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7/30/2019 8. the Transport Revolution
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The Transport Revolution
17501900
For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Startedpresentation.
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What we will learn today
What we will learn today:
1. Why the transport revolution was important.
2. How the roads developed.
3. How the canal system developed.
4. How steam played an important part in the transport
revolution.
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The revolution in industry and the revolution in
transport go hand in hand. Neither could have happenedwithout the other.
As industry changed and expanded, it needed better
forms of transport to bring raw materials to the factories
and to take the manufactured goods to markets nationallyand worldwide.
Why was the transport revolution important?
Think!
What changes in industry helped transport to develop?
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What was transport like in 1750?
There had been little need to travel far before the 18th
century, and few people went outside their village or town.Everything they needed they produced themselves or
bought from a local craftsman.
As a result, roads were very poor
and it was often quicker to travel alonger distance by river or sea than
to try to go across land. Sea
transport was greatly used for heavy
goods such as coal or corn.
When the industry began to grow, the roads became
busier. Cartwheels churned up the unmade roads which
often became impassable in winter.
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Horse and carts were the only way to transport goods or
people on land.
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How did the roads develop?
Roads that began to be used a lot were taken over by
Turnpike Trusts. These were groups of businessmen who,with parliaments permission, bought the right to control a
section of road. In return for improving the road and keeping
it in good repair, they set up toll gates where travellers
would have to stop and pay a toll or fee to continue their
journey.
Think!
Do you think all the travellers
welcomed the toll roads?
There were 1,000 or so Turnpike Trusts by 1830, covering
more than 22,000 miles of road. Along these roads horses,
wagons and stagecoaches travelled three times faster than
on ordinary roads.
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Some trusts built completely new roads, using the skills of
engineers such as Thomas Telford. Surveyor John McAdamcame up with a new way of building roads by using small,
tightly packed stones, higher in the centre and with drainage
ditches at each side. He never used tar on his roads, but
that came later and we still use the term tarmacadam or
tarmac roads today.
very fine stones
medium stones
ditch
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How did canals develop?
Although Turnpike Trusts made great improvements, most
roads were still outside of their control and in a very poorstate of repair. Packhorses or wagons could also only
carry limited quantities of goods.
One way to overcome this was to build canals. A canal is
like a manmade river but with much greater advantagesfor transport:
They could be built almost anywhere, joining major
industrial centres or ports.
By using a system of locks, canals could go up and
down, unlike natural rivers.
Canal barges could carry large, heavy loads.
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Canal barges could transport large, heavy loads to and
from industrial centres.
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The Five Rise flight of locks
on the Leeds and Liverpool
Canal at Bingley, WestYorkshire, which opened in
1774. These locks lifted boats
20 metres uphill.
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How does the boat get to the higher section of the canal?
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The first canal was built in 1757, and by 1776 the
Bridgewater Canal linked Manchester to the docks atLiverpool.
The first canals
Large quantities of materials could now be floated in
barges on canals much cheaper than many wagon loads
on the roads: the Bridgewater canal halved the cost ofdelivering coal to Manchester.
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The canal system in
England in 1830
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Salts Mill, built by the
side of the Leeds andLiverpool Canal. Raw
materials could be
transported right up to the
mill and the finished
goods could be loadedonto barges to be taken to
the docks at Liverpool for
export.
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In 1803 Richard Trevithick, a mine engineer in Cornwall,
developed the first steam locomotive capable of hauling
cargo and passengers, with a speed of 5 miles an hour.
In time, the canals were becoming very busy and barges
often had to queue up at locks to get through. A solutionto this was the railway.
The first passenger railway consisted of horse-drawn
wagons on iron rails, and opened in 1807 in South Wales.
How did steam develop?
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The first railway locomotive designed by Trevithick in
1803.
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The first steam-powered
passenger railway wasopened in 1825 by its
inventorGeorge
Stephenson and ran
between Stockton and
Darlington. Furtherdevelopments led to the
building of the Liverpool
and Manchester railway
in 1830, the first majorline.
Stephensons Rocket
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The success of this new transport system spiralled in the
1830s and 1840s, with several intercity routes built. By1870 the mainline system was complete, with over 13,000
miles of track open to traffic.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1830
1850
1870
1890
Miles of track
open
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By the late 19th
century large,powerful railway
locomotives could
haul huge loads at
very fast speeds.
These continued tobe used to carry
freight and
passengers as late
as the 1960s.
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Horse-drawn transport and canals continued to be used
for a while, but they had to reduce their prices to becompetitive, and began to go into decline from the 1840s.
Freight could be transported more quickly and cheaply
than ever before.
Fresh food could be delivered all over the country. In the
late 19th century milk trains took milk from distant rural
areas into London and other major cities.
Steam coal to fuel the new steam railways was now
mined in huge quantities, providing thousands of jobs in
the coalfields of South Wales and the Midlands.
What were the effects of the railways?
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Journey times were greatly reduced. In 1811 it took six
hours to get from London to Brighton and cost 1. Thirtyyears later the train took just two hours and cost 4 shillings
(20p today).
Railways enabled large numbers of people to move to other
parts of the country to find work.Ordinary people could now afford to live further from their
place of work or go on day trips or holidays to the seaside.
Think!
Do you think that the steam engines had any
negative effects in the transport revolution?
What were the effects of the railways?
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Steamships
Travelling along the coast by sail-power was an
important method of transport until the mid-19th century.
The use of coal to fuel the steamships helped expand the
coal industry.
Britain already had a thriving shipping trade with the rest of
the world, but the steamship reduced both time and costsand helped Britain to keep ahead of the rest of Europe in its
industrial ability.
With the development of the
much fastersteamship,
however, coastal shipping
increased both in the number ofpassengers carried and the
amount of freight transported.
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As you can see, transport underwent a significant change.
From roads to rail, from the canals to the steamships, allthese changes produced a more effective system of
transport for the Industrial Revolution.
Conclusion
One question to think about is whether the transport
revolution was a separate revolution in itself or whether it
was part of the greater revolution in the factories what do
you think?
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1) Which new form of transport do you think had the most
effect on British industry? Explain your answer.
Activities
2) Design a brochure to encourage people to invest in your
new transport company, using the transport system you
chose in question 1. You need a lot of money to be able to
build your new roads/canals/railways, and there are many
new transport companies and people will only invest in
your company if they think you have the best ideas.
Include where you are going to build, the advantages for
industry and/or passengers, the shorter journey times,comfort, safety, and the profits you hope to make. Think
up a snappy name for your company and illustrate your
brochure to make it as colourful as possible.