7-An Etymological Wordlist for the Cantigas d'Amigo With Glosses

8/12/2019 7-An Etymological Wordlist for the Cantigas d'Amigo With Glosses

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AN ETYMOLOGICAL WORDLIST FOR THE CANTIGAS DAMIGO

RIP COHEN

2012


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Rip Cohen,Etymological Wordlist for the Cantigas dAmigo

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INTRODUCTORY NOTE

1. I began this etymological wordlist for the cantigas damigoin the 1990s for my own use,while preparing a critical edition of the 501 poems in this genre (and of the seven pastorelas).The list went through several stages: adding references to Wilhelm Meyer-Lbkes RomanischesEtymologisches Wrterbuch (REW);putting in Proto-Indo-European (PIE)roots from the Lexicon

der Indogermanischen Verben (LIV);and drafting annotations. Then I chopped it down to size.The notes were eliminated. Roots for Latin words were removed, leaving roots only for somewords from Germanic, Celtic and Semitic. The reasoning was that only roots with PIEprimarystem formations were given (thats what LIV furnishes), and students could consult etymologicaldictionaries of Latin. The roots that remain are in bold, e.g. (Indo-European) *sel-, (Semitic)*dwr. I hope that, with the collaboration of Michael Weiss, a jointly authored list can beprovided, with analysis of Proto-Indo-European roots and reconstructions of intermediate forms.Since this will take time, in the meanwhile I am posting the list as is. A number of words havebeen left without etymologies because proposals are problematic and such questions lie beyondthe scope of this list, which aims mainly to be an aid to students. On the other hand, I haveglossed most entries a step towards transforming the wordlist into a full-scale glossary (toreplace that of Nunes) with etymologies. Words that are too common (articles, pronouns,prepositions, conjunctions, multi-purpose verbs, words with many constructions and senses) or

too difficult have been simplified or, in a few cases, left blank. For individual constructions anddisputed passages, please see the notes in my 2003 critical edition of the corpus, as well as theglossary of Nunes (vol. 3, pp. 577703) and my translation.

Since the list depends on that edition, some words that occur in earlier editions are not tobe found here (since they were errors) and some new words have been added (either correctmanuscript readings that had wrongly been rejected or new emendations introduced into thetext; see Cohen, p. 34, n4). Proper names and place names are omitted. Only a few irregularverb forms are included (e.g. ste,dia) and some variants of individual words (e.g. oand a, tand at)are also registered.

For formsreal or reconstructedin Vulgar, Late and Medieval Latin (not always easy todistinguish), I put macra over long vowels, even though quanitaties were no longer observed(taking advantage of the possibilities of online posting I color these words lilac to mark themclearly). This is a tradition in Romance Philology and should help to distinguish the vowel classinto which the marked vowels fall. Hypothetical forms (marked with an asterisk), unlessotherwise noted, may be assumed to be Late or Medieval Latin. Tils have been restored wherewe would expect them as a question of historical phonology and regularly find them in thirteenthcentury manuscripts of Galician-Portuguese lyric. I stress that references to REW need notindicate agreement.

I am grateful to Michael Weiss, Stephen Parkinson and Federico Corriente for their help. Iam responsible for all errors, including excessive doubt or overconfidence. I welcome correctionsand suggestions (rip.cohen /at/ gmail.com).

2. This is not the place to study the vocabulary of the genre, but I would like to make onegeneral point. The lexicon supports the thesis of Henry R. Lang (1894) and Carolina Michalis deVasconcellos (1904), that the cantigas damigo were rooted (Langs expression) in a native

tradition of female-voiced songa thesis still being debated.The total lexicon of the 501 cantigas damigo (and sevenpastorelas, which add quite a

few words)consists of 900 some odd words, many of them used once or in a single poem. Inbroad terms, around 30 words come through Latin from Greek, 20 enter from Germanic, 50 areloanwords from Provenal, a dozen from Old French; a few entries come from other Ibero-Romance dialects, a handful are Celtic, and a dozen are borrowed from Andalusi Arabic. Anotherdozen are of uncertain etymology. So only 10% of the total roughly 100 wordsdo not comedirectly to Galician-Portuguese from Latin, and only a few dozen of those (under 5% of the total


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lexicon) are commonly used (e.g., Germ. guardar, OF quitar, Prov. cor, Cast. sobejo, Celt.camisa,AA at).Most of the lexicon derives from Latin according to regular sound changes.

An analysis of etymologies suggests that the language used by the female personae (thegirl, her mother and girlfriends) corresponds to what has historically been considered thenature of female speech: local, conservative and largely uninfluenced by the outside world asCicero says in a justly famous passage of De oratore.

Equidem cum audio socrum meam Laeliam facilius enim mulieres incorruptamantiquitatem conseruant, quod multorum sermonis expertes ea tenent semper, quaeprima didiceruntsed eam sic audio, ut Plautum mihi aut Naeuium uidear audire, sonoipso uocis ita recto et simplici est, ut nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre uideatur;ex quo sic locutum esse eius patrem iudico, sic maiores; non aspere ut ille, quem dixi,non uaste, non rustice, non hiulce, sed presse et aequabiliter et leniter.

For my own part when I hear my wifes mother Laelia since it is easier for women tokeep the old pronunciation unspoiled, as they do not converse with a number of peopleand so always retain the accents they first heardwell, I listen to her with the feelingthat I am listening to Plautus or Naevius: the actual sound of her voice is so unaffectedand natural that she seems to introduce no trace of display or affectation; and I

consequently infer that that was how her father and her ancestors used to speak notharsly, like the persons I mentioned, nor with a broad or countrified or jerkypronunciation, but neatly and evenly and smoothly.

(Cicero, De Oratore, Book III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria, trans.H. Rackham, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA/London, pp. 3637).

