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7 South East Asian Studies
Taiwan
Vietnam
Thailand
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
Philippines
Pacific O
cean
Java Sea
Sulu
Sea
Celebes
Sea
Banda
Sea
Malaysian Meteorology Service
NCU
Taiwan
EPA
GSFC
- 2010-2013 spring campaigns
George Lin, National Central U.,
Jeff S. Reid, Naval Research Lab,
7-SEAS team
Outlines
Background
7-SEAS 2010-2013
campaigns
Broad view on results
Aerosol Particles and Clouds Around SE Asia Understanding what satellite products mean around SE Asia
should be a high priority for local scientists.
From NEXSAT Page
Feb 22, 2011
MODIS RGB Stratus in Gulf of Tonkin
Fair weather cumulus
Smoke and Pollution
Burning
Quick View: MISR 2001-2009 Aerosol Optical Depth (Courtesy of Jianglong Zhang, UND)
Indian Pollution
Thai and Myan. Pollution and Smoke
Central Sumatra Burning
Southern Kalimantan Burning
Jakarta Superplume
Hanoi Superplume
Thai Pollution and Smoke
Pan SE Asian Smoke
Chinese pollution and dust
Cambodia Smoke And Ho Chi Min
Jan Feb Mar
Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep
Oct Nov Dec
http://maps.geog.umd.edu/activefire_html/
Biomass Burning: Regional
•Burning throughout SE Asia has a great deal of fine structure.
•Based on management practice or fuel type, there are widely varying meteorological sensitivities and climate impacts.
•This makes the SE Asian system more complex than most other parts of the world.
E. Hyer, NRL
Spring Transport: Through South China Sea into Mid-latitude Storm Track
Fall Transport: Through South China Sea to Philippines and ITCZ
2007 Virtual Biomass
Burning Experiment
Dominant Focus: Biomass Burning
•Seasonal monsoonal cycle dictates burning over SE Asia.
•Overall, Indochina has much more burning than the Maritime Continent.
•But, burning in the MC is much more variable.
P. Xian, NRL
Biomass burning challenge-
Non-linearities point to a matter of scale
Easy to monitor and assign emissions
Even bigger signal, but more difficult to assign
emissions
Very difficult to monitor and assign emissions
Total aerosol impact understanding?
Remote Sensing: A Fundamental Tool for SE
Asian Science?
• Globally, we are at the pinnacle of remote sensing observations: Passive solar and IR, lidar, radar, and microwave.
• Space based remote sensing knows no international boundaries.
• Ground based Sun photometer and lidar sites are expanding regionally.
• Everything from fire detection to surface winds can be integrated or assimilated into models now.
• Simultaneously there is a proliferation of high resolution products which can help with scale issues.
• Almost all meteorological indicators are remote sensing based.
But, SE Asia has
Observability Issues…
SE Asia has strong
gradients in air pollution.
But, persistent cirrus, low
level clouds coupled with
shallow water make SE
Asia one of the most
difficult places on the
planet to model or utilize
satellite data
First Job is to Understand the Satellite Products.
No major cal/val efforts in SE Asia
NASA MISR Annual average AOT, 2006
Satellite precip
cal/val programs
Missions w/ aerosol cal/val
?
?
MISR to MODIS Correlations:
Products are better over water
Y. Shi, UND
Muti-sensor Work Leads to Total Earth Systems Science: Aerosol Particles in SE Asia is a Inherently
Interdisciplinary Problem
• Land: Emissions, hydrology, runoff heat budget, lower boundary condition for retrievals
• Atmosphere: meteorology-transport, scavenging, radiative forcing, diabatic heating, aerosol-cloud interaction, heterogeneous chemistry, acid deposition, atmospheric correction
• Ocean: heat flux, air-sea exchange, coastal chemistry, ocean photochemistry/albedo, lower boundary condition.
These problems require the combination of field, satellite, and
model products.
Response-Seven South East Asian Studies
7 SEAS: Now an even bigger tent
Investigate the impacts of aerosol particles on weather and the total
SE Asian environment
In order to do this, we need input from seven science areas:
•Aerosol lifecycle and air quality
•Tropical meteorology
•Radiation and heat balance
•Clouds and precipitation
•Land processes and fire
•Oceanography (phys. and bio.)
•Verification, analysis and prediction
Taiwan
Vietnam Thailand
Malaysia Singapore
Indonesia
Philippines
0.6
0
MISR AOT 2001-2009
7SEAS utilized
regional sites
Global Atmos. Watch (GAW) Current AERONET Enhanced (current &under dev). AERONET under dev. Current Salinas lidar (MPLnet,
Asian Skynet) Other lidar under dev.
