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Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Biology (8BI01)First examination 2014
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology (9BI01)First examination 2014
Issue 5
6SHFL¿FDWLRQGCE Biology
Edexcel GCE in Biology – Foreword
(GH[FHO�LV�GHOLJKWHG�WKDW�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�GHYHORSHG�LQ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�6DOWHUV�1XI¿HOG�$GYDQFHG�%LRORJ\�SURMHFW��ZKLFK�OHDGV�WKH�¿HOG�LQ�LQQRYDWLYH�DSSURDFKHV�to teaching and learning in biology at A level.
6DOWHUV�1XI¿HOG�$GYDQFHG�%LRORJ\�LV�D�FROODERUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�PDMRU�IRUFHV�IRU�innovation in science education: the University of York Science Education Group and the 1XI¿HOG�)RXQGDWLRQ��%RWK�KDYH�D�ORQJ�DQG�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�KLVWRU\�RI�VHPLQDO�FXUULFXOXP�SURMHFWV�LQ�VFLHQFH�DQG�KDYH�FRPELQHG�WKHLU�H[SHULHQFH�WR�GHYHORS�D�ELRORJ\�FRXUVH�ZKLFK�PHHWV�WKH�QHHGV�RI�WRGD\¶V�VWXGHQWV�
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1Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Introduction
About this specification
The Edexcel GCE in Biology is designed for use in schools and colleges. It is a part of a suite of GCE TXDOL¿FDWLRQV�RIIHUHG�E\�(GH[FHO�
Flexible and inspiring7KH�(GH[FHO�*&(�%LRORJ\�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�GHVLJQHG�WR�HQJDJH�DQG�LQVSLUH�VWXGHQWV�E\�VKRZLQJ�KRZ�DQ�understanding of many contemporary issues requires a grasp of fundamental biological ideas.
It offers centres a choice of WZR�ZHOO�SURYHQ�WHDFKLQJ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�VW\OHV�ZLWKLQ�RQH common assessment structure.
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� D�FRQFHSW�OHG�DSSURDFK��7KLV�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�ODZV��WKHRULHV�DQG�PRGHOV�RI�ELRORJ\�DQG�¿QLVKHV�ZLWK�DQ�H[SORUDWLRQ�RI�WKHLU�SUDFWLFDO�DSSOLFDWLRQV
� D�FRQWH[W�OHG�WRSLF�DSSURDFK��7KLV�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�DQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKDW�GUDZV�RQ�PDQ\�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�ELRORJ\��DQG�WKHQ�PRYHV�RQ�WR�WKH�ELRORJLFDO�FRQFHSWV�XQGHUO\LQJ�WKLV�DSSOLFDWLRQ�
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Manageable and well supported7KLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�KDV�D�UHDOLVWLF��PDQDJHDEOH�OHYHO�RI�FRQWHQW�DQG�DVVHVVPHQW��2QH�XQLW�LQ�HDFK�RI�$6�DQG�$��is an internally assessed practical unit and extensive support for the practical assessment is available.
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Supporting you
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Contents
Contents © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
A Specification at a glance 4
B Specification overview 8
Summary of assessment requirements 8
Assessment objectives and weightings 10
Relationship of assessment objectives to units 10
Qualification summary 10
How Science Works 13
C Biology unit content 15
Course structure 16
Introduction to the context and concept approaches 17
Introduction to the recommended core practicals 17
Concept-led approach 19
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health 21
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment 27
Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival 33
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination 39
Context-led approach based on the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology Project 45
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health 47
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment 55
Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival 61
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination 67
Contents
3Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Contents
Generic unit (Concept and Context) 75
Unit 3 Practical Biology and Research Skills 77
Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills 85
D Assessment and additional information 97
Assessment information 97
Additional information 101
E Resources, support and training 103
Resources to support the specification 103
Edexcel’s own published resources 103
Edexcel publications 104
Additional resources endorsed by Edexcel 104
Edexcel support services 106
Training 107
F Appendices 109
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions 111
Appendix 2 Glossary of terms used 117
Appendix 3 How Science Works mapping 121
Appendix 4 Wider curriculum 129
Appendix 5 Codes 131
Appendix 6 Further resources and support 133
Appendix 7 Mathematical requirements 135
4 Section A © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
A Specification at a glance
AS Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health *Unit code 6BI01
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
40%
RI�WKH�WRWDO�$6�PDUNV
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� VWUXFWXUH�DQG�IXQFWLRQ�RI�FDUERK\GUDWHV��OLSLGV�DQG�SURWHLQV��HQ]\PH�DFWLRQ
� VWUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FHOO�PHPEUDQHV��SDVVLYH�DQG�DFWLYH�WUDQVSRUW
� structure and role of DNA and RNA
� UHSOLFDWLRQ��SURWHLQ�V\QWKHVLV
� monohybrid inheritance
� gene mutations
� SULQFLSOHV�RI�JHQH�WKHUDS\��VRFLDO�DQG�HWKLFDO�LVVXHV�
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7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU�30 minutes.
Specification at a glance A
5Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section A
AS Unit 2: Development, Plants and the Environment *Unit code 6BI02
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
40%
RI�WKH�WRWDO�$6�PDUNV
����RI�WKH�WRWDO�GCE
PDUNV
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� cell structure and ultrastructure of eukaryote and prokaryote cells: cell specialisation
� the role of meiosis
� JHQRW\SH�DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�LQÀXHQFH
� stem cell research and its implications
� ELRGLYHUVLW\��DGDSWDWLRQV�DQG�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ�
� principles of taxonomy
� plant cell structure
� WUDQVSRUW�RI�ZDWHU�LQ�SODQWV
� uses of plant products.
$VVHVVPHQW:
7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU�30 minutes.
A Specification at a glance
6 Section A © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
AS Unit 3: Practical Biology and Research Skills *Unit code 6BI03
� Internally assessed
� Availability: June
20%
RI�WKH�WRWDO�$6�PDUNV
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PDUNV
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6WXGHQWV�ZULWH�D�UHSRUW��HLWKHU�D�UHFRUG�RI�D�YLVLW�WR�D�VLWH�RI�ELRORJLFDO�LQWHUHVW�RU�D�report of research into a biological topic.
6WXGHQWV¶�SUDFWLFDO�VNLOOV�ZLOO�EH�DVVHVVHG�E\�WKH�WHDFKHU�DJDLQVW�FULWHULD�SURYLGHG�LQ�WKH�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ��3OHDVH�VHH�8QLW���6HFWLRQ�����3DUW����3UDFWLFDO�ELRORJ\�VNLOOV�RQ�SDJH����
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7HDFKHUV�KDYH�WKH�RSWLRQ�RI�PDUNLQJ�WKH�UHSRUW�DQG�KDYLQJ�LW�PRGHUDWHG�E\�(GH[FHO��RU�KDYLQJ�LW�H[WHUQDOO\�PDUNHG�E\�(GH[FHO��7KH�ZRUN�PXVW�UHÀHFW�WKH�VWDQGDUG�DW�Advanced Subsidiary level.
A2 Unit 4: The Natural Environment and Species Survival *Unit code 6BI04
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� Availability: June
40%
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� SKRWRV\QWKHVLV��HQHUJ\�WUDQVIHU�ZLWKLQ�HFRV\VWHPV�
� HYLGHQFH�IRU�JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ
� evolution through natural selection and speciation
� nutrient recycling
� '1$�SUR¿OLQJ�DQG�3&5
� structure of bacteria and viruses
� infectious diseases (eg AIDS and TB) and immunology.
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7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU�30 minutes.
Specification at a glance A
7Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section A
A2 Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination *Unit code 6BI05
� Externally assessed
� Availability: June
40%
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� FRQWURO�DQG�IXQFWLRQLQJ�RI�KHDUW��YHQWLODWLRQ�DQG�FDUGLDF�RXWSXW
� homeostasis
� the nervous system
� LPSDFW�RI�H[HUFLVH�RQ�ERG\��DQG�LPSURYLQJ�SHUIRUPDQFH
� hormonal coordination
� brain structure and development
� imbalances in brain chemicals
� +XPDQ�*HQRPH�3URMHFW�
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7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU�45 minutes.
A2 Unit 6: Practical Biology and Investigative Skills *Unit code 6BI06
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� Availability: June
20%
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6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�FRPSOHWH�D�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RI�DQ�H[SHULPHQWDO�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ��ZKLFK�WKH\�have devised and carried out.
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Teachers have the option of marking the report or having it externally marked by (GH[FHO��7KH�ZRUN�PXVW�UHÀHFW�WKH�VWDQGDUG�H[SHFWHG�DW�$GYDQFHG�*&(�OHYHO�
* See Appendix 5 IRU�GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�WKLV�FRGH�DQG�DOO�RWKHU�FRGHV�UHOHYDQW�WR�WKLV�TXDOL¿FDWLRQ�
8 Section B © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
B Specification overview
Summary of assessment requirements
8QLW�QXPEHU�DQG�XQLW�WLWOH� /HYHO $VVHVVPHQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ 1XPEHU�RI�PDUNV�DOORFDWHG�LQ�WKH�XQLW
8QLW����/LIHVW\OH��7UDQVSRUW��*HQHV�DQG�+HDOWK
AS 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU����PLQXWHV�DQG�ZLOO�LQFOXGH�
� REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV�
� structured questions
� VKRUW�DQVZHU�TXHVWLRQV
DQG�ZLOO�DOVR�FRYHU�
� How Science Works
� practical-related questions.