This general description has been verified by researchers in Iberian linguistic geography.The language of the cantigas damigo seems, then, a stylized representation of local,

traditional speech (with lexical archaisms: loir, ler, eire, gradoar, etc.; there are phonologicalarchaisms too, notably the preservation of intervocalic -n-,found almost exclusively in this genre,nearly always in the incipit or refrain and/or in rhyme-position). The lexicon is smaller than thatof the cantigas damor(Michalis glossary, covering c. 500 of 750 poems, has 1410 lemmata).And each of the other genres, the cantigas descarnho e maldizer (CEM) and the cantigas deSanta Maria (CSM), contains a lexicon incomparably richer than the cantigas damor. The lexiconof the cantigas damigo displays far fewer borrowings than its brethren (statistics are notavailable, since only Michalis provides etymologies in her glossary; neither Lapa [CEM] norMettmann[CSM]supplies them). This purity of diction, etymologically speaking, can hardly be acoincidence of stylistic choices made over the course of a century by 88 poetsmany of whomcomposed songs in one or both of the other two secular genres with a much broader lexicon. Itseems rather to reflect the song tradition from which the cantiga damigo sprang, a tradition thatboth trobadores and jograes evidently kept as part of their compositional procedures. So inaddition to the evidence provided by formal, rhetorical and pragmatic analysis, there is linguisticevidence to back up the thesis that the cantigas damigowere rooted in a native tradition, just asLang and Michalis said.


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SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

(Nota bene:words which are not Galician-Portuguese nor otherwise identified are Latin.)

1. The symbol < means derives from by regular sound change.2. The symbol meansderives from by regular processes of derivation or word formation(but

does not exclude direct phonological derivation)3. Only Latin long vowels are marked. Unmarked Latin vowels can be assumed to be short.4. An asterisk (*) precedes an unattested form. Except for roots, and unless otherwise specified,

forms with asterisk are from Late or Medieval Latin. 5. In references to REWthe plus symbol + means the Galego-Portuguese form is not cited in that

entry and should be added.6. [] means the word is classified as a Buchwort (learned word) in REW.7. Specific texts are cited in parentheses for words occurring only once in the corpus of cantigas

damigo(or in a pastorela).8. A question mark (?) indicates doubt (my own or others).

ABBREVIATIONS

Sigla: manuscripts containing cantigas damigo

B= cod. 10991, Bibloteca Nacional, LisbonN= ms. 979, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York

V= cod. lat. 4803, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome

Languages

AA = Andalusi ArabicArab. = (Classical) ArabicAv. = AvestanCast. = CastilianCat. = CatalanCelt. = CelticEng. = EnglishFrank. = FrankishGerm. = GermanicGoth. = GothicGP = Galician-PortugueseGrk. = Ancient GreekHisp. = HispanicHL = Hispanic LatinLat. = Classical LatinLL = Late LatinML = Medieval Latin (written and spoken).

LGrk. = Late GreekOE = Old EnglishOF = Old FrenchOLat. = Old LatinOSp = Old SpanishPGerm. = Proto-GermanicProv. = Old ProvenalSem. = SemiticVL = Vulgar Latin

Other abbreviations

acc. = accusativeact. = activeabl. = ablativeadj. = adjectiveAmigo= the cantigas damigoapp. = apparentlyap. crit. = apparatus criticusAp. Prob. = Appendix Probi (cited from ILV)art. = articlecf. = confer(compare)CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarumconj. = conjunctionconject. = conjecturedat. = dativedimin. = diminutiveesp. = especially

f. = femininefut. = futuregen. = genitiveGPL = Galician-Portuguese lyrichapax= hapax legomenon(found once)imperf. = imperfectindic. = indicativeinfin. = infinitiveinfl. = influenced


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intr. = instransitivem. = masculinen. = neuternom. = nominativepart. = participlepass. = passive

perf. = perfectpl. = pluralplup. = pluperfectpres. = present

prob. = probablypron. = pronounscil. = scilicet(understand)sing. = singularsubj. = subjunctivesubst. = substantive

s.v. = sub verbum (under the word)trans. = transitivevar. = variantvb. = verb

WORKS CITED

Cintra = Lus Felipe Lindley Cintra.A Linguagem dos Foros de Castelo Rodrigo, seu confronto com ados Foros de Alfaiates, Castelo Bom, Castelo Melhor, Coria, Cceres e Usagre: contribuio para oestudo do leons e do galego-portugus do sculo XIII. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional - Casa daMoeda, 1984 [1959].

Cohen = Rip Cohen,500 Cantigas dAmigo: Edio Crtica/Critical Edition. Porto: Campo das Letras,2003.

Cohen & Corriente = Rip Cohenand Federico Corriente. Lelia douraRevisited.La cornica 31.1(2002): 1940.

Corominas = Joan Corominas, Dicionrio Etimolgico-Crtico Castellano e Hispnico, con lacolaboracin de Jos A. Pascual. 5 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 198491.

Corriente= Federico Corriente, Diccionario de Arabismos e voces afines en iberorromance, 2nd ed.Madrid: Gredos, 1999.

Cronologia= Lorenzo, Ramn. Sobre la cronologia do vocabulrio galego-portugues. Vigo, EditorialGalaxia, 1968.

CSM= Walter Mettmann,Afonso X, o Sabio: Cantigas de Santa Maria. 4 vols [Glossrio in vol. 4].Coimbra: Universidade, 195972.

CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum(cited fromOLD).Cunha= Celso Cunha,Cancioneiros dos Trovadores do Mar. Edio preparada por Elsa Gonalves.

Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1999.Diez = Friedrich Diez. ber die erste portugiesische Kunst- und Hofpoesie. Bonn: Eduard Weber,

1863.DVPM= Dicionrio de Verbos do Portugus Medieval: sculos 12 e 13/14. Org. M. F. Xavier et al.

Lisbon: Universiade Nova de Lisbon/CLUNL, 2002.GED= Winfred P. Lehmann,A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.GHG= Manuel Ferreiro, Grmatica Histrica Galega. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Santiago: Laiovento, 1999.HALOT= Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.5 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 19942000.Huber= Josef Huber,Altportugiesisches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1933 = Gramtica

do Portugus Antigo, trans. Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille. Lisbon: Fundao CalousteGulbenkian, 1986 [contains Lapas review on pp. 361378].

ILV= Veikko Vnnen, Introduccin al Latin Vulgar. Trans. Manuel Carrin. Madrid: Gredos, 1985.Kluge= Friedrich Kluge, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, bearbeitet von Elmar

Seebold. 24th

ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2002.Lang= Henry R. Lang. Das Liederbuch des Knigs Denis von Portugal, zum ersten mal vollstndig

herausgegeben und mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen und Glossar versehen. Halle a.S.: MaxNiemeyer, 1894(rpt Hildesheim-New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1972.)