Lulin
Station
GAW GAW
Kuching
Dongsha
GAW
• South China Sea region renown for complicated vertical distribution of cloud and aerosol layers
• Lidar measurements are necessary to constrain vertical scattering and extinction profile and assess efficacy of concurrent passive observations
• Integration of NASA CALIOP satellite-borne polarization lidar observations (ESA/JAXA EarthCARE?)
• Partners: Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Philippines, and Vietnam.
Unprecedented coverage for active-profiling on lands surrounding the South China Sea, with support from NASA MPLNET/AERONET and Asian SKYNET.
Southeast Asian Lidar Network for Atmospheric Studies (SALiNAS)/ 7 Southeast Asian Studies
(7SEAS)
7 Southeast Asia Studies
Remote Sensing Major Contributors
• Land surface and fire: Jukka Mietinen & Soo Chin Liew (CRISP/NUS); Edward Hyer and Li Li (NRL); Chris Schmidt (CIMMS), Louis Giglio (UM).
• Aerosol and Radiation: Christina Hsu (GSFC); Sundar Christopher (UAH); Jianglong Zhang (UND); Edward Hyer & James Campbell (NRL).
• Clouds: Bethany Norris & Larry DiGirolamo (UIUC),
• Precipitation: Joe Turk (JPL); Song Yang (NRL)
• Ocean: Rick Coffin, Tom Boyd, & Joe Smith (NRL); Chris Osburn (NCSU);
• Sun Photometry & Surface Radiation: Serm Janjai, Santos Salinas (CRISP; NUS); Brent Holben, Si Chee Tsay, Dave Giles and Alexander Smironov (GSFC), Anthony Bucholtz (NRL)
• Lidar: Boon Ning Chew & Santos Salinas (CRISP/NUS); George Lin (NCU); Nguyen Xuan Anh (VAST); Nofel Lagrosas (Manila Observatory); Judd Welton (GSFC);James Campbell (NRL); Yongxiang Hu (LaRC)
• Education: Richard Kleidman (GSFC).
• Interdisciplinary: Jeffrey Reid and Peng Xian (NRL); Jun Wang (UN); Udaysantar Nair (UAH)
7-SEAS activities:
6 workshops and training courses
2007 VBBE
2010 Dongsha Experiment
2011 Son La Campaign I
2012 Son-La Campaign II
2013 BASELInE
2014 …
2010 Dongsha Experiment
A pre-study of 7-SEAS
Capacity building
To characterize aerosol chemistry and physics over source/receptor sites in northern SE Asia
List of participating institutes
Taiwan – 14 institutes and EPA National Central University, Academia Sinica, National Taiwan
University, National Chung Hsing University, National Taiwan Ocean University, National ChiaoTung University, National Cheng Kung University, National Ilan University, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Cheng Shiu University, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, , Fooyin University, Fu Jen Catholic University, Yuan Ze University
Thailand - Chiang Mai University, PCD
Vietnam - - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Center for Environment Monitoring ,Vietnam Environment
Administration
- Middle of Central Regional Hydro-Meteorological Observatory ,
National Hydro–Meteorological Service of Vietnam
USA NASA, NRL, NOAA, DRI
ChiangMai
1000MSL Apr
BangKok
1000 MSL
May
DaNang
1500 MSL-Apr
TuyHoa
1000 MSL -Apr
PaknNamPho
1000 MSL May
BacLieu
500 MSL May
NaiMuang
1000 MSL March
Westerlies (high altitude)
DongSha
HengChung
Northeast monsoon
Low level transport
Updraft Flow
Flow pattern in Spring
ChiangMai Dongsha Island
HengChung
LABS
DaNang
Ocean
Researcher
No.1
Surface measurements
March-June, including 2 IOPs (7-10 days)
Aerosol chemistry – PM2.5/PM10 for ions, metals
and OC/BC, organic acids
Hg, Dioxins and PAHs
VOCs
Meteorological data, sounding 4 times/day
Radiation/AOD/lidar
Air quality – CO, SO2, O3, PM, etc
GHGs
Mt. Lulin
(LABS, 2862m)
東沙島
1.2 km x 0.9 km
EZ-Lidar EPA mobile facility
Dongsha Experiment (March-June, 2010)
20+ in-situ instruments since 2006
Chemical,
Optical &
Microphysical
Measurements of
In-situ
Troposphere
In-situ probes
NASA/GSFC COMMIT observatory
Meteorological parameters
T, P, RH, WD, WS, Precipitation, Visibility
Trace gases SO2, CO, O3, NO, NOx, CO2
Aerosol mass PM2.5, PM10
Aerosol size FMPS (6–500 nm), SMPS (20-880 nm), APS (0.5–20 mm)
Aerosol optical properties
PSAP, Aethelometer, TSI-Nephelometer, RR- Nephelometers
Aerosol profile EZ-Lidar (355 nm)
NASA/COMMIT
Chiang Mai
~ 1500 m
Ocean Research I
Gross Tonnage: 800 GRT
Maximum cruise: 45 days
Scientist: 9 persons
Cruise range:1-35N, 110-140E
Cost: US$ 5,000 per day
9-14 March
Atmospheric Environment
special issue on: “Observation, Modeling and Impact Studies of
Biomass Burning and Pollution in the SE Asian
Environment – From BASE-ASIA and Dongsha
Experiment to 7-SEAS”
Closing date: 15 March 2013
Guest Editors:
George Lin, NCU ([email protected])
Hal Maring, NASA
Jeff Reid, NRL
28 papers in press.
