7th Grade Review PowerPoint

Early Native Americans –Civil War

Key Vocabulary to Understanding Social Studies

• History: an account of what has happened in the lives of different individuals and civilizations.

• Geography: study of people, their environment, and their resources and how they affect the way that we live.

• Archeology: the study of evidence left behind by earlier people in order to find out about their culture.

• Economics: the study of how money and goods are exchanged.

• Primary Source: The original record of an event (eyewitness account, letters, diaries, autobiographies, etc)

• Secondary Source: A later writing and interpretation of historians and other writers (textbooks, newspaper, magazine, encyclopedia, articles, etc)

Early Native Americans• The first Americans

came across glacier land bridge that connected Asia and North America.

• Native Americas crossed the land bridge following migratory mammals

Differing Native American Cultures• Native Americans

developed different cultures to adapt to physical environment and surroundings.

• Based on geography Native Americans formed different ways to gather food, shelter, and make clothing

Maya, Aztec, Inca• Maya lived in southern

Mexico and Guatemala. Advanced in science, astronomy, and math.

• Aztecs lived in central Mexico and built stonework, pyramids and temples.

• Incas lived in the Andes Mountains in South America and connected their empire through an extensive road system

Native Americans in New York• Two major groups in

New York area were the Iroquois and Algonquin.

• Iroquois lived in Longhouses while the Algonquin lived in Wigwams.

• Iroquois created a nation of five tribes to create the Iroquois Nation

Columbian Exchange• Began when

Christopher Columbus discovered the West Indies (1492)

• Began an exchange of goods from the Americas to Europe changing world trade forever.

Spanish, French, and English Colonies• New France was in the

middle of North America and Canada. Mostly traded furs with Native Americans

• Spanish Colonies encompassed South and Central America, Mexico, and modern day southwestern United States.

• English Colonies were on the East Coast of Modern Day United States (13 Colonies)

The English ColoniesMercantilism- economic theory were a a nation became

strong by building up their gold supply and expanding trade.

• New England- Hills, valleys, rivers, (first factories). Mild summers, cold/windy winters (MA, RI, NH, CT)

• Middle Colonies- Hills, valleys, rivers. Hot/Humid Summers, Cold Winters. Lot of wheat & cattle “Bread Basket Colonies” (NY, PA, NJ, DE)

• Southern Colonies- Hot/Humid Summers, Mild Winters. Grew cotton/tobacco. Kept slaves for labor on plantations (large farms) (MD, VA, NC, SC, GA)

French and Indian War (1754-1763)• Conflict b/w the British and French w/ rival Native

American tribes over control of the Ohio River Valley.• French/Huron vs. English/Iroquois Nation• Albany Plan of Union- proposed by Ben Franklin to

create “one general gov’t to defend against the French. “Join or Die”

• Britain Won (Sign Treaty of Paris)• Proclamation Line of 1763- keptColonists out of Ohio Valley.Angered colonist because it was thebest land.

Proclamation Line of 1763- keptColonists out of Ohio Valley.Angered colonist because it was thebest land.

Causes of the American Revolution• Proclamation line of 1763• Had to pay for cost of French and Indian War through

high taxes (Stamp Act, Townshend Act, Tea Act, etc) “No taxation w/out representation”

• Boston Massacre- Shooting of 5 colonists by British soldiers during a protest. Angered colonists very much.

• Boston Tea Party- Protesting colonists dressed up like Indians and threw large amounts of Tea into Boston Harbor.

• Intolerable Acts- Harsh actions taken by the British to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

• First Continental Congress (1775)– held to continue protest of British Taxes.

Summary of Revolutionary War• Second Continental Congress- meeting were

delegates from all 13 colonies decided to declare independence.

• Declaration of Independence (1776)- Declared independence from Britain on July 4th, 1776.

• Loyalist/Tory- Colonists loyal to Britain• Patriot- Colonists who supported independence• First Battles were Lexington and Concord fought by

Minute Men.• Sons and Daughters of Liberty- Group of men and

women patriots who fought against British policy.• Battle of Saratoga- Turning point in the war in favor of

the Americans• Battle of Yorktown, VA ends the war and the Treaty of

Paris is signed.• Americans win the American Revolution.

