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SmithMinton_Calculus_ET_4e_C07_S01.pptx7FirstOrder Differential Equations
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 7.2
SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 7.3
DIRECTION FIELDS AND EULER’S METHOD 7 4 SYSTEMS
OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL7.4
SYSTEMS OF FIRSTORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Growth
The table indicates the
number of E. coli bacteria (in
millions of bacteria per ml) in
a laboratory culture measured
at halfhour intervals during
the course of an experiment.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Growth
The plot appears to indicate that
the bacterial culture is growing
exponentially. Careful analysis of
experimental data has shown
that the rate at which the
bacterial culture grows is directly
proportional to the current population.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Growth
Let y(t) represent the number of bacteria in a culture at
time t, then the rate of change of the population with
respect to time is y’(t). Thus, since y’(t) is proportional to
y(t), we have the following differential equation
where k
is the growth constant. We wish to solve this
equation for y(t). We begin by rewriting and integrating.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Growth We may combine c1
and c2 as a single constant we lablel
c.
Since y(t) represent a population, y(t) > 0.
Solving for y(t) and defining A = ec
we obtain the solution.
We call this the general solution of the
differentialWe call this the general solution of the differential
equation. For k > 0, it is called an exponential growth law
and for k < 0 it is an exponential decay law
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and for k < 0, it is an exponential decay law.
7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.1
Exponential Growth in a Bacterial Colony
A freshly inoculated bacterial culture of Streptococcus A
contains 100 cells. When the culture is checked 60
minutes later, it is determined that there are 450 cells
present.
Assuming exponential growth, determine the number of
cells present at any time t (measured in minutes) and find
the doubling time.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.1
Exponential Growth in a Bacterial Colony
Solution
Exponential growth means
where A and k
are constants to be determined.
We were given the initial condition
. b i i hi i h l l i
iSubstituting this into the general solution gives us
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
Solution
We can use the second observation to find k.
We now have a formula representing the number of cells
present at any time
t:present at any time t:
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.1
Exponential Growth in a Bacterial Colony
Solution
To find the doubling time, we wish to find t
such that
We substitute this into y(t) and solve for t.
We see that the population
doubles about every 28
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minutes.
7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Decay
Experiments have shown that the rate at which a
radioactive element decays is directly proportional to the
amount present. Let y(t) represent the amount (mass) of a
radioactive element present at time t, then the rate of
decay satisfies
We know the general solution to this differential equation.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Exponential Decay
It is common to discuss the decay rate of a radioactive
element in terms of its halflife, the time required for half
of the initial quantity to decay into other elements.
For instance, scientists have calculated that the halflife of
carbon14 (14C) is approximately 5730 years. That is, if you
14have 2 grams of 14C today and you come back in 5730
years, you will have approximately 1 gram of 14C remaining.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.2 Radioactive Decay
If you have 50 grams of 14C today, how much will be left
in 100 years?
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.2 Radioactive Decay
Solution
Let y(t) be the mass (in grams) of 14C present at time t.
Then, we have
The initial condition y(0) = 50 gives
Using the halflife, we can find the decay constant k.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
Solution The graph shows the incredibly
slow decay of 14C.
If we start with 50 grams, then
the amount left after 100 years is
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Newton’s Law of Cooling
The rate at which the object cools (or warms) is not
proportional to its temperature, but rather, to the
difference in temperature between the object and its
surroundings.
Symbolically, if we let y(t) be the temperature of the object
at time t and let Ta
be the temperature of the surroundings
(the ambient temperature, which we assume to be
constant), we have the differential equation
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Newton’s Law of Cooling W i h t l thi ti f (t) W b i
bWe wish to solve this equation for y(t). We begin by
rewriting and integrating.
To evaluate the integral, we will use the substitution
u = y(t) − T and we assume y(t) − T > 0u = y(t)
Ta and we assume y(t) Ta
> 0.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Newton’s Law of Cooling W h hi h
bWe now have which can be
written as .
Solving for y(t) we obtain the general solution
where we define A = ecwhere we define A = e
.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.3
Newton’s Law of Cooling for a Cup of
C ffCoffee
A cup of fastfood coffee is 180oF when freshly poured.
f 2 i i 0 h ff h l
dAfter 2 minutes in a room at 70oF, the coffee has cooled
to 165oF. Find the temperature at any time t and find the
i hi h h ff h l d 120
Ftime at which the coffee has cooled to 120oF.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.3
Newton’s Law of Cooling for a Cup of
C ff
Solution
Coffee
Let y(t) be the temperature of the coffee at time t, we
have
Using the initial condition y(0) = 180, gives us
Using the second measured temperature, we have
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.3
Newton’s Law of Cooling for a Cup of
C ff
We now solve this equation for k.
U i thi l f k
lUsing this value for k, we can now solve
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest
If a bank agrees to pay you 8% (annual) interest on an
investment of $10,000, then at the end of a year, you will
have
If a bank agrees to pay you interest twice a year at 8%
annually then you will receive (8/2)% interest twice
perannually, then you will receive (8/2)% interest twice per
year, and at the end of a year you will have
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest
Compounding interest monthly would pay (8/12)% each
month resulting in a balance of
Compounding interest daily would result in a balance of
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest
Is there is a limit to how much interest can accrue on a
given investment at a given interest rate?
If n is the number of times per year that interest is
compounded, we wish to calculate the annual percentage
yield (APY) under continuous compounding,
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest Recall that
If we make the change of variables n
= 0.08m, we have
Continuous compounding would earn approximately 8.3%.
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Continuous compounding would earn approximately 8.3%.
7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest
$Suppose that you invest $P at an annual interest rate r,
compounded n
times per year. Then the value of your
investment after t years is
Under continuous compounding (i.e., limit as n→ ∞) this
bbecomes
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONSEQUATIONS
Compound Interest
If y(t) is the value of your investment after
t years, with
continuous compounding, the rate of change of y(t) is
proportional to y(t).
F i i i l i f $P
hFor an initial investment of $P, we have
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.5 Depreciation of Assets
(a)
Suppose that the value of a $10,000 asset decreases
i l f 2 % i
dcontinuously at a constant rate of 24% per year. Find
its worth after 10 years; after 20 years.
(b)
Compare these values to a $10,000 asset that is
d i d l i 20 i
lidepreciated to no value in 20 years using linear
depreciation.
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7.1 MODELING WITH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
EQUATIONS 1.5 Depreciation of Assets
Solution The value v(t) satisfies v’ = rv,
where r = −0.24. Thus, we
havehave
Using the initial value, we haveg
t =10:
t =20:
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t =20:
EXAMPLE
Solution For linear depreciation we use
the following information.
Using this information we find
t =10: v(10) = $5000 t 20 (20) $0
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t =20: v(20) = $0