RD-RAL759 739 N IZLANT 81 VRTA REPORT.RESULTS OF AN OCEANOORAPHIC 1/1CRUISE TO THE GREENLAN.. (U) NAVAL POSTGRAOUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY CA R H BOURKE ET AL. AUG 85 NPS-6B-B5-626

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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California

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OCT4 'A8

MIZLANT 81 DATA REPORT

RESULTS OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISETO THE GREENLAND SEA

OCTOBER - NOVEMBER 1981

BY

Robert H. BourkeO and.Robert G. Paquette

*- August 1985

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Prepared for:Director, Arctic Submarine LaboratoryNaval Ocean Systems CenterSan Diego, CA 92152 ,, .. *, ., - ,

-,, -.',8 %u.. -. o '' *-. " .. - , . - . *.. .. . . ., . •' . . - - . - . * . .• .

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, CA 93943-5100

Rear Admiral R.H. Shumaker David A. ShradySuperintendent Provost

The work reported herein was supported in part by the Arctic SubmarineLaboratory, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA under several WorkOrders, the latest of which is N 66001-84-WR00376.

Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized.

This report was prepared by:

ROBERT H. BOURKE RIIAssoc. Prof. of Oceanography Prof. Oceanography

Rev e Released by:

.. HRITOPER N.KV. MOOYERS, Chariman UMH M9. DYFR

SDepartment of Oceanography Dean of Science and Engineering

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NPS 68-85-0204. TITLE (gmodSebutle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOO COVERED

IZAWT 81 DA O EC, FES S CF AN OCEN- 1 OT 80 - 31 DC 81

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NOVEMBE1981. 4. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBERPS 68-85-020

7. AUTWOR@') 4. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERI(@)

ROBEM H. 3X]JE AD R G. PA EI'E N66001-8-WR-00376

9. PER1FORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROjECT, TASKNAVAL SCHOOL ARIA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

M3M , CA 93943-5100 63522N

11 .CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT OATS,

ARCTIC SUBMAR IAEA O AQGUS1 85CODE 54, BLDG. 371, NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEM CETE 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

SAN DIEM, CA 92152 7414 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

UNCLASSIFE

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I. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

APPROJVED FOR PUBLIC RMEAS; DISTRI=7I UNLfITW

17. OISTRIOUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from, Report)

1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

It. KEY WORDS (Continue an rovere., *ide It nocooar mid Identify by block number)

EAST GRUNAND amRRe1 MIfZEXICEBREAKER EAST GREdMIAND POLAR FRONTNOrHWID MARGINAL ICE ZONEGREAND SEA

AMTAT(Contne an reverse ol@fn ery~ mid Identify by6'k breport presents p property pro' l" eFor each of the 122

oceanographic stations occupied by the U.S. Coast Guard Icebreaker. overthe continental shelf and slope waters off the east coast of Greenlandin October & November 1981. A Neil Brown Mark III CTO was used toobtain temperature and salinity profiles to the sea floor in shallowwater and at least to 600m in deeper water. In addition to temperatureand salinity profiles, plots of sound speed and density (sigma-t) areshown.

DO , . 1473 EDITION Of I NOV 4 IS OBSOLETE UNCL-ASSIFDS'N 0102- L.0 14-6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (r1en Data Entered)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. MORE DETAILS OF THE CRUISE 2

III. MEASUREMENTS 3

IV. REFERENCES 5

APPENDIX A 6

APPENDIX B 16

DISTRIBUTION 67

t

4

MIZLANT 81 DATA REPORT

RESULTS OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISE TO THE GREENLAND SEA

OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1981

by

Robert H. Bourke and Robert G. Paquette

I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the oceanographic data acquired dur-

ing the cruise of the U. S. Coast Guard ice breaker

NORTHWIND (WAGB-282) to the northern part of the East

Greenalnd Polar Front (EGPF) in the Greenland Sea during

October and November 1981. This cruise has been desig-

nated Arctic East 1981 (AE81), but for continuity with

past cruises is also termed MIZLANT 81. The cruise had as

its primary objective a close examination of the EGPF

between about 750 and 80*N. This was one of the rare sets

of oceanographic observations in this area in autumn and

the first done with close-spaced stations and a modern,

high-resolution CTD. The NORTHWIND covered over 1600 km

of track within the survey area. One hundred twenty-two

CTD stations were occupied at spacings varying from 5 to

30 km. These stations were supplemented by 123 not-.always

successful XBT drops. The latter were used between sta-

tions and in the otherwise unsampled portion of the track

between 69*-27'N and the beginning of regular stations at

-1-

740-51.50N. These XBT results were sent to the NAVOCEANO

representative to COMSUBDEVRON TWELVE,. Naval Submarine

Base, New London, Groton, Connecticutt. A few XBT's were

used to extend CTD lines.

The EGPF was found strongly delineated by the Polar

Water-Atlantic Intermediate Water (PW-AIW) contrast. It

was made particularly striking by the Return Atlantic Cur-

rent (RAC), a core of warm southward-flowing AIW submerged

beneath the PW and penetrating, somewhat modified, onto

the shelf. The RAC contained considerable thermal fines-

tructure in most places. The eastern edge of the EGPF,

over the RAC, was marked by a strong geostrophic jet.

Previous reportings of cruise results were made by

Paquette (1982), Perdue (1982) and, in a scientific paper,

by Paquette, Bourke, Newton and Perdue (1985).

II. MORE DETAILS OF THE CRUISE

The scientific party boarded NORTHWIND between 9 and

10 October 1981 in Reykjavik, Iceland. The members of the

scientific party and their affiliations were:

Dr. M. Allan Beal, Arctic Submarine Laboratory,NOSC San Diego, California, Chief Scientist.

Dr. Robert H. Bourke, Naval Postgraduate School,at that time on sabbatical leave at Scott PolarResearch Institute, Cambridge University,Cambridge, England.

Dr. John L. Newton, Science Applications, Inc.,

La Jolla, California.

LT William F. Perdue, Graduate Student,

-2-

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.

Mr. Jerrold G. Norton, Naval Postgraduate School.

Mr. Kim 0. McCoy, Naval Postgraduate School.

The cruise track and locations of CTD stations are

indicated in Figure 1. Sampling commenced on 17 October

and terminated four weeks later on 14 November. A listing

of the locations of all CTD stations and ancillary clima-

tological data at each station is shown in Appendix A.

Wind speeds were generally low until 29 October, after

which they were generally above 15 knots, reaching 35

knots on 10-11 November. Thereafter they became moderate,

with some periods of speed below 10 knots. Air tempera-

tures were well below freezing, especially during the lat-

ter half of the cruise.

All of the sampling was done from the ship. Darkness

and poor visibility prevented using the ship's helicopters

for oceanographic measurements. Adequate visibility and

the need for helicopter-based sampling never coincided.

However, the helicopters were of considerable utility in

ice reconnaissance.

III. MEASUREMENTS

The primary oceanographic instrument was the Neil

Brown Instrument Systems (NBIS) Mark III CTD. Data were

collected, stored, and displayed using a Hewlett-Packard

-3-

b

9835B computer and 9872A x-y flat-bed plotter. As in the

past, an extension was bolted on to the protective frame

of the CTD; the lower part of the frame and the extension

were covered with coarse wire mesh to protect the sensors

from contact with the bottom and with ice. No apparent

deterioration in sensor accuracy or response have been

noted using this technique.

Some CTD difficulties were experienced during the cold-

est weather. It was not possible to keep the instrument

warm enough to prevent ice formation on the sensors and

occasional complete failure to operate. These problems

were cured by several minutes "soaking" and up-and-down

flushing of the instrument in the sea before each lower-

ing.

The temperature and conductivity sensors of the NBIS

CTD were calibrated at NPS prior to the cruise. The cali-

brated pressure sensor had a 1600 dbar range. The sam-

pling rate of the CTD was set to about 0.4 m of depth per

sample. Checking of the temperature and conductivity sen-

sors during the cruise was done by means of a single Nan-

sen bottle and reversing thermometers placed immediately

above the CTD. Sample salinities were determined with a

deck salinometer. Because of breakage of all but 4 vials

of standard water only 17 of the salinity comparisons were

reliable. The average deviations of the CTD from revers-

ing bottle results were approximately +0.004*C and 0.006

-4-

o/oo in salinity, about the limit of error for such

measurements; therefore, no corrections were applied.

