Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 1

Bioenergy Sources

OBJECTIVES

•Beginstounderstandwhatthewordbioenergymeans

•Discoverstheroleofbioenergysources(suchascorn,grass,andsoybeans)increatingbioproducts(suchasfuel,electricity,plastics,andinsulation)

•Recognizestheimportanceofbioenergyforenvironmentalsustainability(renewableenergythatissafefortheenvironment)

• Identifiesvariousbioenergysourcesformakingbioproducts

GROUP SIZE

6to8childrenperadultvolunteer

ThisbioenergyeducationcurriculumwascreatedthroughOhio’s4-HCloverbudprogramandtheOhioBioProductsInnovationCenter(OBIC)toinformandeducatefutureconsumersandsupportersofbio-basedenergyanditsproducts.ThecurriculumwasdevelopedwithsupportfromtheNortheastRegionalSunGrantInitiative,withagrantfromtheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation:USDOTAssistance#DTOS59-07-G-00052.Thematerialconsistsofthreebioenergycurriculumpiecesinthecontentareasof1)bioenergysources,2)bioenergyconversion,and3)bioproducts.Eachcurriculumpiececontainsaboutnineeducationalactivities.OhioStateUniversityExtension’s4-HCloverbudprogramisdesignedtomeetthedevelopmentallyappropriateneedsofchildrenages5to8,orinkindergartenthroughthesecondgrade.However,thiscurriculum is recommended for youth through fifth grade.TheCloverbudyouthdevelopmentprogramemphasizesoverallwell-beingbyempoweringyoungchildrenwithsuccessfullearningandpositivesocialinteractionthroughcooperativelearninginnon-competitiveenvironments.

714GPMA

Bioenergy Sources B

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VOLUNTEER TIPS•Completethefirst“GettingStarted”activityforintroductorypurposes,andthenchooseoneoftheactivitiesfromeachsection.

•Createafun,engagingatmosphereusingpicturesandvideoclipsrelatedtotheactivities.

•Thelengthoftimegiventocompleteeachactivityisanestimate.Setarelaxedpacewhilecompletingeachactivity,allowingtimeforcreativityandexperimentation.

• Foreachsection,chooseabalanceofactivities,includingmovement,sittingdown,andproblemsolvingsothatchildrenareengagedinavarietyoflearningsettings.

• Encouragechildrentomakepredictionsorhypotheses(educatedguesses)aboutwhatwillhappenastheycompletetheactivities.

LIFE SKILL AREAS• Expandssocialskills•Developslearning-to-learnskills

• Enhanceseye-handcoordinationandfinemotorskills

• Improvesself-confidence

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 2

TIME FRAME

Thislessonisdesignedforagroupmeetingbetween30and60minutes.Eachactivitytakes5to15minutestocomplete.

BACKGROUND

Bioenergyisarenewablesourceofenergythatisproducedfromplantsandanimals.Unlikebioenergy,fossilfuels,suchascrudeoilandcoal,arenotrenewable.Becausetheyarecreatedoverthousandstomillionsofyears,fossilfuelsarelimited.

Someformsofbioenergyhavebeenaroundforalongtime.Examplesincludeburningwoodtocreateheat,usingbiodieselandethanoltofuelvehicles,andusingmethanegasandwoodtogenerateelectricity.Morerecently,developedformsofbioenergyusematerialscalled“biomass,”suchassugarcane,grasses,straw,soybeans,andcorn.Biomassisanyplantoranimalmatterthatusessunlighttostoreenergy.Plantsdothisthroughphotosynthesis.Animalwaste,whichiscomprisedmainlyofplantmaterial,isalsobiomass.

Thiscurriculumhelpschildrenunderstandwherebioenergycomesfrom(bioenergysources),howbioenergyischanged(bioenergyconversion)intosomethingmoreuseable,andwhattheresultingproducts(bioproducts)are.

NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS

•Characteristicsoforganismsandenvironments•Understandscientificinquiry

SUCCESS INDICATORS

•Describesbioenergy•Explainstherelationshipofbiomasstobioenergy•Appreciatesenvironmentalsustainability•Recognizesexistingandpotentialbioenergysources

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 3

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Getting StartedACTIVITY “WhatIsBioenergy?”