80 marks
8QLW����'HYHORSPHQW��3ODQWV�and the Environment
AS 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU����PLQXWHV�DQG�ZLOO�LQFOXGH�
� REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV�
� structured questions
� VKRUW�DQVZHU�TXHVWLRQV�
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� How Science Works
� practical-related questions.
80 marks
Unit 3: Practical Biology and Research Skills
AS 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�VXEPLW�D�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RI�EHWZHHQ������DQG������ZRUGV�ZKLFK�ZLOO�EH�PDUNHG�by the teacher and moderated by Edexcel or externally marked by Edexcel. The report may be either a record of a visit to a site of biological interest or a report of research into a biological topic.
During the course of teaching Units 1 and 2 WHDFKHUV�ZLOO�REVHUYH�VWXGHQWV�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�DQG�ZLOO�EH�UHTXLUHG�WR�VXEPLW�D�YHUL¿FDWLRQ�RI�SUDFWLFDO�VNLOOV�UHFRUG�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�UHFRPPHQGHG�FRUH�SUDFWLFDOV�±�VHH�SDJH����
There is no separate content for this unit.
40 marks
Unit 4: The Natural Environment and Species Survival
A2 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU����PLQXWHV�DQG�ZLOO�LQFOXGH�
� practical–related questions
� structured questions
� VKRUW�DQVZHU�TXHVWLRQV
DQG�ZLOO�DOVR�FRYHU�
� How Science Works
� practical-related questions.
90 marks
Specification overview B
9Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section B
8QLW�QXPEHU�DQG�XQLW�WLWOH� /HYHO $VVHVVPHQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ 1XPEHU�RI�PDUNV�DOORFDWHG�LQ�WKH�XQLW
8QLW����(QHUJ\��([HUFLVH�DQG�Coordination
A2 7KLV�XQLW�LV�DVVHVVHG�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZULWWHQ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�SDSHU��ZKLFK�ODVWV���KRXU����PLQXWHV�DQG�ZLOO�LQFOXGH��REMHFWLYH�TXHVWLRQV�
� structured questions
� VKRUW�DQVZHU�TXHVWLRQV�
DQG�ZLOO�DOVR�FRYHU�
� How Science Works
� practical-related questions.
$�WKLUG�RI�WKH�PDUNV�LV�UHODWHG�WR�VSHFL¿HG�SUH�released reading.
90 marks
Unit 6: Practical Biology and Investigative Skills
A2 6WXGHQWV�ZLOO�FRPSOHWH�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ��7KLV�LV�D�ZULWWHQ�UHSRUW�RI�DQ�H[SHULPHQWDO�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ��ZKLFK�WKH\�KDYH�devised and carried out and includes synoptic DVVHVVPHQW��7KLV�SLHFH�RI�ZRUN�ZLOO�EH�PDUNHG�by the teacher and moderated by Edexcel or externally marked by Edexcel.
During the course of teaching Units 4 and 5 WHDFKHUV�ZLOO�REVHUYH�VWXGHQWV�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�DQG�ZLOO�EH�UHTXLUHG�WR�VXEPLW�D�YHUL¿FDWLRQ�RI�SUDFWLFDO�VNLOOV�UHFRUG�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�recommended core practicals and the individual investigation.
There is no separate content for this unit.
45 marks
Information for international centres
A 100 per cent examination option is available ONLY to LQWHUQDWLRQDO�FHQWUHV�ZLVKLQJ�WR�WDNH�*&(�%LRORJ\��7KLV�ZLOO�WDNH�WKH�IRUP�RI�DOWHUQDWLYH�ZULWWHQ�SDSHUV�IRU�8QLWV���DQG���
This option is QRW available for home centres.
,QWHUQDWLRQDO�SULYDWH�FHQWUHV��LQFOXGLQJ�DOO�FHQWUHV�HQWHULQJ�FDQGLGDWHV�YLD�WKH�%ULWLVK�&RXQFLO��DUH�QRW�SHUPLWWHG�WR�HQWHU�candidates for internal assessment and therefore must take the DOWHUQDWLYH�ZULWWHQ�SDSHUV���
For further details please refer to the Edexcel international ZHEVLWH�ZZZ�HGH[FHO�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�RUJ�
B Specification overview
10 Section B © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Assessment objectives and weightings
��LQ�$6 ��LQ�$���LQ�GCE
$2�.QRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�VFLHQFH�DQG�RI�How Science
Works30–34% 26–30% 30–34%
$2�$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�VFLHQFH�DQG�RI�How Science Works
34–40% 42–48% 38–44%
$2� +RZ�6FLHQFH�:RUNV 28% 26% ���
7RWDO 100% 100% 100%
Relationship of assessment objectives to units
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$2� $2� $2� 7RWDO�IRU�$2���$2��$2�
Unit 1 8-9% 8–9% 3% 19–21
Unit 2 8-9% 8–9% 3% 19–21
Unit 3 1% 1–2% 8% 10–11
Unit 4 �±�� 10–11% 2% 14–21
Unit 5 �±�� 10–12% 2% 18–21
Unit 6 – 1% 9% 10
7RWDO�IRU�$GYDQFHG�*&(
������ ��±��� 27% 100
Qualification summary
Subject criteria 7KH�*HQHUDO�&HUWL¿FDWH�RI�(GXFDWLRQ�LV�SDUW�RI�WKH�/HYHO���SURYLVLRQ��7KLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�LV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�$GYDQFHG�6XEVLGLDU\�*&(�DQG�$GYDQFHG�*&(�VXEMHFW�FULWHULD�IRU�6FLHQFH��ZKLFK�LV�SUHVFULEHG�E\�WKH�UHJXODWRU\�DXWKRULWLHV�DQG�LV�PDQGDWRU\�IRU�DOO�DZDUGLQJ�ERGLHV�
Specification overview B
11Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section B
Aims The aims of the GCE in Biology are to enable students to:
D� GHYHORS�WKHLU�LQWHUHVW�LQ��DQG�HQWKXVLDVP�IRU��ELRORJ\�LQFOXGLQJ�developing an interest in further study and careers in the VXEMHFW
E� DSSUHFLDWH�KRZ�VRFLHW\�PDNHV�GHFLVLRQV�DERXW�ELRORJ\�UHODWHG�LVVXHV�DQG�KRZ�ELRORJ\�FRQWULEXWHV�WR�WKH�VXFFHVV�RI�WKH�economy and society
F� GHYHORS�DQG�GHPRQVWUDWH�D�GHHSHU�DSSUHFLDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VNLOOV��NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�How Science Works
G� GHYHORS�HVVHQWLDO�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�GLIIHUHQW�DUHDV�RI�ELRORJ\�DQG�KRZ�WKH\�UHODWH�WR�HDFK�RWKHU�
AS/A2 Knowledge and understanding
7KLV�$GYDQFHG�6XEVLGLDU\�DQG�$GYDQFHG�*&(�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�UHTXLUHV�students to:
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� VHOHFW��RUJDQLVH�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWH�UHOHYDQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LQ�D�variety of forms
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AS/A2 Practical biology and investigative skills
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13Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section B
How Science Works
How Science Works�LV�D�QHZO\�LQWURGXFHG�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�*&(�6FLHQFH�FULWHULD��WKDW�EXLOGV�RQ�IURP�WKH�.H\�6WDJH���3URJUDPPH�RI�6WXG\�IRU�VFLHQFH��7KH�WDEOH�EHORZ�WDNHV�WKH�VWDWHPHQWV�IURP�WKH�FULWHULD�DQG�JLYHV�JXLGDQFH�RQ�KRZ�WKHVH�VWDWHPHQWV�ZLOO�EH�DVVHVVHG�LQ�WHUPV�RI�ZKDW�ZH�H[SHFW�WKH�VWXGHQW�WR�NQRZ��XQGHUVWDQG�RU�EH�DEOH�WR�GR��7KLV�WDEOH�LV�UHIHUUHG�WR�in each of the units. How Science Works�ZLOO�EH�DVVHVVHG�LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�WKH�XQLW�FRQWHQW��How Science Works is mapped to the learning outcomes in Appendix 3 on page 123.
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8 Communicate information and ideas LQ�DSSURSULDWH�ZD\V�XVLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�terminology
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B Specification overview
14 Section B © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
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10 Consider ethical issues in the WUHDWPHQW�RI�KXPDQV��RWKHU�RUJDQLVPV�and the environment
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15Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
C Biology unit content
Concept-led approach
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health 21
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment 27
Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival 33
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination 39
Context-led approach (based on the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology Project)
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health 47
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment 55
Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival 61
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination 67
Generic units (Concept and Context)
Unit 3 Practical Biology and Research Skills 77
Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills 85
C Biology unit content
16 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Course structure
� (GH[FHO¶V�*&(�LQ�%LRORJ\�FRPSULVHV�VL[�XQLWV�DQG�FRQWDLQV�DQ�Advanced Subsidiary subset of three AS units.
