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8/04/2013SHMD 139
Blood pressure is the pressure the blood exerts on
the artery walls
Blood pressure (BP) is the result of the heart
contracting and forcing blood into the blood vessels
BP is necessary in order for blood to flow around the
body
Pg 34
Typical BP for the average person:
120 Systolic: When the heart is contracting
80 Diastolic: When the heart is relaxing
BP unit of measurement:
milligrams of mercury (mmHg)
Pg 34
Cardiac Output: the amount of blood pumped from the
heart every minute
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped by the
left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.
Heart Rate: the number of times the heart beats in 1
minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Pg 33
Cardiac Output (litres per minute) = heart rate (bpm) x
Stroke volume (litres)
Thus, Q = HR x SV
The average stroke volume is 70 – 90 millilitres (ml)
The fitter you are, the larger your SV is
At rest, your cardiac output (Q) is ± 5 litres per minute
(L/m), while during exercise it can increase to as much as
30 L/m
Pg 34
Blood Pressure (mmHg) = Cardiac Output (litres
per minute) x Resistance to flow (R)
Thus, BP = Q x R
Resistance to blood flow is caused by:
1. Size of the blood vessels. i.e. The smaller the blood
vessel, the greater the resistance
2. Thickness of the blood. i.e. The thicker the blood, the
greater the resistance.
Pg 34
If heart rate = 72 bpm& stroke volume = 85mlCardiac output?
85ml ÷ 1000 = 0.085LThus,Q = HR x SV
= 72 x 0.085= 6.12 L/m
Round off = 6 L/m
If heart rate = 68 bpm Diastolic R = 14 & stroke volume = 80ml Systolic R = 22 Cardiac output? Blood Pressure? 80ml ÷ 1000 = 0.080L Thus, Q = HR x SV
= 68 x 0.08= 5.44 L/m
Systolic BP = Q x R Diastolic BP = Q x R= 5 x 22 = 5
x 14= 110 mmHg = 70
mmHg
Thus BP = 110 mmHg 70
Exercise increases heart rate, which will result in an
increased cardiac output, which will increase blood
pressure
Q = HR x SV
BP = Q x R
If Q is increased, and R does not change, then BP will
automatically increase
Exercise raises systolic BP, but there is usually only a
slight change in diastolic BP
Pg 34
Is a repeatedly elevated blood pressure
exceeding 140 over 90 mmHg, and means
high pressure (tension) in the arteries.
If a person with high blood pressure does not
reduce their BP, they are more at risk of
suffering a stroke or heart attack .
Pg 132
Pg 35
Used by heavy weightlifters
Process of breathing against a closed glottis or
against a closed mouth & nose
The valsalva maneouvre helps stabilise the shoulder
girdle and torso while lifting heavy weights. This
helps the lifter to move the weight more efficiently.
The valsalva maneouvre causes BP to increase, and reduces blood flow to the thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity: part of the body that is enclosed by the
ribcage and the diaphragm, containing the heart and lungs
Therefore anyone suffering from hypertension or
heart problems should avoid this move, as it
could cause a stroke or heart attack.
Pg 36
It is vital to measure BP before a client exercises,
as it will tell you if they are at risk of having a
heart attack.
BP is measured with a blood pressure meter and
stethoscope.
Pg 167
1. The client should be seated and relaxed for 5 minutes
2. Ask the client to rest their left arm on the arm of the chair.
Their elbow should be at 45 degrees, with the palm of the hand
facing up.
3. Find the brachial pulse – it should be on the inner side of the
arm, just under the biceps muscle.
4. Place the cuff just clear of the elbow (about 2-3cm above the
elbow). The bladder of the cuff (The part which inflates) should
be directly over the pulse.
5. Place the earpieces of the stethoscope in your ears and place
the microphone over the brachial pulse.
Pg 167
6. Inflate the cuff up to 200mmHg.
7. Slowly open the valve by turning it anti-clockwise and release
the pressure.
8. Listen out for the first time you hear the thud of the heart beat
and make a mental note of it. This is the systolic blood
pressure reading.
9. Keep deflating the cuff, and when the heart beat becomes
muffled or disappears, this is your diastolic reading.
10. Keep deflating the cuff and, if necessary, repeat
after around 30 seconds.
Pg 167
Classification of blood pressure for adults
Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Desirable 90 – 119 60 – 79
Prehypertension 120 – 139 80 – 89
Stage 1 Hypertension 140 – 159 90 – 99
Stage 2 Hypertension 160 – 179 100 - 109
Hypertensive Crises ≥180 ≥ 110