7LANGUAGE DESRIPTION

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language description FC 3 1

LANGUAGE DESRIPTION

PARTS OF SPEECH


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PARTS OF SPEECH

#

PARTS

OF

SPEECHVERBS

NOUNS

PRONOUNS

PREPOSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

INTERJECTIONS

ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES

DETERMINERS


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NOUNS

ANIMALS

THINGS IDEAS

PLACE

PEOPLE

NOUNS


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ADJECTIVES

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by

describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An

adjective usually precedes the noun or the

pronoun which it modifies. E.G.

The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.

Mrs. Morrison papered herkitchen walls with hideous wall

paper. The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.

The coal mines are dark and dark.
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ADJECTIVES

Exclamatory

Emphasizing

DemonstrativeInterrogative

Quantitative

Numerical

Descriptive

TYPES

OF

ADJECTIVES

Distributive

Indefinite

Definite


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ADJECTIVES

adjectives nearly always appear

immediately before the noun or noun

phrase that they modify. Sometimes they

appear in a string of adjectives, and when

they do, they appear in a set order

according to category.


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POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES

When indefinite pronouns such as

something, someone, anybody are

modified by an adjective, the adjective

comes after the pronoun:

- Anyone capable of doing something

horrible to someone nice should be

punished.- Something wicked this way comes.


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POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES

There are certain adjectives that, in

combination with certain words, are

always "postpositive" (coming after the

thing they modify):

- The president elect, heir apparent to

the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York

proper.


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DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

RICH RICHER THAN THE RICHEST

LOVELY LOVELIER THANTHE LOVELIEST

BEAUTIFUL MOREBEAUTIFULTHAN

THE MOSTBEAUTIFUL


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IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE AND

SUPERLATIVE FORMS

GOOD BETTER BEST

BAD WORSE WORST

LITTLE LESS LEAST

MUCH

MANY

SOME

MORE MOST

FAR FURTHER FURTHEST


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The as as construction is used to

create a comparison expressing equality:

- He is as foolish as he is large.

- She is as bright as her mother.


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POST-MODIFIERS WITH


Both adverbs & adjectives in their comparative

and superlative forms can be accompanied by

pre-modifiers, single words and phrases, that

intensify the degree.- We were a lot more careful this time.

- He works a lot less carefully than the

other jeweler in town.

- We like his work so much better.

- You'll get your watch back all the faster.


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POST-MODIFIERS WITH


The same process can be used to

downplay the degree:

- The weather this week has been

somewhat better.

- He approaches his schoolwork a littleless industriously than his brother

does.


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POST-MODIFIERS WITH


And sometimes a set phrase, usually an

informal noun phrase, is used for this

purpose:

- He arrived a whole lot sooner than we

expected.

- That's a heck of a lot better.


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FEWER VS LESS

When making a comparison between

quantities we often have to make a choice

between the words fewerand less.

Generally, when we're talking aboutcountable things, we use the word fewer;

when we're talking about measurable

quantities that we cannot count, we usethe word less


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ADJECTIVES

If the intensifierveryaccompanies the

superlative, a determiner is also required:

- She is wearing her very finest outfit for

the interview.- They're doing the very best they can.


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ADJECTIVES

Occasionally, the comparative orsuperlative form appears with adeterminer and the thing being modified is

understood:- Of all the wines produced in

Connecticut, I like this one the most.

- The quicker you finish this project, thebetter.

- Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster.


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FEWER VS LESS

Use less when referring to statistical or

numerical expressions:

- It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.

- He's less than six feet tall.

- Your essay should be a thousand words or less.

- We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.- The town spent less than four percent of its

budget on snow removal.