Materials: Paperandpencilsorchalkandchalkboard.

Askthechildrenwhatwordsorphrasestheyseeinthewordbioenergy.Sharewiththemthatbioenergyisenergyfromplantandanimalmaterial.Explainthatplantsabsorbenergyfromthesun,andthatanimalsgettheirenergybyeatingplantsorplant-eatinganimals.Sharewiththegroupthatbioenergyisreleasedfromplantandanimalmaterialwhenthematerialisburned,andthatbiodieselreleasesitsenergywhenitisignited(burned)torunautomobileengines.Explainthatwoodreleasesitsbioenergywhenitisburned,andthatitcreatesheatandlight.

Reviewthefollowingdefinitionswiththegroup:Biomeans“life,living.”Forexample,plantsandanimalsarelivingbeings.Energymeans“power,work.”Forexample,energypowerscarsandheatshomes.

Askthechildrentodrawpicturesofobjectsthatwouldrepresentthewordsbioandenergy.Then,sharethepictureswiththegroup.

Application: Questionstoconsider:

•Whydopeopleneedenergy? [Fordrivingcarsandforusingelectricityforlight,heat,airconditioning,computers,etc.]

•Howwouldyoudefinethewordbioenergy?[Bioenergyisrenewableenergyfromanimalsandplantstomakeelectricity,heat,vehiclefuel,etc.]

•Whatdoyouknowaboutbioenergy?[Itcanprovidefuelforcars,usinggreenenergy.]

•Whatisimportantaboutbioenergy,especiallyinregardstomeetingeveryone’senergyneedsinthefuture?[Itneedstoberenewable,environmentallyfriendly,affordable,andsafe.]

ACTIVITY “WhereDoesBioenergyComeFrom?”

Materials: ThestorytitledThe Tale of Johnny Energy Seed(availablefromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyathttp://www.eia.gov/kids/resources/teachers/pdfs/TaleofJohnnyEnergySeed.pdforonpage9).

Readthestorytothegroup.Askthechildreniftheyknowofanyothersimilarshortstoriesthattheymightliketoshare.

Application: Thestoryhighlightsoneexampleofhowcorncanbeasourceofbioenergy.Whatareothersourcesofbioenergy?[Someincludesoybeans,switchgrass,sugarcane,algae,andusedvegetableoil.]

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 4

2. Digging DeeperACTIVITY “BioenergySourcesWordGame”

Materials:Paperandpencilsorchalkandchalkboard.

Scramblethelettersofthesewordsonapieceofpaperoronachalkboard:biomass, feedstock, biofuels, soybeans, sugar cane, switch grass, algae, andmanure.

Providealistofthesewordsofftothesidetohelpthechildrenunscrambletheletters.Theycanworkinpairsorgroups.Exampleforbiomass:iobamss____________(listwordsnearby).

Note to the volunteer:Afterthelettersareunscrambled,askthechildrenwhatthewordsmean.Helpasneededusingthefollowingdefinitions.biomass:plantandanimalmaterial(e.g.,poop,corn,soybeans,andsugarcane)feedstock:rawmaterialusedtocreatebioenergy;thisisthesameasabioenergysourcebiofuels:fuelsmadefrombiomass(e.g.,soybeans,sugarcane,animalpoop,andgrasses)soybeans:beancropgrownforitsoilandforfoodforhumans/animals;tofuismadefromsoybeanssugar cane:tallgrass,growninwarmtropicalregions;stalkscontainhighsugarcontentswitch grass:fast-growingNorthAmericangrassalgae:water-growingplantwithouttrueroots,stems,orleaves;containschlorophyllmanure:poopfromanimals,oftenusedtofertilizesoil

Application: Explorewhatthesewordsmeanwithyourgroup.Whichofthesewordsaretheylearningaboutforthefirsttime?Howmighttheyusetheminasentenceoraconversation?[Soybeans,corn,andalgaecanbeusedtomakefuelforcarsandtrucks.]

ACTIVITY “BioenergyBasics:NameThatSource”

Materials: Corn,soybeans,sugarcane,grass,woodchips,driedanimaldung,seaweed,algae,sunflowerseeds,rice,bark,yardclippings.

