box with hands on hips and

upon landing jumped up maximally from 90knee flexion. This protocol has been used

successfully to cause muscle damage inprevious studies (Goodall & Howatson2008; Kirby et al., 2012).

Statistical Analysis

First, mean and standard deviationswere calculated for all variables. Repeatedmeasures ANOVA were used for thedetermination of the difference betweenconsecutive measurements taken beforeand after muscle damaging exerciseprotocol. Contrast was defined as post hoctest to investigate the changes occurredduring time intervals between baselinemeasurement and post-exercisemeasurements. The significance level was

accepted as p0.05 and all analyzes wereperformed on SPSS version 16.0.

RESULTSMuscle SorenessThe results of repeated measures

ANOVA on the muscle soreness levelsshowed significant main effect for time [F(5-50)= 196.65, p


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was seen at 48th hour and complete returnto baseline was seen at 72nd hour.

Agility PerformanceResults of repeated measures ANOVA

on the agility test performance timesshowed statistically significant main effectfor time [F(5-50)= 32.034, p


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edema and soreness, changes of serumlevels of muscle enzymes and increase ofsome inflammation indicators (Harbili et al.,2008). In this study, exercise inducedmuscle damage was assessed indirectly by

perceived muscle soreness level (Twist &Eston 2007; Jakeman et al. 2010). Theresults showed athletes perceived musclesoreness levels were significantly highfollowing (at 1st, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th

hours) the muscle damaging exerciseprotocol compared to baseline values.Increase in the perceived muscle soreness,following exercises including depth jumps,was the indicator of the effectiveness of themuscle damaging exercise protocol. As it is

presented in figure 3, following the exerciseprotocol muscle soreness level ofparticipants showed gradual increase andpeaked at 48th hour. Then, in the followingtime periods, it started to decrease,however, at the last measurement (96th

hour) significant difference was still presentand the soreness levels did not returncompletely to the baseline. Highton et al.(2009), Twist & Eston (2007), Marcora &Bosio (2007) and Semark et al. (1999)reported muscle soreness increase aftersimilar (movement jump, plyometrics, dropjump) exercises protocols.

Findings of the present study alsoshowed that 30m sprint running timesfollowing exercise protocol (in 1st, 24th and48th hours) were higher than the baselinevalues. Following the exercise protocol %16and %10 increases was determined insprint running times respectively at 24th and

48

th

hours compared to baseline. Significantdifference was disappeared at 72nd and 96th

hour (Figure 4). Twist and Eston (2005)reported significant increase in 10m sprinttimes at 30th minute, 24th and 48th hours,following muscle damaging exerciseprotocol (10 sets of 10 vertical jumps). Inanother study, Highton et al. (2009) notifiedsignificant rise in 5th and 10th meter times of10m sprint running respectively at 24th and48th hours. The findings of the studies

(Twist & Eston, 2005; Highton et al., 2009)

mentioned above are consistent with thresults of present study.

In contrast to these studies, the results othe study of Semark et al. (1999), did noverlap with the findings of the prese

study, regarding to sprint performancrecorded after similar exercise protocol. that study, highly trained athletes performe7 sets of 10 drop jumps as muscdamaging exercise protocol and thecompleted 30m sprint running test. Thrunning times at 5th, 10th, 20th and 30meters were recorded before and after thexercise protocol. Athletes sprint timedelayed onset muscle soreness ancreatine kinase (CK) levels were recorde

at 12th, 24th, 48th and 72nd hours. Althougmuscle soreness levels were increased a24th and 48th hours following exercise, spritimes did not differ compared to baselinvalues. Similarly, they did not observe anelevation on serum CK levels. In this studthe explanation why sprint performance dnot impair may be that the muscle pain wanot caused by damage to the contractifibers, but by injury-induced shortening odisruption of the non-contractile tissue the skeletal muscle (Jones et al., 1987Furthermore, various researchers concludthat if high intensity unaccustomeexercises had not performed before; then can generate muscle damage (Hazar, 2004Twist & Eston, 2007; Highton et al., 2009Therefore, the explanation for why Semaret al. (1999) did not report any impairmeof sprint performance could be thcharacteristics of the participants of th

study who were highly trained athletesAlso, athletes may be accustomed to thexercise protocol, so the muscle damagdid not occur.

Agility is defined as the capability oquick change of direction and at the samtime maintenance of balance without losinspeed (Lemmink et al., 2004). From thdefinition it is easy to understand that agiliconsist of quick movement directiochanges and also sprint and balanc

features. Illinois agility test, including quicmovement direction changes was used


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the present study as data collectioninstrument. Baseline agility times weresignificantly different than post-exerciseagility times (at 1st, 24th, 48th, 72nd and 96th

hours). Compared to baseline values, agility

times were increased approximately %17and %14 respectively at 24th and 48th hoursafter exercise protocol. Following theexercise protocol agility times ofparticipants showed an increase andpeaked at 24th hour, which is the worstagility time. In the following time periods itstarted to decrease, however, even at 96th

hour agility times had not comeback tobaseline values (Figure 5).

Currently, there is only one study which

examined the effects of exercise inducedmuscle damage on agility performance. Inthat study, Highton et al., (2009) askedathletes to perform 10 sets of 10 verticaljumps as muscle damaging exercise andthen reported the effects of muscle damageon agility performance by using 505 Agilitytest as data collection instrument. It wasreported that agility test time wereincreased approximately %5 and %8 at 24th

and 48th hours respectively, compared tobaseline values. In general these findingsare similar to the results of the presentstudy. While in that study agility timesreturned to baseline values at 72nd hour, inpresent study it did not return barely tobaseline even at 96th hour. Possibleexplanation for this reason could be thedifferent content of the muscle damaging

exercise protocols they used. Becausdifferent than the study of Highton et a(2009), drop jumps, which were harder thaperforming vertical jumps, were used in thexercise protocol of the present study

While, performing drop jumps are hardethan performing vertical jumps.In the present study, as the relation

two performance variables (sprint anagility) were examined together, it waobserved that sprint running times hareturned to baseline at 72nd hour but agilitimes had not return to baseline even a96th hour. Possible explanation for threason could be the characteristics of thtests. For instance, sprint test is performe

in a straight linear direction, so that thperformance may be maintainable eventhe presence of muscle soreness. On thother hand perceiving muscle sorenesmay have dramatic disturbance impaduring agility test performance includinquick direction change movements antherefore, there is still an absence comeback to baseline values even at 96hour. Additionally, perceived muscsoreness did not return to baseline at 96hour completely, same as agiliperformance. So, it could be concluded thagility performance is more sensitive tmuscle soreness. Similar changes wershown within the time in the graphics omuscle soreness and agility test (Figure and Figure 5).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, muscle damage exerciseprotocol applied in the present study led toincrease in muscle soreness level andreduction in speed and agility performance.

The respondents should be careful including unfamiliar exercises and exerciseincluding intense eccentric contractionduring the process of training planning fosports branches, where agility and sprinare important features.


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84231131 Sprint Training