7 Wonders by Nitish

8/9/2019 7 Wonders by Nitish

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ByBy::

RishabRishabKumarKumar


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Index:Index:

Seven Wondersof the Ancient World The great pyramid of Giza

The hanging gardens of Babylon

The statue of Zeus

The colossus of Rhodes

The temple of Artemis

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The light house of Alexandria

Newseven Wondersof the World

The Taj Mahal India

The great wall of China

Machu Picchu Peru The Roman colosseum Italy

Petra Jordan

Christ Redeemer Brazil

Chichen Itza Mexico


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TheNatural Wondersof the world

Mount Everest in NepalVictoria Falls in ZambiaGrand Canyon in Arizona ,USAGreat Barrier Reef in AustraliaNorthern LightsParicutin Volcano in MexicoHarbor of Rio de Janeiro Brazil


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Introduction:Introduction:The task of compiling the seven wonders of the world for people wouldhave been really a tough one. There were so many marvels to choose

from. The task of compiling the list of seven wonders of the world wasoriginally started by around 5th century BC.


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Introduction:Introduction:

This is one of the largest pyramids in the world and considered to be

one of the great among the seven wonders of the world. There areactuallyPyramids located in this place along with a Sphinx. The biggestof all is The Great Pyramid of Khufu and this is the only one among theseven wonders of the world. These architectural marvels are found inGiza City which is located at the northern edge of the Giza Plateau,about 10 miles west of present day Cairo.


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Location:

These architectural marvels are found in Giza City which is located at thenorthern edge of the Giza Plateau, about 10 miles west of present day Cairo.Cairo is the largest city in Africa and the 5th largest in the world. Giza city wasthe necropolis of Memphis (of old Egypt). This whole Giza Plateau is situatedwest of the Nile, bordering Sahara Desert.Hotels and accommodations can be found very easily in side the city of Cairo

very easily.

Details:

This place is a haven for 3 pyramids and a sphinx. The pyramids are Great Pyramid of Khufu - One of the seven wonders of world Great pyramid of Khafre Great Pyramid of Menkaure

If any body plans a vacation travel to Egypt, they must make sure to visit all the3 Pyramids. A journey to Egypt would be incomplete without visiting them.


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Great Pyramid of Khufu:Great Pyramid of Khufu:

This pyramidwas built byKing Khufu around 2560 BC. Khufu is thesecond Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of rulers in Egypt. He was alsoknown as "Cheops". Among all the 3 pyramids listed above, the GreatPyramid of Khufu is the only one pyramid in the list of seven wonders

of the world.

This pyramid is believed to have been built over 20 years. When it wasbuilt its height was around 146 m. But now it is only 137 m. This wasone of the tallest structures in the world till 19th century. It was covered

with casings of stones to smoothen its surface. It probably is consideredto be one among the seven wonders of world because of its sheer size.

The apex of the pyramid is missing and looks like it was neverinstalled. The casings of the pyramids were removed by the Arabsduring 14th century. The sloping angle of the sides is 51 degrees and 51minutes.


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This is one of the most venerated marvels among the seven wonders of

world. Some stories indicate the Hanging Gardens towered hundredsof feet into the air, but archaeological explorations indicate a moremodest, but still impressive, height.


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Location:

This wonder of the world was located in the east bank of Euphrates, South ofBaghdad in Iraq.

Description:

The King Hammurabi is the most famous king of the Babylonian kingdom. The

whole kingdom flourished under his rule. His son Nebuchadnezzar is the one

who built the Hanging gardens ofBabylon, one of the Seven wonders of world.

Nebuchadnezzar ruled the country for 43 years from 605 BC. He constructedimpressive array of temples, palaces and streets. It is being told that he built this

garden to please his wife, Amyitis. Amyitis, daughter of the king Medes seems to

have had a passion for mountainous surroundings. There are some other

accounts which say that this wonder of the world was actually built by the

Assyrian Queen Semiramis.


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The ancient accounts of this hanging gardens (one of the seven wonders of the

world) describes the structure to be a stairs like one. The Greek geographer

Strabo, describes it as , "the garden consists of vaulted terraces raised one

above another, and resting upon cube-shaped pillars. These are hollow and filled

with earth to allow trees of the largest size to be planted. The pillars, the vaults,

and terraces are constructed of baked brick and asphalt."

The irrigation system was supposedly the complex part built on this gardens.

This region had very scarce rains. Slaves were used to push the water upwards

using some ancient method of irrigation. Of course there must be some

exploitation of slave labor to maintain one among the seven wonders of the

world. The gardens did not really hang on the roof using cables or ropes. But this

name from the sense that it was built on the roof top. Some accounts state that

the gardens are 400 by 400 feet and 80 feet high.