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Biology unit content C
17Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Introduction to the context and concept approaches
Each unit may be taught based on either a context approach or a concept approach:
1. &RQFHSW�DSSURDFK – starts on page 19.
7KLV�DSSURDFK�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�VWXG\�RI�WKH�WKHRULHV�DQG�SULQFLSDOV�RI�biology and then explores their practical applications.
2. &RQWH[W�DSSURDFK – starts on page 45.
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7KH�WZR�DSSURDFKHV�DUH�EDVHG�RQ�FRPPRQ�ELRORJLFDO�FRQWHQW�DQG�assessment. The difference is in the presentation of the learning RXWFRPHV�RI�8QLWV���������DQG���WR�UHÀHFW�WKHVH�DSSURDFKHV��
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C Biology unit content
18 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Biology unit content C
19Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
CONCEPT-LED APPROACH
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20 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
C Biology unit content
Concept approach
21Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
1.1 Unit description
Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
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Topic 2: Genes and health
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1.2 Assessment information
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22 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
1.3 Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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�� ([SODLQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�ZDWHU�DV�D�VROYHQW�LQ�WUDQVSRUW��including its dipole nature.
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5 Describe the synthesis of a triglyceride by the formation of HVWHU�ERQGV�GXULQJ�FRQGHQVDWLRQ�UHDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�JO\FHURO�DQG�WKUHH�IDWW\�DFLGV�DQG�UHFRJQLVH�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�saturated and unsaturated lipids.
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Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Unit 1
23Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
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11 Explain the course of events that leads to atherosclerosis �HQGRWKHOLDO�GDPDJH��LQÀDPPDWRU\�UHVSRQVH��SODTXH�IRUPDWLRQ��UDLVHG�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��
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18 Analyse and interpret quantitative data on illness and mortality rates to determine health risks (including GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ�EHWZHHQ�FRUUHODWLRQ�DQG�FDXVDWLRQ�DQG�UHFRJQLVLQJ�FRQÀLFWLQJ�HYLGHQFH��
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24 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
19 Evaluate design of studies used to determine health risk IDFWRUV��LQFOXGLQJ�VDPSOH�VHOHFWLRQ�DQG�VDPSOH�VL]H�XVHG�WR�collect data that is both valid and reliable).
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1.4 Topic 2: Genes and health
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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2 ([SODLQ�KRZ�PRGHOV�VXFK�DV�WKH�ÀXLG�PRVDLF�PRGHO�RI�FHOO�membranes are interpretations of data used to develop VFLHQWL¿F�H[SODQDWLRQV�RI�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FHOO�membranes.
3 ([SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�RVPRVLV�LQ�WHUPV�RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW�RI�IUHH�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV�WKURXJK�D�SDUWLDOO\�SHUPHDEOH�PHPEUDQH��FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�ZDWHU�SRWHQWLDO�LV�QRW�UHTXLUHG��
4 ([SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�SDVVLYH�WUDQVSRUW��GLIIXVLRQ��IDFLOLWDWHG�GLIIXVLRQ���DFWLYH�WUDQVSRUW��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�$73���HQGRF\WRVLV�DQG�H[RF\WRVLV�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�involvement of carrier and channel proteins in membrane transport.
5 'HVFULEH�KRZ�PHPEUDQH�VWUXFWXUH�FDQ�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\��HJ�E\�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�DOFRKRO�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RU�WHPSHUDWXUH�RQ�PHPEUDQH�SHUPHDELOLW\.
6 Describe the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living RUJDQLVPV��ODUJH�VXUIDFH�DUHD�WR�YROXPH�UDWLR��WKLFNQHVV�RI�VXUIDFH��GLIIHUHQFH�LQ�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous exchange.
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Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Unit 1
25Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
�� 'HVFULEH�WKH�EDVLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI�DQ�DPLQR�DFLG��VWUXFWXUHV�RI�VSHFL¿F�DPLQR�DFLGV�DUH�QRW�UHTXLUHG��DQG�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�polypeptides and proteins (as amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds in condensation reactions) and explain the VLJQL¿FDQFH�RI�D�SURWHLQ¶V�SULPDU\�VWUXFWXUH�LQ�GHWHUPLQLQJ�its three-dimensional structure and properties (globular DQG�¿EURXV�SURWHLQV�DQG�W\SHV�RI�ERQGV�LQYROYHG�LQ�WKUHH�dimensional structure).
8 ([SODLQ�WKH�PHFKDQLVP�RI�DFWLRQ�DQG�VSHFL¿FLW\�RI�HQ]\PHV�in terms of their three-dimensional structure and explain WKDW�HQ]\PHV�DUH�ELRORJLFDO�FDWDO\VWV�WKDW�UHGXFH�DFWLYDWLRQ�HQHUJ\��FDWDO\VLQJ�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�LQWUDFHOOXODU�DQG�extracellular reactions.
9 'HVFULEH�KRZ�HQ]\PH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�FDQ�DIIHFW�WKH�UDWHV�RI�UHDFWLRQV�DQG�KRZ�WKLV�FDQ�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\�E\�PHDVXULQJ�WKH�LQLWLDO�UDWH�RI�UHDFWLRQ.
10 Describe the basic structure of mononucleotides (as a GHR[\ULERVH�RU�ULERVH�OLQNHG�WR�D�SKRVSKDWH�DQG�D�EDVH��LH�WK\PLQH��XUDFLO��F\WRVLQH��DGHQLQH�RU�JXDQLQH��DQG�WKH�structures of DNA and RNA (as polynucleotides composed of mononucleotides linked through condensation reactions) and GHVFULEH�KRZ�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�EDVH�SDLULQJ�DQG�WKH�K\GURJHQ�ERQGLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�VWUDQGV�DUH�LQYROYHG�LQ�the formation of the DNA double helix.
11 Describe DNA replication (including the role of DNA SRO\PHUDVH���DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�0HVHOVRQ�DQG�6WDKO¶V�FODVVLF�H[SHULPHQW�SURYLGHG�QHZ�GDWD�WKDW�VXSSRUWHG�WKH�DFFHSWHG�theory of replication of DNA and refuted competing theories.
12 ([SODLQ�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�JHQHWLF�FRGH��WULSOHW�FRGH�RQO\��QRQ�overlapping and degenerate not required at AS).
13 Describe a gene as being a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
14 2XWOLQH�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�SURWHLQ�V\QWKHVLV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�WUDQVFULSWLRQ��WUDQVODWLRQ��PHVVHQJHU�51$��WUDQVIHU�RNA and the template (antisense) DNA strand (details of the mechanism of protein synthesis on ribosomes are not required at AS).
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26 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
15 ([SODLQ�KRZ�HUURUV�LQ�'1$�UHSOLFDWLRQ�FDQ�JLYH�ULVH�WR�PXWDWLRQV�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�F\VWLF�¿EURVLV�UHVXOWV�IURP�RQH�RI�a number of possible gene mutations.
16 ([SODLQ�WKH�WHUPV�JHQH��DOOHOH��JHQRW\SH��SKHQRW\SH��UHFHVVLYH��GRPLQDQW��KRPR]\JRWH�DQG�KHWHUR]\JRWH��DQG�H[SODLQ�PRQRK\EULG�LQKHULWDQFH��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�JHQHWLF�SHGLJUHH�GLDJUDPV��LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�WUDLWV�VXFK�DV�F\VWLF�¿EURVLV��DOELQLVP��WKDODVVDHPLD��JDUGHQ�SHD�KHLJKW�DQG�seed morphology.
�� ([SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ�RI�D�JHQH�PXWDWLRQ�LQ�SHRSOH�ZLWK�F\VWLF�¿EURVLV�LPSDLUV�WKH�IXQFWLRQLQJ�RI�WKH�JDVHRXV�H[FKDQJH��GLJHVWLYH�DQG�UHSURGXFWLYH�V\VWHPV�
18 Describe the principles of gene therapy and distinguish EHWZHHQ�VRPDWLF�DQG�JHUP�OLQH�WKHUDS\�
19 ([SODLQ�WKH�XVHV�RI�JHQHWLF�VFUHHQLQJ��LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ�RI�FDUULHUV��SUHLPSODQWDWLRQ�JHQHWLF�GLDJQRVLV�DQG�SUHQDWDO�testing (amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) and discuss the implications of prenatal genetic screening.
20 Identify and discuss the social and ethical issues related to JHQHWLF�VFUHHQLQJ�IURP�D�UDQJH�RI�HWKLFDO�YLHZSRLQWV�
Concept approach
27Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
2.1 Unit description
Topic 3: The voice of the genome
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Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
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Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
2.3 Topic 3: The voice of the genome
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
�� 'HPRQVWUDWH�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWLYH�VNLOOV�LGHQWL¿HG�LQ�QXPEHUV���DQG���in the table of How Science Works on page 13 of this VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�
�� 'LVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�HXNDU\RWLF�DQG�SURNDU\RWLF�FHOOV�LQ�terms of their structure and ultrastructure.
3 Describe the ultrastructure of an animal (eukaryotic) FHOO��QXFOHXV��QXFOHROXV��ULERVRPHV��URXJK�DQG�VPRRWK�HQGRSODVPLF�UHWLFXOXP��PLWRFKRQGULD��FHQWULROHV��O\VRVRPHV��DQG�*ROJL�DSSDUDWXV) and recognise these organelles from EM images.