United States Constitution• Government- a groups of people or a person

who make political decisions for a country.• Branches of the Gov’t:

- Executive- (president/cabinet) enforce laws

- Legislation- (Congress) make laws

- Judicial- (Supreme Court) decide if laws are constitutional.

• Constitution- a document that sets out the laws and principles of a gov’t.

• Democracy- gov’t elected by majority of people

Early United States Gov’t• Articles of Confederation- First constitution of

the United States. Had no president, no judicial branch, needed 9 out of 13 states to approve. Not successful.

• Great Compromise- Decided on a two house (bi-cameral) legislature:

- Senate- each state has two senators- House of Representative-Elected based on

state population• 3/5 Compromise- 3/5 of slaves would count

toward taxation and representation.

United States Gov’t• Federalism (Division of Powers)- - Delegated (Enumerated) Powers-

Federal/National Gov’t. (Ex. Declare War, create military, post office, federal courts)

- Reserved (Residual) Powers- State Powers (Ex. schools, marriage laws, drivers licenses)

- Concurrent (Shared) Powers- Shared by both the Federal & State Gov’t. (Ex. Raise taxes, Build Roads)

Checks and Balances• Measures taken to prevent one branch of gov’t

from becoming more powerful than the others.

Gov’t Vocabulary• Veto- presidents right to reject proposed bill• Impeach- remove from office• Unconstitutional- not legal under the

constitution• Amendment- formal written change to the

constitution• Bill of Rights- first ten amendments of the U.S.

Constitution.

Bill of Rights1st Amendment- freedom of speech, press, religion,

petition, assembly2nd Amendment- right to bare arms3rd Amendment- Quartering Act-don’t have to house

soldiers4th Amendment- Search and Seizure5th Amendment- self-incrimination6th Amendment- speedy trial by jury and a lawyer7th Amendment- jury trial in civil cases8th Amendment- excessive bail or punishment9th Amendment- rights not in constitution given to the

people.10th Amendment- Rights not given to Federal gov’t are

left to the states.

Washington Administration• First President (1789-1797)• First Cabinet- 5 advisors to the president• Farewell Address (1796)-Washington wanted

America to isolate America from Europe so that they would not get involved in European wars.

• Whiskey Rebellion- taxes on whiskey led to a rebellion testing the strength of the new gov’t.

• Alexander Hamilton (First Treasurer)- created the First National Bank in order to help repay all Revolutionary War debts and loans.

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• France wanted to sell their territory in the west

• Jefferson bought the land for $15 Million.

• Lewis and Clark were sent to explore and map the region.

• Doubled the size of the United States

War of 1812 (1812-1815)• Three causes:- Impressments (taking) of sailors- Neutrality of the seas- Security of Ships• Francis Scott Key- wrote the National Anthem

at the Battle of Baltimore at Ft. McHenry.• Much of Washington D.C. and the White House

are burned down.• Treaty of Ghent- war ends with nothing solved.• Battle of New Orleans- Fought after war before

news of peace arrived. Huge victory for U.S. and Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero.

Industrial Revolution (Early 1800’s)• Samuel Slater- stole factory plans and brought them to

the United States creating the first spinning mills• First factories are built in New England because of the

fast moving rivers.• Spinning Jenny- spun multiple threads at the same

time.• Cotton Gin- created by Eli Whitney to deseed cotton.• Led to a rise in industry and product output, expansion

of transportation, and growth of cities.• Erie Canal- connected the Mid-West and New York

City via rivers and Lake Erie instead of using the Mississippi River and traveling around Florida.

• Turnpikes and National Road are created connecting the east and Mid-West

Age of Jackson (1829-1836)• Created the spoils

system- gave supporters jobs in the gov’t.

• Got rid of voting requirements

• Changed the way presidents campaigned and were elected.

• Trail of Tears- Wanted to remove Native Americans out of Florida. Thousands of Cherokees died along a forced march to Oklahoma.

