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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Arba P. Ramadani

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Basic processes

Ingestion Secretion Mixing&propulsion

digestionAbsorptionDefecation

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FOOD

BRAINHOR

MONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMONHORMON

VOLUNTARY

INVOLUNTARY

THE GI SYSTEM

TRACHEA

STOMACH

PANCREAS

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

ANUSRECTUM

GALLBLADDER

SUBMANDIBULAR

SALIVARY GLANDS

SUBLINGUAL

AND

MOUTH PAROTID

SALIVARY GLAN

LIVER

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Organs

GI tract Accessories

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Heart

Liver

ABSORPTION

SECRETION

Large intestine

Rectum

AnusMouth

Food and

water

StomachHepatic

Portal vein

Small intestineSalivary glands

MOTILITY

THE GI DIAGRAM

FECES

enzim asam, dll

Vitamin

C, D, B2, B12, dllProtein

MineralKarbonhidrat

Lipid

Vitamin K

Air, Elektrolit

AktifitasBAKTERI

Pembentukan

Gas CO2, Metana, dll

FLATUS

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Mouth

cheek

Hard&soft -palateOral

cavity

parotid, submandibular,

sublingual

Salivary

gland

Saliva:99.5% water+0.5% solutes

(ion, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO42- )Saliva

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parasympathetic,

sympathetic, feel&taste foodSalivation

mastication, bolusMechanical

salivary amylase, lingual

lipaseChemical

Mouth

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NAMES AND LOCATION OF

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Parotid duct

Parotid gland

Submandibular gland

Sublingual

gland

NAMES AND LOCATION OF

THE MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND IN THE HUMAN

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Pharynx

throat

oropharynx &

laryngopharynx

respiratory

& digestive

function

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Esophagus

Secrete mucus &

transport food into

the stomach

Deglution-esophageal stage-

peristalsis

Sphincter-upper

& loweresophageal

MOVEMENTS OF FOOD THROUGH THE PHARYNX

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Hard Palate

Tongue

Epiglottis

Upper

esophageal

sphincter

Soft Palate

Pharynx

Esophagus

MOVEMENTS OF FOOD THROUGH THE PHARYNX

AND UPPER ESOPHAGUS DURING SWALLOWING

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Stomach

Function:

Mixes saliva, food, & gastric juice chyme

Reservoir for food

Secrete gastric juice HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor,

gastric lipase

Secrete gastrin into blood

THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH

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Fundus

Body

(secretes mucus

Pepsinogen and HCI)

Esophagus

Duodenum

Pyloric

sphincter

Atrium

(secretes mucus

Pepsinogen and gastrin)

THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH :

FUNDUS, BODY, AND ATRIUM

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PERISTALTIC WAVES

CONTRIBUTE TO

THE ANTRAL CONTENTSEsophagus

Lower

Esophagealsphincter

Duodenum

Pyloric

sphincter

StomachPeristaltic

wave

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Mechanical

Mixing wave

Chemical

HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase

Stomach emptying

2-4 hours after meals

Sphincter: cardia &pyloric

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denatures protein,

stimulate secretion of

hormone

HCl

+HCl pepsin break

down AA into peptide

fragmentPepsinogen

splits short chain TG

FA &

monoglycerides

Gastric

lipase

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Pancreas

Retroperitoneal gland

Pancreatic juice & pancreatic islets

Pancreatic juice (inactive form)

Pancreatic amylase

Trypsinogen trypsin

Chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin

Procarboxypeptidase carboxypeptidase

Proelastase elastase

Pancreatic lipase

Ribonuclease

Deoxyribonuclease

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Liver & Gallbladder

Liver heaviest gland of the body, right &

left lobe

Gallbladder pear-shaped sac, posterior

surface of the liver

Component:

Hepatocyte

Bile canaliculi

Hepatic sinusoid

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Function of the liver

Carbohydrate metabolism - normal blood glucose Lipid metabolism - store TG, break down FA,

synthesize lipoproteins & cholesterol

Protein metabolism deaminate AA, synthesize

most plasma proteins

Processing of drugs & hormones detoxify

Excretion of bilirubin

Synthesis of bile salt

Storage glycogen, vitamins, minerals

Phagocytosis aged RBC, WBC, bacteria

Activation of vitamin D

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Small intestine