4 Explain the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) DQG�WKH�*ROJL�DSSDUDWXV�LQ�SURWHLQ�WUDQVSRUW�ZLWKLQ�FHOOV�DQG�LQFOXGLQJ�LWV�UROH�LQ�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�H[WUDFHOOXODU�HQ]\PHV�
�� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WKH�FHOOV�RI�PXOWLFHOOXODU�RUJDQLVPV�FDQ�EH�RUJDQLVHG�LQWR�WLVVXHV��WLVVXHV�LQWR�RUJDQV�DQG�RUJDQV�LQWR�systems.
�� ([SODLQ�WKH�UROH�RI�PLWRVLV�DQG�WKH�FHOO�F\FOH�IRU�JURZWK�DQG�asexual reproduction.
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8 Explain the role of meiosis in the production of gametes and genetic variation through recombination of alleles and genes including independent assortment and crossing over (details of the stages of meiosis are not required).
�� ([SODLQ�KRZ�PDPPDOLDQ�JDPHWHV�DUH�VSHFLDOLVHG�IRU�WKHLU�functions.
Concept approach
29
Development, Plants and the Environment Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10 Describe the process of fertilisation in mammals and ÀRZHULQJ�SODQWV��VWDUWLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�DFURVRPH�UHDFWLRQ�LQ�PDPPDOV�DQG�SROOHQ�WXEH�JURZWK�LQ�SODQWV�DQG�HQGLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�IXVLRQ�RI�WKH�QXFOHL��DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�fertilisation in sexual reproduction.
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12 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WRWLSRWHQF\�FDQ�EH�GHPRQVWUDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\�XVLQJ�SODQW�WLVVXH�FXOWXUH�WHFKQLTXHV�
���([SODLQ�KRZ�FHOOV�EHFRPH�VSHFLDOLVHG�WKURXJK�GLIIHUHQWLDO�JHQH�H[SUHVVLRQ��SURGXFLQJ�DFWLYH�P51$�OHDGLQJ�WR�V\QWKHVLV�RI�SURWHLQV��ZKLFK�LQ�WXUQ�FRQWURO�FHOO�SURFHVVHV�or determine cell structure in animals and plants (details of transcription factors are not required at AS).
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Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
2.4 Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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3 Compare the structure and function of the polysaccharides starch and cellulose including the role of hydrogen bonds EHWZHHQ�!-glucose molecules in the formation of cellulose PLFUR¿EULOV�
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�� ,GHQWLI\�VFOHUHQFK\PD�¿EUHV�DQG�[\OHP�YHVVHOV�DV�VHHQ�WKURXJK�a light microscope.
8 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�WHQVLOH�VWUHQJWK�RI�SODQW�¿EUHV�SUDFWLFDOO\.
�� ([SODLQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�ZDWHU�DQG�LQRUJDQLF�LRQV��QLWUDWH��calcium ions and magnesium ions) to plants.
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Concept approach
31
Development, Plants and the Environment Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
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13 Explain the terms biodiversity and endemism and describe KRZ�ELRGLYHUVLW\�FDQ�EH�PHDVXUHG�ZLWKLQ�D�KDELWDW�XVLQJ�VSHFLHV�ULFKQHVV�DQG�ZLWKLQ�D�VSHFLHV�XVLQJ�JHQHWLF�GLYHUVLW\��HJ�YDULHW\�RI�DOOHOHV�LQ�D�JHQH�SRRO�
14 Describe the concept of niche and discuss examples of DGDSWDWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLVPV�WR�WKHLU�HQYLURQPHQW��EHKDYLRXUDO��physiological and anatomical).
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16 Discuss the process and importance of critical evaluation of QHZ�GDWD�E\�WKH�VFLHQWL¿F�FRPPXQLW\��ZKLFK�OHDGV�WR�QHZ�taxonomic groupings (ie three domains based on molecular phylogeny).
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C Biology unit content
32 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Concept approach
33Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
3.1 Unit description
Topic 5: On the wild side
This topic builds an appreciation that photosynthesis is the SULPDU\�SURFHVV�WKDW�XQGHUSLQV�WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�HFRV\VWHPV��DQG�SURYLGHV�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KRZ�HFRV\VWHPV�ZRUN��7KH�WRSLF�FRQWLQXHV�E\�ORRNLQJ�DW�ZKHWKHU�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�ZLOO�OHDG�WR�H[WLQFWLRQ�RI�VSHFLHV�RU�HYROXWLRQ�E\�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ��DQG�ORRNV�DW�WKH�HYLGHQFH�IRU�JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ�DQG�LWV�HIIHFWV�RQ�SODQWV�DQG�DQLPDOV��%\�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�WRSLF�VWXGHQWV�VKRXOG�DSSUHFLDWH�KRZ�VFLHQWL¿F�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�FDQ�PDNH�XV�DZDUH�RI�RXU�UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV�DV�VWHZDUGV�RI�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�
Topic 6: Infection, immunity and forensics
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3.2 Assessment information
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Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
3.3 Topic 5: On the wild side
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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2 Describe the structure of chloroplasts in relation to their role in photosynthesis.
3 Describe the overall reaction of photosynthesis as requiring HQHUJ\�IURP�OLJKW�WR�VSOLW�DSDUW�WKH�VWURQJ�ERQGV�LQ�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV��VWRULQJ�WKH�K\GURJHQ�LQ�D�IXHO��JOXFRVH��E\�FRPELQLQJ�LW�ZLWK�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�DQG�UHOHDVLQJ�R[\JHQ�LQWR�the atmosphere.
4 Describe the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis LQFOXGLQJ�KRZ�OLJKW�HQHUJ\�LV�WUDSSHG�E\�H[FLWLQJ�HOHFWURQV�LQ�FKORURSK\OO�DQG�WKH�UROH�RI�WKHVH�HOHFWURQV�LQ�JHQHUDWLQJ�$73��and reducing NADP in photophosphorylation and producing R[\JHQ�WKURXJK�SKRWRO\VLV�RI�ZDWHU�
�� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�SKRVSKRU\ODWLRQ�RI�$'3�UHTXLUHV�HQHUJ\�DQG�KRZ�K\GURO\VLV�RI�$73�SURYLGHV�DQ�LPPHGLDWH�VXSSO\�RI�energy for biological processes.
6 Describe the light-independent reactions as reduction of carbon dioxide using the products of the light-dependent UHDFWLRQV��FDUERQ�¿[DWLRQ�LQ�WKH�&DOYLQ�F\FOH��WKH�UROH�RI�*3��*$/3��5X%3�DQG�58%,6&2��DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�SURGXFWV�DV�VLPSOH�VXJDUV�WKDW�DUH�XVHG�E\�SODQWV��DQLPDOV�DQG�RWKHU�RUJDQLVPV�LQ�UHVSLUDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�V\QWKHVLV�RI�QHZ�ELRORJLFDO�PROHFXOHV��LQFOXGLQJ�SRO\VDFFKDULGHV��DPLQR�DFLGV��OLSLGV�DQG�nucleic acids).
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Concept approach
35
The Natural Environment and Species Survival Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
�� 'LVFXVV�KRZ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�WKH�FDUERQ�F\FOH�FDQ�OHDG�WR�methods to reduce atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (including the use of biofuels and reforestation).
10 Explain that the numbers and distribution of organisms in a habitat are controlled by biotic and abiotic factors.
11 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�FDUU\�RXW�D�VWXG\�RQ�WKH�HFRORJ\�RI�D�KDELWDW�WR�SURGXFH�YDOLG�DQG�UHOLDEOH�GDWD��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�XVH�RI�TXDGUDWV�DQG�WUDQVHFWV�WR�DVVHVV�DEXQGDQFH�DQG�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLVPV�DQG�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�DELRWLF�IDFWRUV��HJ�VRODU�HQHUJ\�LQSXW��FOLPDWH��WRSRJUDSK\��R[\JHQ�DYDLODELOLW\�DQG�HGDSKLF�IDFWRUV�.
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13 Describe the concept of succession to a climax community.
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16 Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of HQ]\PH�DFWLYLW\�LQ�SODQWV��DQLPDOV�DQG�PLFUR�RUJDQLVPV�
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18 Analyse and interpret different types of evidence for JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ�DQG�LWV�FDXVHV��LQFOXGLQJ�UHFRUGV�RI�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�OHYHOV��WHPSHUDWXUH�UHFRUGV��SROOHQ�LQ�SHDW�ERJV�and dendrochronology) recognising correlations and causal relationships.
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Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
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3.4 Topic 6: Infection, immunity and forensics
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The Natural Environment and Species Survival Unit 4
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
6 'HVFULEH�KRZ�'1$�FDQ�EH�DPSOL¿HG�XVLQJ�WKH�SRO\PHUDVH�FKDLQ�UHDFWLRQ��3&5�.
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9 Describe the role of micro-organisms in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of carbon.
