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8.2 The Chemical Earth
The Three States of MatterMatter can be in one of three “states”. The three states of matter are SOLIDS,
LIQUIDS and GASES.
What are their properties?
Solid Liquid Gas
Very difficult to squash, can’t be poured
Difficult to squash, can be poured
Easy to squash, can be poured
Particle theoryParticle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids, liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.
In a solid the particles ______ around a _____ position. There is a ______ force of attraction between each particle and they are very _____ together
SOLIDS
Words to use – strong, close, vibrate, fixed
LIQUIDS
GASES
In a liquid the particles are _____ together but can move in ____ direction. They won’t keep a _____ shape like _____ do.
In a gas the particles are ____ far apart and move _____ in all directions. They often ______ with each other and because they are far apart they can be easily _______.
Words – fixed, collide, any, quickly, close, very, solids
Changes of StateChanges of state occur when one state of matter (i.e. solid, liquid or gas) is changed into another…
1) If enough energy is supplied to a solid the particles will break free from their fixed positions and the solid will become a…
2) If even more energy is supplied to the liquid the bonds will be completely broken and the liquid will turn into a…
3) A gas can be turned straight back into a solid, but this is very rare
Changes of StateWhat are these processes called? Choose from freezing, evaporating, melting, condensing
Match up these definitions:Freezing
Melting
Evaporating
Condensing
Diffusion
A change of state – liquid to gas
A change of state – gas to liquid
This is when a smell “spreads out” across a room
A change of state – solid to liquid
A change of state – liquid to solid
AtomsAtoms are the “building blocks” of all matter and are the simplest form of molecule. They are all made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. They look something like this:
The Nucleus – this contains neutrons and protons
Electrons – these orbit around the nucleus
Classifying Matter
Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogeneous
metals nonmetals ionic covalent
Na Cl2 NaCl NO2
NaCl(aq) granite
tea pineapple juice
Au I2 NH4Cl C12H22O11
ElementsIf a solid, liquid or gas is made up of only one type of atom we say it is an element. For example, consider a tripod made up of iron:
These atoms are ALL iron – there’s nothing else in here
CompoundsCompounds are different to elements. They contain different atoms. Here are some examples:
Glucose
MethaneSodium chloride (salt)
Making compoundsCompounds are made when two or more elements (or compounds) go through
a chemical reaction.
For example:
1) When carbon reacts with oxygen it usually forms ____ _________
2) When oxygen reacts with hydrogen it could form ______
3) When iron reacts with oxygen it could form ______ ______
Water, iron oxide or carbon dioxide?
Some simple compounds…
Methane, CH4Water, H2O
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Ethyne, C2H2
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Key
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Sulphur
Naming compoundsRule 1 – When two elements join the end is usually _______ide.
e.g. Magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
1) Sodium + chlorine
2) Magnesium + fluorine
3) Lithium + iodine
4) Chlorine + copper
5) Oxygen + iron
6) KBr
7) LiCl
8) CaO
9) MgO2
10) KF
Naming compoundsRule 2 – When three or more elements combine and one of them is oxygen the
ending is _____ate
e.g. Copper + sulphur + oxygen Copper sulphate
1) Calcium + carbon + oxygen
2) Potassium + carbon + oxygen
3) Calcium + sulphur + oxygen
4) Magnesium + chlorine + oxygen
5) Calcium + oxygen + nitrogen
6) AgNO3
7) H2SO4
8) K2CO3
Naming compoundsRule 3 – If two identical elements combine then the name doesn’t change
This happens with the following elements:
1) H2
2) N2
3) O2
4) F2
5) Cl2
6) Br2
These elements always go around in pairs. For example, hydrogen looks like this:
MixturesA mixture is a “collection” of different elements and compounds. For example, consider salt dissolving in water:
Before After
The Earth
Read section 1.3 to end of 1.5 of conquering chemistry and:1.Draw a diagram of the layers of the Earth (and describe the spheres: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere)2.Draw a table the describe the layers mentioned above and examples of mixtures found in each.