7 - 1CH110: Solutions CH110 Chapter 9: Solutions Types & Formation of Solutions SolubilityElectrolytes Solution Concentration Dilution Colloids & Suspensions

7 - 1CH110: Solutions

CH110 Chapter 9: Solutions

Types & Formation of Solutions

Solubility

Electrolytes

Solution Concentration

Dilution

Colloids & Suspensions

Osmosis & Dialysis


Sugar in waterSaline

Oxygen in waterAir

Dental fillings

SolutionsA solution =

A homogeneous mixture components.


Solutions

Na+

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

Solvent : component in greater amount

(The dissolver)• Water• Alcohol

Solute: component in lesser amount

(The dissolved)• NaCl

• Sugar


Solutions

• the solute can’t be filtered out

•always stays mixed

•particles are always in motion

•volumes not additive

• solute evenly dispersed


Solutions

Solid solutionsdental fillings, 14K gold (58% Au ),

Brass (Zn in Cu),

Steel (C in Fe),

Liquid solutions

Gaseous solutionsAir,

Solid in Solid

Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)

Soda,

Vodka,

Saline,

Gas in Liquid

Liquid in Liquid

Solid in Liquid

Gas in Gas


Hydrogen Bonding of Water

H

HO

d+

d+d-

H H

Od+ d+

d-

H

H

Od+

d+

d-

Hydrogen BondsH H

Od+ d+

d-

Polar Attraction



Hydrogen Bonds


Frozen H2O: Slow moving moleculesH-Bond in patterns



Hydration

“Like Dissolves Like”“Like Dissolves Like”

Polar water attracts to

Na+ and Cl- ions

Polar water attracts to

Na+ and Cl- ions


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

Od-

d+

d+

H HOd-

d+d+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+ H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+H

HO-

+H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O- +H

HO- +H

HO- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +H

HO- +H

HO

-+

HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+ HH

O-+

Hydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

HO

-+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

HO

-+

HH

O-+

Hydration

“Like Dissolves Like”“Like Dissolves Like”


SaturationUnsaturated:

Can dissolve more.

Saturated Have dissolved all possible

Undissolved Solids in equilibrium

w/ dissolved particles

Undissolved Solids in equilibrium

w/ dissolved particles


Solubility

How much solute will dissolve in a solvent

grams solute mls solutiongrams solute mls solution

Factors affecting solubility

• Polarity

• Temperature

• Pressure


Polarity vs Solubility

Like Dissolves Like

NaCl dissolves in H2O

But not in C6H14

NaCl dissolves in H2O

But not in C6H14

Oil dissolves in C6H14

But not in H2O

Oil dissolves in C6H14

But not in H2O

Polar Attracts Polar

Nonpolar Attracts Nonpolar


Gases More soluble

when

P increases

Solids & Liquids unaffected

SolP

Pressure vs Solubility

P Sol


HENRY’S LAWThe solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure on the liquid.

P SolT

If P goes up Gas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)


If P goes down Gas solubility goes down(gases escape)

HENRY’S LAW

P SolT

Soda under high pressure

Soda under low pressure

Example: opening a soda.


The “Bends”

Lots of dissolved N2

High P

Less dissolved gases

Lower P

Quick ascent Get bubbles in blood & joints extreme pain


The “Bends”

Lots of dissolved gases

High P

Less dissolved

gases

Lower PN2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord,

and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions.

Effects often irreversible.

N2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord,

and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions.

Effects often irreversible.


“Nitrogen Narcosis”,

= nitrogen euphoria or raptures of the deep.

(Effect somewhat like that observed

when alcohol levels rise in the blood.)

So, Helium

often substituted for

N2 in divers air.

Nitrogen Narcosis


Temperature vs Solubility

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 20 40 60 80 100

SO2

KCl

glycine

NaBr

KNO3

sucrose

So

lub

ility

(g/1

00m

l wat

er)

Temperature (oC)

GasGas

NaCl


Gases & most liquids less soluble

when

T increases

Solids more soluble

SolT

T

Sol



The solubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely related to the temperature .

If T goes up Gas solubility goes down(gases escape)


Gas Solubility

T

S

T S

T

S


Carbonated beverages bottled cold.


Divers with bends often packed in ice for transport

to hyperbaric chamber.



Cold H2O holds more gas than warm H2O

If hot rivers lose too much dissolved O2 the fish can’t survive.


Electrolytes

Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

Ionic Covalent

Dissolved Ions No Ions

NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl-


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

ElectrolytesIonic

Strong

Lots of Ions

Weak

Only a few Ions

H+

HF

H+F1-

F1-

HF

HF

NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl- HF H+ + F-HF H+ + F-


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Electrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodium Na1+ 1potassium K1+ 1calcium Ca2+ 2magnesium Mg2+ 2

chloride Cl1- 1 Sulfate SO4

2- 2Phosphate PO4

3- 3

Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter


1 pair =

1 dozen =

1 mole =

1 pair =

1 dozen =

1 mole =

The Mole

1 mol eggs___

6.02 x 1023eggs

1 mol Au_______

6.02 x 1023 Au atoms

_____1 mole H2O_____

6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules

2

12

6.02 x 1023

602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Electrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes meq/l sodium Na1+ 135 -

145potassium K1+ 3.5 -

5.0calcium Ca2+ 4.5 - 5.5magnesium Mg2+ 1.5 - 2.5

chloride Cl1- 95 - 105

bicarbonate, HCO31-

venous 19 - 25

arterial 22 - 26

1000 mEq = 1 Eq1000 mEq = 1 Eq


= # ml solute 100 ml solution

mass percent = m/m %mass

Concentration of solutions

• Percent = %• Percent = %

•Molarity = M•Molarity = M

mass percent = m/v %volume

How much solute is in a solutionHow much solute is in a solution

= # g solute100 g solution

Volume percent = v/v %volume

= # g solute 100 ml solution

= # mol solute 1 L solution


Mass/Volume %

Mass solute x 100 = m/v % Total Volume

5 g NaCl200 ml sln

If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?