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���([SODLQ�KRZ�EDFWHULDO�DQG�YLUDO�LQIHFWLRXV�GLVHDVHV�KDYH�D�VHTXHQFH�RI�V\PSWRPV�WKDW�PD\�UHVXOW�LQ�GHDWK��LQFOXGLQJ�the diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and +XPDQ�,PPXQRGH¿FLHQF\�9LUXV��+,9��
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Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
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Concept approach
39Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
4.1 Unit description
Topic 7: Run for your life
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Topic 8: Grey matter
7KLV�WRSLF�EHJLQV�E\�FRQVLGHULQJ�KRZ�SODQWV�GHWHFW�DQG�UHVSRQG�WR�FKDQJHV�LQ�WKHLU�HQYLURQPHQW��7KLV�LV�IROORZHG�E\�GHWDLOV�RI�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�PDPPDOLDQ�QHUYRXV�V\VWHP��including imaging techniques to investigate the brain. This LV�GHYHORSHG�LQWR�DQ�HQTXLU\�LQWR�KRZ�LPEDODQFHV�LQ�EUDLQ�FKHPLFDOV�PD\�UHVXOW�LQ�FRQGLWLRQV�VXFK�DV�3DUNLQVRQ¶V�GLVHDVH�DQG�LWV�WUHDWPHQW�ZLWK�GUXJV��7KH�WRSLF�UHTXLUHV�VWXGHQWV�WR�GLVFXVV�WKH�HWKLFV�RI�WKH�+XPDQ�*HQRPH�3URMHFW�DQG�WR�FRQVLGHU�WKH�ULVNV�DQG�EHQH¿WV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�XVH�RI�JHQHWLFDOO\�PRGL¿HG�RUJDQLVPV�
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Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
4.2 Assessment information
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4.3 Topic 7: Run for your life
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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3 Explain the contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the VOLGLQJ�¿ODPHQW�WKHRU\��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�DFWLQ��P\RVLQ��WURSRQLQ��WURSRP\RVLQ��FDOFLXP�LRQV��&D2+���$73�DQG�$73DVH�
Concept approach
41
Energy, Exercise and Coordination Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
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5 Describe the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the respiratory substrate (eg glucose) to release carbon GLR[LGH�DV�D�ZDVWH�SURGXFW�DQG�UHXQLWLQJ�RI�K\GURJHQ�ZLWK�DWPRVSKHULF�R[\JHQ�ZLWK�WKH�UHOHDVH�RI�D�ODUJH�DPRXQW�RI�energy.
6 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�UDWH�RI�UHVSLUDWLRQ�SUDFWLFDOO\.
�� 5HFDOO�KRZ�SKRVSKRU\ODWLRQ�RI�$'3�UHTXLUHV�HQHUJ\�DQG�KRZ�hydrolysis of ATP provides an accessible supply of energy for biological processes.
8 Describe the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic UHVSLUDWLRQ��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�SKRVSKRU\ODWLRQ�RI�KH[RVHV��WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�$73��UHGXFHG�FRHQ]\PH�DQG�S\UXYDWH�DFLG�(details of intermediate stages and compounds are not required).
9 Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation RI�JOXFRVH�DQG�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH��&22���$73��reduced NAD and reduced FAD (names of other compounds are not required) and that respiration is a many-stepped SURFHVV�ZLWK�HDFK�VWHS�FRQWUROOHG�DQG�FDWDO\VHG�E\�D�VSHFL¿F�LQWUDFHOOXODU�HQ]\PH�
10 Describe the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�HOHFWURQ�WUDQVSRUW�FKDLQ�LQ�PLWRFKRQGULD��including the role of chemiosmosis and ATPase.
11 Explain the fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in animals.
12 Understand that cardiac muscle is myogenic and describe the QRUPDO�HOHFWULFDO�DFWLYLW\�RI�WKH�KHDUW��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROHV�RI�WKH�VLQRDWULDO�QRGH��6$1���WKH�DWULRYHQWULFXODU�QRGH��$91��DQG�WKH�EXQGOH�RI�+LV��DQG�KRZ�WKH�XVH�RI�HOHFWURFDUGLRJUDPV��(&*V��FDQ�DLG�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�FDUGLRYDVFXODU�GLVHDVH��&9'��and other heart conditions.
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Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
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14 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�H[HUFLVH�RQ�WLGDO�YROXPH�DQG�EUHDWKLQJ�UDWH�XVLQJ�GDWD�IURP�VSLURPHWHU�WUDFHV.
15 Explain the principle of negative feedback in maintaining V\VWHPV�ZLWKLQ�QDUURZ�OLPLWV�
16 Discuss the concept of homeostasis and its importance in maintaining the body in a state of dynamic equilibrium during H[HUFLVH��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�WKH�K\SRWKDODPXV�DQG�WKH�mechanisms of thermoregulation.
���([SODLQ�KRZ�JHQHV�FDQ�EH�VZLWFKHG�RQ�DQG�RII�E\�'1$�transcription factors including hormones.
18 Analyse and interpret data on possible disadvantages of H[HUFLVLQJ�WRR�PXFK��ZHDU�DQG�WHDU�RQ�MRLQWV��VXSSUHVVLRQ�of the immune system) and exercising too little (increased ULVN�RI�REHVLW\��FRURQDU\�KHDUW�GLVHDVH��&+'��DQG�GLDEHWHV���recognising correlation and causal relationships.
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���2XWOLQH�WZR�HWKLFDO�SRVLWLRQV�UHODWLQJ�WR�ZKHWKHU�WKH�XVH�RI�performance-enhancing substances by athletes is acceptable.
Concept approach
43
Energy, Exercise and Coordination Unit 5
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
4.4 Topic 8: Grey matter
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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�� 'HVFULEH�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�IXQFWLRQ�RI�VHQVRU\��UHOD\�DQG�PRWRU�QHXURQHV�LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�6FKZDQQ�FHOOV�DQG�myelination.
�� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�D�QHUYH�LPSXOVH��DFWLRQ�SRWHQWLDO��LV�FRQGXFWHG�along an axon including changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions and the role of the nodes of Ranvier.
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�� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WKH�QHUYRXV�V\VWHPV�RI�RUJDQLVPV�FDQ�GHWHFW�VWLPXOL�ZLWK�UHIHUHQFH�WR�URGV�LQ�WKH�UHWLQD�RI�PDPPDOV��WKH�UROHV�RI�UKRGRSVLQ��RSVLQ��UHWLQDO��VRGLXP�LRQV��FDWLRQ�channels and hyperpolarisation of rod cells in forming action potentials in the optic neurones.
�� ([SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�QHUYRXV�V\VWHPV�RI�RUJDQLVPV�FDQ�FDXVH�HIIHFWRUV�WR�UHVSRQG�DV�H[HPSOL¿HG�E\�SXSLO�GLODWLRQ�DQG�contraction.
�� &RPSDUH�PHFKDQLVPV�RI�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�LQ�SODQWV�DQG�DQLPDOV��LH�QHUYRXV�DQG�KRUPRQDO��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�,$$�LQ�phototropism (details of individual mammalian hormones are not required).
9 Locate and state the functions of the regions of the human EUDLQ¶V�FHUHEUDO�KHPLVSKHUHV��DELOLW\�WR�VHH��WKLQN��OHDUQ�DQG�IHHO�HPRWLRQV���K\SRWKDODPXV��WKHUPRUHJXODWH���FHUHEHOOXP�(coordinate movement) and medulla oblongata (control the heartbeat).
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Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
���'HVFULEH�WKH�XVH�RI�PDJQHWLF�UHVRQDQFH�LPDJLQJ��05,���functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans in medical diagnosis and investigating brain structure and function.
���'LVFXVV�ZKHWKHU�WKHUH�H[LVWV�D�FULWLFDO�µZLQGRZ¶�ZLWKLQ�ZKLFK�humans must be exposed to particular stimuli if they are to develop their visual capacities to the full.
12 Describe the role animal models have played in developing H[SODQDWLRQV�RI�KXPDQ�EUDLQ�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�IXQFWLRQ��LQFOXGLQJ�+XEHO�DQG�:LHVHO¶V�H[SHULPHQWV�ZLWK�PRQNH\V�DQG�kittens.
13 Consider the methods used to compare the contributions of QDWXUH�DQG�QXUWXUH�WR�EUDLQ�GHYHORSPHQW��LQFOXGLQJ�HYLGHQFH�IURP�WKH�DELOLWLHV�RI�QHZERUQ�EDELHV��DQLPDO�H[SHULPHQWV��VWXGLHV�RI�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZLWK�GDPDJHG�EUDLQ�DUHDV��WZLQ�VWXGLHV�and cross-cultural studies.
���'HVFULEH�KRZ�DQLPDOV��LQFOXGLQJ�KXPDQV��FDQ�OHDUQ�E\�habituation.
15 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�KDELWXDWLRQ�WR�D�VWLPXOXV.
16 Discuss the moral and ethical issues relating to the use of DQLPDOV�LQ�PHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK�IURP�WZR�HWKLFDO�VWDQGSRLQWV�
���([SODLQ�KRZ�LPEDODQFHV�LQ�FHUWDLQ��QDWXUDOO\�RFFXUULQJ��brain chemicals can contribute to ill health (eg dopamine in 3DUNLQVRQ¶V�GLVHDVH�DQG�VHURWRQLQ�LQ�GHSUHVVLRQ��DQG�WR�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�QHZ�GUXJV�
���([SODLQ�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�GUXJV�RQ�V\QDSWLF�WUDQVPLVVLRQV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�XVH�RI�/�'RSD�LQ�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�RI�3DUNLQVRQ¶V�disease and the action of MDMA in ecstasy.
