8-Sep-15GNED2 - Ancient Empires1 Ancient Inca – Land & History

Apr 19, 2023 GNED2 - Ancient Empires 1

Ancient Inca – Land & History


Overview

• Geography• Prehistory

– Chavin– Moche– Nazca– Middle Kingdoms– Chimor

• Inca


Inca EmpireInca Empire

• Peru– parts of Ecuador, Bolivia,

Argentina• Pacific Ocean

– Cold Humboldt current, nutrient rich

• Land: 3 regions– Coastal desert, arid plateau– Andes ranges of mountains

• Altiplano 8000 to 11500 feet, regular rainfall, fertile valleys

– Eastern slope, Amazon lowlands (“montanas”)


PrehistoryPrehistory

• Earliest humans– 15,000 BP– Hunter-gatherers using

lithic technology– Prey: cameloid species

(llama, alpaca, vicuna)• Earliest cultivated crops

– 10,000 BP• First agriculture

– 8,000 BP• First monumental

architecture & irrigation systems 4700 BP

vicuna

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid


Initial PeriodInitial Period

• Begins with introduction of pottery 1800 – 800 BC

• Ceremonial architecture includes circular sunken courts & U-shaped temple complexes

• Sites: Cerro Sechin, Sechin Alto, Kotosh

SechinAlto

Kotosh


ChavinChavin

• Empire throughout central Andes 1000 – 200 BC

• Principal city: Chavin de Huantar

• Sophisticated textiles, ceramics, stone sculpture, leadership

• Old Temple: El Lanzon, • New Temple: Raimondi

stone & Tello obelisk• Religious cult of jaguar

deity

El Lanzon

Tello obelisk

Raimondi Stone

http://web.stanford.edu/~johnrick/chavin_wrap/chavin/

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tello.html


Moche

• Centred at Moche River– 1 – 700 AD

• Architecture of mud brick & stone

• Sites: – Cerro Blanco on Rio

Moche with Pyramids of Sun, Moon

– Sipan in Lambayeque Valley: burial chamber discovered intact in 1987 by Alva

• Contained royal warrior and priest who died around A.D. 300

• gold grave goods Moche pyramid frieze

Lord of Sipan

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386887/Moche



Court of Sipan


Moche PotteryMoche Pottery

• Forms: – stirrup spout, portrait, anthropomorphic

• Themes– Painted scenes of Moche life– Religion

• Cults of warrior-priest, dead• Music, ritual, human sacrifice

– Warfare• battle scenes, capture of prisoners

– Economy• trade goods, agricultural plants

– Erotic• Variety of sexual activity

Stirrup spout


NazcaNazca

• Nazca lines seen from air in 1926– straight lines, rectangles,

animals & fish– Lines of power: ritual paths

• Culture 200 BC – 600 AD– Similar to Paracas Culture:

textile, pottery designs– Intensive farming, irrigation– Loosely knit empire

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442418/Paracas


Middle KingdomsMiddle Kingdoms

• Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco)– AD 600- 1000– Aymara people south side Lake

Titicaca– based on agriculture, herding,

fishing • City 60,000 people• Pyramids, sunken temples

• Huari (Wari)– AD 300 – 800– Quechua military empire– capital city near Ayacucho– Irrigation, roads, military garrisons Huari

Tiwanaku



Tiwanaku

Huari


Chimor

• AD 800 – 1400• Capital city: Chan Chan in Rio Moche Valley

– 9 sq. miles• centre of craft production, wealth

– 9 palace complexes • temples, cemeteries, reservoirs, rooms• living quarters for king & nobility

