6_SEER Testing Method and Standard Development in US

7/27/2019 6_SEER Testing Method and Standard Development in US

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SEER Testing Method

andStandard Development in US

Contact Information:

Christopher StoneGeneral Manager - Performance

IntertekCortland, NY 13045 USA

Email: [email protected]

APEC/Energy SEER WorkshopOctober 5, 2009
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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AHRI Contract Test Laboratory

4 decades of HVAC Testing

Experience Proven accuracy & reliability of

facilities over time

State-of-the-art automation

technology Customized designs

On-site training

Facility upgrades available

Clients from around the world


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Contents

EER - Energy Efficiency Ratio

SEER - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio

HSPF - Heating Seasonal Performance Factor

Regulations and Organizations Involved

SEER Cd Explanations

Issues Related to Variable Speed Testing


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EER Background

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

EER = Cooling capacity/input power (Btu/watt-hour)

Measures steady-state efficiency at one condition

Steady-state system efficiency rating at 95F outdoor ambient per

ARI Standards 210/240 was used prior to 1978 in U.S. No FederalGovernment regulation

Utility Rebate Incentives In Some Local Areas to reduce summer

electrical demand

ARI Certification Compliance Requires Meeting 95% Of BothCapacity And EER When Testing A Unit At Random From An OEM

Warehouse


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EER Background (continued)

EER Only Rating Drawbacks :

Not Representative Of Seasonal Energy Usage 95FAmbient

>70% Cooling Season Hours Are At < 82FAmbient where System Cycles On/Off

On/Off Cycling Has Losses Not Reflected InEER Rating


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SEER Concept

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) Introduced By U.S.Department Of Energy (DOE) Late 1979

Better Representation Of Real System Energy Usage Provides Better Standard For Comparing Equipment Performance

Procedures Originally Developed By NIST (National Institute Of

Standards And Technology) In 1977 Recognition Of On/Off Cyclic Loss

Summation Of Energy Consumption

5F Outdoor Temperature Increments (Bins)

Weighted By Hours

Uses either national or regional weather Hours


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SEER Concept (continued)

10.0 SEER Minimum Federal Standard Effective Since 1992

13.0 SEER Minimum Effective Since January 2006Energy Labeling Law FTC (Federal Trade Commission)

Applies to air conditioners and heat pumps


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SEER Test/Rating Requirements ARI 210/240

All Indoor Conditions Are 80F Dry-Bulb/ 67F

All include Wet-Bulb Except For Cyclic Testswhich run Dry Coil

Single-Speed Requirements (Outdoor Ambient)Test-A Steady-State At 95

Test-B Steady-State At 82

Test-C Steady-state At Same 82 ExceptWith Dry-Coil Indoor Conditions To AssureTest Repeatability (


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SEER Test/Rating Requirements AHRI210/240

Test-D same temperatures as Test C but cycling

6-Minutes On And 24-Minutes Off Per Cycle3 Cycles Required, Take Data On Last Cycle

Derive Cyclic Loss (Cd Coefficient) from Tests C & D

Can Use Default Cd Of 0.25 Instead Of Testing

Can Use Alternative Formula Below Instead OfTemperature Bin Procedure (accurate within 0.5%)

SEER = (1-0.5*Cd)*EERb

Using Default Cd: SEER = (0.875 * EERb)


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HSPF Test/Rating Requirements AHRI 210/240

All Indoor Conditions At 70F Dry-Bulb, No Wet bulb except

for cases when indoor coil rejects moisture.

Single-Speed Requirements (Outdoor Ambient)

Steady-State At 47DB/43WB

Cyclic Loss (Cd Coefficient) At Same 47DB/43WB

6-Min ON And 24-Minutes OFF

z Variable speed 12 min ON 48 Min OFF

3 Cycles Required, Take Data On Last Cycle Test is Optional can Use Default Cd=0.25


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HSPF Test/Rating Requirements AHRI 210/240

z Outdoor 35DB/33WB

z Must Integrate One Complete Frost/Defrost Cycle

z Low Temp Steady-State At 17DB/15WBAmbient

z Results averaged by computer according to binprocedure for one of six regions of country

z Region IV (middle U.S.) used for published rating


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Key Organizations

Program Administration: DOE

Testing and Rating Procedures: NISTMinimum Efficiency Analysis: LBNL

Product Labeling: FTC

Certification: AHRI

Testing: Intertek

NOTE:

This program addresses energy performance, not noise or

safety


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Rating Certification/Compliance

Mandated by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)

Compliance indirectly administered by Air Conditioning Heating andRefrigeration Institute (AHRI), the industry trade association

Certification Requires Capacity At 95F, 47F, 17F

SEER And HSPF

Based On Average Of Statistical Minimum Of Two Units

For Split Systems, Highest-Sales Volume Combinations of indoor andoutdoor units are tested