Gatheravarietyofbioenergysourcesthatareeasytoobtain(e.g.,fromafeedstoreorafarmco-op).Displaythesourcesandaskthegrouptoidentifythemthroughsight,touch,smell,orallthree.Beawareofanyallergiesinyourgroup.

Application:Questionstoconsider:

•Whyaretheseitemssourcesofbioenergy?[Theyareplantoranimalmaterial.]

•Whatcharacteristicsdoyoufindincommonwiththesebioenergysources?[Theyusethesunforitsenergy.Theyarerenewable.]

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 5

3. Looking WithinACTIVITY “BioenergyandBiomass:HavingFunTogether”

Materials:ThebooktitledBiomass: Fueling Change byNikiWalker(checkwithyourlocallibraryforavailability).

Startwiththefirstthreesections:“EnergyinOurLives,”“EnergyProblems,”and“PlantPower.”Then,followupwithothersectionssuchas“FuelingFires,”“Biogas,”and“Biofuels.”

Application: Questionstoconsider:

•Howistheconceptofbiomassexplainedinthebook?[Biomassisallorganismsonearthandtheirwastes.]

•Howdoplantsstoreenergyfromthesun?[Plantsuseandstoreenergyfromthesunbycreatingatypeofsugarastheirfoodduringaprocesscalledphotosynthesis.]

•Whyisanimalwasteconsideredbiomass?[Whenanimalseatplantstheydonotdigestallofthefood,sobitsofthematerialendupaswasteoranimalpoop.]

•Howcanbiomassproduceelectricity?[Electricityisusuallymadebyburningcoaltoheatwatertomakesteam.Biomasscanreplacepartorallofthecoalusedtomakesteaminpowerplants.]

•Whatisbiogas?[Whenbiomass(plants)rots,itnaturallyproducesatypeofgascalledbiogas.Biogasburnscleanerthanbiomassandisusedtoheat,cook,andmakeelectricity.]

• Isittruethatenginesrunningonsometypesofbiodieselsmelllikefriedfood?Why?[Biodieselcanbemadefromusedcookingoil.Oncetheoilisfilteredtoremovefoodparticles,achemicalprocesschangesorconvertsitintobiodiesel.Theprocessdoesnotremovethecookingoilsmellcompletely,sotheengineexhaustsmellslikefriedfood.]

ACTIVITY “BioenergyandSavingthePlanet:EnvironmentalSustainability”

Materials: Non-renewableenergysources:coal,oil,emptygasolinecontainer,orothernon-renewablesources;renewableenergysources:soybean,rice,vegetableoil,woodchips,orotherrenewablesources;paper;pencils.

Placealltheenergysourcesinrandomorderonatable.Maketwosigns:“RenewableEnergySources”and“Non-renewableEnergySources.”Placeeachsignatoppositeendsofthetable.Askthechildrentosorttheitemsintothetwocategories.Helpthemasneeded.

Note to the volunteer:Sharewiththegroupthatenergycanbeclassifiedasrenewableornon-renewable.Explainthedifferencebetweeneachenergytype.Non-renewableenergysourcessuchasfossilfuels(crudeoilfromtheground)eventuallyrunoutbecausetheycannotbereplacedeasily.Renewableenergysourcessuchasbioenergy(plants,trees,andvegetables)canbereplacedorregrownrepeatedly.

Sharewiththegroupthatgreenhousegases(suchaswatervapor,carbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,andozone)occurnaturallyasthesun’sheatwarmsourplanetandasgasestrapsomeofthisheat.Explainthatgreenhousegasesbecomeharmfulwhentoomuchheatistrapped,andthatburningfossilfuelsandusingaerosolcansarejusttwowaysthatpeopleaddgreenhousegasestotheatmosphere.

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 6

Tellthegroupthatbioenergydoesnotmakegreenhousegases,becausebioenergysourcessuchasplantsandorganismsconsumecarbondioxidefromtheairataboutthesameratethattheyreleaseitwhenusedasbioenergyproductssuchasbiodieselandethanol.Explainthatrenewablebioenergybringsaboutenvironmentalsustainabilityandreducesourdependenceonotherstoprovideforourenergyneeds,whichresultsinprotectingourplanet.Sharethatnon-renewableenergyreleasesgreenhousegasesbutdoesnotconsumeanygases,soitaddsharmfulgasestotheatmosphere.

