7 Equilibria (as)

8/10/2019 7 Equilibria (as)

1/22

24/10/2014

1

Equilibria L E, ,

S L C P (

) ,

,

D ,

D ,

K, , K

L

C

C ,

( )

D H

C ,

S , BL

E

H

R R

A + B C + D

T

.


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2

R R

A + B C + D

T .

T .

A .

T ;

R R

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br8lKynV1Hc

R R

E:

N2()+ 3H2() 2NH3()

H2()+ I2() 2HI()

CH3COOH()+ C2H5OH() CH3COOC2H5() + H2O()

A &

.

D E

C (

):

1. D ( )2. R =

3. R & P

.

4. C


3/22

24/10/2014

3

D E D E

A & C T:

1

D E E C

I 720 K, .

I ,

H2(), I2() HI() .

H2()+ I2() HI()


4/22


5/22

24/10/2014

5

E C, K

F :

A()+ B() C()+ D()

T

CD

ABK=

E C, K K

.

O .

A()+ B() C()+ D()

A :

(PC)

(PD)

(PA)(PB)

K=

E C

T K K

.

K K

, , .

K K

.

T

.

E

T :

A

. T

, .

A

. T

, .


6/22

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6

H E

E K :

1. 2SO2()+ O2() 2SO3()

2. CH3COOH() + C2H5OH() CH3COOC2H5()+ H2O()

3. 2CO42

()+ 2H+

()

C2O72

()+ H2O()

H E

E:

1. S :

C()+ H2O() H2()+ CO()

K=

2. C :

C()+ 2A+

() C2+

()+ 2A()

K=

E C

E 1

1 1

. T 0.67 .

C K .

E C

CH3COOH()+ C2H5OH() CH3COOC2H5()+ H2O()


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24/10/2014

7

E C

E 2

A 0.0500 3 0.0500 3

. A

0.0233 3. C K .

E C

CH3COCH3+ HCN CH3C(OH)(CN)CH3

E C

E 3

E :

CH3COOC2H5()+ H2O()

CH3COOH()+ C2H5OH()

0.1000 0.1000

. A

1 3 .

A , 0.0654 . C K .

E C


8/22

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8

E C

E 4

1.0 HI 460C 1.0 3 ,

0.78 HI . C K

:

2HI() H2()+ I2()

E C

E C

E 5

A 1.0 , N2O4 50%

60C :

N2O4() 2NO2()

D , K

60C.

E C


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24/10/2014

9

E C

E 6

N2()+ 3H2() 2NH3()

T T 2.000 107

P. U , N2& H2 1.490

107 P 0.400 107 P .

C K .

E C

E C

E 7

2SO2()+ O2() 2SO3()

2SO2() O2() 1.00 0.50

, 675 K.

,

1.01 .

C K .

E C


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24/10/2014

10

L C P

When a system in dynamic

equilibrium is subjected to a

disturbance that upsets the

equilibrium, the system changes

in a way to reduce the

disturbance.

L C P

T

.

T :

( )

A 2B .

B T A .

T .

E C

,

.

=

=


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11

T A .

T A.

A B C D.

A B

B B

C D A B.

E C

A

B

C

D

concentration

time

equilibriumachieved

[A]

disturbance

new equilibriumposition reached

[A] had reduced but still morethan initial concentration.

T A . T C .


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12

T C .

Q

CH3COOH() + C2H5OH() CH3COOC2H5() + H2O()

P :

CH3COOC2H5()

C2H5OH()

P .

P

.

T , .

A B

.

A ,

.


13/22


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14

Q

2NO2() 2NO()+ O2()

P

.

Q

T

K K.

T

.

E T

,

.

=

=


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15

I

.

S ( ),

.

C D A B

.

D

.

S ( ), A B

C D

.

I

.

S ( ),

.

A B C D

.

D

.

S ( ),

.

C D A B

.


16/22

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16

I

. T

.

D

. T .

C

N2() + 3H2() 2NH3() H = 92.4 J1

S

N2

H2

.

C

.


17/22

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17

I A

I , , .

I .

T .

L C' P .

C P

3 :

1. P SO2()

2. P SO3()

3. P H2SO4()

C P

S 2 P SO3

S .

2SO2()+ O2() 2SO3() H = 197J1

C:

T 450C

A

() ; 2O5

C P U L C P

.

2SO2()+ O2() 2SO3() H = 197J1

T : ( )

( )

(O2 SO2)


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18

C P

L BUT

.

H BUT

, .

E (O2 SO2) BUT

.

R BUT &

.

C P

A 450C .

A 450C P 1 , 95%

.

H .

C: ()

H P

N2()+ 3H2() 2NH3() H = 46J1

T :: 450C

: 200

: (F3O4)

.

A E

A

.

B

.

N

.


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19

A T

HC() + NOH() NC() + H2O()

HC + H+ () + C()

HC H+

NOH() + N+() + OH()

NOH OH

A T

HC() + NH3() NH4C()

NH3() OH

M: NH3()+ H2O NH4+ + OH

HC() + NH3() NH4C()

I , OH.

BL T

A ( ) .

A ( ) .

BL T

S

H+

.

S

H+

.


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20

BL T

S

H+ .

S

H+ .

BL T

.

BL

.

HCO4 CH3COOH ,

HCO4

H+ () CH3

COOH

H+()

C A & B

A .

HA + H2O H3O+ + A

I 2 2.

T .

C A & B


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21

C A & B

F :

NH3 H+ NH4

+.

H2O H+ NH3.

NH3 NH4+ .

B :

NH4+ H+ OH,

OH H+ NH4+, .

H2O OH .

C A & B

S A & B

S

. T

;

.

T

. T

. T

.

S A & B

T

.

S :

HC() + H2O() H3O+() + C()

S :

NOH() + N+() + OH()


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24/10/2014

A & B

T .

:

CH3COOH() + H2O() CH3COO() + H3O

+()

:

NH3() + H2O() NH4+() + OH()

A & B

C

/ 31.0 0.1 0.01

HC

()

0 1 2

CH3COOH

()

2.4 2.9 3.4

NOH

()

14 13 12

NH3()

11.6 11.1 10.6

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7 Equilibria (as)