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This is a statue of the God in whose honor the Ancient Olympic games

were held. It was located on the land that gave its very name to theOlympics. At the time of the games, wars stopped, and athletes camefrom Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Sicily to celebrate the Olympics andto worship their king of Gods: Zeus.


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Location:Location:Olympia the ancient Greek city.

DescriptionDescription::In ancient times the Greek city states used to play games every 4 years.This is what is now called as Olympic games. During those times truceis declared and wars are stopped. Players and athletes from all over theplaces traveled to a place in Greece called Peloponnesus. These

Olympic games were started during 776 BC. Incidentally this is theperiod when Green calendar starts. These Olympic games were held inhonour of their King of gods, Zeus. He is also known as God of Jupiter.


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During the 5th century, they decided to have a temple for their king of gods and

Libon was assigned the task of completing the work. Libon designed the templeand Pheidias was asked to build a big statue for Zeus. Pheidias had good

techniques with him to build big statues. He used wooden frame to make the

outer casings for the statues in gold. His workshop still remains and incidentally

its size can accommodate building of such big statues. He built a statue of

approximately 40 ft height.

The statue was so high that, even while sitting the head of the god Zeus was

near the roof of the temple. This is what amazed the historians and poets of

those times. This simply illustrates that the god Zeus is so big that even if he

stands, the whole roof would come off its place. Zeus was seated on a throne,

draped in gold robe. Zeus had a wreath around his head and held a figure of hismessenger in his right hand.


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The statue, one among the seven wonders of world was occasionally presented

with gifts from rulers. The most notable one was the woolen curtain dedicated

by the Syrian king.

In the I century AD, Roman emperor Caligula tried to take the statue to Rome

but failed. But before 5th century AD, wealthy Greeks have moved it toConstantinople which saved the statue for some more years. After that a severe

fire has destroyed the statue. Even before this the temple site was ravaged by

floods, landslides and earthquakes to the extent that the structure was badly

damaged. Now the remnants of this statue, one among the seven wonders of

world have gone without even a small trace except for the reproduction in some

of the medieval coins.


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The island of Rhodes was an important economic centre in the ancient

world. It is located off the southwestern tip of Asia Minor where theAegean Sea meets the Mediterranean. The capitol city, also namedRhodes, was built in 408 B.C

If this wonder were remaining, this would have been one of the tallest

artifacts in the world. This wonder of the world was erected tocommemorate the victory of Rhodians against the Antagonids.


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Location:Location:

This statue was located in the Harbor of the Mediterranean island Rhodes inGreece. The Island of Rhodes is located at the Southwestern tip of the AsiaMinor, where the Aegean sea meets the Mediterranean.

Details:Details:This is a statue of the Sun god, Helios. On the Island of Rhodes 3 cities Ialysos,Kamiros and Lindos formed a unified city with their capital as Rhodes. Duringthe period around 408 BC they had strong economic and commercial alliancewith Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt.In 357 B.C. this island was captured byMausolus of Halicarnassus. It was thencaptured by Persians in 340 B.C. Then it fell into the hands of Alexander the

Great in 332 B.C. After Alexander's death, 3 of his generals succeeded individing the kingdom for themselves. They are Ptolemy, Seleucus andAntigous. After this Rhodians supported Ptolemy which angered Antigous.


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Antagonids in 305 BC, wanted to break their alliance and tried invading Rhodes andfound this city to be impenetrable. Antagonids were fighting for almost one full year. By

this time the support for Rhodes have started coming in from Egypt. So Antagonids

started withdrawing their forces and fled, leaving behind lots of their arms and

ammunitions, which lead to the construction of one of the seven wonders of world.

Rhodians sold some of those equipments and to celebrate their victory, erected a statue

for their Sun God, Helios. Lot of the metals used in this construction came from the leftoff belongings of Antagonids. This is the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of

world.

The construction took 12 years and the stature was erected in 282 BC. During the

earthquake at about 226 BC, this Colossus of Rhodes (statue) was damaged and fell

down. When they planned to rebuild it, the idea was dropped because some Oracle saidthe city will face misfortune if this statue is rebuilt. That was the final chapter to the story

of this wonder of the world.


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This was supposed to be one of the most beautiful structures on theEarth. No wonder it got recognized as one of the seven wonders of the

worldEight hundred years after its destruction, the magnificent Temple of

Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,had been completely forgotten by the people of the town that had onceheld it in such pride


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Location:Location:

This is located on the west coast of modern Turkey, south of Selcukcounty about 50 km south of Smyrna. This place was called as

Ephesus during ancient times.