Lapa = [review of Huber],Revista Lusitana 34 (1936): 30012.LF = Teresa Garca-Sabell Tormo, Lxico francs nos cancioneiros galego-portugueses. Vigo:

Galaxia, 1991.LIV= Helmut Rix et al. Lexicon der Indogermanischen Verben. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag,

1998.


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Lorenzo= Ramon Lorenzo, La traduccion gallego de la Crnica General y de la Crnica de Castilla:edicin crtica anotada, con introduccin, ndice onomstico e glosario. Vol. 2 Glosario. Orense:Instituto de Estudios Orensanos Padre Feijoo, 1977.

LSJ=A Greek-English Lexicon, with a revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.Machado = Jos Pedro Machado, Dicionrio Etimolgico da Lngua Portuguesa. 3rd. ed. 5 vols.

Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1977 [see also Cronologia].

Meier = Harri Meier, La etimologia iberroromance en el siglo XX. Boletim de Filologia31 (198687): 620.Michalis= Carolina Michalis de Vasconcellos, Cancioneiro da Ajuda. Edio critica e commentada.

2 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1990 [with rpt. of Glossrio do Cancioneiroda Ajuda, Revista Lusitana XXIII (1920)].

MLLM = J. F. Niermeyer, Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus. Leiden: E. J. Brill 1993.Nunes= Nunes, Jos Joaquim. Cantigas damigo dos trovadores galego-portugueses. Edio crtica

acompanhada de introduo, comentrio, variantes, e glossrio. 3 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 192628 (rpt. Lisboa: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1973).

OED = The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Complete text reproducedmicrographically, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

OHCGL= Michael Weiss, Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor,MI/New York: Beechstave Press, 2009.

OLD= Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P.G.W.Glare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.Piel = Joseph-Maria Piel, Estudos de Lingustica Histrica Galego-Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa

Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1989.Rei =Francisco Fernndez Rei, Francisco. Dialectoloxa da Lingua Galega. Santiago de Compostela:

Edicins Xerais de Galicia, 1991.Ramos = Maria Ana Ramos, Nota lingustica. In Elsa Gonalves & Maria Ana Ramos, A Lrica

Galego-Portuguesa. Lisbon: Editorial Comunicao, 1983, pp. 81118.REW = Wilhelm Meyer-Lbke, Romanisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter

Universittsverlag, 1992 [1934].Sacks = Norman P. Sacks, The Latinity of Dated Documents in the Portuguese Territory.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1941.Williams= Edwin B. Williams, From Latin to Portuguese. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania

Press, 1938 [2nd ed. 1962]


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AN ETYMOLOGICAL WORDLIST FOR THE CANTIGAS DAMIGO

af.pron., art.< illam

a prep. (REW136) < ad

a-(VL, HL or GP formative prefix)< adac (REW3965)here < eccum hc (abl. s. ofhaec)

acabarfinish, get done a- + cabo

achar(REW261.2)find < afflread + flre

achegar(REW548.2)arrive < applicread + plicre(Johan Airas 46, pastorela)

acoomhar (REW 1527) punish < *accalumnire ad + *calumnire (for calumnir)

calumnia (Bolseiro 8)

acordar(REW71a)remember; realize; wake up < *accordread + *cordre(cf.recordre,

var. ofrecordr)cor, cordis, n.

acorrer(REW89)help, save < *accurrre< accurrere ad + currere (Vinhal 7)

adevinhar(REW2704)divine< *addunre(cf. devador [CSM])ad + *dunredunus

(Estevan Coelho 1)

adubar (REW 159) get done < OF adouber or Prov. adobar (equip) a- + *dubbre *apretar > apertar [Lorenzo]) formed

frompectus, ~oris, n. (Johan Airas 46, pastorela)

aper(REW551) [withculpa] assign [blame] < *appnre< appnere ad + pnere

aprazerpleasea- + prazer

aprender (REW 554) learn, find out about < *apprendre < apprendere (contraction of

apprehendere)ad + prendere (see prender)

aquel/aquele, aquela(REW4266)that < eccum + *illem, illam

aquenhence < eccum + hinc

aquendehence < eccum + hinc + d(from aquen de in phrases [Lorenzo])

aqueste(REW4553)this < eccum + iste

aqui(REW4129)here < eccum + hc

arparticleback, again; and moreover; on the other hand[etc] < ar- < ad- (-d- > -r-originallyin Latin in proclisis before labials [Cohen & Weiss; cf. OHCGL, 475-76]);with var. er

arco(REW 618) bow< arcum(Esquio 3)

armar(REW 651)equip, fit out[a ship] < armre arma (Zorro 8)

arte(REW679)trick, strategem < artem (Sevilha 9)

arder (REW620)burn < ardre (Treez 3)

arredor (REW 198+) around < ad + *retr (< *retr < retr [Corominas; see derredor])

(Johan Airas 46, pastorela)

asconder(REW41)hide < *abscondre< abscondere abs- + condere

ascuitar(REW802.2+) (elsewhereascoitar)listen to, hear < ascultre < auscultre

asevar. of assi

asperar? (REW8141+)wait for < *adsprre ad + sprre

assacar ? speak ill of [someone], speak a lie against [someone] Goth. *atsakan < at +

sakan [GED, S 13]speak against (Cohen & Weiss; see sacar); cf. Corriente, s.v.

achaque;Corominas, s.v.achacar (REW 7517c [Arab.a]) (Johan Airas 35)


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assanhar? (REW4445+)get angryat a- + *snire< *nsnire(fornsnre) nsnia

nsnus in + snus

assazadv.(REW199)very < viaProv. (or OF ) < ad + satis

assevar. of assi

assiso, thus < ad + scat(REW4077)until


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bando(REW929) de seu bando = on his side < MLbandum Goth.bandwa (uexillum quod

bandum appellant a flag which they call bandum in Paulus DiaconusGED, B 22)1.

*bheh2- (LIV)(Redondo 1)

banhar(REW913)bathe < banere < LLbalnerebalneum/balineum < Grk.balaneon (cf.

