8 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario Memory Introduction to Learning & Memory

Memory8 - 1

© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario

Introduction to Learning & Memory

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Memory

1. Biological Basis of Memory 2. Overview and Sensory Memory3. Short-Term or Working Memory4. Learning and Encoding in Long-Term

Memory5. The Organization of Long-Term

Memory6. Remembering

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Biological Basis of Memory

Recall that synaptic transmission is the mode of information passing which occurs in the brain between neurons

So is there a synaptic mechanism that correlates to memory?

YES it is called long term (synaptic) potentiation

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Excitatory Synaspes

Recording Electrode

Glutamate Receptors

Response to Input A or B

Stimulus

20 40

After stimulating A + B for one hour response to original stimulus at A or B becomes largermsec

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200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

Am

plitu

de (

% o

f co

ntro

l)

Time (min)100 20 30 40 50 60 70

Potentiation of this response can also be created by briefly giving a high frequency stimulation for just a short time (1s)

This brief stimulation can last for hours (or days)

Control response to one stimulation

Response to one stimulation after high frequency stimulation

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LTP is the increased synaptic response to excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)

It causes a neurone or a group of neurones to be more efficiently stimulated by (an)other excitatory neurone(s)

Drugs that block glutamate response stop memories from being formed

This first occurs in the hippocampus A brain area in the limbic system of the brain, located deep in the temporal lobe, it plays an important role in memory.

ALSOLTP also involves structural changes in formed synapses as well

as the formation of new synapses

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Flow information from input through to memory

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Overview and Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory: a form of sensory memory that holds a brief visual memory of something that has just been received

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Echoic Memory

Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory for sounds that have just been perceived.

MAL

LET

MAL

CONTENT

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Short-Term or Working Memory

Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term Memory

Primacy and Recency Effects Loss of Information from Short-Term

Memory

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The Limits of Working Memory

Is defined as the immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived. It is limited in terms of both capacity (7 ± 2 chunks of information) and duration (less than 20 seconds).

5 1 4 3 9 8 5 7 1 1

But chunking of information can help:

514-398-5711 a phone numberOr better still :CBCCSISFBI becomes:

CBC CSIS FBI

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Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term

Memory

F 8.3

Encoding of short term memory usually requires an interaction with long term memory

Your ability to memorize the following requires a familiarity with symbols or thing to be remembered.

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Encoding of Information: Interaction with Long-Term

Memory

Short term memory becomes very difficult if there is no point of reference

Try memorizing the following:

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Primacy and Recency Effects

Read this list of words: Dog Cat Fish Leg Hat Pen Top Pat Gut Mat

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Primacy and Recency Effects

Primacy effect is the tendency to remember initial information because we can rehearse it. dog, cat vs. top or pen

Recency effect is the tendency to recall later information because it has been committed to short term memory

gut, mat vs. fish or leg

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Varieties of Working Memory:

Phonological

F 8.5

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Aphasia: A Disruption of the Phonological System

F 8.6

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Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory

The Consolidation Hypothesis

The Levels of Processing Hypothesis

Improving Long-Term Memory

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The Consolidation Hypothesis

Consolidation is the process by which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.

This is very effective and involves primarily rehearsal of the facts.

Brain injury can and does effect our ability to retrieve facts this is called retrograde amnesia but short term memory may be uneffected

Thus long term and short term memory seems to be stored separately implying that there is a “movement” of information from one brain process to the next.

Maintenance rehearsal is the main strategy here: i.e. rote repetitionShallow Processing: the analysis of the superficial characteristics of

stimulus such as size or shape recognising a word such as “fish”

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The strategy here is: Elaborative Rehearsal: processing of information in

such a way as an association or meaning is attached. Thus you may more readily recall something if another

complexity or contextual reference added to the information.

Deep processing: refers to the analysis of the complex characteristics such as its meaning or impact

“Fish” becomes big and small, slimy, lives in water, sometimes good to eat.

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Read This and try to memorise it!

With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he had said” An egg not a table correctly typifies this unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along sometimes through calm vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumours about the edge.

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The Voyage of Cristopher Columbus

With Hocked gems financing him our hero bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he had said” AM egg not a table correctly typifies this unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters sought proof. Forging along sometimes through calm vastness yet more often over trubulent peaks and valleys days became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumours about the edge.

Familiarity helps encode memory

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Effortful Processing: practising information rehearsal, typically studying

consciously focusing our attention on something

Automatic Processing: formation of memories requires no little or no attention, It nevertheless involves the repetition of fact or situation

but we involuntarily remember

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The Organization of Long-Term Memory

Episodic and Semantic Memory

episodic memory A type of long-term memory that serves as a record of our life’s experiences.

semantic memory A type of long-term memory that contains data, facts, and other information, including vocabulary.

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Explicit and Implicit Memory

Explicit memory is memories that can be described verbally, and thus, we are consciously aware of. facts, knowledge

e.g., names of the provinces in Canada

Implicit memory is memories that cannot be described verbally, and thus, are not available to consciousness. skills, habits

e.g., riding a bicycle

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The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory

AnterogradeAmnesia(After the event)

Traumatic Event

Retrograde Amnesia (before the event)

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Remembering

Remembering and Recollecting How Long Does Long-Term Memory

Last? Remembering and Interference

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Improving Long-Term Memory Through Mnemonics Mnemonics are a system of conscious

strategies designed to improve memory. Lines of the music staff are the notes

E,G,B,D,F

4

4

#

e

g

b

fd

fooddeservesboygoodevery

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Method of Loci

F 8.11

method of loci A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are mentally associated with specific physical locations or landmarks.

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Peg-words

F 8.12

peg-word method A mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are associated with a set of mental pegs that one already has in memory, such as key words of a rhyme.

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Remembering and Recollecting

F 8.15

Its automatic and difficult to control

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Retroactive and Proactive Interference

F 8.20

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Retroactive and Proactive Interference

proactive interference Interference in recall that occurs when previously learned information disrupts our ability to remember newer information.

retroactive interference Interference in recall that occurs when recently learned information disrupts our ability to remember older information.

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8 - 1 © 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario Memory Introduction to Learning & Memory