– Barrios outside palace walls• Work & living space for artisans &

labourers• Chimu Empire

– 600 miles along coast– Achievements in irrigation, metalwork, textiles,

and maritime trade• Legacy

– Conquered by Inca– Transferred craftsmen, wealth to Cuzco

Chan Chan

adobe friezes


Inca OriginsInca Origins

• Creation story– Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca,

created the Inca, Manco Capac, & sun god, Inti

– Legend: Manco Capac led his people from Titicaca to Valley of Cuzco

• First Seven Rulers– 1st Emperor: Manco Capac

• Founded Cuzco circa AD 1100

– 7th Emperor: Yahuar Huaca

1 Manco Capac 2 Sinchi Roca3 Lioque Yupanqui 4 Maya Capac5 Capac Yupanqui 6 Inka Roca 7 Yahuar Huaca

First Seven Emperors


Pachacutec

• Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (AD 1438 - 1471)– 9th Emperor, son of Viracocha (8th Inca emperor), – founder of Inca Empire

• Achievements– Military conquest

• Defended Cuzco against Chanca invasion• Conquered Aymara , confederation of tribes north of

Cuzco, except Chimu• Ruled from Titicaca to Cajamarca

– Inca imperial system• Rebuilding & enlarging of Cuzco: temples, palaces• Agricultural terracing and irrigation systems• Relocation system for native peoples• Mutual gift giving with local chiefs• Worship of Inti, the sun• Established Quechua as language of empire

http://www.machupicchu.org/pachacutec_the_inca_emperor.htm


The Last ConquerorsThe Last Conquerors

• Tupac Yupanqui– AD 1471- 1493– conquered from northern Ecuador to central Chile– Established

• Population census• Decimal system of administration• mamaconas

• Huayna Capac– AD 1493 - 1525– empire reached its maximum limits– Conquest of Quito

Tupac Yupanqui

Huayna Capac

http://www.historytoday.com/historical-dictionary/t/tupac-yupanqui

http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-645

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274455/Huayna-Capac



The Spanish The Spanish ConquestConquest

• Civil war over disputed succession of Inca– Atahualpa and Huascar, sons of Huayna

Capac• Francisco Pizarro AD 1532

– 3rd expedition with 106 soldiers and 62 horses

– Met Atahualpa in city of Cajamarca.• Formal procession of welcome

– Arrested Inca leader, extracted ransom in gold

– Attacked and defeated Inca army• Steel, cannon, cavalry were

advantages

FranciscoPizarro

http://www.biography.com/people/francisco-pizarro-9442295


Spanish Spanish ColonyColony

• Defeat of the Inca– Executed Atalhualpa– Marched on Cuzco– Defeated Atahualpa’s northern army

• Spanish colonial administration– Set up puppet emperor Manco Inca– Colonial system of governors

• Similar to system in Mexico– Disease reduced native populations– Spanish missionaries arrived to convert natives

http://www.biography.com/people/atahualpa-9191364

http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofperu/a/Biography-Of-Manco-Inca.htm

BP


BP when placed after a number (as in 2500 BP) means "years Before the Present". Archaeologists generally use this to refer to dates that were obtained through the radiocarbon method, although not exclusively.The advantage to using BP is it avoids the Prehistory whole philosophical debate about whether in this multicultural world of ours it is better to use A.D. and B.C., which are explicit references to Christianity, or to use C.E. (Common Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era), which still, after all, use an approximation of Jesus Christ's birth year as a starting point.

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aterms/g/ad.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/bterms/g/bc.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/bterms/g/bce.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/bterms/g/bce.htm

Cerro Sechín


Cerro Sechín, pre-Columbian temple site in the present-day Casma Valley, of the north central coast of Peru, known for its unusual large stone sculptures. These carvings are in a style unlike anything else reported in Peru. The Cerro Sechín temple and sculptures presumably are quite early, although whether they are pre-Chavín (before c. 900 bc) is uncertain. The Cerro Sechín carvings have been executed by deep-line incisions on relatively unfinished stone slabs. Most of the figures represent humans, perhaps dead or sacrificed persons.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/586791/temple

Sechin Alto


The archaeological site called Sechin Alto is home to the largest pre-Columbian monument in Peru. The Sechin complex in the Casma Valley was the capital of a pre-Incan culture located on the northwest coast of Peru, occupied between approximately 1,800-900 BC. The significance of these early dates means that it preceded the much better known site of Chavin de Huantar by nearly a thousand years rather than visa versa as had been thought previously. The site is remarkable for its enormous mound, the largest of its time period, measuring some 990 feet long, by 825 feet wide by 145 feet tall. The mound was faced with granite blocks, some weighing over 2 tons. Sechin Alto's great size may represent a 1000 year building span.