���'LVFXVV�KRZ�WKH�RXWFRPHV�RI�WKH�+XPDQ�*HQRPH�3URMHFW�DUH�EHLQJ�XVHG�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�QHZ�GUXJV�DQG�WKH�VRFLDO��moral and ethical issues this raises.
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Biology unit content C
45Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
CONTEXT-LED APPROACH BASED ON THE SALTERS-NUFFIELD
ADVANCED BIOLOGY PROJECT
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46 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Context approach – Salters-N
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47Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 1 Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
5.1 Unit description
Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
7KLV�WRSLF�EXLOGV�RQ�VWXGHQWV¶�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�the functioning of the circulatory system and the importance of lifestyle choices to health. The role of diet and other lifestyle factors in maintenance of good health is considered ZLWK�SDUWLFXODU�UHIHUHQFH�WR�WKH�KHDUW�DQG�FLUFXODWLRQ�DQG�WR�FDUGLRYDVFXODU�GLVHDVH��&9'���7KH�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�IXQFWLRQV�RI�VRPH�FDUERK\GUDWHV�DQG�OLSLGV�DUH�DOVR�GHWDLOHG�ZLWKLQ�WKLV�FRQWH[W��,GHDV�DERXW�FRUUHODWLRQ��FDXVDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI�risks to health are covered.
Topic 2: Genes and health
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5.2 Assessment information
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48 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
5.3 Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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�� ([SODLQ�ZK\�PDQ\�DQLPDOV�KDYH�D�KHDUW�DQG�FLUFXODWLRQ��PDVV�transport to overcome limitations of diffusion in meeting the requirements of organisms).
2 ([SODLQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�ZDWHU�DV�D�VROYHQW�LQ�WUDQVSRUW��including its dipole nature.
8 ([SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�VWUXFWXUHV�RI�EORRG�YHVVHOV��FDSLOODULHV��arteries and veins) relate to their functions.
� 'HVFULEH�WKH�FDUGLDF�F\FOH��DWULDO�V\VWROH��YHQWULFXODU�V\VWROH�and diastole) and relate the structure and operation of the PDPPDOLDQ�KHDUW�WR�LWV�IXQFWLRQ��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�PDMRU�EORRG�vessels.
11 Explain the course of events that leads to atherosclerosis �HQGRWKHOLDO�GDPDJH��LQÀDPPDWRU\�UHVSRQVH��SODTXH�IRUPDWLRQ��UDLVHG�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��
10 'HVFULEH�WKH�EORRG�FORWWLQJ�SURFHVV��WKURPERSODVWLQ�UHOHDVH��FRQYHUVLRQ�RI�SURWKURPELQ�WR�WKURPELQ�DQG�¿EULQRJHQ�WR�¿EULQ��DQG�LWV�UROH�LQ�FDUGLRYDVFXODU�GLVHDVH��&9'��
12 'HVFULEH�WKH�IDFWRUV�WKDW�LQFUHDVH�WKH�ULVN�RI�&9'��JHQHWLF��GLHW��DJH��JHQGHU��KLJK�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��VPRNLQJ�DQG�inactivity).
18 Analyse and interpret quantitative data on illness and mortality rates to determine health risks (including GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ�EHWZHHQ�FRUUHODWLRQ�DQG�FDXVDWLRQ�DQG�UHFRJQLVLQJ�FRQÀLFWLQJ�HYLGHQFH��
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Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Unit 1
49Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
19 Evaluate design of studies used to determine health risk IDFWRUV��LQFOXGLQJ�VDPSOH�VHOHFWLRQ�DQG�VDPSOH�VL]H�XVHG�WR�collect data that is both valid and reliable).
20 ([SODLQ�ZK\�SHRSOH¶V�SHUFHSWLRQV�RI�ULVNV�DUH�RIWHQ�GLIIHUHQW�from the actual risks (including underestimating and overestimating the risks due to diet and other lifestyle factors in the development of heart disease).
�� Analyse data on energy budgets and diet so as to be able WR�GLVFXVV�WKH�FRQVHTXHQFHV�RI�HQHUJ\�LPEDODQFH��LQFOXGLQJ�ZHLJKW�ORVV��ZHLJKW�JDLQ��DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�REHVLW\�
3 'LVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�PRQRVDFFKDULGHV��GLVDFFKDULGHV�and polysaccharides (glycogen and starch – amylose and amylopectin) and relate their structures to their roles in providing and storing energy (!-glucose and cellulose are not required in this topic).
4 'HVFULEH�KRZ�PRQRVDFFKDULGHV�MRLQ�WR�IRUP�GLVDFFKDULGHV��VXFURVH��ODFWRVH�DQG�PDOWRVH��DQG�SRO\VDFFKDULGHV�(glycogen and amylose) through condensation reactions IRUPLQJ�JO\FRVLGLF�ERQGV��DQG�KRZ�WKHVH�FDQ�EH�VSOLW�WKURXJK�hydrolysis reactions.
5 Describe the synthesis of a triglyceride by the formation of HVWHU�ERQGV�GXULQJ�FRQGHQVDWLRQ�UHDFWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�JO\FHURO�DQG�WKUHH�IDWW\�DFLGV�DQG�UHFRJQLVH�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�saturated and unsaturated lipids.
14 $QDO\VH�DQG�LQWHUSUHW�GDWD�RQ�WKH�SRVVLEOH�VLJQL¿FDQFH�IRU�health of blood cholesterol levels and levels of high-density OLSRSURWHLQV��+'/V��DQG�ORZ�GHQVLW\�OLSRSURWHLQV��/'/V���'HVFULEH�WKH�HYLGHQFH�IRU�D�FDXVDO�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�EORRG�cholesterol levels (total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol) and &9'�
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9 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�FDIIHLQH�RQ�KHDUW�UDWH�LQ�Daphnia�FDQ�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\��DQG�GLVFXVV�ZKHWKHU�WKHUH�DUH�HWKLFDO�LVVXHV�LQ�WKH�XVH�RI�LQYHUWHEUDWHV.
16 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�YLWDPLQ�&�FRQWHQW�RI�IRRG�DQG�GULQN.
15 'LVFXVV�KRZ�SHRSOH�XVH�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH�DERXW�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�GLHW��LQFOXGLQJ�REHVLW\�LQGLFDWRUV���H[HUFLVH�DQG�VPRNLQJ�WR�reduce their risk of coronary heart disease.
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5.4 Topic 2: Genes and health
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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6 Describe the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living RUJDQLVPV��ODUJH�VXUIDFH�DUHD�WR�YROXPH�UDWLR��WKLFNQHVV�RI�VXUIDFH��GLIIHUHQFH�LQ�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous exchange.
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Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Unit 1
51Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
�� ([SODLQ�KRZ�PRGHOV�VXFK�DV�WKH�ÀXLG�PRVDLF�PRGHO�RI�FHOO�membranes are interpretations of data used to develop VFLHQWL¿F�H[SODQDWLRQV�RI�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FHOO�membranes.
5 'HVFULEH�KRZ�PHPEUDQH�VWUXFWXUH�FDQ�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\��HJ�E\�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�DOFRKRO�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RU�WHPSHUDWXUH�RQ�PHPEUDQH�SHUPHDELOLW\�
3 ([SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�RVPRVLV�LQ�WHUPV�RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW�RI�IUHH�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV�WKURXJK�D�SDUWLDOO\�SHUPHDEOH�PHPEUDQH��FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�ZDWHU�SRWHQWLDO�LV�QRW�UHTXLUHG��
4 ([SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�SDVVLYH�WUDQVSRUW��GLIIXVLRQ��IDFLOLWDWHG�GLIIXVLRQ���DFWLYH�WUDQVSRUW��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�$73���HQGRF\WRVLV�DQG�H[RF\WRVLV�DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�involvement of carrier and channel proteins in membrane transport.
10 Describe the basic structure of mononucleotides (as a GHR[\ULERVH�RU�ULERVH�OLQNHG�WR�D�SKRVSKDWH�DQG�D�EDVH��LH�WK\PLQH��XUDFLO��F\WRVLQH��DGHQLQH�RU�JXDQLQH��DQG�WKH�structures of DNA and RNA (as polynucleotides composed of mononucleotides linked through condensation reactions) and GHVFULEH�KRZ�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�EDVH�SDLULQJ�DQG�WKH�K\GURJHQ�ERQGLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�VWUDQGV�DUH�LQYROYHG�LQ�the formation of the DNA double helix.
14 2XWOLQH�WKH�SURFHVV�RI�SURWHLQ�V\QWKHVLV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�UROH�RI�WUDQVFULSWLRQ��WUDQVODWLRQ��PHVVHQJHU�51$��WUDQVIHU�RNA and the template (antisense) DNA strand (details of the mechanism of protein synthesis on ribosomes are not required at AS).
12 ([SODLQ�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�JHQHWLF�FRGH��WULSOHW�FRGH�RQO\��QRQ�overlapping and degenerate not required at AS).
