CiE781/881Locations & Transportation

2/11

by Tat S. Fu

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Credit Categories

Integrative Process

Locations & Transportation

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy & Atmosphere

Materials & Resources

Indoor Environmental Quality

Innovation in Design

Regional Priority

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LEED for Neighborhood Development Location

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• Locate the project within a LEED certified neighborhood development project

• Objectives:

– To avoid developments on inappropriate sites

– To reduce vehicle traffic

– To promote physical activity

• Note: ineligible for other LT credits if attempting this credit

LTc1 (16pts)

Rating Systems

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New ConstructionCore & ShellSchoolsRetailHospitalityData CentersWarehouses & Distribution CentersHealthcare

Commercial InteriorsRetailHospitality

Existing Buildings: Operations & MaintenanceSchoolsRetailHospitalityData CentersWarehouses & Distribution Centers

Neighborhood Development PlanNeighborhood Development

HomesMidrise

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Points

Required Documents

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Sensitive Land Protection

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LTc2 (1pt)

• Objectives: To avoid developing on environmentally sensitive sites and reduce environmental impact from the location of building on a site

• Option 1: Develop on previously developed land

• Option 2: Do not develop on:– Prime farmland defined by US Code of Federal

Regulations / state Natural Resources Conservation Service soil survey

– Floodplains defined by legally adopted flood hazard maps or any floodplains subjects to a 1% or greater chance of flooding in any given year

Site SelectionOption 2 (cont.): Do not develop on:• Habitat or land with:

– Threatened/endangered species (US Endangered Species Act)– Species or ecological communities classified by Nature Serve as

GH(possibly extinct), G1(critically imperiled), or G2(imperiled– Threatened/endangered species listed under local equivalent

standards• Wetlands - within 50 feet of any wet lands (US Code of Federal

Regulations), except for minor improvements • Waterbodies- within 100 feet of a water body (seas, lakes, rivers, etc.) that

(could) support fish, recreation or industrial use (Clean Water Act) , except for minor improvements

Minor improvements

• Bike/ pedestrian pathways, activities to maintain/restore natural communities/hydrology, one single-story structure <500 sq ft(depending on the site size), grade changes, allowed tree removals, …

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BEST Strategy

Recycle sites (previously developed land)

12Rebuilding World Trade Center

Required Documents

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High-Priority Site

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LTc3 (1-2pt)

• To encourage developments in area that constraints and promote the health of the surrounding area

• Option 1: to build in a Historic District (1pt)

• Option 3: to develop on a site defined as a Brownfield by local, state or federal government agency (2pt)

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• Option 2: to build in Priority Designation (1pt)

– site listed by EPA National Priorities List

– Federal Empowerment Zone site

– Federal Enterprise Community site

– Federal Renewal Community site

– Dept. of the Treasury Community Development Financial Institutions Fund Qualified Low-Income Community

– US Dept. of Housing and Urban Development’s Qualified Census Tract or Difficult Development Area

– site listed by a local equivalent program

Brownfields

• Defined as abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated

• Examples: parking lots, warehouses, factories, abandoned railroads, and landfills.

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20http://extension.unh.edu/CommDev/Pubs/Brwnflds.pdf

Required Documents

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Other site considerations

• Microclimate

• Sun path

• Around a hill

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Microclimates

Sea Breezes

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Mountain/Valley

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Lugano, Switzerland

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Sun Orientation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR8EQ0DWpPw&feature=related

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Why is it hotter at the equator?

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SE E

NESW

W

NW

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Sun Angles: Azimuth & Altitude

• http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/34

Simulations

35AutoCAD Ecotect

Physical Model:

Heliodon

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Shadows

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Overhangs

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• How do overhangs work?

• How do south facing overhangs improve comfort in summers?

• Winters?

Overhangs

1. Do you know how to design overhangs?Geometry problem: A/B the sun angles at a particular location

2. Should overhangs be longer or shorter as we construct buildings closer to the poles away from the equator? Longer, but… 39

Why does south facing slopes receive more solar gain?

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Around a hill

Match the following descriptions in the hill figure:

• Warm

• Cool

• Cold

• Windy

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32 4

1

1. Windy

2. Very cold

3. Cold and shady

4. Warm and sunny (summer & winter)

5. Cold and sunny

6. Warm and sunny (summer only)

7. Hot and sunny (summer only)

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1. Cold Climates2. Hot and Humid Climates3. Hot and Dry Summer & Mild Winters4. Hot and Dry Summer & Cool Winters5. Hot and Dry Summer & Cold Winters

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Surrounding Density & Diverse Uses

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LTc4 (1-5pt)

• To develop in urban sites with existing infrastructure

• Option 1: Surrounding Density (2-3pt)

– To build within a ¼ mile radius of a site meeting

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(1 acre = 43,560 sq ft) Dwelling units

Floor-area Ratio= building-space/land-area

Option 2: Diverse Uses (1-2pt):

