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Lesson&
Excursus:&&A&Portrait&of&St.&Paul&
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 1(
We#first#met#Saul#at#the#stoning#of#Stephen,#where#he#supervised#Steven’s#
murder.##On#that#same#day,#Saul#began#“trying&to&destroy&the&church;&entering&house&a>er&house&and&dragging&out&men&and&women,&he&handed&them&over&for&imprisonment”#(8:#3).###As#we#entered#Lesson##7#we#learned#that#“Saul,&sEll&breathing&out&murderous&threats&against&the&disciples&of&the&Lord,&went&to&the&high&priest&and&asked&him&for&leHers&to&the&synagogues&in&Damascus,&that,&if&he&should&find&any&men&or&women&who&belonged&to&the&Way,&he&might&bring&them&back&to&Jerusalem&in&chains”#(9:#1H2).###
Saul’s#dramaJc#conversion#on#the#road#to#Damascus#transformed#him#from##
Saul,#the#greatest#of#sinners#(1#Timothy#1:#15),#to#Paul,#the#greatest#of#saints.##
But#the#transformaJon#didn’t#take#place#overnight;#aSer#his#conversion,#Saul#
sJll#had#a#long#way#to#go.#
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 2(
Lesson##8#offers#an#excursus,#an#exploraJon#of#Saul#of#
Tarsus,#later#known#as#St.#Paul.##Who#was#he?##Where#did#he#
come#from?##What#was#his#background?##Why#was#he#in#
Jerusalem?##What#were#his#moJves#for#haJng#Christ?#
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 3(
Rembrandt.##The&Apostle&Paul&(oil#on#canvas),##1657.#NaJonal#Gallery#of#Art,#Washington,#D.C.#
4(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
When#St.#Paul#is#arrested#in#Jerusalem#in#
A.D.#57,#charged#with#inciJng#a#riot#and#
mistakenly#idenJfied#as#an#EgypJan#
terrorist,#he#replies#indignantly:##“I&am&a&Jew&from&Tarsus&in&Cilicia,&a&ciEzen&of&no&ordinary&city”#(Acts#21:#39).##Later,#when#he#is#about#to#be#flogged,#Paul#asserts#his#
Roman#ciJzenship#again#in#no#uncertain#
terms,#prompJng#an#exchange#with#the#
Roman#commander:##
“Tell&me,&are&you&a&Roman&ciEzen?”&“Yes,&I&am,”&[Paul]#answered.&&Then&the&commander&said,&“I&had&to&pay&a&big&price&for&my&ciEzenship.”&#
“But&I&was&born&a&ciEzen,”&Paul&replied.&
# # # #(Acts#22:#27H28)#
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 5(
These#two#scenes#speak#
volumes#about#St.#Paul,#and#
they#tempt#us#to#explore#
Paul’s#background#in#more#
depth.##What#do#we#really#
know#about#Paul,#and#what#
informed#assumpJons#might#
we#make#about#Paul’s#early,#
formaJve#years?##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 6(
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
I’m#a#licle#afraid#
of#him!(
7(
I’ve#always#liked#St.#Paul,#but#I#
know#that#many#people#have#
difficulty#with#him.##He#could#
certainly#be#a#curmudgeon#.#.#.#
and#he#didn’t#suffer#fools#
gladly.##He#is#surely#one#of#the#
most#complex#personaliJes#in#
Scripture.#
8(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
In#St.#Paul’s#day#Tarsus#was#
the#leading#city#on#the#
ferJle#plain#of#East#Cilicia,#
located#about#ten#miles#
from#the#mouth#of#the#
Cyndus#River#and#about#
thirty#miles#south#of#the#
Cilician#Gates.###
# # # # ##
9(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
10(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
!#Tarsus#
11(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Photography&by&Ana&Maria&Vargas&
A#Roman#street#from#the#Tarsus#of#St.#Paul’s#day.#
12(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Photography&by&Ana&Maria&Vargas&
Strolling#down#a#modern#street#in#Tarsus.###
13(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Photography&by&Ana&Maria&Vargas&
Local#school#girls#stop#for#a#photo#and#to#say#“hello!”#
14(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Tarsus#came#under#Roman#rule#as#a#result#of#
Pompey’s#victories,#becoming#the#capital#of#
Cilicia#and#retaining#its#autonomy#as#a#free#
city#(67#B.C.).##Cicero#resided#in#Tarsus#while#
serving#as#procounsul#of#Cilicia#(51H50#B.C.),#
and#Julius#Caesar#visited#the#city#in#47#B.C.###
ASer#Caesar’s#assassinaJon#in#44#B.C.,#
Tarsus#enjoyed#the#favor#of#Antony,#and#it#
was#in#Tarsus#in#41#B.C.#that#the#celebrated#
meeJng#between#Antony#and#Cleopatra#
took#place.##Shakespeare#describes#the#
meeJng#best,#as#Cleopatra’s#barge#glides#up#
the#Cyndus#River:#
# # # # ##
15(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
The barge she sat in, like a burnish’d throne, Burnt on the water. The poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them; the oars were silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made The water which they beat to follow faster, As amorous of their strokes. For her own person, It beggar’d all description: she did lie In her pavilion—cloth of gold, of tissue— O’er-picturing that Venus where we see The fancy outwork nature. On each side her Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids, With divers-color’d fans, whose wind did seem to [glow] the delicate cheeks which they did cool, And what they undid did.
(Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, 191-204)
16(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Photography&by&Ana&Maria&Vargas&
The#Cyndus#River,#just#outside#of#town.#
17(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
During#the#reign#of#Caesar#Augustus#(27#B.C.#–#
A.D.#14)#Tarsus#enjoyed#enormous#privileges,#
including#exempJon#from#imperial#taxaJon.##
An#extremely#prosperous#city,#Tarsus#derived#
its#wealth#from#the#ferJle#plain#on#which#it#
was#located.##
Strabo,#the#Greek#historian,#geographer#and#
philosopher#writes#in#his#Geography#(xiv,#5.#12ff.)#that#Tarsus#was#a#leading#cultural#and#
educaJonal#center,#surpassing#even#Athens#
and#Alexandria.##Its#people,#he#says,#were#avid#
in#their#pursuit#of#culture,#applying#
themselves#to#the#study#of#philosophy,#
literature,#music#and#the#whole#round#of#
liberal#arts.##
# # # # ##
18(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
When#Paul#claims#to#be#“a#ciJzen#of#no#
ordinary#city,”#he#certainly#has#jusJficaJon#for#
doing#so.###
And#as#one#“born#a#ciJzen”#Paul#necessarily#
came#from#a#wellHtoHdo#family.##Roman#
ciJzenship#was#originally#confined#to#freeborn#
naJves#of#Rome,#but#as#the#Empire#expanded#
ciJzenship#was#extended#to#other#people#in#
the#provinces.##Presumably,#Paul’s#father,#
grandfather#or#even#greatHgrandfather#had#
acquired#Roman#ciJzenship,#either#by#making#
a#significant#contribuJon#to#the#Roman#
Empire#(militarily,#or#more#likely,#
economically),#or#by#purchasing#Roman#
ciJzenship#through#poliJcal#connecJons#and#
cash.####
# # # # ##
19(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
In#addiJon,#Dio#Chrysostom,#in#his#
OraEon#(34,#23)#tells#us#that#enrolling#as#a#Roman#ciJzen#in#Tarsus#required#
owning#property#in#excess#of#500#
drachmae—not#an#easy#threshold#to#
meet.###
Paul’s#family#clearly#had#both#money#
and#status.##
# # # # ##
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
I#always#thought#
the#early#
ChrisJans#were#
poor!(
I#didn’t#know#that#Tarsus#was#
such#an#important#city#and#
cultural#Mecca,#and#I#sure#
didn’t#know#that#St.#Paul#
came#from#a#wealthy,#
prominent#family.##I#wonder#
what#his#educaJon#was#like?(
20(
21(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Although#nothing#suggests#that#Paul’s#family#
were#assimilated#Jews#(quite#the#contrary,#
Paul#claims#to#be#“a&Hebrew&[born]#of&Hebrews;&in®ard&to&the&Law,&a&Pharisee”—Philippians#3:#5),#Paul#was#
deeply#exposed#to#GrecoHRoman#culture#and#
Roman#educaJon.##Paul’s#lecers#evidence#
considerable#training#in#classical#rhetoric,#
and#when#he#speaks#at#the#Areopagus#in#
Athens#he#supports#his#argument#by#deSly#
quoJng#from#the#6thHcentury#B.C.#Cretan#
poet#Epimenides#(Acts#17:#28),#a#favorite#of#
the#Stoic#and#Epicurean#philosophers#to#
whom#he#is#speaking.###
Paul#most#certainly#knew#his#classical#
literature.##
# # # # ##
22(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
In#St.#Paul’s#day,#children#of#wellHtoHdo#
families#were#taught#by#private#tutors#or#at#
private#schools.#Primary#educaJon#focused#
on#the#basics#of#reading#and#wriJng,#using#
Roman#literary#works,#especially#poetry,#as#
models.##Between#nine#and#twelve#years#
old,#students#from#affluent#families#would#
leave#their#primary#educaJon#and#conJnue#
the#advanced#study#of#Greek#and#hone#their#
speaking#and#wriJng#skills.##At#14#or#15#
years#old#the#most#promising#students#then#
focused#on#the#study#of#deliberaJve#or#
judicial#rhetoric.##Such#boys#were#from#
exclusive,#wealthy#families#and#were#being#
groomed#for#the#highest#levels#of#public#
office#and#commerce.###
# # # # ##
23(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
One#can#only#speculate#on#what#level#
St.#Paul#reached,#although#clearly#he#
is#highly#skilled#in#Greek#rhetoric,#
easily#adapJng#his#speech#and#
wriJng#to#his#audience,#suggesJng#
he#had#reached#a#very#high#
