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7.1.2 Cell Functions
104 minutes
137 marks
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Most pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another either by wind or by insects.
Look at the drawings below which show pollen grains from three different plants.
(a) Using your observations:
1. State the method by which each of these pollen grains is transferred.
2. Give a careful explanation for the method you have chosen each time.
Write your answers in the table.
3 marks
name of plant method by which pollen is
transfered
explanation for method chosen
pine
sunflower
lupin
The diagram shows a sperm cell.
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(b) What is the function of each of the following structures in a sperm cell?
(i) Tail ......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Head ....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
Maximum 5 marks
Q2. The diagram shows a plant cell. Some parts of the cell are named.
(a) Which two named parts are present in plant cells but not animal cells?
1. ..................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................. 2 marks
(b) Which named part contains the genetic information?
...................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(c) Which named part absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?
...................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(d) Name the part labelled X on the drawing.
...................................................................................................................... 1 mark
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(e) Where in a plant would you find a cell like the one in the diagram?
Tick the correct box.
1 mark Maximum 6 marks
in the centre of a root in the lower surface of a leaf
near the upper surface of a leaf
near the surface of a root
Q3. The diagram shows a plant cell.
(a) (i) The cell is from a leaf. Give the name of the part which is present in this leaf cell but not present in root cells.
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Give two parts, labelled on the diagram, which are not present in animal cells.
1. ................................................. 2. ................................................. 2 marks
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(b) The five parts of the cell labelled on the diagram have different functions. In the table below, write the name of the correct part of the cell next to its function. One has been done for you.
4 marks
Maximum 7 marks
Q4. The diagram below shows a candle burning in air under a bell-jar.
(a) (i) When the candle burns, there is a reaction. Give the chemical formulae of the products of this reaction.
1. ....................................................
2. .................................................... 2 marks
(ii) As the candle burns, some of the candle wax is used up. Give two other observations which would show that a chemical reaction is taking place.
1. ........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 2 marks
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(b) A potted plant is placed under a bell-jar as shown below.
Photosynthesis in the leaves causes changes in the proportion of the gases in the bell-jar.
(i) In bright sunlight, what are two of these changes?
1. ........................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................ 2 marks
(ii) Explain why the changes will be different if the plant is kept in the dark.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 2 marks
(c) Chlorophyll is the green substance present in cells in the leaves.
(i) Give the name of the part of the cell which contains chlorophyll.
................................................... 1 mark
(ii) Which part of the cell controls the production of chlorophyll?
................................................... 1 mark
Maximum 10 marks
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Q5. The diagram below shows a cell from the inside of a human cheek.
(a) On the diagram, label parts A, B and C.
3 marks
(b) Plant cells have some parts which animal cells do not have. Name two of these parts.
1. .....................................................................
2. ..................................................................... 2 marks
Maximum 5 marks
Q6. A scientist looked at a sample of fresh blood under a microscope. She produced the following drawings of what she saw.
Two types of white blood cells are shown in the drawings.
(a) Give two ways in which white blood cells destroy disease-causing micro-organisms.
1. ..................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... 2 marks
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(b) (i) Red blood cells transport oxygen. They contain a chemical which combines with oxygen from the lungs. Give the name of the product formed when oxygen combines with this chemical.
............................................……… 1 mark
(ii) Blood plasma transports glucose. Give the names of two other substances or types of substances which are transported in the plasma.
1. .........................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................... 2 marks
(c) The scientist added a drop of distilled water to some fresh blood on a microscope slide. The red blood cells absorbed water. Some of them swelled and burst.
She then looked at onion cells under a microscope. She added a drop of distilled water to the slide. None of the cells burst.
What part of an onion cell prevents it from bursting?
..................................................................… 1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q7. When white light is shone through a glass prism the light bends and splits into the colours of the spectrum.
(a) (i) What word describes the bending of light as it enters and leaves glass?
……………………………..……… 1 mark
(ii) What word describes the splitting of light into the colours of the spectrum?
……………………………..……… 1 mark
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(b) Some leaves from a buttercup plant were ground up in a solvent and filtered to give a green solution of chlorophyll. A glass container of this green solution was put in the rays of coloured light.
What change in the spectrum would you see on the screen? Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 marks
(c) Why is it necessary to grind up the buttercup leaves to release the chlorophyll from the cells?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 mark
(d) Buttercup plants grow mainly in open fields. Dog’s Mercury is a plant which grows mainly in woodland. The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis in these two plants changes as the light intensity changes.
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Why do Dog’s Mercury plants grow better than buttercups in woodland? Use the graph to help you.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q8. The diagrams show two plant cells.
not to scale
(a) In which part of a plant would these cells be found?
cell X ………………………… 1 mark
cell Y ………………………… 1 mark
(b) Give the name of part B.
…………………………………… 1 mark
(c) (i) Give the letter which labels the nucleus.
…………… 1 mark
(ii) What is the function of the nucleus?
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… 1 mark
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(d) (i) How can you tell from the diagram that photosynthesis cannot take place in cell Y?