13 Describe a gene as being a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
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� Describe the basic structure of an amino acid (structures of VSHFL¿F�DPLQR�DFLGV�DUH�QRW�UHTXLUHG��DQG�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�polypeptides and proteins (as amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds in condensation reactions) and explain the VLJQL¿FDQFH�RI�D�SURWHLQ¶V�SULPDU\�VWUXFWXUH�LQ�GHWHUPLQLQJ�its three-dimensional structure and properties (globular DQG�¿EURXV�SURWHLQV�DQG�W\SHV�RI�ERQGV�LQYROYHG�LQ�WKUHH�dimensional structure).
8 ([SODLQ�WKH�PHFKDQLVP�RI�DFWLRQ�DQG�VSHFL¿FLW\�RI�HQ]\PHV�in terms of their three-dimensional structure and explain WKDW�HQ]\PHV�DUH�ELRORJLFDO�FDWDO\VWV�WKDW�UHGXFH�DFWLYDWLRQ�HQHUJ\��FDWDO\VLQJ�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�LQWUDFHOOXODU�DQG�extracellular reactions.
9 'HVFULEH�KRZ�HQ]\PH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�FDQ�DIIHFW�WKH�UDWHV�RI�UHDFWLRQV�DQG�KRZ�WKLV�FDQ�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\�E\�PHDVXULQJ�WKH�LQLWLDO�UDWH�RI�UHDFWLRQ�
11 Describe DNA replication (including the role of DNA SRO\PHUDVH���DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�0HVHOVRQ�DQG�6WDKO¶V�FODVVLF�H[SHULPHQW�SURYLGHG�QHZ�GDWD�WKDW�VXSSRUWHG�WKH�DFFHSWHG�theory of replication of DNA and refuted competing theories.
15 ([SODLQ�KRZ�HUURUV�LQ�'1$�UHSOLFDWLRQ�FDQ�JLYH�ULVH�WR�PXWDWLRQV�DQG�H[SODLQ�KRZ�F\VWLF�¿EURVLV�UHVXOWV�IURP�RQH�RI�a number of possible gene mutations.
16 ([SODLQ�WKH�WHUPV��JHQH��DOOHOH��JHQRW\SH��SKHQRW\SH��UHFHVVLYH��GRPLQDQW��KRPR]\JRWH�DQG�KHWHUR]\JRWH��DQG�H[SODLQ�PRQRK\EULG�LQKHULWDQFH��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�JHQHWLF�SHGLJUHH�GLDJUDPV��LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�WUDLWV�VXFK�DV�F\VWLF�¿EURVLV��DOELQLVP��WKDODVVDHPLD��JDUGHQ�SHD�KHLJKW�DQG�seed morphology.
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Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Unit 1
53Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
18 Describe the principles of gene therapy and distinguish �EHWZHHQ�VRPDWLF�DQG�JHUP�OLQH�WKHUDS\�
19 ([SODLQ�WKH�XVHV�RI�JHQHWLF�VFUHHQLQJ��LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ�RI�FDUULHUV��SUHLPSODQWDWLRQ�JHQHWLF�GLDJQRVLV�DQG�SUHQDWDO�testing (amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) and discuss the implications of prenatal genetic screening.
20 Identify and discuss the social and ethical issues related to JHQHWLF�VFUHHQLQJ�IURP�D�UDQJH�RI�HWKLFDO�YLHZSRLQWV�
C Biology unit content
54 Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
Context approach – Salters-N
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55Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment AS compulsory unit Externally assessed
6.1 Unit description
Topic 3: The voice of the genome
7KLV�WRSLF�IROORZV�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�PXOWLFHOOXODU�RUJDQLVPV� from single cells to complex individuals. Cell structure and XOWUDVWUXFWXUH��FHOO�GLYLVLRQ��WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�IHUWLOLVDWLRQ��WKH�UROHV�RI�VWHP�FHOOV��JHQH�H[SUHVVLRQ��FHOO�GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ�DQG�WLVVXH�RUJDQLVDWLRQ�DUH�DOO�FRQVLGHUHG�ZLWKLQ�WKLV�WRSLF��DV�is the role of the genotype and the effect of environment on phenotype.
Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
7KH�WRSLF�IRFXVHV�RQ�ELRGLYHUVLW\�DQG�WKH�ZHDOWK�RI�QDWXUDO�UHVRXUFHV�XVHG�E\�KXPDQV��7KH�PHDQLQJ�RI�ELRGLYHUVLW\�DQG�KRZ�LW�FDQ�EH�PHDVXUHG�LV�FRQVLGHUHG�¿UVW�DQG�KRZ�DOO�WKLV�GLYHUVLW\�has come about through adaptation and natural selection. It has sections on both traditional and novel uses of plants and plant ¿EUHV�DQG�WKH�XVH�RI�FKHPLFDO�H[WUDFWV�IURP�DQLPDOV�DQG�SODQWV��The concern for disappearing biodiversity and loss of potential natural resources is used to highlight the need for biologists to LGHQWLI\��QDPH�DQG�FODVVLI\�VSHFLHV��7KH�WRSLF�¿QLVKHV�E\�ORRNLQJ�DW�WKH�UROH�RI�]RRV�LQ�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�RI�HQGDQJHUHG�VSHFLHV��General biological principles covered include the relationship of plant anatomy to function and the structure and role of cellulose and starch.
6.2 Assessment information
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7KH�XQLW�LV�WKH�VDPH�VL]H�DV�8QLW����WR�DOORZ�IRU�WLPH�WR�GHYHORS�practical skills for Unit 3 assessment.
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Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
6.3 Topic 3: The voice of the genome
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
�� 'HPRQVWUDWH�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWLYH�VNLOOV�LGHQWL¿HG�in numbers 4 and 5 in the table of How Science Works on page 13�RI�WKLV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQ�
3 Describe the ultrastructure of an animal (eukaryotic) FHOO��QXFOHXV��QXFOHROXV��ULERVRPHV��URXJK�DQG�VPRRWK�HQGRSODVPLF�UHWLFXOXP��PLWRFKRQGULD��FHQWULROHV��O\VRVRPHV��and Golgi apparatus) and recognise these organelles from EM images.
4 Explain the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) DQG�WKH�*ROJL�DSSDUDWXV�LQ�SURWHLQ�WUDQVSRUW�ZLWKLQ�FHOOV�DQG�LQFOXGLQJ�LWV�UROH�LQ�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�H[WUDFHOOXODU�HQ]\PHV�
2 'LVWLQJXLVK�EHWZHHQ�HXNDU\RWLF�DQG�SURNDU\RWLF�FHOOV�LQ�WHUPV�of their structure and ultrastructure.
6 ([SODLQ�WKH�UROH�RI�PLWRVLV�DQG�WKH�FHOO�F\FOH�IRU�JURZWK�DQG�asexual reproduction.
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9 ([SODLQ�KRZ�PDPPDOLDQ�JDPHWHV�DUH�VSHFLDOLVHG�IRU�WKHLU�functions.
10 Describe the process of fertilisation in mammals and ÀRZHULQJ�SODQWV��VWDUWLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�DFURVRPH�UHDFWLRQ�LQ�PDPPDOV�DQG�SROOHQ�WXEH�JURZWK�LQ�SODQWV�DQG�HQGLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�IXVLRQ�RI�WKH�QXFOHL��DQG�H[SODLQ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�fertilisation in sexual reproduction.
8 Explain the role of meiosis in the production of gametes and genetic variation through recombination of alleles and genes including independent assortment and crossing over (details of the stages of meiosis are not required).
Context approach – Salters-N
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57
Development, Plants and the Environment Unit 2
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
11 ([SODLQ�ZKDW�LV�PHDQW�E\�WKH�WHUPV�VWHP�FHOO��SOXULSRWHQF\�DQG�WRWLSRWHQF\�DQG�GLVFXVV�WKH�ZD\�VRFLHW\�XVHV�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH�WR�PDNH�GHFLVLRQV�DERXW�WKH�XVH�RI�VWHP�FHOOV�in medical therapies (eg regulatory authorities relating to KXPDQ�HPEU\R�UHVHDUFK��DELOLW\�RI�VWHP�FHOOV�WR�GHYHORS�LQWR�VSHFLDOLVHG�WLVVXHV��SRWHQWLDO�VRXUFHV�RI�VWHP�FHOOV��ZKR�FRXOG�EHQH¿W�IURP�WKH�WKHUDSLHV��SURFHGXUHV�WR�REWDLQ�VWHP�FHOOV�and their risks).
13 ([SODLQ�KRZ�FHOOV�EHFRPH�VSHFLDOLVHG�WKURXJK�GLIIHUHQWLDO�JHQH�H[SUHVVLRQ��SURGXFLQJ�DFWLYH�P51$�OHDGLQJ�WR�V\QWKHVLV�RI�SURWHLQV��ZKLFK�LQ�WXUQ�FRQWURO�FHOO�SURFHVVHV�RU�GHWHUPLQH�cell structure in animals and plants (details of transcription factors are not required at AS).
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14 ([SODLQ�KRZ�SKHQRW\SH�LV�WKH�UHVXOW�RI�DQ�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�JHQRW\SH�DQG�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW��HJ�DQLPDO�KDLU�FRORXU��KXPDQ�KHLJKW��PRQRDPLQH�R[LGDVH�$��0$2$��DQG�FDQFHUV���EXW�WKH�data on the relative contributions of genes and environment LV�RIWHQ�GLI¿FXOW�WR�LQWHUSUHW�
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12 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WRWLSRWHQF\�FDQ�EH�GHPRQVWUDWHG�SUDFWLFDOO\�XVLQJ�SODQW�WLVVXH�FXOWXUH�WHFKQLTXHV.