Other Mix-Match Combinations of units Can Be Submitted ByCertified Computer Simulations

One third of basic models tested each year


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Rating Certification/Compliance

All Audit Testing at Independent Lab (Intertek)

Compliance Requires Meeting 95% Of Ratings For Capacity &

Efficiency When Randomly Testing Units From An OEMWarehouse

Forced to Re-Rate or Stop Production If Fail To Resolve TestFailures

OEM Pays Cost of all Testing Failures

ARI Directory of ratings published on-line

Printed tags attached to outdoor units show ratings for consumer


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Benefits of Seasonal Energy Efficiency

Rating AHRI 210/240 method

Additional test points indicate actual capacity curve, rather than

a calculated slope. Cyclic testing may offer further improvements based on actual

simulated use testing.

Provides better indication of true performance under real world

test conditions. Additional test points do not impose a great increase in time or

expense as the unit is already setup.

More differentiation between models

More technical credibility with Government


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System Types

Air conditioners and heat pumps having a rated

capacity less than 19 kWz Ducted systems (packaged and split systems)

z Non-ducted, split systems

Units having single-speed, two-capacity,and variable-speed components

(compressor and/or indoor fan)


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Rating Highlights

Focus on seasonal performance over steady-stateperformance seek estimate of seasonal operatingcosts

Divide USA into 6 climatic regions but use oneregion 4 for most comparisons

DOE sets minimum allowed seasonal rating


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Testing Highlights

Steady-state and Cyclic testingCooling Heatingoling

Heating

Single-speed 2/2 3/1

Two-capacity 4/4 7/2

Variable-speed 5/2 5/3

(required/optional)

Psychrometric test facilities(calorimeter is not used)


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Testing Highlights

z Primary test method: Indoor Air

Enthalpy

z Confirming test method required for

steady-state tests => require 6%energy balance

z Outputs: capacity, power, part-loadefficiency descriptor


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Testing Highlights

Sampling Plans

z

Test 2 to 4 units of the same model as required tomeet statistical confidence

z For split-systems, test highest sales volume

combination; use verified algorithm to estimateperformance of other combinations (called mixedsystems)

Testing generally performed by manufacturers whothen submit results to DOE and FTC


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Calculation Highlights

Lab data provides performance map:

capacity and power consumption as a function ofoutdoor temperature and compressor capacity

Test procedure provides estimate of typicalbuilding load

z assumed to depend only on outdoor temp.

z assumes a zero building load at 18.3 C


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Calculation Highlights

Estimate percent on-time to meet building load

at each outdoor temp. Estimate energy consumption for each

corresponding percent on-time

Increase energy consumption to account forcyclic losses

Weight-average the results for each outdoor

temperature based on typical frequency of theeach temperature.


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Enforcement

DOE may elect to:

z review test results

z observe testingz require additional testing by manufacturer or third

party (manufacturer pays)

Trade Association (AHRI)

z Random testing each year

z Fines & more random selections for failures

z Another manufacturer may challenge acompetitors numbers (loser pays)

C l l ti SEER


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Calculating SEERfor Single-Speed Systems

Early on, found that:

SEER(Short-cut Method) SEER(Bin Method)

Short-cut Method adopted for Single-speed systems

Short-cut Method Parameters

Only Need EERB and the Part Load Factor (PLF)

corresponding to a 50% load factorUse to get PLF(50%)

c

DC


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What is ?

Used in quantifying part load performance

is the slope (linear fit) of the PLF (= )

versus CLF curve*

Used to calculate SEER,

For single-speed systems, use a short-cut calculation:

For two-capacity and variable-speed systems, use a bin

calculation:

c

DC

sscycEEREERc

DC

=

21*

c

D

B

CEERSEER

)}(,)(

)(,),({

1

2

jj

k

j

k

c

Dj

k

ss

TBLTQ

TQCTEERfSEER

=

=

=

&

&


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Calculating SEER

for Single-Speed Systems

Equation Derivation,

==

=

==

21*)5.01(1*

)1(1*

)5.0(*

c

DB

c

DB

C

DB

B

CEERCEER

CLFCEER

CLFPLFEERSEER

c

C


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Calculating and Using It To DetermineCyclic Efficiency

c

DC

Calculate based on 2 tests

Apply to estimate performance at multiple

operating conditions

( )( )

Time)On%20(1

TimeOn%100

TimeOn%201

,

,

CLF

EER

EER

X

YC

dryss

drycyc

c

D

=

=

( ){ }CLFCEEREER cDsscyc

= 11


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Single-Speed SEER Procedures

65 75 85 95 105

LoadCapacity

Outdoor AmbientF

On/Off

Cycling

(Test C&D)

Continuous

Test A

Test B

Load Hours

Distribution

10% Oversizing

SEER = (1-0.5*Cd)*EERb

BTU/H

R&Hours

SEER For Single Speed Systems:


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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Cooling Load Factor (-)

PartLoadFa

ctor(EERcyc/

EERss)

SEER For Single-Speed Systems:

The Single Point Used From the PLF vs CLFPlot

LinearApproximation

Single PointUsed in ShortCut Method

ActualPerformance

I t ti th C li D d ti cC


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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


PartLoadFa

ctor(EERcyc/

EE

Rss)

LinearApproximation

CD=Slope=0.18

ActualPerformance

Interpreting the Cyclic Degradation

Coefficient,

c

DC

Comparison of Two PLF Curves


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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


PartLoadF

actor(EER

cyc/

EERss)

Corresponding to Two Different CyclicDegradation Coefficients

CD=Slope=0.12 CD=Slope=0.18


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has a bigger effect on single-speed units versus two-capacityand variable-speed units

SEER Gain for single-speed systems

= 0.25 versus: 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

SEER Improvement 2.9% 5.7% 8.6% 11.4% 14.3%

SEER Gain for modulating systems depends on the degree of

unloading (Below example: 47% unloading at 82

F)= 0.25 versus: 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

SEER Improvement 0.9% 1.9% 2.7% 3.6% 4.4%

How much does affect SEER?c

DC

c

DC

c

DC

c

DC


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Issues Related to Variable Speed Samples

Variable Compressor Speed Testing

2-speed with Variable Airflow Testing

Cyclic Testing

Setting and Maintaining Airflow rates Minimum Static Pressure

Integrated Temperature Measurements

Additional Temperature Test Points

P h i T F ili


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Psychrometric Test Facility


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VARIABLE SPEED COMPRESSOR COOLING TESTS

TEST ID OD Comp speed Blowerspeed

DB WB DB WB

A2 (ss,wet) 80.0 / 26.7 67.0 / 19.4 95.0 /35.0 75.0 / 23.9 Max Full-Load

B2 (ss,wet) 80.0 / 26.7 67.0 / 19.4 82.0 / 27.8 65.0 / 18.3 Max Full-Load

Ev (ss,wet) 80.0 / 26.7 67.0 / 19.4 87.0 / 30.6 69.0 / 20.6 Int Int

B1 (ss,wet) 80.0 / 26.7 67.0 / 19.4 82.0 / 27.8 65.0 / 18.3 Min Min

F1 (ss,wet) 80.0 / 26.7 67.0 / 19.4 67.0 / 19.4 53.5 / 11.9 Min Min

G1* (ss,dry) 80.0 / 26.7 dry 67.0 / 19.4 N/A Min Min

I1* (cyc,dry) 80.0 / 26.7 dry 67.0 / 19.4 N/A Min G1(Pnoz)

Variable Speed Tests AHRI 210/240 - 2008


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Minimum External Static AHRI 210/240 - 2008

M t


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Measurements

< with fan

without fan >

Attachment of Connecting Ducts and Pressure Taps

D t d Ai fl D t i ti


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Ducted Airflow Determination

Variable Speed vs Variable Volume

Minimum Static Pressure vs Rated Airflow must belooked at closely to determine proper airflowcontrol setting for the tests.

Non Ducted Airflow Determination


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Non-Ducted Airflow Determination

All tests are run at ZERO static pressure at airflow

setting selected by test sample.

Measurements


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Measurements

The following slides will cover the key measurements required andthe sensors we would typically use to acquire those

measurements:

Key measurements required for testing Heating Ventilating and AirConditioning (HVAC) products include:

1. Temperature

2. Pressure

3. Power4. Flow

Measurements


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Measurements

Temperature measurements can be made with a number ofdifferent sensors:

Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)Thermocouples (T type, J type etc.)

Thermistors

Thermometers

However for SEER and HSPF testing

Cyclic and Defrost Test etc.

Special Purpose Delta-T Integrators are required.

Measurements


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Measurements

Temperature measurements can be made with anumber of different sensors:

Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD)

Thermocouples (T type, J type etc.)

Thermistors

ThermometersSpecial Purpose Delta-T Integrators

Differential TemperatureIntegrators

Measurements


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Measurements

This differential temperature is represented by a DC voltage. Withcurve fit equations we can convert this to a very accurateindication of Delta-T.

Differential TemperatureIntegrators

Key Reference Material


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Key Reference Material

10CFR430 - Subpart B DOE Testing Methods

16CFR305 - Appliance Labeling Rules

ASHRAE 116 - Methods of Test SEER/HSPF

ASHRAE 37 - Testing Methods

AHRI 210/240 - Certifications Testing


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Thank You !

Contact Information:

Christopher StoneGeneral Manager - Performance

IntertekCortland, NY 13045 USA

Email: [email protected]

Documents

6_SEER Testing Method and Standard Development in US