Saline is a 0.9 m % solution of NaCl in water. v

Part x 100 = % Whole

= 2.5 m % v= 2.5 m % v

= # g solute 100 ml solution

2.5x 100 100


Volume/Volume %

Volume solute Total Volume

x 100 =

10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln

If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?

Alcohol in beverages measured as v % v

Part Whole

x 100 =

5 v % v


% as Conversion Factor

How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.

How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.

2.00 L sln

1000 mL sln 1 L sln

5 g Glc100 mL sln

= g Glu100

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

or


% as Conversion Factor

How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 ozglass of wine that is 11% v/v.How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 ozglass of wine that is 11% v/v.

8 oz sln

1 qt sln 32 oz sln

946 ml sln1 qt sln

11 ml Alc100 ml sln

= ml Alc26

11 mL Alc

100 mL sln

11 mL Alc

100 mL sln

100 mL sln

11 mL Alc

100 mL sln

11 mL Alc

or


Molarity

M = M =

moles solute = molliters of solution Lmoles solute = molliters of solution L

A 1 M glucose solutioncontains the same #

molecules as 1 M ethanol.

[ ] = special symbol which means mols L

[ ] = special symbol which means mols L


Solution preparationSolutions are typically prepared in 2 ways:

mixing the proper amount of solute and solvent.

dilution of a concentrated solution.


100 ml sln 1 L sln1000 ml sln

0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln

58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl

Making a solution

How many g’s of NaCl do you need to weigh out?

= grams NaCl

Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride.

2.922

0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln

1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl

or


Making a solution

To make the solution:Weigh out 2.922 grams NaCl and transfer to a

volumetric flask.

Fill flask about 1/3 of the way with water and gently swirl until the salt dissolves.

Dilute exactly to themark, cap and mix.

Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride.


Dilution

moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2

C1V1 = C2V2


Dilution

C1 = 15 % C2 = ?V1 = 100.0 ml V2 = 2000

ml

C1 = 15 % C2 = ?V1 = 100.0 ml V2 = 2000

ml

What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 15 % NaOH to 2.000 liters?

What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 15 % NaOH to 2.000 liters?

C1V1 = C2V2

C2 = C1V1 V2

C2 = (15 %) (100.0 ml) = 0.75 % (2000. ml)

C2 = (15 %) (100.0 ml) = 0.75 % (2000. ml)


Colloids & SuspensionsColloid: Homogeneous mix

But not a solution.Particles larger (10-7 to 10-5 cm)

than in a sln (<10-7 cm). But still don’t settle out.

Suspension: Heterogeneous mix

Large particles may settle out & can be filtered.


Colloids

Solid MediumStyrofoamJelly,Opals Pearls,Concrete

Liquid Medium

Gaseous MediumFog,

Smoke

Solid in Solid = solid sol

Liquid in Solid = Gel

Cool whip,

milk,

paint,blood

Gas in Liq = foamLiquid in Liquid = emulsionSolid in Liquid = sol

Gas in Solid = foam

Liquid dispersed in Gas = Aerosol

Solid in Gas = Aerosol


Tyndal effect

Unlike solutions, colloidal suspensions exhibit light scattering.

1 2 3

1. purple gold sol

2. copper sulfate solution

3. iron(III) hydroxide colloid


Osmosis

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Semipermeable membrane

Concentrated Sln Dilute Sln

Solvent & small particles move

Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated sln


OsmosisApply P

To return To original level

Hydrostatic POn membrane


Osmotic pressure (p)P required to stop osmosis.


Solution TypesIsotonic• Concentration is same on

both sides.Red blood cell & plasma

Isotonic• Concentration is same on

both sides.Red blood cell & plasma

Hypertonic• Concentration greater outside • crenation - water leaves cell

Hypertonic• Concentration greater outside • crenation - water leaves cell

Hypotonic• Concentration greater inside • hemolysis - cell swells &

ruptures

Hypotonic• Concentration greater inside • hemolysis - cell swells &

ruptures


Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic


IsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids

IsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids

HypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt H2O, Sitz baths with epsom salts

HypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt H2O, Sitz baths with epsom salts

HypotonicUsed to rehydrate tissueHypotonicUsed to rehydrate tissue

Osmosis and IV solutions


Dialysis

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Membrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisConcentrated Sln Dilute Sln

Solvent & small particles move

The process where solvent and other small molecules can pass through a membrane.


water, ions and small molecule

out

Dialysis

By passing large amounts of a pure solvent past the membrane, we can flush out all but the largest components.

purewater in

Process to treat renal disease.

Documents

7 - 1CH110: Solutions CH110 Chapter 9: Solutions Types & Formation of Solutions SolubilityElectrolytes Solution Concentration Dilution Colloids & Suspensions