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Unit 2 Development, Plants and the Environment
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
6.4 Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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13 Explain the terms biodiversity and endemism and describe KRZ�ELRGLYHUVLW\�FDQ�EH�PHDVXUHG�ZLWKLQ�D�KDELWDW�XVLQJ�VSHFLHV�ULFKQHVV�DQG�ZLWKLQ�D�VSHFLHV�XVLQJ�JHQHWLF�GLYHUVLW\��eg variety of alleles in a gene pool.
14 Describe the concept of niche and discuss examples of DGDSWDWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLVPV�WR�WKHLU�HQYLURQPHQW��EHKDYLRXUDO��physiological and anatomical).
��� 'HVFULEH�KRZ�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ�FDQ�OHDG�WR�DGDSWDWLRQ�DQG�evolution.
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3 Compare the structure and function of the polysaccharides starch and cellulose including the role of hydrogen bonds EHWZHHQ�!-glucose molecules in the formation of cellulose PLFUR¿EULOV�
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Development, Plants and the Environment Unit 2
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Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
7.1 Unit description
Topic 5: On the wild side
This topic builds an appreciation that photosynthesis is the SULPDU\�SURFHVV�WKDW�XQGHUSLQV�WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�HFRV\VWHPV��DQG�SURYLGHV�VWXGHQWV�ZLWK�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�KRZ�HFRV\VWHPV�ZRUN��7KH�WRSLF�FRQWLQXHV�E\�ORRNLQJ�DW�ZKHWKHU�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�ZLOO�OHDG�WR�H[WLQFWLRQ�RI�VSHFLHV�RU�HYROXWLRQ�E\�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ��DQG�ORRNV�DW�WKH�HYLGHQFH�IRU�JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ�DQG�LWV�HIIHFWV�on plants and animals. By the end of the topic students should DSSUHFLDWH�KRZ�VFLHQWL¿F�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�FDQ�PDNH�XV�DZDUH�RI�RXU�UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV�DV�VWHZDUGV�RI�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�
Topic 6: Infection, immunity and forensics
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Unit 4 The Natural Environment and Species Survival
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
7.3 Topic 5: On the wild side
Students will be assessed on their ability to:
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11 'HVFULEH�KRZ�WR�FDUU\�RXW�D�VWXG\�RQ�WKH�HFRORJ\�RI�D�KDELWDW�WR�SURGXFH�YDOLG�DQG�UHOLDEOH�GDWD��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�XVH�RI�TXDGUDWV�DQG�WUDQVHFWV�WR�DVVHVV�DEXQGDQFH�DQG�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLVPV�DQG�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�DELRWLF�IDFWRUV��HJ�VRODU�HQHUJ\�LQSXW��FOLPDWH��WRSRJUDSK\��R[\JHQ�DYDLODELOLW\�DQG�HGDSKLF�IDFWRUV�.
10 Explain that the numbers and distribution of organisms in a habitat are controlled by biotic and abiotic factors.
12 ([SODLQ�KRZ�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI�QLFKH�DFFRXQWV�IRU�GLVWULEXWLRQ�DQG�abundance of organisms in a habitat.
13 Describe the concept of succession to a climax community.
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18 Analyse and interpret different types of evidence for JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ�DQG�LWV�FDXVHV��LQFOXGLQJ�UHFRUGV�RI�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�OHYHOV��WHPSHUDWXUH�UHFRUGV��SROOHQ�LQ�SHDW�ERJV�and dendrochronology) recognising correlations and causal relationships.
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15 'HVFULEH�WKH�HIIHFWV�RI�JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ��ULVLQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��changing rainfall patterns and changes in seasonal cycles) on SODQWV�DQG�DQLPDOV��GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�VSHFLHV��GHYHORSPHQW�DQG�life cycles).
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3 Describe the overall reaction of photosynthesis as requiring HQHUJ\�IURP�OLJKW�WR�VSOLW�DSDUW�WKH�VWURQJ�ERQGV�LQ�ZDWHU�PROHFXOHV��VWRULQJ�WKH�K\GURJHQ�LQ�D�IXHO��JOXFRVH��E\�FRPELQLQJ�LW�ZLWK�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�DQG�UHOHDVLQJ�R[\JHQ�LQWR�the atmosphere.
5 'HVFULEH�KRZ�SKRVSKRU\ODWLRQ�RI�$'3�UHTXLUHV�HQHUJ\�DQG�KRZ�K\GURO\VLV�RI�$73�SURYLGHV�DQ�LPPHGLDWH�VXSSO\�RI�energy for biological processes.
4 Describe the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis LQFOXGLQJ�KRZ�OLJKW�HQHUJ\�LV�WUDSSHG�E\�H[FLWLQJ�HOHFWURQV�LQ�FKORURSK\OO�DQG�WKH�UROH�RI�WKHVH�HOHFWURQV�LQ�JHQHUDWLQJ�$73��and reducing NADP in photophosphorylation and producing R[\JHQ�WKURXJK�SKRWRO\VLV�RI�ZDWHU�
6 Describe the light-independent reactions as reduction of carbon dioxide using the products of the light-dependent UHDFWLRQV��FDUERQ�¿[DWLRQ�LQ�WKH�&DOYLQ�F\FOH��WKH�UROH�RI�*3��*$/3��5X%3�DQG�58%,6&2��DQG�GHVFULEH�WKH�SURGXFWV�DV�VLPSOH�VXJDUV�WKDW�DUH�XVHG�E\�SODQWV��DQLPDOV�DQG�RWKHU�RUJDQLVPV�LQ�UHVSLUDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�V\QWKHVLV�RI�QHZ�ELRORJLFDO�PROHFXOHV��LQFOXGLQJ�SRO\VDFFKDULGHV��DPLQR�DFLGV��OLSLGV�DQG�nucleic acids).
2 Describe the structure of chloroplasts in relation to their role in photosynthesis.
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Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
7.4 Topic 6: Infection, immunity and forensics
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9 Describe the role of micro-organisms in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of carbon.
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67Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination A2 compulsory unit Externally assessed
8.1 Unit description
Topic 7: Run for your life
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8.2 Assessment information
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11 Explain the fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in animals.
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Unit 5 Energy, Exercise and Coordination
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Practical Biology and Research Skills Unit 3
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9.2 Part 2: Visit or issue report
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Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
9.3 Assessment criteria
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Practical Biology and Research Skills Unit 3
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
9.4 Organisation of the visit
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Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
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Practical Biology and Research Skills Unit 3
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Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills A2 compulsory unit Internally assessed
10.1 Practical biology and investigative skills
The requirements at A2 level require further progression by the student as evidenced by the submission of an individual investigation in Unit 6.
Teachers should make the practical and investigative skills FULWHULD�DYDLODEOH�WR�VWXGHQWV�WR�HQDEOH�WKHP�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�ZKDW�is expected of them.
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a Use apparatus skilfully and safely
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Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills
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Practical Biology and Investigative Skills Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10.2 Part 2: Individual investigation (45 marks)
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Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
10.3 Organisation
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Practical Biology and Investigative Skills Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
10.4 Preparation
Students should do some background research for their individual investigation. This research should help them LGHQWLI\�DQG�GH¿QH�D�ELRORJLFDO�TXHVWLRQ�RU�SUREOHP�WKDW�can be addressed and provide a clear rationale for their ZRUN��7KH\�VKRXOG�FRQVXOW�DSSURSULDWH�VRXUFHV��ZKLFK�PD\�LQFOXGH�WH[WERRNV��PDJD]LQHV�DQG�MRXUQDOV��&'�520V�DQG�WKH�ZRUOGZLGH�ZHE��5HSRUWV�VKRXOG�LQFOXGH�D�ELEOLRJUDSK\�RI�the sources consulted and references to electronic materials VKRXOG�JLYH�WKH�GDWH�RI�DFFHVV�DQG�FRQWDLQ�VXI¿FLHQW�GHWDLO�WR�DOORZ�WKH�UHDGHU�WR�FKHFN�WKH�VRXUFH�
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Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
10.5 Experimentation
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Practical Biology and Investigative Skills Unit 6
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
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Unit 6 Practical Biology and Investigative Skills
Section C © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
10.7 Assessment criteria for the individual investigation
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Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section C
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Performance descriptions
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Unit 1
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109Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
F Appendices
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions 111
Appendix 2 Glossary of terms used 117
Appendix 3 How Science Works mapping 121
Appendix 4 Wider curriculum 129
Appendix 5 Codes 131
Appendix 6 Further resources and support 133
Appendix 7 Mathematical requirements 135
F Appendices
110 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
111Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions
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116 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
117Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 2 Glossary of terms used
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119Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
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F Appendices
120 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
121Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 3 How Science Works mapping
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Appendix 3 How Science Works mapping
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How Science Works mapping Appendix 3
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F Appendices
128 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
129Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 4 Wider curriculum
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F Appendices
130 Section F © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology
131Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 5 Codes
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133Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE in Biology © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Section F
Appendix 6 Further resources and support
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Signs, Symbols and Systematics, The ASE Companion to 16–19
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Appendix 7 Mathematical requirements
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