KotoshKotosh


Kotosh is an archaeological site near Huánuco (Peru) containing a temple of the Late Archaic period. The site gave name to the Kotosh Religious Tradition, which existed in Peru in 2300—1200 BCE, i.e. in the Late Archaic period. Kotosh people cultivated crops, used marine resources, built permanent settlements and multistoreyed ceremonial buildings

The image of crossed arms is characteristic for the Kotosh temple iconography. Kotosh also contains artifacts of later origin, mostly belonging to Chavín culture.

LanzónLanzón


The Lanzón is the colloquial name for the most important statue of the central deity of the ancient Chavín culture of the central highlands of Peru. The Chavín religion was the first major religious and cultural movement in the Andes mountains, flourishing between 900 and 200 BCE. The Lanzón takes its name from the Spanish word for "lance," an allusion to the shape of the sculpture.

The Lanzón is housed in the central cruciform chamber of a labyrinthine series of underground passages in the Old Temple of the ceremonial and religious center of Chavín de Huantar. Devotees would be led into the maze of pitch-black tunnels, eventually coming face to face with the sculpture's snarling mouth and upturned eyes. The worshipers' disorientation, in addition to the hallucinogenic effects of the San Pedro cactus they were given before entering, only heightened the visual and psychological impact of the sculpture.

The central image of the Lanzon functions as axis mundi, or pivot linking the heavens, earth and underworld. Position within the building also suggests centrality of image.

AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic

Anthropomorphism, or personification, is attribution of human form or other characteristics to anything other than a human being. Examples include depicting deities with human form and ascribing human emotions or motives to forces of nature, such as hurricanes or earthquakes.Anthropomorphism has ancient roots as a literary device in storytelling, and also in art. Most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphised animals, who can stand or talk as if human, as characters.


SipánSipán

• Sipán is a Moche archaeological site in northern Peru that is famous for the tomb of El Señor de Sipán (Lord of Sipán), excavated by Walter Alva and his wife Susana Meneses beginning in 1987. The tomb of the Lord of Sipan has been dated to around 100 AD. The site, where fourteen tombs have been discovered, is considered to be one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the last 30 years, because the main tomb was found intact and undisturbed by thieves. Tombs have been found also in Sipán's Huaca Rajada, an area near Chiclayo. Many huaca have been found that contain burial goods of Moche jewelry, masks, and art.


Court of SipanCourt of Sipan

• Dr. Walter Alva and his colleagues built the Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, which opened in 2002 in Lambayeque, Peru; 485 miles north of Lima.

• The Lord of Sipán, is a royal warrior and priest who died around A.D. 300. • The tombs of 13 individuals were excavated at Sipán. “This discovery revolutionized Moche studies the

way that the discovery of King Tut changed Egyptian studies”, Alva says, “We understood suddenly that the people we’d seen in drawings – and their ceremonies, their rituals – were real”.

• The Tomb Of Sipan is close to the Town of Sipan, 35 kilometres from Chiclayo, in the Archaeological Compound of Huaca Rajada. The Archaeological Site has two truncated pyramids, buildings wherein the Tomb of the Lord of Sipan, the Tomb of the Priest, and that of the Old Lord of Sipan, were found together.