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VERBS

The verb is perhaps the most important

part of the sentence. A verb or

compound verb asserts something about

the subject of the sentence and expressactions, events, or states of being. The

verb or compound verb is the critical

element of the predicate of a sentence.
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VERBS

VERBS

TRANSITIVE COMPOUND AUXILIARY INTRANSITIVE

PRIMARY MODAL


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PRONOUNS

A pronoun can replace a noun or another

pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which,"

"none," and "you" to make yoursentences less

cumbersome and less repetitive. Grammarians classify pronouns into several

types, including the personal pronoun, the

demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative

pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relativepronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the

intensive pronoun.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS

A personal pronoun refers to a specificperson or thing and changes its form to

indicate person, number, gender, and

case.
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS

PERSONAL

PRONOUNS

SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE

1ST PERSON

2ND PERSON

3RD PERSON

1ST PERSON

2ND PERSON

3RD PERSON

1ST PERSON 3RD PERSON

2ND PERSON


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PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON

SUBJECTIVE

I WE YOU YOU HE SHE

IT

THEY

OBJECTIVE

ME US YOU YOU HIM HER

IT

THEM

POSSESSIVE

MY

MINE

OUR

OURS

YOUR

YOURS

YOUR

YOURS

HIS HER

HERS ITS

THEIR

THEIRS

SINGULAR

PLURAL

SINGULAR

PLURAL

SINGULAR

PLURAL


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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

A demonstrative pronoun points to and

identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and

"these" refer to things that are nearby

either in space or in time, while "that" and"those" refer to things that are farther

away in space or time.


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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

The demonstrative pronouns are "this,""that," "these," and "those." "This" and"that" are used to refer to singularnouns

ornoun phrases and "these" and "those"are used to refer to plural nouns and nounphrases. Note that the demonstrativepronouns are identical to

demonstrative adjectives, but useddifferently. It is also important to note that"that" can also be used as a relativepronoun.
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE

PRONOUN

SINGULAR PLURAL

THIS

THAT

THESE

THOSE


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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask

questions. The interrogative pronouns are

"who," "whom," "which," "what" and the

compounds formed with the suffix "ever"

("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and

"whatever").
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Note that either "which" or "what" can also

be used as an interrogative adjective, and

that "who," "whom," or "which" can also be

used as a relative pronoun.
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You will find "who," "whom," and

occasionally "which" used to refer to

people, and "which" and "what" used to

refer to things and to animals.


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"Who" acts as the subject of a verb, while

"whom" acts as the object of a verb,

preposition, or a verbal.
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RELATIVE PRONOUN

A relative pronoun is used to link one

phrase orclause to another phrase or

clause. The relative pronouns are "who,"

"whom," "that," and "which." The

compounds "whoever," "whomever," and

"whichever" are also relative pronouns.
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RELATIVE PRONOUN

You can use the relative pronouns "who"

and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a

clause or sentence, and "whom" and

"whomever" to refer to the objects of a

verb, a verbal or a preposition.


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INDEFINITE PRONOUN

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun

referring to an identifiable but not specified

person or thing. An indefinite pronoun

conveys the idea of all, any, none, or

some.


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INDEFINITE PRONOUN

The most common indefinite pronouns are"all," "another," "any," "anybody,""anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody,"

"everyone," "everything," "few," "many,""nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some,""somebody," and "someone."

Note that some indefinite pronouns canalso be used as indefinite adjectives.


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REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back

to the subject of the clause or sentence.

The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself,""herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves,"

"yourselves," and "themselves."

Note each of these can also act as an intensive

pronoun.


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INTENSIVE PRONOUN

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to

emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns

are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

I myselfbelieve that aliens should abduct my sister.

The Prime Ministerhimselfsaid that he would lower

taxes.

They themselves promised to come to the party eventhough they had a final exam at the same time.
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ADVERB

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective

, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause.

An adverb indicates manner, time, place,

cause, or degree and answers questions

such as "how," "when," "where," "how

much".
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ADVERB

While some adverbs can be identified bytheir characteristic "ly" suffix, most of themmust be identified by untangling the

grammatical relationships within thesentence or clause as a whole.

Unlike an adjective, an adverb can befound in various places within thesentence.
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB

You can use a conjunctive adverb to join twoclauses together. Some of the most commonconjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently,""finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however,"

"incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise,""meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next,""nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then,""therefore," and "thus."