Aerosol Mass Level across Five Sites during IOP1
Chiangmai Danang Dongsha Hengchun Mt. Lulin
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
PM
Con
cen
trat
ion (g
m-3)
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
•Aerosol mass at Chiangmai and Dannang are higher than other three sites during IOP1.
Levoglucosan vs. nss-K+ Chiangmai – Mt. Lulin
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
1.0
1.5
2.0
Chiang mai
R2=0.66
Mt. Lulin NBB events
R2=0.08
Mt. Lulin BB events
R2=0.43
Lev
oglu
cosa
n (g
m-3)
nss-K+(g m
-3)
•The correlation between Levoglucosan and nss-K+ is best at Chiangmai (source region), moderate at Lulin during BB event, but worst at Lulin during NBB period. •It indicates that both Levoglucosan and nss-K+ are good BB tracers and Levoglucosan may be degraded during transport.
Aging Ratio of Aerosol Species Due to Air Mass Transport
• Aging Ratio (AR) = Species Ratio at Chiangmai / Species Ratio at Lulin
Ratios nss-SO4
2-
/nss-K+
Oxalic acid/
nss-K+ C3/C4 OC/EC
WSOC/
WIOC
Chiangmai
(N=15) 4.0±1.0 0.7±0.1 0.3±0.0 5.7±0.6 1.7±0.6
Lulin BB
(N=22) 9.3±4.9 1.3±0.5 0.6±0.2 9.0±14.2 11.3±12.5
AR 2.3 1.7 2.2 1.6 6.6
• The selected aerosol species ratios are all suitable to serve as aerosol aging indices. (CT Lee)
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/14
380
400
420
440
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/140.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/140
5
10
15
20
25
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/140
20
40
60
80
100
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/140
30
60
90
120
150
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/1402468
101214
CO
2
CO2
CO
CO
NO
x
NOx
NO
NO2
O
3
O3
PM
10
PM
2.5
PM2.5
PM10
Hengchuen
SO
2
SO2
-18-12
-606
1218
Win
d s
peed
(m
s-1)
Wind speed
Wind direct
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0 Rainfall
Rain
fall
(m
m)
3/3 3/10 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7 4/1410
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature
RH
Tem
peratu
re (
oC
)
60
80
100
RH
(%
)
Yen et al., 2013
7-SEAS/Son La Experiments
2011 3/18-4/6: A pilot study of aerosol
chemistry near biomass-burning
source regions in northern Vietnam
2012 3/13-4/9: Comprehensive in situ
and vertical profiling measurements
Location and Topography
SeaWiFS True Color TOMS Aerosol Index
Laos
Vie
tnam
Thailand
Vietnam
Southern China
Taiwan
Event on 21 March 1999
A Frequent Mileage+: the pathway
Laos
Cambodia
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Bu
rma
(Provided by Christina Hsu, NASA)
40 November 8, 2010
NASA/GSFC
Si-Chee Tsay, Deputy
EOS/Terra Project Scientist
Son La meteorological station (21.3°N, 103.9°E, 676m a.s.l.)
Office Building
Entrance stairs
Overlook town from site
NASA/COMMIT Samplers Lidar
AOD500nm= 1
Population of Son La: 20,000 people
Meteorological Station ~660 m
3.3 km
0.5 km
2012/4/6 4:51pm (LT)
Looking south
Photo by Carlo Wang
AOD500nm= 2.7
4/3/2012 8:36 am (LT) 4/6/2012 7:36 pm (LT)
Son La, Vietnam (2012)
MOD500nm= ??
3/07 3/09 3/11 3/13 3/15 3/17 3/19 3/21 3/23 3/25 3/27 3/29 3/31 4/02 4/04 4/06 4/080
20406080
100120140160180200
PM
1 c
on
c.
