Upload
novii-novii
View
234
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
1/29
Homeostasis,and the Contribution of
Digestive System toHomeostasis
Andreanyta Meliala, Dr., PhD (Clin Nutr)
Dept of Physiology
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
2/29
physiology
The science of the functions and phenomena of living things
about how cells (fundamental unit of all living things) are kept alive and
about how their environment is maintained so that the integrity of the cells is p
Cells need continuous supplies of matter and energy to maintain their form
Metabolism
will mainly be the topic of bichemistry Physiology deals with
Getting supplies to the cells at suitable rates and
Removing waste products
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
3/29
Level of Organisation
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
4/29
ECF*read: Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Every cell is surrounded by fluid (ECF)The medium through which all exchangesbetween cells and external environment occur
For normal function the composition of thisbathing fluid must be maintained constant
The constancy of the ECF is maintained byhomeostatic-mechanisms
Which monitor and regulate its
TemperatureOsmotic pressure
pH
Composition
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
5/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
6/29
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Are triggered by: alteration in someof physiological property or quantity
Act to produce a compensatingchange in the opposite direction
To return the system as close aspossible to the normal situation
Is called: negative feed backcontrol
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
7/29
Minimum Requirements
Receptors
To detect alterations in particular variables
Effectors
the circulatory system carries nutrients and O2 to cells and remove metabolic waste pro(CO2);
alimentary system provide nutrients to the body;
respiratory system that carries out exchange of gases with the external environment;
renal system allows losses of unwanted solutes and water from body;
musculoskeletal system
Coordinating and integrating mechanisms
Nervous and Hormonal
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
8/29
Factors homeostatically regulated
1. Concentration of nutrient molecule
2. Concentration of O2 and CO2 to carry energy yielding chemicareactions
3. Concentration of waste productsanticipating toxic effect
4. pH
5. Concentration of water, salt, other electrolytes
6. Temperature
7. Volume and Pressure
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
9/29
The Interdependency
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
10/29
The integration betweensystems of the body
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
11/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
12/29
Homeostasis
The body ability to maintain internal stability
(homeosimilar;stasis, status,condition)
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
13/29
Homeostatic Control Systems
Intrinsic / Extrinsic Control
Intrinsicoperate locally
Extrinsicoperate bodywide
Feedback / Feed Forward
Feedback - response made after a change
Feedforwardresponse made in anticipation of a change
Intrinsic: operate on the basis of feedback mechanism
Extrinsic: operate on the basis of feedback but also use feedforward me
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
14/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
15/29
Internal Failure
Abnormal growth of cells
Cancer, benign tumours
Production of antibodies by the body against its own tissues (autoimmudisease)
Premature death of cells or the failure of cell processes
Inherited disorders
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
16/29
External Causes
Toxic chemicals
Physical trauma
Foreign invaders (viruses & bacteria)
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
17/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
18/29
Contribution of Body Systems to Homeos
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
19/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
20/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
21/29
FOOD
BRAINHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMON
VOLUNTAR
INVO
THE GI SYSTEM
TRACHEA
STOMACH
PANCREAS
SMALL INTE
LAR
ANUSRECTUM
GALLBLADDER
SUBMANDIBULARSALIVARY GLANDS
SUBLINGUALAND
MOUTH PAROTIDSALIVARY GLAN
Dr. And
LIVER
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
22/29
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The three fundamental processes that takeplace are:
Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus, ions and
like into the lumen, and hormones into blood.
Absorption: Transport of water, ions and nutrien
from the lumen, across the epithelium and into blo
Motility: Contractions of smooth muscle in the wa
the tube that crush, mix and propel its contents.
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
23/29
Human Nutritional NeedsAll animals are heterotrophs
They must obtain energy and nourishment from molecules made borganisms
Remember: The Thermodynamic Law
Conversion of food energy onto heat, movement, etc
Food is used for two purposes:
1. as fuel (to provide energy for cellular metabolism) and
2. as a source of building blocks (monomers for cellular biosynth
Basic nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,minerals, vitamins
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
24/29
FOOD PROCESSING
THE PROCESS OF ENERGY CONVERSION INCLUDES:
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
25/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
26/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
27/29
----- + H2O ----------- -----OH + H-
MACROMOLECULES: MONOMERS:Carbohydrates
polysaccarides Monosaccharidesmaltose 2 glucoselactose glucose + galactose
sucrose glucose+fructosestarch maltoseProteins Amino Acids (AA)
peptidesFats
Tryglycerides Monoglycerides + FFAPhospholipids Lysophospholipids + FFA
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
28/29
8/12/2019 7.13 Lecture Homeostasis Final
29/29
Preserve The Oldies
Genuine and Last Forever
avoid pure memory get a deep understanding