Application:Discusstheimportanceofbioenergysourcesforenvironmentalsustainabilityasexplainedinthebeginningofthisactivity.Discusstheissueofclimatechange,aswellastherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalsustainabilityandthepreservationofournaturalresources.

4. Bringing ClosureACTIVITY “MakingSenseoftheBioenergyCycle”

Materials:BioenergyCycleAandBioenergyCycleB(includedattheendofthisactivity).

Grouporpairthechildrenandaskthemtorole-playthebioenergycyclebyplayingtheroleofthesun,biosources(suchasplants,trees,andfieldcrops),conversion(bioenergychangeprocess),andbioproducts.

Note to the volunteer:ShareBioenergyCycleAandBioenergyCycleBtohelpthechildrenunderstandhowthecomponentsrelatetooneanother.Talkthemthroughthevariousstepsofthiscycle.Considerusingavideocameratorecordyourgrouprole-playingthebioenergycycle.Sharethevideowithfamily,friends,older4-Hyouth,oratcountyfairwithCloverbudShowandTell.

Application: Questionstoconsider:

•Howcaneachstepofthebioenergycycleberole-played?[Answerswillvary.]

•Whataresomeotherwaystoexplorethebioenergycycle?[Plantbiosourcescanbemadeintobioproducts.Forexample,corncanbemadeintopackingpeanuts.Afterthepackingpeanutsareused,theycanberecycledintofreshonesorreturnedtothesoilwherenewplantsandcropscangrow.]

ACTIVITY “OurSun:TheUltimateBioenergyGenerator”

Materials:Permanentmarkers,plasticbags,papertowels,water,seeds,tape,sunshine.(Fast-growingseedsworkbest.Beansgerminatequicklyiftheyaresoakedovernight.)

Askeachchildtowritehisorhernameonaplasticbag.Instructthechildrentodampensomepapertowelswithwaterandplacetheseedsinsidethefoldedtowels.Then,havethemputthepapertowelswithseedsintheirplasticbags.Tapethebagsontoawindowthatgetssunlight.Checkontheseedsperiodicallytoseethattheyhaveenoughmoisture.

Note to the volunteer:Thisactivityworkswelloverthecourseoftwomeetings(onetotwoweeksapart)toallowtimefortheseedstosprout.Childrenshouldrecognizeanoticeabledifferencebetweenthefirstmeetingandthesecond.

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 7

Explaintothechildrenthatbioenergyisactuallyatypeofsolarenergy,andthatplantsandotherbiomassorganismsgrowandgetenergyfromthesunthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesis.Sharewiththegroupthatplantsuseenergyfromthesun,carbondioxidefromtheair,andwatertogrowwhileoxygenandmoisturearereleased.Explainthatwhenthebiomassisconvertedtoenergythroughcombustionoranotherprocess,thisstoredenergyfromthesunisreleased.

Application:Questionstoconsider:

• Ifaplantisbeingusedforbioenergy,whydoesitmatterhowfastitgrows?[Plantsthatgrowfastcanbeturnedintobioenergysooner.Thisallowsustoreplacethebioenergywehaveusedsooner.]

•Whataretheseedsconsumingtohelpthemgrow?[Sun,water,andnutrients.]

•Whataretheyproviding?[Oxygen,moisture,and—aftertheplantsareconverted—bioenergy.]

5. Going BeyondACTIVITY “BioenergySourcesofTomorrow”

Materials: Goonanaturehiketocollectpossiblebioenergysourcessuchasleaves,twigs,straw,etc.

Bringalltheitemstogetherandaskeachchildtotalkaboutwhattheycollectedandwhytheitemsmightbegoodbioenergysourcesforthefuture[becausetheyarefast-growing,dense,abundant,andnotusedforsomethingelse].

Safety Note:Whileonthehike,avoidhazardssuchaspoisonivy,treesandshrubswiththorns,plantswithburrs,etc.

