Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
7-1 Life Is Cellular The Discovery of the CellReview the cell in relation to:- Its definition- The origin of life- The characteristics of life- The hierarchy of biological organization- The science of biology
Label as much as you can of this white blood cell (3 major components).
What did the discovery of the cell as the basic unit of life depend on?
Nucleus(not all)Cytoplasm
(Cytosol + Organelles)
Plasma Membrane
2
The Discovery of the CellIdentify this scientist.
Identify the material in the micrograph.
What did he observe in 1665?
What did he establish?
How?
(Robert Hooke)
Identify this scientist.
What did he observe in 1670?
What did he establish?
(Anton van Leeuwenhoek)
What did he call them?
What do we call them today?
Early Microscopes
3
The Development Of Cell Theory The Discovery of the Cell
Identify this scientist.
What did he observe in 1838?
What did he establish?
How?
(Matthias Schleiden)
Identify this scientist.
What did he observe in 1839?
What did he establish?
How?
(Theodor Schwann)
Identify this scientist.
What did he observe in 1855?
What did he establish?
How?
(Rudolph Virchow)
What are the 3 postulates of cell theory?
(Omnis cellula e cellula)
4
Exploring the CellTypes Of Microscopes
What are the two major classes of microscopes?
Which type produces greater resolution and magnification? How many times?What is the drawback for this type of microscope?
Identify, compare & contrast the two types of microscopes that created these micrographs.
5HeLa Cells (Henrietta Lacks, 1951)
Exploring the Cell
Which of the two major classes of microscopes produced the micrograph on the left? What does it use that is different?
Types Of Microscopes
What is it called?
Which of the two major classes of microscopes produced the micrograph on the right? What does it use that is different?What is it called?
6
10 m
1 m
Human height
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
Chicken egg
0.1 m
1 cm
Frog egg1 mm
100 µm
Most plant andanimal cells
10 µmNucleus
1 µm
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses100 nm
10 nm
Ribosomes
Proteins
Lipids
1 nmSmall molecules
Atoms0.1 nm
Unaided eye
Light microscope
Electron microscope
How small are cells?Note the relationship between this chart and the hierarchy of biological organization.
Identify and label each different unit of measure along the scale.
What is the base unit for all of these units?
What is the mathematical equivalent of each unit relative to the base unit? (How many are there in one base unit?)
Define each using scientific notation.
Now that you have this knowledge, note the size ranges occupied by the two major cell types.
7
What are three structural (and functional) components that all living cells share?
Two Major Cell Types
Create a two column table that compares the two major cell types. Include the following: 1) Column labels identifying each cell type
2) A labeled drawing of each cell type
3) Compare the following: Nucleus, Organelles, Size range,When evolved, Kingdoms of each.
Prokaryotes were first and set up the system we all live within!
8
Prokaryote S & FThe top diagram represents a heterotrophic prokaryote. The bottom, an autotrophic prokaryote. Label the diagrams with BOTH structure & function.
“Simple” cells can perform all basic life funcitons!
9
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries7-3 Cell Boundaries
What is an aqueous solution?Identify the component of blood that the cells are bathed in?
What is the cytosol? Study the diagram...
How do the environments inside and outside the cells compare? (They are both...)What is it?
Is this true for all cells?What is the boundary that separates these environments?Is it only a boundary, or does it do more? Life is in aqueous solution!
10
Example Calculations
100 g NaCl in 1 L H2O = ______ g/L
10 g NaCl in 100 ml H2O = _____ g/ml or
_____ g/L since there are 1000 ml in a L
Diffusion Through Cell BoundariesMeasuring Concentration
Name & define the two components of a solution?In this example, identify which is which?
Review
Define the concentration ([ ]) of a solution?
Explain why water is the “universal solvent” and dissolves sodium chloride so easily?
Therefore what kind of solution is this?
What makes one solution more concentrated relative to another?
How is concentration measured and calculated?