educaJonal#level.#
# # # # ##
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
I’m#glad#he#made#
a#becer#career#
choice!(
It#seems#to#me#that#St.#
Paul#had#a#superb#
classical#educaJon,#one#
that#groomed#him#for#a#
brilliant#career#in#law##
or#poliJcs.(
24(
25(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
At#some#point#in#Paul’s#educaJon#his#
family#sent#him#to#Jerusalem#
(accompanied#perhaps#by#his#sister—see#
Acts#23:#16)#for#advanced#religious#study.##
Like#all#Jewish#boys,#Paul#had#been#well#
schooled#in#Scripture#and#Oral#Law#at#the#
local#synagogue,#but#once#in#Jerusalem#
Paul#became#a#student#of#the#greatest#
Rabbi#of#his#century,#Gamaliel#(Acts#22:#3).###
The#grandson#of#the#great#Hillel,#Gamaliel#
was#a#leader#of#the#Sanhedrin#and#possibly#
its#President.##Only#the#brightest#and#most#
promising#student#could#possibly#secure#a#
posiJon#under#such#a#man.###
# # # # ##
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
I#wonder#what#
St.#Paul’s#IQ#
was?(
Paul#traveling#from#Tarsus#to#
Jerusalem#to#study#under#Gamaliel#is#
like#Beethoven#traveling#from#Bonn#
to#Vienna#to#study#under#Joseph#
Haydn,#or#like#a#newly#minted#Cal#
Tech#Ph.D.#in#physics#traveling#from#
Pasadena#to#Cambridge#for#a#postH
doctorial#fellowship#under#Stephen#
Hawking.#(
26(
27(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Paul#had#an#extraordinary#educaJon,#
available#only#to#the#brilliant#son#of#a#
wealthy#and#influenJal#family.##Born#into#
privilege#as#a#Jew#and#a#Roman#ciJzen,#
Paul#was#steeped#in#both#secular#and#
religious#educaJon;#he#was#fluent#in#at#
least#four#languages:##Hebrew,#Aramaic,#
Greek#and#LaJn;#he#was#being#groomed#for#
leadership#in#the#Sanhedrin;#and#he#was#
absolutely#commiced#to#his#beliefs.###
F.F.#Bruce#writes#that#even#if#the#events#on#
the#road#to#Damascus#had#never#
happened,#history#would#sJll#know#of#Saul#
of#Tarsus:##he#was#desJned#for#greatness.#
# # # # ##
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
What#Moses#was#to#
the#Old#Testament,#
St.#Paul#is#to#the#
New!(
In#that#way,#St.#Paul#was#similar#to#
Moses.##Moses#was#also#brought#up#
in#a#privileged#family#as#the#adopted#
grandson#of#Pharaoh,#and#as#St.#
Stephen#said,#he#was#“educated&in&all&the&wisdom&of&the&EgypEans&and&
&was&powerful&in&words&and&deeds”&(Acts#7:#22).(
28(
How#did#you#
know#that?##
You’re#a#dog!#
So,#Saul#of#Tarsus#was#an#extraordinarily#
wellHeducated#young#man,#living#in#
Jerusalem#at#the#Jme#of#Jesus.##He#was#an#
adult#student#of#the#great#Gamaliel,#and#he#
had#access#to#the#leaders#of#the#Sanhedrin#
and#to#the#high#priest#himself.#
He#was#the#rising#star#in#Judaism.#
So,#what#caused#his#intense#hatred#of#Jesus#
and#the#Church?##As#he#himself#says#to#king#
Agrippa:#“I&was&so&enraged&against&them&that&I&pursued&them&even&to&foreign&ciEes”&(Acts#26:#11).##The#Greek#word#is#ejmmaivnomai,#a#compound#of#ejn (“in”)#and#maivnonai (“behave#as#manic”);#that#is,#
“locked#in#a#frenzy#of#rage.”#
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 29(
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Humm.###
I#think#you’re#on#to#
something#here!(
Maybe#it#began#at#Passover,#
A.D.#32,#when#Jesus#rides#
into#Jerusalem#on#what#we#
call#“Palm#Sunday.”#
Recall#the#story#in##
Luke#19:#28H40.##(
30(
31(Confronta?on(
Jesus’ Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem (19: 28-40)
“After he had said this, he proceeded on his journey up to Jerusalem. As he drew near to Bethphange and Bethany at the place called the Mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples. He said, ‘Go into the village opposite you, and as you enter it you will find a colt tethered on which no one has ever sat. Untie it and bring it here. And if anyone should ask you, ‘Why are you untying it?’ you will answer, ‘The Master has need of it.’ So those who had been sent went off and found everything just as he had told them.”