A conjunctive adverb is notstrong enough to jointwo independent clauses without the aid of asemicolon.
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ADDVERBS

TYPES OF

ADVERBS

PLACE MANNER

FREQUENCY TIME

PURPOSE


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POSITIONS OF ADVERBS

One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their

ability to move around in a sentence.

Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible

in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.

The minister solemnly addressed her congregation. The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.


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The following adverbs of frequency appearin various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.

Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely

written to my brother without a good reason.

Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summerhome.


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Indefinite adverbs of time can appear

either before the verb or between the

auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice.

She has recently retired.


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ORDER OF ADVERBS

There is a basic order in which adverbs

will appear when there is more than one. It

is similar to

The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is

even more flexible.
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ORDER OF ADVERBS

USUAL ORDER

MANNER

PURPOSE

FREQUENCY

PLACE

TIME


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ORDER OF ADVERBS

As a general principle, shorter adverbialphrases precede longer adverbialphrases, regardless of content. In the

following sentence, an adverb of timeprecedes an adverb of frequency becauseit is shorter (and simpler):

Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast everyday of his life.


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ADVERBS

A second principle: among similar

adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place,

frequency, etc.), the more specific

adverbial phrase comes first:

My grandmother was born in a sod house on

the plains of northern Nebraska. She promised to meet him for lunch next

Tuesday.


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ORDER OF ADVERBS

Bringing an adverbial modifier to thebeginning of the sentence can placespecial emphasis on that modifier. This is

particularly useful with adverbs of manner:

Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled thecoffee cup up to the brim, even above the

brim. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of

these lemons will get by the inspectors.


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ADJUNCT

Regardless of its position, an adverb is

often neatly integrated into the flow of a

sentence. When this is true, as it almost

always is, the adverb is called an adjunct.

(Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive

adverbs in the first two sentences of thisparagraph.)


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DISJUNCT

When the adverb does not fit into the flow

of the clause, it is called a disjunct or a

conjunct and is often set off by a comma

or set of commas. A disjunct frequently

acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of

the sentence.


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DISJUNCT

Although it usually modifies the verb, we

could say that it modifies the entire clause,

too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in the

sentence immediately before this one; thatsame word can also serve as an adjunct

adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play

outside.


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DISJUNCT

Here are two more disjunctive adverbs:

Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.

Fortunately, no one was hurt.


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CONJUNCTIVE

Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a

connector function within the flow of the

text, signaling a transition between ideas.

If they start smoking those awful cigars, then

I'm not staying.

We've told the landlord about this ceilingagain and again, and yet he's done nothing to

fix it.


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CONJUNCTIVE

At the extreme edge of this category, wehave the purely conjunctive device knownas the conjunctive adverb (often called the

adverbial conjunction):

Jose has spent years preparing for this event;nevertheless, he's the most nervous person

here. I love this school; however, I don't think I can

afford the tuition.


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RELATIVE ADVERB

Adjectival clauses are sometimes

introduced by what are called the relative

adverbs: where, when, and why. Although

the entire clause is adjectival and will

modify a noun, the relative word itself

fulfills an adverbial function (modifying averb within its own clause).


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VIEWPOINT ADVERB

A viewpoint adverb generally comes

after a noun and is related to an adjective

that precedes that noun:

A successful athletic team is often a good

team scholastically.

Investing all our money in snowmobiles wasprobably not a sound idea financially.


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FOCUS ADVERB

A focus adverb indicates that what is

being communicated is limited to the part

that is focused; a focus adverb will tend

either to limit the sense of the sentence("He got an A just for attending the class.")

or to act as an additive ("He got an A in

addition to being published."


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NEGATIVE ADVERBS

Negative adverbs create a negativemeaning in a sentence withoutthe use ofthe usual no/not/neither/nor/never

constructions:

He seldom visits.

She hardly eats anything since the accident.

After her long and tedious lectures, rarely wasanyone awake.