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………… 1 mark
(ii) Which process takes place in both cell X and cell Y? Tick the correct box.
egestion
fertilisation
pollination
respiration 1 mark
Maximum 7 marks
Q9. The diagrams below represent what happens to the energy in the food eaten by a herbivore and a carnivore.
The width of each pathway indicates the amount of energy gained or used in a particular way.
(a) (i) What percentage of the total energy, taken in by a herbivore, is stored in its tissues? Use the diagram to help you answer.
................ % 1 mark
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(ii) The energy stored in an animal’s tissues is passed on to the next animal in the food chain. Use information in the diagrams above to explain why there are usually no more than four or five stages in a food chain.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(b) Respiration takes place in cells, in structures called mitochondria. Why do muscle cells contain large numbers of mitochondria?
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(c) Cows eat plants, but cannot digest the cellulose cell walls. Micro-organisms in the cow’s stomach are able to digest the plant cell walls. Suggest why cows cannot digest the cell walls but micro-organisms can.
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(d) The diagram below shows cells from the inner lining of a mammal’s intestine.
The cell membranes in contact with the food are folded. Explain why it is an advantage that these cells are adapted in this way.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 2 marks
Maximum 6 marks
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Q10. The diagram below shows details of Chlamydomonas which is a single-celled organism adapted for living in ponds and ditches.
(a) Explain how the eyespot, the flagella and the chloroplast enable Chlamydomonas to photosynthesise.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 3 marks
(b) (i) Water diffuses into Chlamydomonas from the pond. Water is also produced by respiration inside the cell. Give one function of water inside the cell.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) If there is too much water in the Chlamydomonas cell, the water collects in two small vacuoles. The vacuoles can contract to get rid of the water. What effect does extra water have on the cell?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
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(c) Large numbers of Chlamydomonas cells are found in ponds rich in nitrates. Nitrates are a source of nitrogen. What compound does Chlamydomonas make from nitrogen?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 1 mark
Maximum 6 marks
Q11. (a) The diagram shows a human sperm cell.
(i) What is the function of the nucleus of a sperm?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Sperm use their tails to swim to the egg so that fertilisation can take place. Give one other way in which a sperm is adapted for fertilisation. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(b) The diagram shows the human male reproductive system.
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The testes are outside the main part of the body. Suggest the relationship between temperature and sperm production.
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(c) A chemical called a hormone, which changes a boy’s body, is produced from adolescence onwards.
(i) Where is this hormone produced?
........................................... 1 mark
(ii) Describe one change caused by this hormone.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(d) (i) During sexual intercourse about 250 million sperm are released at a time into the body of a woman. Why is it necessary to release so many sperm at a time?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Before being released from the body, sperm are mixed with a fluid. The fluid contains sugar. Explain how and why a sperm makes use of the sugar.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 2 marks
Maximum 8 marks
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Q12. The drawing shows part of a blackberry plant.
(a) Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of the blackberry plant. Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
water + carbon dioxide ........................................ + oxygen 1 mark
(b) Jonathan studied a blackberry plant growing in a shady place and a blackberry plant growing in a sunny place.
(i) Jonathan found that the plant in the shady place had larger leaves. Why is it an advantage for plants in the shade to have leaves with a large surface area?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Both blackberry plants had green leaves. What part of the leaf cells makes the leaf green?
........................................................ 1 mark
(c) The diagram below shows a cell from a leaf of a blackberry plant.
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The names of four parts of the cell are listed in the table below.
(i) Match the name of each part with a letter from the diagram. Write your answers in the table.
4 marks
part letter of part
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
(ii) Which two of the labelled parts are also present in an animal cell? Give the correct letters from the diagram.
.......................... and .......................... 2 marks
Maximum 9 marks
Q13. (a) The diagrams below show an animal cell and a plant cell.
(i) The lines from the boxes show the positions of two of the parts that are present in both cells. In the boxes, write the names of these two parts.
2 marks
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(ii) Give the names of two parts which are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
1. ...........................................
2. ........................................... 2 marks
(b) Organs can carry out their functions because of the special cells they have.
Draw a straight line from the name of each type of cell to the function of the cell and then to the process it carries out. One has been done for you.
3 marks
Maximum 7 marks
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Q14. The diagram below shows six cells.
(a) (i) Give the letters of the two plant cells in the diagrams.
............... and ............... 1 mark
(ii) Which one of these plant cells contains chloroplasts? Give the letter.
............... 1 mark
(iii) Give the function of chloroplasts.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(b) (i) Give the letter of the ciliated cell.
............... 1 mark
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(ii) In which part of the body are ciliated cells found?
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(iii) What is the function of ciliated cells in this part of the body?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(c) Give the letter of the cell which transfers genetic information from father to offspring.
............... 1 mark
maximum 7 marks
Q15. (a) The diagram shows a group of cells from the lining of the mouth.
(i) Give the name and function of part P.
name of part P
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
function of part P
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
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(ii) Which word describes this group of cells? Tick the correct box.
compound organism organ tissue
1 mark
(b) The diagram below shows muscle cells from the wall of the human intestine.