(19: 28-31)
32(Confronta?on(
Jesus’ Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem
“So they brought it to Jesus, threw their cloaks over the colt, and helped Jesus to mount. As he rode along, the people were spreading their cloaks on the road; and now as he was approaching the slope of the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of his disciples began to praise God aloud with joy for all the mighty deeds they had seen. They proclaimed:
‘Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the Lord. Peace in heaven and glory in the highest.’”
(19: 35-38)
33(Confronta?on(
Jesus’ Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem
“Some of the Pharisees in the crowd said to him, ‘Teacher, rebuke your disciples.’ He said to them in reply, ‘I tell you, if they keep silent, the stones will cry out.”
(19: 39-40)
The#words#of#the#crowd#are#posiJvely#
incendiary!#
“Blessed#is#the#king#who#comes##
#in#the#name#of#the#Lord.#
Peace#in#heaven#
#and#glory#in#the#highest.”#
Luke#draws#on#Machew#and#Mark#for#the#
words#of#the#crowd,#a#quote#from#Psalm#118:#
26,#but#only#Luke#adds#the#word#“king”#to#the#
quote,#making#explicit#the#crowd’s#
proclamaJon#of#a#new#king,#one#represenJng#
a#new#kingdom.#
Jesus’#“triumphal#entry”#deliberately#recalls#
Solomon’s#entry#into#Jerusalem,#when#David#
elevates#him#to#the#throne#in#1#Kings#1:#
38H40.#
Was#Saul#of#Tarsus#there?#
34(Confronta?on(
35(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
As#the#rising#young#star#in#Judaism,#
Saul#had#a#vested#interest#in#
maintaining#and#defending#the#
status&quo,#and#Jesus’#acJons#are#blatantly#inflammatory.###
That#is#only#reinforced#when#Jesus#
arrives#at#the#southern#steps#of#the#
Temple#with#a#whip,#driving#out#the#
merchants#and#money#changers,#
shouJng:##“It&is&wriHen,&‘My&house&shall&be&a&house&of&prayer,&but&you&have&made&it&a&den&of&thieves’”&(Luke#19:#46).##
Was#Saul#of#Tarsus#there?#
# # # # ##
Unknown.##Christ&Driving&the&Traders&from&the&Temple&(oil#on#panel),##c.#1570.#NaJonal#Gallery#of#Denmark,#Copenhagen.#
36(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
37(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
The#next#day#the#religious#leaders#confront#
Jesus#and#demand:##“By&what&authority&are&you&doing&these&things?&&Or&who&is&the&one&who&gave&you&this&authority?”##Jesus#replies:##“I&shall&ask&you&a&quesEon.&&Tell&me,&was&John’s&bapEsm&of&heavenly&or&of&human&origin?”&&ASer#discussing#it,#the#religious#leaders#say,#“We#don’t#know.”##And#Jesus#says,#
in#effect,#“I#didn’t#think#so!”#
This#exchange#publically#humiliates#the#
religious#leaders,#and#we#can#only#imagine#the#
crowds#guffawing#at#them#as#they#are#taken#
aback.###
Was#Saul#of#Tarsus#there?#
# # # # ##
38(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Jesus#presses#the#acack,#regaling#the#
crowds#with#the#parable#of#the#
“tenant#farmers,”#a#scathing#
indictment#of#the#religious#leaders.##
Once#more#the#crowds#cheer#him#on,#
and#the#religious#leaders#can#do#
nothing,#for#the#crowds#are#huge,#and#
they#hang#on#Jesus’#every#word,#
delighted#at#Jesus’#audacity#and#his#
rapier#wit#in#skewering#the#corrupt#
authoriJes.#
Was#Saul#of#Tarsus#there?#
# # # # ##
39(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Next,#the#religious#leaders#“sent&agents&pretending&to&be&righteous&who&were&to&trap&him&in&his&speech,”&discrediJng#him#before#the#