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PREPOSITION

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and

phrases to other words in a sentence. The

word or phrase that the prepositionintroduces is called the object of the

preposition.
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PREPOSITION

A preposition usually indicates the temporal,spatial or logical relationship of its object to therest of the sentence as in the followingexamples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book overthe table.

She read the book during class.


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Prepositions of Time: at, on, in

We use at to designate specific times.- The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

We use on to designate days and dates.

- My brother is coming on Monday.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, aseason, or a year.

- She likes to jog in the morning.- It's too cold in winter to run outside

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: AT


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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: AT,

ON, & IN

We use atfor specific addresses.- Azilah lives at 55 Donggongon Road in Penampang.

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.- Her house is on Donggongon Road.

And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns,

counties, states, countries, and continents).- She lives in Penampang.- Penampang is in West Coast South.- West Coast South is in Sabah.

Prepositions of Location: in at and on


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Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on

& no preposition

IN(the) bed*the bedroomthe car

(the) class*the library*school*

*sometimes used with differentprepositions.

ATclass*homethe library*

the officeschool*work

ONthe bed*the ceilingthe floor

the horsethe planethe train

NOPREPOSITIONdownstairs

downtowninsideoutsideupstairs

uptown

Prepositions of Movement: to


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and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement

toward a place.

- They were driving to work together.- She's going to the dentist's office this

morning.



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and No Preposition

Towardand towards are also helpful

prepositions to express movement. These

are simply variant spellings of the same

word; use whichever sounds better to you.

- We're moving toward the light.

- This is a big step towards the project'scompletion.



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and No Preposition

With the words home, downtown, uptown,

inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we

use no preposition.

- Grandma went upstairs

- Grandpa went home.- They both went outside.


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Prepositions of Time: forand since

We use forwhen we measure time

(seconds, minutes, hours, days, months,

years).

- He held his breath for seven minutes.

- She's lived there for seven years.

- The British and Irish have beenquarreling for seven centuries.


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Prepositions of Time: forand since

We use since with a specific date or time.

- He's worked here since 1970.

- She's been sitting in the waiting room

since two-thirty.

Prepositions with Nouns Adjectives


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Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives,

and Verbs.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly

wedded to other words that they have

practically become one word. (In fact, inother languages, such as German, they

would have become one word.) This

occurs in three categories: nouns,adjectives, and verbs.


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NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval ofawareness ofbelief inconcern forconfusion aboutdesire for

fondness forgrasp ofhatred ofhope forinterest inlove of

need forparticipation inreason forrespect forsuccess inunderstanding of


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ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS

afraid ofangry ataware ofcapable ofcareless aboutfamiliar with

fond ofhappy aboutinterested in

jealous ofmade ofmarried to

proud ofsimilar tosorry forsure oftired ofworried about


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VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

apologize forask aboutask for

belong tobring upcare forfind out

give upgrow uplook for

look forward tolook upmake uppay for

prepare forstudy fortalk about

think abouttrust inwork forworry about

Idiomatic Expressions with


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Idiomatic Expressions with

Prepositions

agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, inprinciple

argue abouta matter, with a person, fororagainsta proposition

compare to to show likenesses, with to showdifferences (sometimes similarities)

correspond to a thing, with a person

differfrom an unlike thing, with a person live atan address, in a house or city, on a street,

with other people


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Unnecessary Prepositions

She met up with the new coach in the hallway.

The book fell off of the desk.

He threw the book out of the window.

She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [oruse "in"]

Where did they go to?

Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use "behind"instead]

Where is your college at?


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Prepositions in Parallel Form

When two words or phrases are used in

parallel and require the same preposition

to be idiomatically correct, the preposition

does not have to be used twice.- You can wear that outfit in summer and

in winter.

- The female was both attracted by anddistracted by the male's dance.


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However, when the idiomatic use of phrasescalls for different prepositions, we must becareful not to omit one of them.