Cunha)baraa?lace, strap (see Corriente, s.v. barao;Corominas, s.v. embarazar)(Guilhade 4)

baralhar ? (REW9150)quarrel (see Corominas, s.v.baraja)

baratar? (REW943a baratta[Old Norse])bargain,handle ones self(Diez derives from Grk.

prattein)

barca(REW952)boat < LLbarcam < *bricabris, ~idos < Grk. (a flat bottomed boat,

used in Egypt[LSJ])Copticbar(OLD)

barco var. of barca

barqueiroboatman < *barcriumbarca (Meendinho 1)

beenon(cf.REW1029, 1030)blessing < benedictinem bene + dicti, ~nis, f. dcere

(Dinis 10)

bel apocopated form ofbelo in proclisis (Dinis 18)

[belo], bela(REW1027)lovely, beautiful < bellum, bellam

benadv.(REW1028)well < bene

bensubst. happiness, joy, pleasure

bendizer (REW1029)bless < bene + dcere

bever(REW1074)drink < *bibre< bibere(Torneol 1)

bogia (REW 1375) lume de bogia = ordinary candles < AA Bujyya < Bijyah city in Algeria(Corriente, s.v. bugia) (Treez 3)

bon, ba(REW1208)good, fine < bonum, bonam

bravo ?rough (none of theexplanations are satisfactory; Skeat) (REW945) (Dinis 33)

brial(REW1169 +)tunic, dress< Prov. blialt (cf. OFbliaut) < ? (Meogo 8)

brioso?fluttering [?] brio < *bulluum(Meier)bullre bulla (bubble)+ -oso (REW

1297 *brigos [Celtic])(Charinho 1)

buscar ? seek, followperhaps< *bsequre bsequa, ~ae f. cow-herd (Apuleius, 2nd

cent. CE); cf. Schuchardt apud Corominas(REW1420)

ca(REW6928)than< quam

ca(REW6954.2)because, since < quia

cabea(REW1637)head < capitia formed fromcaput, capitis, n.

cabelo(REW1628)hair < capillum

caber(REW1625)listen to < *capre< capere (Solaz 3)


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caboprep. (REW1668)near, next to < *capum < caput, capitis, n.

cada(REW1755)each, every < Grk.kata

caer (REW1451.2)fall < *cadre< cadere

afarbe gone, be overAA (a)z


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1. ceo(REW1466)sky, heaven < caelum

2.ceo(REW9614)jealousy < LLzlum< Grk.zlos(Sevilha 9)

cercar(REW1938)surround < circrecircus < Grk.krkos(Meendinho 1)

certa(REW1839+)certain < *certnamcertus (see certo) (Redondo 1)

certo(REW1841)certain < certum (cf. cernere)cerva(REW1850)doe < ceruam

cervo(REW1850)stag < ceruum

chaga(REW6562a)wound < plgam (seechagado)(Guilhade 1)

chagadowounded perf. part. of chagar (REW 6563) < plgre (plgtus hapax [OLD])

plga1(cf. plangere) (Guilhade 1)

chamar(REW1961)call < clmre

chegar (REW6601)arrive < plicre

chorar(REW6606)cry, weep < plrre

chufar? (REW 7890.4)bluff, boast Corominas sees cross between onomatopoeic*chuff- and

*sufilreforsibilre (Guilhade 20)chus(REW6618+)more < pls(Guilhade 14)

cima(REW2438) fazer cima = make an end[Guilhade 16]; na cima da razon at the end of

the argument [of the song][Guilhade 19]< cyma (cyma, ~atis, n.) pl. or collective sg.

the spring shoots of a cabbage or similar vegetable (OLD) < Grk. kyma

cinger(REW1924)tie [a belt] < *cingre< cingere

cinta(REW1921+)belt < cnctam perf. part. ofcingere

co(var. ofcon) < cum (REW2385)cobradorecovered perf. part. of cobrar

cobrar(REW7136)recover formed (with loss of prefix) from recobrar < recuperre(var. of

reciperre) recipere (seereceber)

cofondervar. ofconfonder (but the expected outcome ofconf-)

coidarvar. ofcuidar

coita (REW 2015 +) love-sorrow, suffering, yearning < *coctam for coactam perf. part. of

cgereco- + -igere agere

coitadowretched; eager perf. part. of coitar coita

colher(REW2048)reap < *colligre < colligere con- + legere (Dinis 43)

color(REW2056)color < colrem (learned) (Dinis 23)

coma(REW6972+)just like < qumodo ac (Guilhade 16, v. 10)

come(REW6972)just as, like < qumodo et (seecomo)

comear(REW 2079)begin < *cominitirecum + *initireinitium inre in + re

comer(REW2077)eat < *comedre< comedere (var. of comsse) (Estevan Coelho 1)


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cometer(REW2086)take on [someone in a contest] < *committre< committere con- +

mittere (Loureno 4)

como(REW6972)just as, like < qumo< qumodo < qu + mod abl. s. ofqu modus

como querin any wayseecomo andquerer

companha(REW2092)company < *companiam com + *pania formed frompaniscompridoperfect; full of perf. part. ofcomprir

comprir(REW2101)complete, fulfill < *complre< complre con- + plre

con< cum (REW2385)

confonder/cofonder(REW2141+)confound, damn < *confundre< confundere con- +

fundere

conhocer(REW2031)know, recognize < *cognscre< cognscere con- + (g)nscere

connoscowith uscon- + uoscum (seevosco)

conorto (REW 2147) comfort, solace, pleasure < Prov.conort conortar < *conhortre

con- + hortr (Ponte 4)

conselhadoperf. part. ofconselhar

conselhar(REW2163)advise, counsel < *cnsilirecnsilium (seeconselho)

conselho(REW2164)counsel, plan < cnsiliumcnsulere

consentirconsent, say yes to < cnsentre con- + sentre

contar(REW2108)tell < computrecom- + putre (Codax 7)

contecer (REW 2184.2) happen < *contigescre*contigere var. ofcontingere con- +

tangere (Baveca 12)

conto(REW2109) sen conto = numberless < *comp(u)tum (cf. contandus CIL) computre

(seecontar) (Dinis 26)

contra(REW2187)towards < contr

convir(REW2192)behoove, be fitting < conuenrecon- + uenre

convoscowith you con- + uoscum (seevosco)

cor(REW2217)heart < Prov.cor < cor, cordis, n.