The plots of properties shown in Appendix B are from

data which has been edited, despiked and smoothed with a

centered 5-point running mean.

IV. REFERENCES

Paquette, Robert G., Cruise Report, USCGC NORTHWIND 1981,October- November 1981, Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, California, Informal Report, 12 February1982, 13 pp.

Perdue, William F., Oceanographic Investigation of theEast Greenland Polar Front in Autumn, Master's The-sis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California,March 1982, 80 pp.

Paquette, Robert G., Robert H. Bourke, John L. Newton andWilliam F. Perdue, The East Greenland. Polar Front inAutumn, J. Geophys. Res. 90 (C3), 4866-4882 (May 20,1985).

-5-

N .* . * .. .,*** *

APPENDIX A

Explanation of Heading Codes

The heading of the printed output uses the coding from

NODC Publication M-2, August 1964, with a few exceptions.

Heading entries which are not self-explanatory are as

follows: MSQ is the Marsden square, and DPTH is the water

depth in meters. Wave source direction (WVD) is in tens

of degrees, but the direction 00 indicates calm seas due

to ice dampening. The significant wave height is coded by

Table 10 (code - 2 = height in meters). Wind speed, V, is

coded as Beaufort force, Table 17. The barometer is in

millibars, less 1000 if more than 3 digits; wet and dry

bulb temperatures are in degrees C. The present weather

is from Table 21 with cloud type and amount from Tables 25

and 26, respectively. The combination 4 X 9 indicates

that clouds cannot be observed usually because of fog

conditions. The visibility is from Table 27 which is

roughly in powers of two with code 4 = 1-2 km. The ice

concentration, ICE, is in tenths; amounts less than one

tenth are preceded by a minus sign and indicate

concentrations in powers of ten, e.g., 1 0 - =-4

The entry, NAV, is a code to identify the accuracy of

each station position based upon the navigation system

used. Code 1 indicates a position determined by visual

sightings, radar or by navigation satellite; Code 2 a

position determined by Omega or Loran; and Code 3 a

-6 -

position determined by dead reckoning.

The heading data are listed sequentially with

increasing station number. Because of data recovery

problems five stations are out of order: 12, 21, 27, 48

and 71. These are listed at the end.

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APPENDIX B

Property Profiles For MIZLANT 81 Stations

This section contains plots of temperature, salinity,

sound speed, and sigma-t for the 122 stations of MIZLANT

81 which were recovered from the cassette tapes of the

data-logging system. Both down and up traces were

obtained at each station; however, the up trace was

recorded only on about half of the stations. To

illustrate the change in property profile with time, a

sampling of both down and up traces is included between

Stations 86 and 102. Where this is done the down trace is

on the left.

Temperature has a small range for stations well within

the ice pack whereas, east of the ice, the temperature has

a moderate range and the salinity a small range. In order

to show the property variations with maximum resolution

the property scales have been expanded. This has the

concomitant result that the scales must vary from page to

page. In some cases, the same stations have been plotted

on two different scales.

The stations are plotted four per page. To assist in

distinguishing between curves the temperature profile has

been darkened three times while the salinity trace only

twice. The curves are also labeled: T for temperature, S

16

• %%

for salinity, SV for sound velocity, and ST for sigma-t.

The plots of Station 86 may appear confusing. The first

plot is for 86-Down; computer memory was used up before

the lowering was completed and a short section of the

continuation of this lowering to greater depth was

recorded as 86-2-D and is shown in the next frame.

Finally, the up trace, starting at the deepest depth of

86-2-D, is shown at the right, failing to reach the

surface before the memory was full.

17

-. . . . . . . . ..-.. - . '-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

* A F '..-.. .. S-** P . .. *-*:r- . . .* . . . . . . . . . . .

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67

k-.

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i,* * * * * * .' - * . . . -/ : > * * .I*J5.**