crowds.##It#would#take#a#very#clever#man#to#do#
so.#
The#most#clever#of#them#asks,#“Is&it&lawful&for&us&to&pay&tribute&to&Caesar&or¬?”—knowing#
that#answering#either&“yes”#or#“no”#will#discredit#him#before#the#crowds#or#get#him#
arrested#by#the#Roman#authoriJes.#
Jesus#then#asks#the#man#for#a#coin;#the#man#
tosses#it#to#him,#and#Jesus#displays#Caesar’s#
picture#on#the#coin—a#coin#the#people#may#
not#bring#into#the#Temple#precincts,#but#the#
religious#leaders#do.####
Did#Saul#of#Tarsus#toss#the#coin?#
# # # # ##
TiJan.##Tribute&Money&(oil#on#panel),##1516.#Old#Masters#Gallery,#Dresden.#
40(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
41(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
• When#Judas#led#a#crowd#to#the#Garden#of#
Gethsemane#to#arrest#Jesus,#was#Saul#of#
Tarsus#among#them?#
• Although#Saul#was#not#yet#a#member#of#the#
Sanhedrin,#was#he#present#(perhaps#as#an#
assistant)#at#the#home#of#the#high#priest,#
Caiaphas,#during#Jesus’#trial?#
• When#Jesus#was#accused#before#Pilate#at#the#
Antonia#Fortress,#did#Saul#of#Tarsus#shout#
from#the#crowd,#“Crucify#him!”?#
• On#the#cross#we#read#that#“The&people&stood&by&and&watched;&the&rulers,&meanwhile,&sneered&at&him&and&said,&‘He&saved&others,&let&him&save&himself&if&he&is&the&chosen&one,&the&Messiah&of&God’”#(Luke#23:#35),#was#Saul#of#Tarsus#among#them;#did#Saul#of#Tarsus#say#the#
words?#
# # # # ##
42(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Finally,#when#Stephen#stands#
before#the#Sanhedrin,#speaking#
boldly#against#the#Temple#and#the#
law#of#Moses—#deeming#both#
irrelevant—and#then#when#he#
accuses#the#high#priest#and#
religious#leaders#of#the#betrayal#
and#murder#of#Jesus—does#that#
finally#push#Saul#over#the#edge,#
triggering#his#own#murderous#rage?##
# # # # ##
Not#me.##
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
Isn’t#it#ironic#that#
Jesus#chose#Saul#
to#be#THE#
Apostle!(
Wow!##I#had#never#thought#about#
it#that#way.##If#any&one#of#those#statements#is#true,#that#would#go#
a#long#way#toward#explaining#
Saul’s#“overHtheHtop,”#rage#and#
his#hatred#of#Jesus#and#the#
Church.(
43(
El#Greco.#St.&Paul&(oil#on#canvas),##1600.#Saint#Louis#Art#Museum,#Saint#Lewis,#Missouri.#
44(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
“This&saying&is&trustworthy&and&deserves&full&acceptance:&&Christ&Jesus&came&into&the&world&to&save&sinners.&&Of&these&I&am&the&foremost.”## #(1#Timothy#1:#15H17)#
45(Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul(
For#an#inHdepth#study#of#St.#Paul,#listen#to#Dr.#Creasy’s#24Hlecture#course,##
Paul,&from&Sinner&to&Saint,#on#Audible.com.#
50+#reviews,#4.7#stars!#
1. What#was#St.#Paul’s#hometown#of#Tarsus#
noted#for?#
2. What#evidence#do#you#find#to#support#the#
idea#that#St.#Paul#had#a#1st#class#educaJon#in#
classical#literature#and#rhetoric?#
3. Why#did#St.#Paul#move#from#Tarsus#to#
Jerusalem?#
4. Had#St.#Paul#met#Jesus#prior#to#his#encounter#
with#him#on#the#Road#to#Damascus?###
5. What#were#Saul’s#moJves#for#persecuJng#the#
Church?#
Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 46(
Copyright#©#2015#by#William#C.#Creasy#
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Excursus,(A(Portrait(of(St.(Paul( 47(