coraon(REW2217)heart < *cortinemcor (see cor)

corda(REW1881)string, lace < chordam Grk.khordon

corduraprudenceGPcordo; cf. cordtum (REW2248) (Guilhade 16)

corpo(REW2248)body < *corpum corpus, ~oris, n.

corte(REW2032)court < cohortem co- + *hors (cf. hortus) (Johan Airas 4)

cos(REW2248) en cos = scantily clad < Prov. (or OF) cors< corpus (> *corps > cors > cos)

cousa(REW1781)thing < causam

cousecerconsider cousir

cousir(REW4685)consider < Prov.cauzir Goth.kausjan (GED, K 25)*eus- (LIV)


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cras(REW2296)tomorrow < crs (Caldas 3)

crecer(REW2317)grow < *crscre< crscere

creente [see note]< crdentem, pres. part. ofcrdere (Sevilha 9)

creer(REW2307)believe < *crdre< crdere

cruamenteharshly < crd (REW2342) + mente (Johan Soarez Coelho 1)cruz(REW2348 [])cross< crx, crucis, f. (learned; should have given o [cf.Italiancroce])

cuidadosubst.sorrow, pain, suffering < cogittum (see cuidar)

cuidar/coidar(REW2027)think, believe < cogitre co- + agitre agere

cujo, cuja(REW2371)whose < cuium, cuiam

culpa(REW2379 [])blame < culpam

culpadablamed perf. part. of culpar < culpre culpa (Dinis 22)

curar(REW2412)care [about someone] < crrecra (Dinis 55, pastorela)

dano(REW 2468)harm < damnum

dar(REW 2476)give < dare

de(REW 2488)of, from < d

defender(REW 2517)forbid < *dfendre< dfendere d + *fendere

defensonprohibition < dfnsinemdfnsum perf. part. ofdfendere

deitar (REW 4568.2) lay down; set down; put on top of < *deiectred + iectre -

iectum perf. part. in compounds of iacere

delgada adj. (Torneol 2) slender and subst. (Dinis 17)delicate clothes (REW 2538) ed oi[Cohen & Corriente]) (Solaz 2)

eire(REW 4115a)yesterday< her(Bolseiro 2)

el/ele, eles(REW 4266)he, they < ille, *illes(Williams 140.1)

ela, elas(REW 4266)she, they < illa, ills (Williams 140.1)

elos(REW 4266) < ills

empararvar. ofamparar

emperoalthough en + pero

enprep. (REW 4328)in < in

nadv. (REW 4368) allomorph ofende

enartadafooled, taken by surprise (with non-native intervocalic -n- [see Corominas s.v.arte])

perf. part. of enartar in + artre (REW 684) in +art- (cf. ars, artis, f.) (Garcia

Soares 2)


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18

encobertasubst. por encoberta = to dissemble (see encoberto) (Dinis 11)

encobertoconcealed, hidden perf. part. of encobrir

encobrircover up, conceal< in + cooperre (REW2205) (var. coperre) co- + operre

endeadv.(REW 4368)about that; because of that; of that; for that reason; from there < inde

endadofor no reason < *indntum (seedado)endurar(REW4386)put up with, endure < indrre in + drre drus

enfenger/enfengir(REW4402a+)boast < *infingre/*-fingrein + fingere

enfintaboast < in + *fincta var. officta perf. part. offingere

enganar(REW 4416)trick, deceive < *ingannregannre (see Corominas, s.v.engaar)

enganotrickery enganar

engenartrick var. ofenganar (Reimon Gonalvez 1)

enmentarmention, name < in + *mentre(REW5505) mns, mentis, f.

eno, enos; ena, enas< in + o, os, a, as

ensandecergo crazyformed as if from *insandiscrebased on sandeu, sandia

ensanhar(Cast.)get angry < in +*(in)snire(seeassanhar)(Vinhal 2)

ensinadaben ensinada = discerning < *nsigntumperf. part. of *nsignre(REW4462+)

in + signre signum (cf. nsigntus) (Sevilha 12, pastorela)

entenar [engage in anentenon] entenon(Loureno 4)

entenonpoetic contest < intentinem,infl. by Prov. tens(Loureno 4)

entendedorsuitor, lover < Prov.entend- (seeentender)

entendentefazer entendente = make [somone]believe entender + -ente (Johan Airas 41)

entender(REW 4483)understand, learn of < intendre< intendere in + tendere

enton(REW 4518)then, at that time < in + tunc

entrar(REW 4511)enter < intrre

entre (REW 4485a)between, among < *intre < inter (cf. intr)

enveja(REW 4534)envy < inuidiam (Dinis 41)

enviar (REW 9295) envy < *inuireformed fromin + uia + -are

ervar. of ar (with weakening of a-in proclisis?)

ergasexcept < erg (see GHG234b on analogical-s)

erger(REW 2899.2+)lift up [ones eyes]; get up < *ergre< rigere + regere

ergoexcept < erg (Piel)(REW2892)

ermida (REW 2890) [rural] shrine < LL ermita Grk. ermits ermia (desert)

ermos (deserted, desolate)

erradoperf. part. of errar

errar(REW 2904)make a mistake, do [someone] wrong; be unfaithful < errre

escaecer(REW 2944)be forgotten by;forget < *excadescreex + *cadescere cadere


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escolher(REW 2048)choose < *excolgreex + colligere (seecolher) (Bolseiro 14)

escontra prep.towards< ex + contr

escudeiro(REW 7755+)squire < MLsctriussctum(Ponte 1)

escusardo without< excusre ex + *csrecausa (Ponte 1)

esforarrely on < LLexfortireex + *fortire(REW3456) fortisesforoself-confidence< MLexfortium ex + fortis (Sevilha 8)

esmorecerfaint, swoon < *exmoriscre *exmorre ex + *morre (REW 5681.2) (see

morrer)

espantofright espantar < expa(u)entre (REW 3035) expauns, ~entis pres. part. of

expaureex + paure paure

espedirsay goodbye, take ones leave < *expetreex + petere

espelho(REW 8133)mirror < speclum (Ap. Prob. 2) < speculum

espertar (REW 3043) wake up < *expertre*expert- (forexperrectus perf. part. of intr.