Mass or Number of Particles/Volume
Define the mixture known as a solution.
What is a dilute solution?
Note: There are many ways concentration can be expressed. All indicate the relative amount of solute in solvent.
11
Diffusion
Describe what the person in the diagram is doing.How would you describe the concentration of dye molecules (particles) in the area where they are initially added relative to the rest of the container?Define concentration gradient ([ ]
g) and relate it to this example.
As time passes, describe what happens to the dye molecules relative to the [ ]g.
Define diffusion and relate it to this example.Describe the distribution of dye molecules at the end of this example.
Red Dye
WaterTime
Define equilibrium and relate it to this example.
Particles diffuse along their [ ]g to equilibrium!
Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
12
The Cell MembraneReviewIdentify three major components of ALL cells.Define plasma membrane.Define cell wall.
Cells of which Kingdoms have a cell wall.Differentiate between the plasma membrane and cell wall in terms of function.
The plasma membrane is a selective barrier!
13
The Plasma Membrane
What are cells mostly made of?Study the top left diagram. What molecule is this?Relate the space-filling model to the symbolic model and identify the two major regions.Define and differentiate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.Observe the liposome diagram. When do these form?The middle diagram is a magnified view of the barrier surrounding the liposome. Define phospholipid bilayer.
Explain why phospholipid bilayers form when phospholipid molecules are in aqueous solution. Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers!
What do they resemble?
14Passive diffusion REQUIRES NO CELLULAR ENERGY!
Extracellular
Intracellular
Plasma
Define permeable in relation to the membrane and solute.
Passive Diffusion
Define and differentiate between extracellular and intracellular.
What is the first pane of the diagram showing in terms of the distribution of solute across the membrane? (What do we call this?)
Time
Describe how the distribution of solute is changing using specific vocabulary.
Describe the final distribution of solute and explain why the arrows are now pointing in both directions.Define dynamic equilibrium.
15
Differentiate between impermeable, semipermeable, and selectively permeable.
Explain how the diagram shows the concentration difference between solutions.Are the solute particles the only particles in solution? Explain!
What is the relationship between the number of solute particles and the number of “free” water molecules in solution?Identify and label all concentration gradients in this example.
Explain the meaning of “free”.
Will all molecules in this example diffuse along their concentration gradient?
Movement of water
Dilute sugar solution (100ml)
Concentrated sugar solution
Sugar molecules
Semipermeable Membrane
(Water molecules not shown)
Time
125ml 75ml100ml 100ml
Define osmosis. Differentiate between hyper, hypo and isotonic.Define tonicity.Osmosis is the diffusion of water through membranes!
Osmosis
Determine what the membrane is impermeable and permeable to.
16
Osmosis
Compare this example with the previous one. What is the significant difference?Define osmotic pressure.
Describe how the two sides of a semipermeable membrane are affected differently.
Differentiate between the two sides in terms of solute concentration, “free” water molecules, and tonicity. Label them!
Realize the consequence of this for cells!
Osmotic pressure is dangerous!
17
Plasmolysis Cytolysis
OsmosisIdentify the “animal cell” in this example.
Relate the hypertonic case to solute concentration and “free” water molecules.
Which osmotic environment is actually preferred by plant cells and why?
Identify the two structural differences between animal and plant cells.
Describe, explain, and differentiate the hypertonic result for each cell type.
Relate the hypotonic case to solute concentration and “free” water molecules.
Describe, explain, and differentiate the hypotonic result for each cell type.
Define plasmolysis.
Define cytolysis.
Relate this to homeostasis.
Define turgor.
In terms of tonicity, what do your cells prefer?
What organ system maintains your osmotic balance?
Osmotic balance is crucial!
What would happen to your blood cells if your hospital IV solution is too concentrated? Too dilute?
Define crenation.
Define interstitial fluid. Define osmoregulation.