- The children were interested in anddisgusted bythe movie.- It was clear that this player could bothcontribute to and learn from every game he

played.- He was fascinated byand enamored of this

beguiling woman

CONJUNCTION


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CONJUNCTION

You can use a conjunction to link words,phrases, and clauses, as in the following

example:

I ate the pizza and the pasta.

Call the movers when you are ready.

CO ORDINATING CONJUNCTION
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CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION

You use a co-ordinating conjunction

("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or

"yet") to join individual words, phrases,and independent clauses. Note that you

can also use the conjunctions "but" and

"for" as prepositions.

EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES

Lilacs and violets are usually purple.

This movie is particularly interesting to

feminist film theorists, forthe screenplay waswritten by Mae West.

Daniel's uncle claimed that he spent most of

his youth dancing on rooftops and swallowing

goldfish.

SUBORDINATING


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SUBORDINATING

CONJUNCTION

A subordinating conjunction introduces adependent clause and indicates the nature ofthe relationship among the independentclause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

The most common subordinating conjunctionsare "after," "although," "as," "because," "before,""how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that,""though," "till," "until," "when," "where,""whether," and "while."

EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES

Aftershe had learned to drive, Alice felt moreindependent.

Ifthe paperwork arrives on time, your cheque

will be mailed on Tuesday.

Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when his

computer crashed.

Midwifery advocates argue that home births are

saferbecause the mother and baby areexposed to fewer people and fewer germs

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION


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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION

Correlative conjunctions always appear

in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent

sentence elements. The most commoncorrelative conjunctions are "both...and,"

"either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but

also," "so...as," and "whether...or.(Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating

conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)

EXAMPLES


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EXAMPLES

Both my grandfatherand my father worked in

the steel plant.

Bring eithera Jello salad ora potato scallop. Corinne is trying to decide whetherto go to

medical school orto go to law school.

The explosion destroyed not only theschool but also the neighbouring pub.

ARTICLES, DETERMINERS &


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ARTICLES, DETERMINERS &

QUANTIFIERS

Articles, determiners, and quantifiers arethose little words that precede and modify

nouns:

- the teacher, a college, a bit ofhoney,thatperson, those people, whatever

purpose, eitherway, yourchoice

DETERMINERS


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DETERMINERS

Determiners are said to "mark" nouns. That is tosay, you know a determiner will be followed by a

noun.

These categories of determiners are as follows:the articles (an, a, the) possessive nouns (Joe's,

the priest's, my mother's); possessive pronouns,

(his, your, their, whose, etc.); numbers (one,

two, etc.); indefinite pronouns (few, more, each,every, either, all, both, some, any, etc.); and

demonstrative pronouns

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

The three articles a, an, the are akind ofadjective. The is called the

definite article because it usually

precedes a specific or previouslymentioned noun; a and an are called

indefinite articles because they are used

to refer to something in a less specificmanner (an unspecified count noun).

ARTICLES
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ARTICLES

Proper nouns: We use the definite article with certainkinds of proper nouns:

- Geographical places: the Sound, the Sea of Japan,

the Mississippi, the West, the Smokies, the Sahara- Pluralized names (geographic, family, teams): the

Netherlands, the Bahamas, the Hamptons,

- Public institutions/facilities/groups: the WadsworthAtheneum, the Sheraton, the House,

- Newspapers: the Hartford Courant, the Times

- Nouns followed by a prepositional phrase beginningwith "of": the leader of the gang,

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

Abstract nouns: Abstract nounsthe names ofthings that are not tangibleare sometimesused with articles, sometimes not:

The storm upset my peace of mind. He was

missing just one thing: peace of mind. Injustice was widespread within the judicial

system itself. He implored the judge to correctthe injustice.

Her body was racked with grief. It was a grief hehad never felt before.

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

Zero articles: Several kinds of nounsnever use articles. We do not use articles

with the names of languages ("He was

learning Chinese), the names of sports("She plays badminton and basketball."),

and academic subjects ("She's taking

economics and math. Her major isReligious Studies.")