Application: Whataresomeotherexamplesofbioenergysources?[Methanegasfromcows,seaweedforethanol,usedcoffeegroundsforbiodiesel,etc.]

Bioenergy Sources

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development—Bioenergy Education • 8

Specialthankstothefollowingindividuals:CarolynBelczyk,AdamsCounty,Ohio;KathyBlackford,AshlandCounty,Ohio;ShaunBlevins,ScienceTeacher,Lima,Ohio;HeatherBryan,ScienceTeacher,Findlay,Ohio;LaurenDowler,NortheastBioenergyandBioProductsEducationProgram,CornellUniversity;JeanneGogolski,EducationProjectsandPartnerships,Worthington,Ohio;AndreaHarpen,ScienceTeacher,Blanchester,Ohio;DustinHoman,StudentAssistantandHonorsStudent,OhioBioProductsInnovationCenterandTheOhioStateUniversity;MargaretJenkins,ClermontCounty,Ohio;SaraKleon,RossCounty,Ohio;RayMcCampbell,ScienceTeacher,Eaton,Ohio;RebeccaOlinsky,GreeneCounty,Ohio;BrittanyPangburn,AthensCounty,Ohio;KellyRoyalty,ClermontCounty,Ohio;GregSiek,CuyahogaCounty,Ohio;ErinSimpson-Sloan,ButlerCounty,Ohio;Holly&DanielleStockham,MadisonCounty,Ohio;JulieUnger,AdamsCounty,Ohio;JudyVillard-Overocker,RichlandCounty,Ohio;CarolWarkentien,EducationProjectsandPartnerships,Worthington,Ohio;JanetWaskoMyers,MadisonCounty,Ohio;andSusieYoung,AssistantEditor,4-HYouthDevelopment,OhioStateUniversityExtension.

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Reading AdventuresArmentrout,D.,andArmentrout,P.(2009).Biofuels.VeroBeach,FL:RourkePublishing.

Horn,G.(2010).Biofuels (Energy Today). NewYork,NY:ChelseaHousePublishers.

Muschal,F.(2008).Bio-fuels. AnnArbor,MI:CherryLakePublishing.

Povey,K.(2006).Biofuels (Our Environment). FarmingtonHills,MI:KidHavenPress.

Raum,E.(2008).Fossil fuels and biofuels.Chicago,IL:HeinemannLibrary.

Reynoldson,F.(2011).Understanding geothermal energy and bioenergy.NewYork,NY:GarethStevensPublishing.

Richards,J.(2009).Biofuels.Tarrytown,NY:MarshallCavendishBenchmark.

Solway,A.(2008).Biofuels.Pleasantville,NY:GarethStevenPublishing.

Tabak,J.(2009).Biofuels (Energy and the Environment). NewYork,NY:FactsonFile,Inc.

Walker,N.(2007).Biomass: Fueling change.NewYork,NY:CrabtreePublishing.

Web Linkswww.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=biomass_home-basics

www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=biofuel_home-basics

www.sciencenewsforkids.org/2006/04/microbes-at-the-gas-pump-3

www.alliantenergykids.com/EnergyandTheEnvironment/RenewableEnergy/022398

Biosources

Conversion

Bioproducts

Sun

BIOENERGY CYCLE A

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development • 10

BIOENERGY CYCLE B

Biosources

Conversion

Nuclear Fusion

Plants, Crops, Trees, Animal Waste

Solar energy from the sun brings life to plants, seeds, and trees through photosynthesis.

Solar Energy— Radiant Energy

Plant life contains stored energy from the sun. It is harvested and collected as biomass and/or feedstock to change/convert energy to other useable forms.

The energy stored in biomass and/or feedstock is converted to bio-based products such as plastics, fuel, and lubricants.

Breakdown of matter(biodigestion)

Fire(combustion)

Chemical process(esterification)

Fermentation

Plastics, Fuel, Lubricants

Bioproducts

SunBioenergy products are consumed and waste byproducts are released as water, CO2, etc. The byproducts biodegrade by sun and water into the earth/atmosphere for use by plants, animals, soil, etc.

Nuclear Energy

Ohio State University Extension, 4-H Youth Development • 11