Details:Details:

This temple was destroyed and rebuilt over several hundred years.

This was first built during 800 BC near the river at Ephesus. The God

Artemis in Ephesus is a goddess of fertility. In some instances

Artemis is linked closely to the Roman and Italian goddess, Diana.

She also is goddess of night, fruitfulness, childbirth, beasts, bull and

is an eternal virgin.

This earliest temple supposedly contained a sacred stone, probably

fallen from Jupiter. By 600 BC, a Greek architect named Chersiphron

(and his son, Metagenes) was engaged and the temple was built. The

temple was decorated with beautiful bronze statues sculpted by

artists Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas and Phradmon


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This was destroyed by the Lydian king Croesus when he conquered Ephesus. He

later built a large temple at the same place with the help of Theodorus.

This temple was both a market place and a place of worship. For years this place

was visited by lots of merchants, tourists, artisans, kings to pay their homage and

share their profits with the Artemis goddess. Lots of scholars venerated to the

extent that this came to be recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world.On July 21, 356 BC, a man named HeroStratus burned the temple. He did this in

order to gain a big name in the history.

In AD 401 St. John Chrysostom torn the whole structure down. That was the end

to this wonder of the world. This site got excavated only in 19th century.

This one of the seven wonders of world supposed to have contained 106 columns

and each of them believed to be from 40 to 60 ft height. foundation wasapproximately 200 feet by 400 feet.


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The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is the burial place of an ancient king. Yet the

Mausoleum is different - so different from the Pyramid that it earned its

reputation - and a spot within the list - for other reasons. Geographically, it is

closer to the Temple of Artemis... And it was the beauty of the tomb rather than

its size that fascinated its visitors for years This is such an elegant piece ofarchitectural wonder that, it found a place in the list of ancient wonders among

the great seven wonders of the world, like pyramids.

LocationLocation::

This Wonder of the World, is located in the city of Bodrum, on the Aegan sea, in

south-west Turkey. This is actually closer to the ancient Temple of Artemis.


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DescriptionDescription::

This Mausoleum was built in memory and as a burial tomb for the KingMausolus. King Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia in his family.In those times, Caria rulers had a custom to marry their own sisters. When

the king died, Artemisia decided to build this monument in his memory,which later found a place among the seven wonders of the world.

This Mausoleum was built around 353 BC. This lasted strong for 16 centuries tillan earthquake damaged the roof and the colonnade of this structure. In theearly 15th century AD Knights of John of Malta, used the stone blocks in this

structure to construct a castle. That was the end to the story of thisMausoleum, one among the seven wonders of the world in ancient times.


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Introduction:Introduction:Of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, only one had a practical use in

addition to its architectural elegance: The Lighthouse of Alexandria. For sailors,

it ensured a safe return to the Great Harbor. For architects, it meant even more:

it was the tallest building on Earth. And for scientists, it was the mysterious

mirror that fascinated them most... The mirror which reflection could be seen

more than 50 km (35 miles) off-shore.

The mirror which was mounted on this lighthouse could reflect the light more

than 35 miles off-shore. Of the 6 ancient destroyed wonders, this was the last tobe destroyed around 1480 AD.


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LocationLocation::On the ancient island of Pharos, now a promontory on the harbor of the city ofAlexandria in Egypt.

Description:Description:

This lighthouse was built around 280 BC and was around 134 m in height. Thiswas built in the city of Alexandria.The light house had a good mirror which can reflect the sun light to a very longdistance. Mythical stories used to say that this mirror was used to burn theenemy ships.

The Macedonian conqueror, Alexander during his successful reign, had tried

establishing approximately 17 cities in the name of Alexandria. The only onesurvived long was the one in Egypt. That too even this city was not completelybuilt by Alexander. The completion of the construction of this city wasachieved by his commander Ptolemy I Soter.


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Ptolemy connected Alexandria to the Pharos island by a bridge. It was realized that the

sailing in this coastal region is very dangerous. That is why he decided to build a light

house. This project was initiated during Ptolemy's reign in 290 BC and completed after

his death by his son Ptolemy Philadelphus. Sostratus who lived in the same time as

Euclid, was the architect. This used to remain in the harbor for centuries. This wonder of

the world also depicted in the Roman coins that time.

