80 Years’ War/Dutch Revolt1568-1609; -1648

 

Blue: Areas vulnerable to flooding

Blue: Areas vulnerable to flooding

Shhhh…..

+ the Americas!!!

Political & religious disunity

Gallican Church Huguenots

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Painting by François Dubois, a Huguenot painter. Although Dubois did not witness the massacre, he depicts Admiral Coligny's body hanging out of a window at the rear to the right. To the left rear, Catherine de' Medici is shown emerging from the Louvre to inspect a heap of bodies

“Paris is worth a mass”

Foundations of absolutism