Suffragist and Abolition MovementEarly-Mid 1800’s

• Women wanted more rights and opportunity in society.• Women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia

Motts, and Susan B. Anthony fought for suffrage.• Seneca Falls Convention- conference in Seneca Falls,

NY to discuss women’s role in society.• Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental

hospitals.• Abolitionism- movement to end slavery• Activists such as Harriet Tubman (Underground

Railroad) and Sojourner Truth were abolitionist.

United States Expansion(Manifest Destiny)

• Manifest Destiny: belief that America should own all of the land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

• Cession of Florida (1821)- paid $5 million dollars to Spain and signed the Adam-Onis Treaty.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- Stated that European countries were not welcomed or allowed to colonize in the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies.

• Annexation of Texas (1845)- Texas declared independence from Mexico and in 1845 it was annexed (added onto) the United States.

• Oregon Territory (1846)- negotiated and signed a treaty with Britain for the territory.

• American Southwest and California- Won during the Mexican-American War (1846-48). Gained California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico.

• Alaska (1867)- bought from Russia for $7 Million

Nationalism vs. Sectionalism• Nationalism- pride in ones nation• Sectionalism- pride in the section or region that one

lives.

-North: center of manufacturing, shipping, fishing and little to no slavery

-South: economy based on slave labor and large plantations that grew cotton & tobacco. Most southerners did not have slaves.

-West: became nations wheat growers and was divided between the slave issue.

• Major Tensions of Sectionalism were on the issues of slavery, states rights, and western expansion.

Major Tensions between North and the South

• North and South had to make compromises on the issues of slavery, states rights, and western expansion in order to keep the peace.

• Missouri Compromise of 1820- kept the number of slave and free states equal.

• Compromise of 1850:-California becomes free state-Divided Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah.-Popular Sovereignty would decided the slavery question.-Ended slavery in Washington D.C. and created Fugitive Slave Law-Settled dispute b/w Texas and New Mexico.

Compromise of 1850

Settles Texas/New Mexico border

dispute

Bans slave trade in Washington, D.C.

Admits California as a free state

Upholds popular sovereignty in New Mexico

and Utah

Includes Fugitive Slave Act

Differences b/w North and SouthNorth

• Population- 22,340,000

• Farmland- 105,835 acres

• Factories- 119,500

• Workers in Industry-1,198,000

• Railroads- 21,847

South• 9,103,000(4 Million

Slave)

• 8,947 acres

• 20,600

• 111,000

• 8,947

Separate Leadership and the Beginning of the Civil War

• Abraham Lincoln wins the election of 1860.• 1860- South secedes (separates) from the U.S.

and becomes the Confederate States of America.

• Jefferson Davis becomes the President of the Confederacy.

• April 1861, the Confederate Army attacks Union base at Ft. Sumter, SC and took Charleston Harbor.

Key Events, Concepts & People of the Civil War

• Military Leaders:North- General Ulysses S. GrantSouth- General Robert E. Lee• Battle of Bull Run (1861)-First victory for South• Battle of Antietam (Sept 1862)-23,000 Union and

Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded.• Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)- Huge Union

Defeat• Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)-freed all

slaves in the Confederate States• Battle of Chancellorville (May 1863)- Confederate

victory and death of Union general.

Key Events, Concepts & People of the Civil War Continued.

• Draft was created 1863 that sparked major riots in New York

• Seizing of Vicksburg (1863)- cut off western Confederate States.

• Gettysburg (July 1863)- 40,000 wounded or dead and were buried there. Location of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address on the future of American democracy.

• Sherman’s March to the Sea (Sept 1864)- Destroyed everything in the south as they marched through Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Appomattox Courthouse (April 1865)-General Lee (South) surrenders to the General Grant (North).

Reconstruction (1867-1877)• South was completely destroyed during the Civil War• Southerners had to swear loyalty to the Union.• Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South.• Freedmen’s Bureau- Helped newly freed slaves get food,

clothes, shelter, and work.• Lincoln is assassinated in April, 1865.• 13th Amendment is passed banning the institution of slavery.• South passes Black Codes to oppress freed slaves. KKK is

created for same reason • 14th Amendment is passed granting citizenship to all persons

born in the United States.• Reconstruction Act separates south into militarized states to

maintain control.• 15th Amendment is passed giving African Americans the right to

vote.• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags try to make profit off of war torn

south.