The writings of the Arab conquerors are very good source of information about thislighthouse. The new rulers moved the capital to the Cairo. So this place had lost its

importance. Three earthquakes stuck in various periods (around AD 956, AD 1303 and AD

1323 ) have damaged the lighthouse significantly. The during AD 1480 the Egyptian

Mamelouk Sultan, has built a medieval fort at the same place. That was the end to the

story of the light house.

This lighthouse was so popular that the word Pharos came into French, Spanish and

Italian to mean lighthouse.


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Taj Mahal, a mausoleum built on the southern bank of the Yamuna river, outside Agra in

India. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz

Mahal whose real name was Arjumand banu beagum. She died in a child birth in

Bhuranpur in 1631 A.D. They got married in 1612 A.D the building was planned to be

built in 1632 A.D. It was built by a group of men from India, Persia, Central asia,and

beyond. About 20,000 workman were employed daily to complete the complex at the

expense of 40,000,000 rupees.

The whole Taj complex was conceived as an entity because Mughal building architecture

allowed no amendment in them. The mosque and Jawab of the Red Sikiri sand stone and

some pietra duta (hard stone )surface decoration ,contrast in color and texture with the

mausoleum of pure white marble. The mausoleum stands on a marble plinth 23 feet high

and has four identical faces with a chamfered corner and a massive arch of height 108

feet on each face. Parapets create the skyline rhythm of the mausoleum over each arch

and by pinnacle and domed kiosks on each corner.


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The Islamic building activity of Shah Jahan period is marked by fresh emergence

in India with Persian features that had been seen in the Humayun tomb at Delhi,

began in 1564. The Taj Mahal has won a good praise virtually from the time of

the erection. The beauty not only lies in its parts but also in the beauty that is

seen when viewed from any angle near the complex. The marble surface reflects

continuously sunlight during the daytime. All the resources of the emperor was

put into the construction of the complex. In addition to the mausoleum the

complex includes a wide variety of accessories building parts that gives thebuilding a great appearance. The mausoleum rises on the four sides of the

complex and gives it a great appearance.

The mausoleum of the Taj Mahal is a large impressive sceptural monument. The

word is derived from the word mausols, which is a word of the ruler of caria, in

memory of his dead wife. the most impressive mausoleum present now is the

taj complex only .


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The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China


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The Great Wall of China, or "The long wall of 10,000 Li, is a series of stone and earthen

fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the

16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacksduring the rule of successive dynasties. Several walls, referred to as the Great Wall of

China, were built since the 5th century BC. One of the most famous is the wall built

between 220206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang; little of it remains; it

was much farther north than the current wall, which was built during the Ming Dynasty.

The Great Wall stretches over approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles) from Shanhaiguan in

the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of

Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km (4,160 miles) in total more recent

archaeological survey using advanced technologies points out that the entire Great Wall,

with all of its branches, stretches for 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi). At its peak, the Ming Wall

was guarded by more than one million men. It has been estimated that somewhere in therange of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the

wall.


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In the 15th century, the Incan Emperor Pachactec built a city in the clouds on the

mountain known as Machu Picchu (old mountain). This extraordinary settlement lieshalfway up the Andes Plateau, deep in the Amazon jungle and above the Urubamba River.

It was probably abandoned by the Incas because of a smallpox outbreak and, after the

Spanish defeated the Incan Empire, the city remained lost for over three centuries. It was

rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911.


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The Roman ColloseumThe Roman ColloseumItalyItaly


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This great amphitheater in the centre of Rome was built to give favors to successful

legionnaires and to celebrate the glory of the Roman Empire. Its design concept still standsto this very day, and virtually every modern sports stadium some 2,000 years later still

bears the irresistible imprint of the Colosseums original design. Today, through films and

history books, we are even more aware of the cruel fights and games that took place in this

arena, all for the joy of the spectators.


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Petra JordanPetra Jordan


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Christ RedeemerChrist Redeemer

BrazilBrazil


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This statue of Jesus stands some 38 meters tall, atop the Corcovado mountain overlooking

Rio de Janeiro. Designed by Brazilian Heitor da Silva Costa and created by French sculptor

Paul Landowski, it is one of the worlds best-known monuments. The statue took five years

to construct and was inaugurated on October 12, 1931. It has become a symbol of the city

and of the warmth of the Brazilian people, who receive visitors with open arms.


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Chichen ItzaChichen Itza

MexicoMexico


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Chichn Itz, the most famous Mayan temple city, served as the political and economiccenter of the Mayan civilization. Its various structures the pyramid of Kukulkan, the

Temple of Chac Mool, the Hall of the Thousand Pillars, and the Playing Field of the

Prisoners can still be seen today and are demonstrative of an extraordinary commitment

to architectural space and composition. The pyramid itself was the last, and arguably the

greatest, of all Mayan temples.