18
Outside of cell
Cell membrane
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Protein channel
Proteins
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate chains
Cell Membrane Constituents
Define the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
Identify the protein in this diagram involved in membrane transport.
Molecules from which class of organic compound are attached to some proteins?What is the function of these glycoproteins?What other function can membrane proteins perform?The plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer alone forms which type of barrier?What effect do certain proteins embedded in the bilayer have on permeability?
What other types of transport proteins are there?
Membrane function depends on proteins!
19
Facilitated Diffusion
Protein channel or carrier
Glucose molecules
Facilitated diffusion requires what?
What are three characteristics of solute particles that determine whether they are membrane permeable?
Differentiate between channel and carrier proteins.
What is a gated channel?What are two ways gates can be opened?
Define facilitated diffusion.
Define passive transport.
A passive form of carrier transport!
20
Active TransportMolecule or ion to be carried
High Solute Concentration
Low Solute Concentration
PUMP
Define active transport.Active transport does not require what?Active transport proteins are also known as what?The energy for active transport is supplied by what?
What does active transport allow cells to do that passive transport does not?
Use ATP to pump particles against their [ ]g!
21
What two things indicate that this is active transport? Explain!
What is the direction of the [Na+]
g?
If membrane permeable, which direction would each type of ion diffuse?
What direction are both these ions being pumped relative to their [ ]
g?
[Na+]g
[K+]g
Describe what the pump does in terms of the kind of ions, number of ions and the direction pumped.Explain how this pump would result in a difference in charge across the membrane.
Active Transport
Define electrogenic pump.
[K+]g?
Is the phospholipid bilayer permeable to these ions? Why?
A ubiquitous electrogenic pump!
22
“cell eating”“cell drinking” Highly specific!
Active TransportBulk Transport
Define bulk transport.Explain why it is a form of active transport.
Define and translate endocytosis.Define, translate and describe phagocytosis.Define, translate and describe pinocytosis.Define and describe receptor-mediated endocytosis.Compare and contrast these three forms of endocytosis.Predict the fate of each vacuole/vesicle contents.
Plasma membrane actively engulfs large quantities!
23
Active TransportBulk Transport
Plasma membrane actively releases large quantities!
Define, translate, and describe exocytosis.
When the cell is specialized to manufacture and release compounds through exocytosis, what is the process known as?Think of one example.What classes of compounds might the ER produce for exocytosis?What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in this example?
Predict the fate of the secretory vesicle membrane.
This series of organelles are part of what organelle system?
24
The Diversity of Cellular Life
Identify this organism.Is it microscopic or macroscopic?Is it unicellular or multicellular?
How do you know?How do you know?
How do you know?
What kind of organisms dominate life on Earth?
Because they are microscopic, what are unicellular organisms collectively known as?Which Kingdoms include unicellular organisms?
We live within the system created and run by microbes!
Unicellular Organisms
Colorized TEM
10µm
25
Explain how the diversity of multicellular organisms stems from the cellular level.
Which Kingdoms include multicellular organisms?
What is this a photo of?What is happening in this photo?What would have been different a short time before this photo was taken?Predict what will happen next, and continue, considering the number of cells, differentiation and specialization.
How do multicellular organisms start out?
We all developed from one cell that divided and differentiated!
The Diversity of Cellular LifeMulticellular Organisms
26
Multicellular Organisms
Define cell differentiation.
Differentiation & Specialization
Define cell specialization.Identify each of these specialized cells.Determine the function of each of these specialized cells.
We are made up of over 200 specialized cell types!
27
Multicellular Organisms
All multicellular organisms have specialized cells!
Differentiation & Specialization
Identify this micrograph.What are the small openings called?What are the two cells on either side of each opening called?What are these cells specialized to do?What life process does this regulate in the plant?
28
Levels Of Multicellular Organization
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
Smooth muscle tissueMuscle cell Stomach Digestive system
Level & Definition Level & Definition Level & Definition
Level & Definition
7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.