(i) Muscle cells can contract.
Give one reason why muscles are needed in the intestine.
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(ii) Other cells in the intestine produce enzymes.
What effect do enzymes in the intestine have on nutrients such as protein?
.............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. 1 mark
(iii) Which of the following is required in the diet to keep food moving through the intestine? Tick the correct box.
fat fibre
protein starch1 mark
maximum 6 marks
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Q16. (a) The diagram shows a sperm cell. Sperm cells are adapted for fertilisation.
Sperm cells use their tails to swim towards an ovum (egg). Give one other way the sperm cell is adapted for fertilisation.
.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(b) The diagrams below show two other cells.
not to scale
(i) Look at the diagrams above.
What is the difference between the location of the genetic material in the bacterium and in the cell from the lining of the intestine?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
(ii) What is the function of the genetic material in a cell?
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
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(c) Cells in the lining of the intestine are adapted to absorb digested food.
How does the folded membrane of these cells enable them to absorb the maximum amount of digested food?
.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(d) A group of cells in the lining of the intestine is a tissue.
Why is a number of sperm cells not a tissue?
.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... 1 mark
maximum 5 marks
Q17. Joe bought a potted plant. He kept it well watered but some of the leaves turned yellow.
Joe thought that the plant did not have enough light for photosynthesis. He moved the plant closer to the window but more leaves turned yellow.
(a) He then thought that the plant did not have enough minerals.
The table below gives information about minerals.
mineral why the mineral is needed
magnesium to make chlorophyll
nitrogen to make protein
phosphorus to grow and transfer energy
potassium to make fruit
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(i) Joe’s plant did not have enough of one of the minerals in the table. Use the information in the table to suggest which mineral this was.
............................................................. 1 mark
(ii) A plant growing in a pot is more likely to be affected by a shortage of minerals than a plant growing in a garden. Give the reason for this.
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
(b) Joe bought some fertiliser for his plant. The names and formulae of four different fertilisers are shown below.
(i) Give the letter of one box of fertiliser, A, B, C or D, that would provide each of the minerals in the table below. Write the letters in the table.
3 marks
mineral letter of fertiliser
magnesium
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
(ii) Easy Grow is ammonium nitrate, NH4NO
3.
How many different elements are present in ammonium nitrate?
............. 1 mark
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(iii) How many atoms are present in the formula of ammonium nitrate?
............. 1 mark
maximum 7 marks
Q18. The diagram shows a plant cell.
(a) Give the name of part A.
.............................................................
Give the function of part A.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ 2 marks
(b) Give the name of part E.
..............................................................
Give the function of part E.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ 2 marks
(c) Give the letters of two parts that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
.................. and .................. 1 mark
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(d) How can you tell that the cell in the diagram is from a leaf and not from a root?
................................................................................................................ 1 mark
maximum 6 marks
Q19. The diagram below shows a plant cell.
(a) In which part of a plant would you find this type of cell?
........................................................ 1 mark
(b) (i) Give the function of the nucleus.
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
(ii) Give the function of the chloroplasts.
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
(iii) Give the function of the cell wall.
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
(c) Give the names of two labelled parts that are not present in animal cells.
1. .............................................................
2. ............................................................. 2 marks
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(d) Tick one box in each row to show whether the statement is true for photosynthesis or for respiration.
2 marks maximum 8 marks
statement photosynthesis respiration
carbon dioxide is produced
light is needed
it occurs in plants and animals
oxygen is produced
Q20. (a) The drawings below show an old and a modern variety of wheat plant.
old variety
modern variety
average mass of grain produced
per m2 (kg) 0.5 0.8
average length of stalk (cm)
145 78
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Glucose produced by the wheat plants is used:
• to provide energy for growth
• to make cell walls
• to make starch which is stored in the grain.
Give one reason why modern wheat plants with short stalks can store more starch in the grain. Use the drawings and information.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................ 1 mark
(b) A plant breeder wants to use selective breeding to produce corn with short stalks and a high mass of grain. He could use the following varieties of corn:
variety A
long stalks
high mass of grain
variety B
short stalks
low mass of grain
variety C
long stalks
low mass of grain
(i) What would the plant breeder need to do to make sure he always produced corn with short stalks and a high mass of grain? Describe the three steps the breeder would use.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 3 marks
(ii) Suggest one other characteristic that farmers might like corn plants to have to increase the amount of corn produced.
............................................................................................................... 1 mark
maximum 5 marks
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Q21. The diagram below shows an organism called Euglena. It is made of only one cell. It lives in ponds and streams. Euglena have features of both plants and animals.
(a) Look at the diagram of Euglena.
Give two pieces of evidence which suggest it is an animal cell and not a plant cell.
1. .................................................................................................................... 1 mark
2. .................................................................................................................... 1 mark
(b) Plant cells can carry out photosynthesis. How can you tell from the diagram that Euglena can carry out photosynthesis?
........................................................................................................................ 1 mark
(c) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide + ................................... → glucose + ................................... 2 marks
maximum 5 marks
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