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The NaturalThe NaturalWondersWonders

of the Worldof the World


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Mount EverestMount Everest

in Nepalin Nepal


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Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, as measured by the height above sea levelof its summit, 8,848 metres (29,029 ft). The mountain, which is part of the Himalaya

range in High Asia, is located on the border between Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal, and Tibet,

China.

In 1856, the Great Trigonometric Survey of India established the first published height of

Everest at 29,002 ft (8,840 m), although at the time Everest was known as Peak XV. In

1865, Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society uponrecommendation of Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India at the time.

Waugh was unable to propose an established local name because Nepal and Tibet were

closed to foreigners at the time, although Chomolungma had been in common use by

Tibetans for centuries.


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Victoria FallsVictoria Falls

in Zambiain Zambia


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The Victoria Falls or Mosi-oa-Tunya (the Smoke that Thunders) is a waterfall situated in

southern Africa on the Zambezi River between the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The falls are some of the largest in the world.

Victoria Falls was so named by Scottish explorer David Livingstone (see pre-colonial

history, below), and this is the name in use in Zimbabwe. The older, indigenous name of

Mosi-oa-Tunya is the name in official use in Zambia. The World Heritage List recognises

both names.[1] While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, it isclaimed to be the largest. This claim is based on a width of 1.7 kilometers (1 mi) and

height of 108 meters (360 ft), forming the largest sheet of falling water in the world. The

falls' maximum flow rate compares well with that of other major waterfalls.


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Grand CanyonGrand Canyon

inin

Arizona USAArizona USA


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The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided gorge carved by the Colorado River in the United

States in the state of Arizona. It is largely contained within the Grand Canyon NationalPark one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt

was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on

numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.

Longstanding scientific consensus has been that the canyon was created by the Colorado

River over a six million year period. The canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in

width from 4 to 18 miles (6.4 to 29 km) and attains a depth of over a mile (1.83 km)

(6000 feet). Nearly two billion years of the Earth's geological history have been exposed as

the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock

while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted. The "canyon began in the west, followed by

another that formed in the east. Eventually, the two broke through and met as a single

majestic rent in the earth some six million years ago. [...] The merger apparently occurredwhere the river today bends to the west, in the area known as the Kaibab Arch."


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Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef

ininAustraliaAustralia


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The Great Barrier Reef

This is the only living organism large enough to be seen from space. It stretches 1,200miles off of the coast of Queensland, Australia. Amongst the reef, there are hundreds of

smaller islands ripe for exploring. This is the largest marine preserve in the

world. Naturally, it is hoe to a plethora of 500 species of beautifully colored coral, 4,000

kinds of shellfish, 1,500 different fish species.

This reef is perfect for water sports, including sailing, snokeling, and diving. You can find a

travel agency or guides who are willing to help you out on the reef almost anywhere on the

northwest coast of Australia. If you are not into the diving, there is an underwater

observatory where you can see all the wonderful underwater biodiversity.

The best time to travel here is from October to November for the best ocean waterconditions. The clear waters and beauty of the reef is absolutely stunning, and as global

warming and changes in climate destroy reefs everywhere, we should try to visit,

appreciate, and protect this valuable and unique ecosystem.


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Northern LightsNorthern Lights


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Auroras, sometimes called the northern and southern (polar) lights or aurorae (singular:

aurora), are natural light displays in the sky, usually observed at night, particularly in the

polar regions. They typically occur in the ionosphere. They are also referred to as polar

auroras. In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis, named after the

Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for north wind, Boreas by Pierre

Gassendi in 1621.

The aurora borealis is also called the northern polar lights, as it is only visible in the sky

from the Northern Hemisphere, the chance of visibility increasing with proximity to theNorth Magnetic Pole, which is currently in the arctic islands of northern Canada. Aurorae

seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from further away, they illuminate

the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red, as if the sun was rising

from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to

October and from March to April. The northern lights have had a number of names

throughout history. The Cree people call this phenomenon the "Dance of the Spirits."

Aurorae can be spotted throughout the world. It is most visible closer to the poles due to

the longer periods of darkness and the magnetic field.


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Paricutin VolcanoParicutin Volcanoin Mexicoin Mexico


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Paricutin is a cinder cone volcano in the Mexican state of Michoacan, close to a lava-

covered village of the same name. It appears on many versions of the Seven NaturalWonders of the World. Paricutin is part the Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, which

covers much of west central Mexico.


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Harbor ofHarbor of

Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro

BrazilBrazil


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7 Wonders by Nitish