To build within ½ mile walking distance of:

• 4-to-7 existing and publically available diverse uses (1pt)

• 8+ existing and publically available diverse uses (2pt)

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Example Map

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Required Documents

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Other considerations

• Building density and climates

• Solar access (like water access)

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Hot & Dry Climate: Yemen

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• Light colored exterior walls/surfaces

• Small windows

• Light colored interior surfaces

• Flat roofs

• Closely spaced buildings

• Massive walls

Shaded narrow streets

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Hot & Humid Climate: Sumatra

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• Light colored exterior walls/surfaces

• Large windows

• Overhangs

• High ceilings

• Slopped roofs

• Sparely spaced buildings

• Light wood construction

Natural ventilation around buildings

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In the Greek city of

Olynthus, streets run

east to west.

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Solar Access

Shadows

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Q: Any there shadows other than buildings’ that we should care?

Trees

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East-west Streets

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North-south Streets

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Q: Given that we can orientate buildings for “fair” solar access in any street directions, why are East-West streets still preferred for solar access?

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duplexes

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NYC: Zoning Resolution of 1916

In 1915, when the 42-story Equitable Building was erected in Lower Manhattan, the need for controls on the height and form of all buildings became clear. Rising without setbacks to its full height of 538 feet, the Equitable Building cast a seven-acre shadow over neighboring buildings, affecting their value and setting the stage for the nation’s first comprehensive zoning resolution.

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Access to Quality Transit

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LTc5 (1-5pt)

• To reduce motor vehicle use

• Path 1: ¼ mile walking distance to

– Existing or planned bus, streetcar, rideshare stops

• Path 2: ½ mile walking distance to

– Existing or planned bus rapid transit stops, rail stations, ferry terminals

• Following Tables 1 and 2 below

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• Example of trips: # of bus trips on a weekday for a bus stop

• Multiple stops of the same bus lines = 1-stop

Rail Statio

n

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Bus Stop Proximity

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Required Documents

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Bicycle Facilities

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LTc6 (1pt)

• To promote biking

• Requirements: to provide bicycle storage

– Within 100 ft to building entrance

– Within 200-yard of a bicycle network (bike lanes, trails and streets with max. 25mph)

– That connects (via bicycle network) to 10+ diverse uses, school, employment center, or a rail/ferry/bus rapid transit stop

Bicycle Network

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Case 1: Commercial or Institutional Projects

• To provide short-term bicycle storage for 2.5+% of all peak visitors (at least 4 spaces)

• To provide long-term bicycle storage for 5+% of regular building occupants (at least 4 spaces)

• To provide on-site shower with changing facility (1 shower per 100 regular occupants; after the first 100 occupants, 1 shower per 150 occupants)

Case 2: Resident Projects

• To provide short-term bicycle storage for 2.5+% of all peak visitors (at least 4 spaces)

• To provide long-term bicycle storage for 30+% of regular building occupants (at least 1 space per residential unit)

Case 3: Mixed-use Projects

• Meet Cases 1 and 2 requirements for the nonresidential and residential portion, respectively

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Occupants / Building Users

• Full-time (8 hour/day) & part-time staff

• Peak transients (e.g., students, volunteers, visitors, customers)

• Residents

Peak periods

• Highest-volume shift

• Overlapping shifts

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Example

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Required Documents

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Reduced Parking Footprint

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LTc7 (1pt)

• To minimize environmental harms associated with parking facilities

Requirements• Do not exceed the min. local code requirement

for parking capacity• To provide parking capacity that is at least 20% or

40% below the base ratios recommended by the Parking Consultants Council

• Case 1 (20+%): for projects not earning points under LTc4 (Surrounding Density & Diverse Uses) and LTc5 (Access to Quality Transit)

• Case 2 (40+%): for projects earning 1+ points under LTc4 (Surrounding Density & Diverse Uses) and LTc5 (Access to Quality Transit)

Park

ing

Bas

e R

atio

s

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Shared Parking

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Required Documents

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Green Vehicles

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LTc8 (1pt)

• To reduce pollution from automobile use

Requirements:

• To provide preferred parking spaces for green vehicles for 5% of total parking capacity

• Or discounted parking rate at 20+% for green vehicles

Green vehicles must achieve a green score of 45+ on the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE).

Then…

Option 1: Electric Vehicle Charging

• To install charging stations for 2% of the total parking capacity

• Charging station parking spaces are provided in addition to the preferred parking spaces

Option 2: Liquid, Gas or Battery Facilties

• To install alternative-fuel fueling or battery switching stations capable of refueling 2% of the total parking capacity

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Example

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Example

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UNH Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Bus

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University Transportation Services ARRA Projects:

• $135,800.00 for a CNG maintenance safety equipment and vehicle lift.Status: Construction started.

• $1.6 million for purchase of four low-floor CNG transit buses.Status: Completed

Fleet Vehicles

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Req

uir

ed D

ocu

men

ts

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