expergiscwake up; cf. trans. expergere, expergitum awaken [see Corominas, s.v.

despierto])

esquivo?repulsive (REW8002+) Germ.*skiuh- (see Kluge, s.v.scheu; cf. OEscoh, Eng.

shy); possible cross with *skibu- Germ. *skiuban (Goth. af-skiuban, reject [GED, A

27], OEscufan thrust away with violence[OED, s.v. shove])*skeubh- (LIV) (Dinis

33)

esse, essa, esso(REW 4541)that, that one < *ipsem, ipsam, ipsum

estadal(REW 8237)candle < *sttulem(scil. cram) (cf. sttuere, sttus2stre (Treez 3)

estar (REW 8231)stand; be < stre

steis < est 3rd sing. pres. act. indic. ofsum, esse

este, esta, esto (REW 4553)this, this one< iste, ista, istud

estorninho(REW8339)starlingsturnus with dimin. suffix (Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)

estrado (REW 8292) [a raised platform in the main room of a dwelling, used as womens

quarters] < strtum perf. part. ofsternere (Guilhade 10)

estragar(REW 8282)destroy formed fromestrago strgs(Dinis 42)

estranhar (REW 3098) find strange; reproach [someone for something] < MLextrnere

extrneusextr (Dinis 45)

eu(REW 2830)I < ego

falatalk, conversation < *falla < fabla (cf. OSp. fabla, favla) < fbula fr (REW 3124)

falar(REW 3125)talk, converse (amorously) < *fallre < *fblre< *fbulre(forfbulr )

fr


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falha (REW 3168) sen falha = without fail; meter en falha = stand [someone] up (Roi

Fernandiz 2) < *fallia prob. via Prov. (LF)fallere

falidoperf. part. offalir

falir (REW 3167)fail < *fallre< fallere

falsidade(learned word with hypercorrect-i-)falsity, treachery < MLfalsittem falsus (seefalso) (Dinis 43)

falso(REW 3171)false, untruthful, unfaithful < falsus perf. part. offallere

fazenda(REW 3129.2)doings, affairs < faciendaacc. pl. neut. gerundive of facere

fazer(REW 3128)do, make < *facre< facere

fe(REW 3285)faith < fidem

feito subst.(REW 3135)fact, deed; situation, matter < factum perf. part. offacere

fera(REW 3264)extreme, intense < feram

feramentethoroughly < fer + mente(Guilhade 9)

feridobeaten < *fertumperf. part. offerre (cf. MLferta)

feridosubst.military service

ferir(REW 3253)strike, beat < ferre

fiar(REW 3282)trust, believe in < *fdre(cf. MLfdntia) var. of fdere

ficar(REW 3290)remain, stay* < *fgicre(cf. fgere)

filha(REW 3303)daughter < fliam

filhar? (REW 6503)take, choose; steal

filho(REW 3303)son; in phrasefilho dalgo = nobleman < flium(Calheiros 7)

finend < fnem(Servando 15)fis(REW 3287+) fazer fiz = make [someone] believe < Prov.fis < fdus

fivela(REW 3278+)buckle < *fbellamvar. of fbulam (Porto Carreiro 1)

flor(REW 3382 [])(see frol)either learned form or borrowed fromProv. (Dinis 16)

fogir (REW 3550.2)run away, flee < *fugre< fugere (Guilhade 20)

folgar (REW 3417)rest < follicre(hang loosely, sag [OLD])follis bag

folia(REW3422 follis)madness, folly < Prov. folia(cf. MLfollia) MLfollis/follus (crazy)

fontana(REW 3426)spring, fountain < MLfontnam(aquam) fns, fontis, m.

fonte(REW3425)spring, fountain < fontem

fora(REW 3455) a fora [here]= against my will < fortianom. pl. offorte (Vinhal 2)

forar(REW 3456)force < MLfortirefortia (seefora)

forte(REW 3457)strong, poweful < fortem

fossado (REW 3461) military service < ML fosstumperf. part. ofML fossre fossa perf.

part. offodere

frances(via Prov. or OF)French < *frankinsemGerm.franko(a Frank)(Avoin 11)


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21

fria(REW 3512.1)cold, chilly < frgidamfrgor (cf. frgre) (Torneol 1)

fremoso(REW 3450)lovely, handsome < formsum(by dissimilation)forma + -oso

frolflower < flrem

frolida(REW 3380+)flowering, in bloom < *flrtaperf. part. ofML*flrrevar. offlrre

fronteira (REW 3533) frontier, border < ML frontria (cf. frontlis frns, frontis, f.)(Charinho 2)

frorvar. offlor

fustan(REW 3618)fustian[skirt?] < ML(pannum) fustneum?

gar ? (REW 3637a) gain Goth. *gainon (confused with guaanhar; see Corominas, s.v.

gana)

gabar(REW 3626)boast < Prov.gabar < Germ.*gabb?(imitative) (Guilhade 12)

galardon? (REW 9529)reward, recompense < MLwiderdonum Germ. wider + Lat. dnum,

semi-translation of OHG *widarlon wider (back, again) + lon (reward,

recompense; cf. Goth. laun [GED, L 21]); but Corominas (s.v. galardn) posits:

*gwedarlaun > *gwelardaun > galardon; perhaps via Prov. or OF.

garceta? (REW 619)tress, lock [of hair]

garda var. ofguarda

garrida(REW 3691)frivolous, flirtatious < *garrtamperf. part. ofgarrre, intr.chatter(Dinis

40)

gasalhadosubst.comfort perf. part. of*gasalhar (REW 3697+) Goth. *ga-saljan saljan

(stay, be a guest [GED, S 18])2. *sel-

gonela(REW 3919) tunic [orcape] < Prov. gonela (cf. MLgunella/gonella dim. of MLgunna

fur cloak) < ? (Sevilha 12, pastorela)

graa(REW 3847a+)blessing < grtiamgrtus(Bolseiro 7)

gracir(REW3848)thank, be grateful for < Prov. grazir < *grtre (infl. by grtia) grtus

gradecer(REW 3848)thank, be grateful forgradoas if< *grtescre

grado(REW 3848)thanks, gratitude[sen meu grado =against my will, etc.] < grtum

gradoarbe happy, feel joy < *grtulre (forgrtulr)grtus

granallomorph of grande (in proclisis, with apocope)

granada(REW3846) [of hazelnut trees] laden [with nuts] < *grntam(cf. MLgrntrius,

grnrium) grnum(Johan Zorro 10)

grande(REW 3842)big < grandem (cf. gran)

grave(REW 3855.1)grave, painful < grauem

greu (REW 3855.2) e non vos seja greu = if you dont mind < Prov. greu (for graue-) by

antonymic contamination with leue- (Coton 1)


