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75% water
25% land
½ is too dry or too coldfor large-scale
agriculture
75% of world populationlives along a river or
a coastline. . .or 5% of the land area
½ of a ½ of a ¼Or. . .
POPULATIONPopulation concentrations
1. EASTASIA
2. SOUTHASIA
3. EUROPE
4. SOUTHEASTASIA
5. NORTHEASTNORTH
AMERICA
POPULATIONPopulation density
Arithmeticdensity
# peopletotal land area=
Longwood University campus – 7,994 students/sq. mi.
Arithmetic
Density
Total Population Total Area (persons/
(c. 2011) (square miles) square mile)
Bangladesh 149,772,364 56,976 2,629
Netherlands 16,676,126 16,164 1,032
India 1,210,193,422 1,222,559 990
China 1,339,724,852 3,696,117 362
Virginia 2000 7,078,515 39,597 179
Virginia 2010 8,001,024 39,597 202
United States 308,745,538 3,531,905 87
World 7,072,887,517 57,505,734 123
D. Hardin
POPULATIONPopulation density
Physiologicdensity
# peopletotal arable land=
Agriculturaldensity
# peopletotal farmed land=
Arithmetic Physiologic
Density Density
Total Population Total Area Arable Land (persons/ (persons/
(c. 2011) (square miles) (square miles) square mile) square mile)
Bangladesh 149,772,364 56,976 30,502 2,629 4,910
Netherlands 16,676,126 16,164 4,118 1,032 4,050
India 1,210,193,422 1,222,559 610,601 990 1,982
China 1,339,724,852 3,696,117 419,469 362 3,194
Virginia 2000 7,078,515 39,597 12,705 179 557
Virginia 2010 8,001,024 39,597 12,705 202 630
United States 308,745,538 3,531,905 658,304 87 469
World 7,072,887,517 57,505,734 16,000,049 123 442
D. Hardin
POPULATIONPopulation density
Carrying Capacity:The ability of a given amount of landTo support a given number of people
At a given level of technology
D. Hardin
POPULATIONPopulation density
D. Hardin
Egypt 2011Population – 80,410,017
Total Land Area – 390,117 sq. mi.Arable Land – 12,873 sq. mi. (3.3%)Farmed Land 1,950 sq. mi. (0.5%)
Arithmetic Density206 persons/sq. mi.
(just a bit higher than Virginia)
Egypt
POPULATIONPopulation density
D. Hardin
Physiologic Density:6,246 persons/sq. mi.
Egypt
Agricultural Density:41,236 persons/sq. mi.!
POPULATIONPopulation change
D. Hardin
TP = OP + B – D + I - ETotal
PopulationOriginal
PopulationBirths Deaths
Immigra-tion
Emigra-tion
NaturalPopulation
Change Migration
POPULATIONPopulation change
D. Hardin
Rates of change
Highest – Niger: 3.52%Lowest – Moldova: -0.68%
World average – 1.1% (down from 1.2%)
It’s all in the numbers. Take two countries with identical growth rates (.42%)…
Grenada: 105,303 X .42% = 442 people annually
China: 1,353,600,687 X .42% = 5,685,122 people annually
World: 7,072,887,517 X 1.1% = 77,801,762 people annually
That’s 70% of the population of Virginia every year!
That’s nearly 10Virginias every year!
POPULATIONPopulation change
D. Hardin
2000
2050
2000 2050
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 5
D. Hardin
Stage 4
POPULATIONPopulation Pyramids
D. Hardin
POPULATIONDemographic Transition & population pyramids
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
D. Hardin
Stage 1
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 1
D. Hardin
POPULATION
Time
Birth rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2
D. Hardin
Death rate
Demographic Transition & population pyramids
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 2
Nigeria
Libya
Iraq 2003
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 2
D. Hardin
[Youth serves the Fuhrer]
D. Hardin
IndustrialRevolution
MedicalRevolution
Hans Rosling video
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 2
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
D. Hardin
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 3
Israel
India
Egypt
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 3
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 3
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 3
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 3
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 3
2000s
1980s
1990s
1970s
Brazil
1-2 3-4 5-6 6-7 >70
10
20
30
40
50
60
Grandparents
Parents
You
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 3
NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN THE LAST THREE GENERATIONS
Percentage
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
D. Hardin
Stage 4
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 4
UnitedStates
Australia
Canada
D. Hardin
Social Security decreasespoverty among the elderly…
Per capita Social Security expenditures and poverty rate for 65+, 1959-2009
…while allowing seniorstheir independence…
…and creating thenuclear family.
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 4
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 5
D. Hardin
Stage 4
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Stage 5
Japan
Germany
Switzerland
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
GermanyStage 5
Germany's Demographic Transition1900-2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Bir
ths/
dea
ths
per
1,0
00
Crude birth rate Crude death rate
1972
WW I Hitler’s baby
boom WW II Stage 2moving to
Stage 3
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
D. Hardin
Germany’s “Guest Workers”Stage 5
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 5
D. Hardin
Germany’s “Guest Workers”
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Stage 5
D. Hardin
Germany’s “Guest Workers”
POPULATIONDemographic TransitionU.S. population pyramids
D. Hardin
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Ageing U.S. population
D. Hardin
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Ageing U.S. population
D. Hardin
POPULATIONPopulation change
D. Hardin
TP = OP + B – D + I - ETotal
PopulationOriginal
PopulationBirths Deaths
Immigra-tion
Emigra-tion
NaturalPopulation
Change Migration
D. Hardin
POPULATION
"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.
I lift my lamp beside the golden door."
MigrationImmigration
D. Hardin
POPULATION
Average Migrant Profile
• Young – average in the 20s (age most willing to do hard, distasteful work)
• Educated – average some high school; the best and brightest coming to US (“brain drain”)
• Motivated – decision to migrate is more than the average
person is willing to risk; willing to endure hardship so their children will have better lives (“American
Dream”)
MigrationImmigration
D. Hardin
POPULATIONMigration
Immigration
Population Pyramids for Hispanic Citizens and Immigrants in Virginia, 2006
United States
Mexico
San Diego
San Ysidro
Tijuana
D. Hardin
POPULATIONMigration
ImmigrationU.S.-Mexico border
D. Hardin
MigrationPOPULATION
Hispanic population: US
MigrationPOPULATION
Hispanic population: VA
D. Hardin
Europe22%
Asia45%
Other8%
Latin America25%
1990
Europe15%
Asia42%
Other10%
LatinAmerica33%
2000
Europe12%
Asia41%
Other11%
LatinAmerica36%
2010
Region of Birth for Virginia’s Foreign Born
MigrationPOPULATION
Hispanic population: VA
D. Hardin
MigrationInternal
POPULATION
D. Hardin
POPULATION
D. Hardin
MigrationInternal
POPULATION
D. Hardin
MigrationInternal
POPULATION
D. Hardin
MigrationPolitical geography
POPULATIONDemographic Transition
Time
Birth rate
Death rate
Totalpopulation
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 5
D. Hardin
Stage 4
D. Hardin
Time
High
Low