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8.3 Earthquakes
Earthquake HazardEarthquake HazardEarthquake hazard - is a
measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging earthquakes in the future.◦Determined by past and present
seismic activity.
Earthquake HazardEarthquake Hazard
Earthquake ForecastingEarthquake ForecastingSeismologists are not able to
predict when earthquakes are going to occur.◦seismologists have discovered
patterns in earthquakes which allow them to predict when they may occur.
Strength and FrequencyStrength and FrequencyThe strength of an earthquake is
related to how often they occur. Stronger = Less Frequent More Frequent = Weaker
Strength and FrequencyStrength and Frequency
The Gap HypothesisThe Gap HypothesisGap hypothesis – a hypothesis
that states that sections of active faults that have had relatively few earthquakes are likely to be the sites of strong earthquakes in the future.
Seismic Gap – areas along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred.
Earthquakes and BuildingsEarthquakes and BuildingsRetrofitting – the
process of making older structures more earthquake resistant.
A common way to retrofit an older home:◦ Securely fasten it to
its foundation.◦ Steel can be used
to strengthen structures made of brick.
Earthquake – Resistant Earthquake – Resistant BuildingsBuildings
Preparing for an Preparing for an EarthquakeEarthquakeBefore the Shaking Starts
◦Safeguard your home against earthquakes. Put heavier objects on lower shelves. Have your home strengthened.
◦Find safe places within each room of your home and outside.
◦Plan a safe meeting space after the earthquake.
◦Store water, food, fire extinguisher, flashlight, radio, medicines, and a first aid kit in a place you can access after the quake.
When the Shaking StartsWhen the Shaking StartsIndoors
◦Crouch or lie face down under a table or desk in the center of a room.
Outdoors◦Lie face down away from buildings,
power lines, and trees and cover your head with your hands.
Car◦Stop the car and remain inside the
car.
After the Shaking StopsAfter the Shaking StopsRemove your self from
immediate danger.◦Calm down and get your bearings as
quickly as possible.Only return home when you are
told that it is safe to do so by someone in authority.◦aftershocks may cause more
damage to structures.
End of Chapter 8End of Chapter 8