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22

groriosaglorious < glrisamglria

guaanhar(w. var.gaanhar), (REW 9483) win Germ. *waidanjan (to pasture)< *waidja

(OEw, OHGweida)

guarda/garda(REW 9502) guard, guardian< Germ. warda < PGerm. *warda- (GED, W 33)

(Corominas says formed fromguardar) 3. *uer- (LIV)guardar(REW 9502)watch over, guardGerm. wardn

guarecerlive, be healthy, get wellguarir

guaridacure, remedy subst. formed from perf. part. of guarir

guarir(REW 9504)live, be healthy, get well, recover, survive < *warir Goth. warjan (GED,

W 35) 1. *uer- (LIV)

guerra(REW 9524a frank.) fazer guerra = take revenge < Germ. werra *uers- (LIV)

guirlanda? (REW 9524)garland (see Corominas, s.v.grinalda) (Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)

guisa(REW 9555)way, manner; condition< Germ. *wsa- (GED, G 78)*ueid- (LIV)

guisadofitting, correct, right perf. part. of guisar

guisar(REW 9555)arrange, work outguisa

i(REW 4252)there, then < ib

idasubst.departure, leaving < ta perf. part. ofre

igreja(REW 2823)church < LLec(c)lsia< Grk.ekklsia ekkltosekkale ek + kale

iguar(REW 237+)be equal to, match < *qulre(cf. aequlis) aequus (Dinis 1)

inda? (REW 4368) var. ofainda

ir(REW 4545)go < re

ira(REW 4542)anger, wrath < ram

irado(REW 4544a)angry < rtum perf. part. of rsc ra

irmana, irma(REW 3742)sister, girlfriend < germnam germen, ~inis, n. ggnere

ja(REW 4572)already, now < iam

ja-quandosometime < iam + quand

ja-quesomething < iam + quid

jazer(REW 4562)lie, lie down < iacre

jogadores(cf. REW 4585, 4586)gamesters, jokers jogar or < *iocultrem(Guilhade 16)

jogar(REW4586)play < ioculre< ioculr ioculus iocus(Charinho 2)

juiz(REW 4599)judge < idicemis + dcere(Johan Airas 11)

julgar(REW 4600)judge (Leonese [Cintra]) < idicre idex (cf. juiz)

juraoath jurar

jurar(REW 4630)swear < irreis, iris, n.


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23

jusoprep.(REW 2567.2) down by < LL isum< deorsum (bisyllabic in Lat.)< d + uorsum

(diosum also documented; infl. by ssum < sursum sub + uorsum perf. part. of

uortere [var. ofuertere]) (Zorro 8)

lado(REW 4935)side < *latum (forlatus, ~eris, n.) (Solaz 2)lago(REW 4836)lake


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24

loadoperf. part. of loar

loar(REW 4938)praise < laudrelaus, laudis, f.

logar(REW 5093)place < loclemlocus

logo(REW 5096)then, later; soon < loc abl. sing. oflocus

lograr(REW 5145)complete < lucrre (forlucrr) lucrum(Lopo 3)loir(hapax) subst. (REW 5153a)playing < *ldre< ldere (Meogo 8)

longe, longiadv.far [from]; [from] afar < long longus

longo(REW 5119)long < longum

louano (REW 4949) lovely, handsome < *lautinum (cf. lautiusculus, with base*lauti-)

lautus perf. part. of laure

louco? (REW9038a)mad, crazy (see Corriente, s.v.loco)

loucuramadnesslouco

louvarvar. of loar

lume(REW 5161)light [often used as term of endearment] < lmen

luz(REW 5190)light; sunlight < lcem

ma= mha (seemeu)

macaralthough


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mandar(REW 5286)send < mandre

maneira(REW 5332)way, manner < manuriamanus

manha(REW 5330.2)mood, temperment < LL*maniam formed frommanus

manhana(REW 5295)morning < *manenammne (Torneol 1)

mano(REW 5339)hand < manummanselinhoadv.softly dimin.ofmanso mnsus, ~tis (var. acc.mnsuem) (REW 5322)

manu- + sus- (related tosuscere)

manto(REW 5328)cloak, mantel < MLmantum(cf. mantellum) (Estevan Coelho 2)

mao, maa(REW 5273)bad, evil < malum, malam

mar/mare(REW 5349)sea < mare

maravilha(REW 5601 [])amazing thing < *marblia< mrblia mrr

maravilhadoamazed perf. part. of maravilhar

maravilharbe amazedmaravilha

marteirosuffering < LLmartyrium < Grk. martyrion

matar? (REW 5401)kill

me(REW 5449)me < m

medes (REW 5551) herself < (ego)metipse = (ego +) -met (enclitic particle attached for

emphasis to certain pronouns [OLD]) + ipse (see esse); cf. Prov. medeis, whence

medes may be borrowed(Dinis 53, pastorela)

medo(REW 5555)fear < metum

meio(REW 5462)half < medium (Johan Airas 22)

melhor(REW 5479)better < melirem

melhorar(REW 5480+)make better < melirremelior

menage(REW4170) pledge of loyalty [to a lord] < Prov. omenatge[LF] < MLhomenagium

(homenaticium) formed from stem ofhom, ~inis, m.

meninhagirl dimin. of *mana < (ger)mna ? (seeirmana)

mente(adverbial suffix)(REW 5496) < mente abl. s. ofmns, mentis, f.

mentesin phrase meter mentes =pay attention, take to heart< ments (acc. pl. ofmns)

mentidorliarmentir as if < *menttrem(Giinzo 6)

mentir(REW 5510)not keep ones word, swear falsely, lie < *mentre< mentr

mentiralie mentir

mentiralliar via Prov.mentir (Dinis 9)

mentreconj.(REW 2794+)while, as long as< dum interim

mosconj.(REW5594)except < minus neut. of minor

mercee(REW 5517)mercy, compassion < mercdemmerx, mercis, f.

