7073T-PPT1-S1-(R0)

Course : 7073T - Research Methodology

Introduction to ResearchSession 1

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• Hunting for facts or truth about subjects• Organized scientific investigations to solved problems, test

hypotheses, developed or invent new products

Definition of Research


What is Research

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Research Process in Flow Chart

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High Quality Research

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Then, What is Bad Research

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Objective of Research

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Why do you need research?

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Motivation of Research

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Type of Research

• Descriptive vs Analytical• Applied vs Fundamental• Quantitative vs Qualitative• Conceptual vs Empirical• Some other type of Research

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Research: Explorative : identifying variables, factors, structure, pattern, etc. of a

new haven’t been research phenomenonArticle : Story telling/Reporting type

Descriptive : describing the characteristics of the variablesArticle : Reporting/description

Hypothesis : Finding new truth or theory or thesisArticle : Argumentative

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Writing is the ultimate goal of any research

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Research Approach

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Hypotheses• To test whether the relationships that have been theorized

hold true, it is able to obtain reliable information on what kinds of relationships exist among the variables operating in the problem situation.

• The results of these tests offer some clues as to what could be changes in the situation to solve the problem.

• Formulating such testable statements is called hypotheses development.

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Definition of Hypothesis• Hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured

relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

• Example:– If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded

situations, air-safety violations will be reduced.

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The Hypotheses and Research Method• Not every single research needs hypotheses. Either

exploratory study or descriptive study tends not to formulate hypotheses

• Type of research that do needs hypotheses are those that can be classified into quantitative research.

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Statement of Hypotheses: Format• If-Then Statement• A hypothesis can also test whether there are differences

between two groups with respect to any variable. To examine whether the difference exist. These hypotheses can be set either as propositions or in the form of if-then statements.

• Examples:– Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently– If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less

frequently

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Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses• Directional Hypothesis• The hypotheses are directional because the direction of the

relationship between the variables (positive, negative, more than, less than) is indicated. – Example:

• Women are more motivated than men• The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower

the job satisfaction of the employees

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• Nondirectional hypothesis• Nondirectional hypotheses are those that do postulate

relationships or differences, but do not indicate the direction of these relationships or differences.– Example:

• There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction• There is a difference between the work ethic values of

American and Asian employees.

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Null and Alternate Hypotheses

• The null hypotheses is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables.

• In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) differences between two groups.

• The alternate hypothesis is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups.

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Examples:• Women are motivated than men

– Ho: µM =µW ….or……Ho: µM - µW = 0– HA: µM <µW ….or….. HA: µW > µM

• µM is the mean motivational level of the men, and µW is the mean motivational level for women.

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• H10: There will be no difference between men and women in their perceived inequities• H1A: Women will perceive more equity than men (or men will perceive less equity than women)• H20: The job satisfaction of individuals will be the same irrespective of the shift they work (1,2 or 3)• H2A: The job satisfaction of individuals will not be the same (will vary) depending on which shift they work • H30: There will be no difference in the intention to leave of employees at the five different job levels• H3A: The intention to leave of members at the five different job levels will not be the same• H40: Shifts worked and employment status will be independent• H4A: There will be a relationship between the shifts that people work and their employment status• H50:The four independent variables will not significantly explain the variance in intention to leave• H5A: The four independent variables will significantly explain the variance in intention to leave

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The Steps to be Followed in Hypothesis Testing• State the null and the alternate hypotheses• Choose the appropriate statistical test depending on whether

the data collected are parametric or non parametric• Determine the level of significance desired• See if the output results from computer analysis indicate that

the significance level is met• When the resultant value is larger than the critical value, the

null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate is accepted, vice versa

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References

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1. Chotari, C. R. Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, 2nd Edition, 2004, New Age International Publisher

2. Marczyk G., DeMatteo D., & Festinger D. Essentials of Research Design and Methodology, 2005, John Wiley

3. Sekaran, U. Research Methods for Business, a Skill Building Approach Fourth Edition, 2004, John Wiley

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7073T-PPT1-S1-(R0)