• The ancient ruler of the Valleys of the North must have exercised his dominion in the year 250 D.C. approximately, and his authority extended to the military, religious and civil ambits. The builders of the Citadel of the Lord of Sipan were the Mochicas, who established themselves in the Region of La Libertad, to later extend towards the Valleys of Lambayeque, Chicama, Moche, Virú, Santa and Nepeña, over an area of 6500 square kilometres. It is thought that the Compound contained nearly 15 thousand inhabitants, including professionals such as potters, goldsmiths, and weavers.

• Death did not mean the end for the Mochicas. In their belief, they would continue living in another spiritual plane with their same obligations or privileges as in this world. Thus, their rulers were buried with provisions and goods to use in the afterlife. The discovery of this tomb allows us to know more about these burial rituals.

• The Lord of Sipan died at an age of about 40 years and other than arthritis, he was in good health. His height was of 5 foot 6 inchest, which was considered to be tall during his time, and his bodily structure shows that he did little physical labor.

• The Old Lord of Sipan, buried in the first construction stage of the funerary platform, must have been the most ancient ruler of the Valley.


The Lines of Nazca The Lines of Nazca PeruPeru

• In the Peruvian Desert, about 200 miles south of Lima, there lies a plain between the Inca and Nazca (sometimes also spelled Nasca) Valleys. Across this plain, in an area measuring 37 miles long and 1-mile wide, is an assortment of perfectly-straight lines, many running parallel, others intersecting, forming a grand geometric form. In and around the lines there are also trapezoidal zones, strange symbols, and pictures of birds and beasts all etched on a giant scale that can only be appreciated from the sky.


Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture

• The city of Tiwanaku, capital of a powerful pre-Hispanic empire that dominated a large area of the southern Andes and beyond, reached its apogee between 500 and 900 AD. Its monumental remains testify to the cultural and political significance of this civilisation, which is distinct from any of the other pre-Hispanic empires of the Americas.


HuariHuari

• Huari, also spelled Wari, archaeological site located in the central highland region of present-day Peru that gives its name to an Andean civilization of the central and northern highlands of the Middle Horizon (c. ad 600–1000). Huari is closely linked in its art style to the monuments of the great site of Tiwanaku, located on Lake Titicaca in northwestern Bolivia. Huari was probably the centre of a militaristic empire that dominated much of the Peruvian highlands and coast during the earlier part of the Middle Horizon. Its influences are seen especially in the Late Nazca (Ica) culture of the southern coast and at Pachacamac on the central coast. The most distinctive decorative motif on Huari pottery is the Doorway God, a stylized, anthropomorphic figure often represented in front view with a rectangular face and rayed headdress.


ViracochaViracocha

• Viracocha is the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha,[1] Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra, and Con-Tici (also spelled Kon-Tiki) Viracocha. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.[2] Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon, and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky)[3] and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sun and of storms. He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain.


ChimorChimor

• Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, beginning around 850 and ending around 1470. Chimor was the largest kingdom in the Late Intermediate period, encompassing 1000 km of coastline. The greatest surviving ruin of this civilization is the city of Chan Chan located 4 km northwest of the modern Trujillo, Peru.

• Chimu Piece, Imperial Epoch, 1300–1532 Larco Museum Collection• Late Intermediate Period Cultures• The Chimú grew out of the remnants of the Moche culture. The first valleys seem to have

joined forces willingly, but Sican was acquired through conquest. They also were significantly influenced by the Cajamarca and the Wari. According to legend, the capital Chan Chan was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea.

• Chimor was the last kingdom that had any chance of stopping the Inca Empire. But the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by Topa Inca Yupanqui, defeating the emperor and descendant of Tacaynamo, Minchancaman, and was nearly complete when Huayna Capac assumed the throne in 1493 AD.

• Chimú ceramics are all black. It is also known for its exquisite and intricate metal-working, and one of the most advanced of pre-Columbian times.


Documents

8-Sep-15GNED2 - Ancient Empires1 Ancient Inca – Land & History