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

When they are generic, non-count nounsand sometimes plural count-nouns are

used without articles. "We like wine with

our dinner. We adore Baroque music. Weuse roses for many purposes

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

But if an "of phrase" comes after the noun,we use an article: "We adore the music of

the Baroque."

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

When a generic noun is used without anarticle and then referred to in a

subsequent reference, it will have become

specific and will require a definite article: "The Data Center installed computers in the

Learning Center this summer. The computers,

unfortunately, don't work.

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

Common count nouns are used withoutarticles in certain special situations:

idiomatic expressions using be and go

- We'll go by train. (as opposed to "We'll

take the train.)

- He must be in school.

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

with seasons

- In spring, we like to clean the house.

with institutions

- He's in church/college/jail/class.

with meals

- Breakfast was delicious.- He's preparing dinner by himself.


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with diseases

- He's dying of pneumonia.

- Appendicitis nearly killed him.- She has cancer

(You will sometimes hear "the measles,""the mumps," but these, too, can gowithout articles.)

ARTICLES


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ARTICLES

with time of day

- We traveled mostly by night.

- We'll be there around midnight.

QUANTIFIERS


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QUANTIFIERS

Like articles, quantifiers are words thatprecede and modify nouns.

They tell us how many or how much.

Selecting the correct quantifier depends

on your understanding the distinction

between Count and Non-Count Nouns.

QUANTIFIERS
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QUANTIFIERS

The following quantifiers will workwith count nouns:

many treesa few trees

few treesseveral trees acouple oftreesnone of the trees

The following quantifiers will workwith non-count nouns:

not much dancinga little dancing

little dancinga bit ofdancing

a good deal ofdancinga great deal of

dancingno dancing

The following quantifiers will workwith both types of nouns:

all of the

trees/dancingsome trees/dancing

most of thetrees/dancingenough trees/dancinga lot oftrees/dancinglots oftrees/dancingplenty oftrees/dancing

a lack oftrees/ dancing

PREDETERMINERS


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PREDETERMINERS

The predeterminers occur prior to other

determiners . This class of words includes

multipliers (double, twice, four/five times . .. .); fractional expressions (one-third,

three-quarters, etc.); the words both, half,

and all; and intensifiers such as quite,rather, and such.

MULTIPLIERS


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MULTIPLIERS

The multipliers precede plural count andmass nouns and occur with singular countnouns denoting number or amount:

- This van holds three times thepassengers as that sports car.

- My wife is making double my/ twice mysalary.

- This time we added five times theamount of water.

FRACTIONAL EXPRESSIONS


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FRACTIONAL EXPRESSIONS

In fractional expressions, we have asimilar construction, but here it can be

replaced with "of" construction.

- Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the

time his brother took.

- Two-fifths of the respondents reportedthat half the medication was sufficient

INTENSIFIERS


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INTENSIFIERS

The intensifiers occur in this constructionprimarily in casual speech and writing. Theintensifier "what" is often found in stylisticfragments: "We visited my brother in his dorm

room. What a mess!"- This room is rather a mess, isn't it?

- The ticket-holders made quite a fuss whenthey couldn't get in.

- What an idiot he turned out to be.

- Our vacation was such a grand experience

INTENSIFIERS


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INTENSIFIERS

Half, both, and allcan occur with singular

and plural count nouns; halfand allcan

occur with mass nouns. There are also"of constructions" with these words ("all

[of] the grain," "half [of] his salary"); the "of

construction" is requiredwith personalpronouns ("both of them," "all of it").

INTENSIFIERS
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INTENSIFIERS

INTERJECTIONS


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INTERJECTIONS

An interjection is a word added to a

sentence to convey emotion. It is not

grammatically related to any other part ofthe sentence.

INTERJECTIONS
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INTERJECTIONS

You usually follow an interjection with an

exclamation mark. Interjections are

uncommon in formal academic prose,except in direct quotations

INTERJECTIONS
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INTERJECTIONS

Ouch, that hurt!

Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today.

Hey! Put that down! I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a

new car, eh?"

I don't know about you but, good lord, I thinktaxes are too high!


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7LANGUAGE DESRIPTION