[
g m
-3]
PM1&PM2.5 data during 2012 SonLa Experiment
PM2.5
PM1
2013-2015 7-SEAS/BASELInE
Biomass-burning
Aerosols &
Stratocumulus
Environment:
Lifecycles and
Interactions
Experiment
What processes, interactions, and feedbacks control the
lifecycle of biomass-burning aerosols from source to
receptor regions in boreal spring Southeast Asia?
How do droplet nucleation and the resulting products
of warm rain processes in the cloud-resolving model
simulations respond with respect to key aerosol
physicochemical observables over a regional scale?
How do changes to aerosol-cloud interactions in boreal
spring Southeast Asia provide feedbacks to regional
climate through exchanges of energy, water, gases, and
particulate matter between the surface and troposphere?
7-SEAS: 2013 spring field campaigns
Terra/MODIS true color image with AOD (2013/3/23)
NCU
Dongsha
Hengchun
LABS
Hanoi
Yen Bai
Phaimai
Doi Ang Khang
Son La
260 Km
Silpakorn Univ.
Chiang Mai
Luang Namtha
Hong Kong
Super site
Satellite site
AERONET site
Taiping
NSPO/FORMOSAT II (2 m resolution) 2013/3/23 images
Doi Ang Khang
Son La
Doi Ang Khang Met station
19.93°N, 99.05°E; 1536 m Myanmar fort
Thai small village
N
Myanmar fort
The nearby Thai Village Our site located at the mountain top
Chinese Restaurant smoke household activity
Wood & branch
smoke
stoke fire
Waste (garbage) burning Sideway open burning
Agricultural Residue Burning
Identified emissions around Doi Ang Khang
However, we think forest fires might be the
major source of smoke in northern Thailand and Myanmar…….
Forest floor fire in Myanmar (credit by Yoav David)
Local people may light fires in these forests for several purposes (Rakyutidharm, 2002): • to accelerate the germination of
mushrooms, bamboo shoots and other edible forest plants
• (using fire and smoke) to force animals from their hideouts so that they can easily be hunted
• to accelerate the growth of tender new shoots and grasses as fodder for domestic animals
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_floor_fire.jpg
Actually, we saw lots of fire scars in forest floor, and those scars should not easily be identified in satellite fire products.
Chemistry sampling Air quality and aerosol in-situ
Radiation
7-SEAS 2013 instrumentation
Chemistry
Physics
NASA COMMIT Air quality mobile
3/13 3/15 3/17 3/19 3/21 3/23 3/25 3/27 3/29 3/31 4/02 4/04 4/06 4/08 4/10 4/12 4/14 4/160
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
PM
2.5
(g
m-3
)
Date (LT) year 2013
instrument output (15 min)
Hourly AverageDoi Ang Khang PM2.5 measurement
2013/2/5 2013/2/26 Doi Angkhang,
N. Thailand
Doi Anhkang -CCN Activation Ratio Summary
55 November 8, 2010
NASA/GSFC
Si-Chee Tsay, Deputy
EOS/Terra Project Scientist
W-band
1.5 ~ 2 km
~20
m
MRR
SACR
Ce
ilorn
eter
ACHIEVE: Aerosol-Cloud-Humidity Interaction
Exploring & Validating Enterprise
Corner-Reflector/Calibration & Weather Tower
Do
ub
le D
oo
r
Pow
er
Sup
ply
EZ-
Lidar
Radar/Lidar
Data
Systems
Hatch
Radar Pedestal
Reinforced Floor Heavy Lift
A/C Unit
Work Bench
Max
. pay
load
: 6
00
Kg
Weight: 500 Kg
Near-real time processed results from ACHIEVE/T-RECS W-band radar measurements,
showing 94 GHz radar reflectivity (upper-left), mean fall velocity (lower-left), and spectrum width
(upper-right) or, respectively, the zeroth, first and square-root of the second moments of Doppler
spectra, as well as the linear depolarization ratio (lower-right) indicating the thermodynamic
phase of hydrometeors, that evidently has been penetrated by a rain shaft through a stable, low-
level stratiform cloud deck over the Yen Bai Meteorological Station, Vietnam, on 28 March 2013
Yen Bai, northern Vietnam
More to be studied …
• Integration of chemical and physical data
• Optical and vertical profiling data
• Ground-based and satellite data
• Modeling and impact studies
Where to get…
• Images can always be found on the NRL aerosol webpage: http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol/
• The big data repository for NRL and Navy is GODAE and the product will appear there as soon. http://www.usgodae.org/
• Also data will appear on Jianglong Zhang’s website. http://bobcat.aero.und.edu/jzhang/index.php
• We are trying to push it to LANCE.
• FLAMBE Website for fire. http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/flambe/
• 7SEAS Data Portal. http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/flambe/7seas/7seas.html
• 7-SEAS campaign websites: 2010-2013 campaigns.
