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7.4 DNA TECHNOLOGY & MUTATIONS
Key Concepts
1.What are different types of
DNA Technology?
2.How do we use DNA
technology?
3.What are some different types
of mutations?
4.What causes Mutation?
Vocabulary
• Genetic
engineering
• Genome
• Mutation
• Mutagen
• Cloning
Genetic Engineering
Is the Process of changing the
genetic material in an organism
• Humans purposefully Changing
the order of the nitrogen bases
of a DNA molecule
• How would changing the order
of the nitrogen bases in a DNA
molecule change to organism?
Genetic engineering can involve:
1. DNA extraction – Removing DNA from a cell
2. DNA cutting – Snipping out DNA
3. Separating DNA – Sectioning out DNA
4. Recombining DNA – combining DNA from 2
different organisms.
DNA Cutting - Restriction Enzymes
• Enzymes
• Can be used to extract a
specific sequence from
a DNA molecule
DNA Cutting – SOL QUESTION
In order to form recombinant DNA,
scientists have found a way to cut
a DNA segment using an enzyme
named EcoRI. This enzyme cuts
DNA wherever the sequence C-T-
T-A-A-G occurs between the A
and the G base.
the DNA in the diagram to theWhich
of these would result if EcoRI
were used on right?
Gel Electrophoresis – Separating DNA
• Process used to
• Separates DNA fragments
based on size and charge
• Can be used to compare
genomes of different organisms
Gel Electrophoresis – SOL question
The DNA fingerprints were made
from blood samples taken from
a puppy and four possible sires
of this puppy in an effort to
determine the puppy’s pedigree.
According to this information,
which sire was probably the
father of this puppy?
Recombinant DNA
• DNA made by combining
fragments of DNA from two or
more organisms
• Can help produce transgenic
organisms that contain DNA
from different species
• What products could be made
from transgenic organisms?
Making Recombinant DNA
Human Cell
Gene for human
growth hormone
Recombinant
DNA
Gene for human growth
hormone
Sticky
ends
DNA
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial
chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene
for human growth hormone
Genome
• A Organisms complete set of genes
• Includes all the sequence of all nitrogen bases
• Used to determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what traits
Human Genome Project
• Project to Map out entire DNA code of Humans
• Will help determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what human traits.
• How would the HGP be helpful for doctors?
Uses of Biotechnology
Forensics – Using DNA to solve Crimes
Agriculture – Using DNA to increase Crop Yield or
resistant to pests
Medicine – to cure/treat diseases
Cloning
Production of an organism from
a single cell
• Offspring are ___genetically
identical___________to
parent cell
• What organisms have been
successfully cloned?
Mutations
• Change in an organisms genetic code
• A mutagen is any factor that causes a mutation
• What are some examples of mutagens?
• Mutations are always random events – there is no
pattern
DNA Mutations
• Changes the sequence of
nitrogen bases in a DNA
molecule
• How would changing the
order of A,T,G,C, in DNA
affect an organism?
Point mutation
• Changes ___________
_____________________
in the DNA sequence
• Also called a
____________________
____________________
because one base is
replaced by another
DNA: T C G T C A
mRNA: A G C A G U
Amino acids:
DNA: T C G A C A
mRNA: A G C U G U
Amino acids:
Frameshift Mutation
• Changes in the way
the DNA sequence is
read
• Caused by the
addition or deletion of
a nitrogen base from a
DNA sequence
DNA: T A G C A T
mRNA: A U C, G U A
Amino acids:
DNA: T T A G C A T
mRNA: A A U, C G U, A..
Amino acids:
Inversion Mutation ~ SOL question
Inversions in chromosomes
occur when part of a
Which of the diagrams to the
right represents an inversion?
Mutation - FACT
• Most mutations do not cause any harm
How would mutations cause changes in organisms?
What are some examples of harmful mutations?
What are some examples of beneficial mutations?