merecedordeserving [of]merecer


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merecer(REW 5522)deserve < *merescremerre

mesela(REW 5607)poor girl! < misellam dimin. ofmisera (Porto Carreiro 1)

mester(REW 5589)need < ministerium (perhaps viaProv. or OF) minister1

mesura(REW 5502)goodness, courtesy < mnsrammnsus perf. part. ofmetr

mesurada(REW 5503)courteous < LLmnsrtamperf. part. ofmnsrremnsra(seemesura)

meter(REW 5616 )put, add; meter mentes = pay attention < *mittre< mittere

meu, mha/ma(REW 5556)my < meum, meam

mito me, for me < m < mih

miaused as bisyllabic form ofmha

migo(REW 5450+)with me < mcum (= m + cum) by analogy withm < mih (or < *mcum

[Cunha])

mil(REW 5573)a thousand < mlle

milgranada(REW 5575*)pomegranate tree < mlle + grnta (see granado) (Airas Nunes 3)

milho(REW 5572)millet < milium (Johan Soarez Coelho 5)

minguado(REW 5593)defective, bad < MLminutumperf. part. ofminurevar. ofminuere

minor

mirar(REW 5603.2)gaze < *mrre(formrr)mrus

mizcrar (REW 5606) try to break up [lovers] (not from Cat. [Corominas, s.v. mecer]) < ML

misculremiscre (Johan Airas 35)

moa(REW 5779)girl < musteam (OLD, s.v.musteus, 1:fresh, juicy)< mustum

mocelinhadimin. of moa (Guilhade 9)

molher(REW 5730.2)woman < mulierem

montar(REW 5668) < LLmontre(Dinis 9, v. 9:it doesnt matter to me one way or the other)

monte(REW 5664)mountain, hill < montem (Roi Fernandiz2)

monteiro(REW 5664)mountaineer < montriummontnus mns, montis, m.) (Meogo

3)

morada subst.delay < morta perf. part. of*morre(seemorar) (Froiaz 1)

morar(REW 5674)live, stay < *morre(formorr)mora

morrer(REW 5681die < *morrre(formor)

mortal(REW 5691a)mortal, deadly < mortlemmors, mortis, f.

morte(REW 5688)death < mortem mor

morto(REW 5695)dead < mortuum

mostrar(REW 5665)show < mstrre (var. of mnstrre [OLD])mnstrum

mover(REW 5703) preito mover = raise a question < moure(Sevilha 11)

muiproclitic form of muito with apocope


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mudar(REW 5785)change < mtre(Johan Airas 0)

muitoadv.very < multum

muito, muita(REW 5740)much, great; many, < multum, multam

mundo(REW 5749)world < mundum

nacer(REW 5832)be born < *nscre(fornsc)

nada(REW 5851)born < nta (scil. rs) perf. part. ofnsc

namoradain love < *inamrtumperf. part. of *inamrre (see namorar)

namorado subst. boyfriend

namorarwoo(in perf.: m el namorada he wooed me [Servando 1])< *inamrreformed

from in + amor + -re

naturalnative [du so natural = where Im from]< ntrlem (non-native word)ntus

(seenada) (Sevilha 12, pastorela)

navio(REW 5862)boat, ship < nuigiumnuigre nuis + agere

negar(REW 5876) hide < negre

nembrar(REW 5489)come to mind < memorrememoria memor

nemiga (REW 5885+) nothing at all, a slander < ne(c) + mca (not from inimca; see

nemigalha) (Johan Airas 32)

nemigalha(REW 5885;cf. 5559)[not] at all < ne(c) + *mcculammca (Briteiros 3)

nen (REW 5868) nor < necne < nec + ne (usually derived from nec with loss of -c and

assimilated final nasal; Williams 66b)

nenun, nena(REW 5875 nec nus) none, not one, no < necne num, necne na (seenenand un)

no, nos; na, nas< in + illum, ills; illam, ills

nobresnoble < nbils(nscere) (Johan Airas 4)

noite(REW 5973)night < noctem

nojar(REW4448) annoy from Prov. enojar < inodire in + *odire(REW 9701) (forod)

(Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)

nojoei noj n = it annoys me < in odio (seenojar) (Dinis 55, pastorela)

non(REW 5951)not < nn

nosco< noscumwith us (Ap. Prob. 220)by analogy, fornbiscum nbis + cum

nosso, nossa (REW5961)our, ours< nostrum, nostram ns

nostro(REW 5961)our learned word< nostrum ns

novo(REW 5972)new < nouum

novasnews < nous


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nulho, nulha? adj.(REW 5992)no; nulha ren = nothing; nulha sazon = at no time; nulh

ome = no man, nobody < *nlliam var. stem ofnllus (gen. nllus/nllius) ne +

llus (Leite de Vasconcellos derives from Prov., Nobiling from Cast.;see Michalis, s.v.

nulha)

nunca(REW 5995)never < numqua (Ap. Prob. 219),var. ofnunquam < ne + umquam

o,osart. and pron.< illu(m), ills

cajon(REW 6029+)disgrace < occsinem occidere ob + cadere (conject. in Dinis

31, v. 31)

ogano(REW 4161)this year, not long ago < hc ann (abl. ofhic annus) (Garcia Soarez 2)

oi(REW 4163) (via Cast.?)today< hodi hc di

oimais(REW 4163)from now on < hodi + magis (see oi and mais)

oir(REW 779)hear, listen to < audre

oje(REW 4163)today, now < hodihc + di (see dia)

olho(REW 6038)eye < oclum(cf. Ap. Prob. 111)< oculus

ome, omen(REW 4170)man; one [a person] < hominem

omildoso(REW 4235+)humble GP omilde humilis (humus) + osowith-d-prob. from

stem of humilittem(Dinis 50)

onda(REW 9059)wave < undam

onde(REW 9062)whence < unde

oraadv.(REW 4176)now < hram < Grk.hra (Cornu derives fromad hram)

oraonprayer < oratinemorre

orar(REW 6081)pray < orre

osmar? (REW6112) imagine < LL(Grk.) *osmre(cf. REW 246 esmar [not in Amigo]