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5/5/2017
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Geophysics and Our Aging Aviation Infrastructure
Kevin D. Hon, PG - S&ME, Inc.Jason B. Cox, PG - S&ME, Inc.
The 9th Geotechnical, Geophysical, and Geoenvironmental Engineering Technology
Transfer Conference & Expo (Geo3T2 )
April 12, 2017
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ASCE REPORT CARD HISTORY
• Originated in 1988 with the congressionally chartered National Council on Public Works Improvement report, Fragile Foundations: A Report on America’s Public Works.
• A decade later, when the federal government indicated they would not be updating the report, ASCE used the approach and methodology to publish its first Report Card on America’s Infrastructure in 1998.
• With each new report in 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, and now 2017, the methodology of the Report Card has been rigorously assessed so as to take into consideration all of the changing elements that affect America’s infrastructure.
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D+
ASCE REPORT CARD
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ASCE REPORT CARD
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2017 ASCE REPORT CARD CONCLUSIONS
The aviation industry is marked by technologically advanced and economically efficient aircraft, however, the associated infrastructure of airports and air traffic control systems is not keeping up.
The U.S. aviation network includes 3,345 airports as part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) with 3,331 existing and 14 proposed. Of these, 514 airports offer commercial service.
In 2013 97.5% of NPIAS runways were rated excellent, good, or fair. The condition of existing runways is not an issue, rather the overall capacity of the busiest airports, as well as other airport facilities for handling passengers, cargo, security, and related functions. Maintaining and updating runways, including changes to meet new standards, is an ongoing airport operation.
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So…….
Example “Common” Maintenance Case Studies:
Pavement Evaluations Storm Drains
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GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
GPR is an electromagnetic method that detects interfaces between subsurface materials with differing dielectric constants.
Material Dielectric Permittivity (e)
Air 1
Fresh Water 80
Sand 6-12
Saturated Sand 20-30
Concrete 8-10
Asphalt 4-6
Crushed Stone 6-8
Cement Bound Base 8-10
Gravel Road Wearing Course 12-14
Asphalt
Stone
SteelReinforcement
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PAVEMENT EVALUATIONS
Depth (inches)
Base of Asphalt Base of Concrete
Smith Reynolds Airport
(Winston-Salem, NC)
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PAVEMENT EVALUATIONS
C6
C7
C8
C10
C9
Thickness (inches)
Ashe County Airport (Jefferson, NC)
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PAVEMENT EVALUATIONS
Inches Inches
Avery County Airport (Spruce Pine, NC)
Asphalt Stone
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STORM DRAIN SYSTEMS
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So…….
Example “Uncommon” Case Studies:
Buried Material/Debris Karst/Sinkhole
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Buried Material/Debris
- Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
- Frequency Domain Electromagnetics (FDEM)
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FREQUENCY DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETICS
Transmitter Coil Produces Primary
Magnetic Field
Receiver Coil Records Resultant Field
(Primary + Secondary)
Transmitter Coil
Receiver Coil
Recording Unit and Battery
GPS
Subsurface Conductor
Primary Magnetic Field Induces Current in
Subsurface Conductor
Induced Currents Produce Secondary
Magnetic Field
1
2 3
4
FDEM is used to measure the electrical conductivity of the subsurface
Conductivity In Phase
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BURIED MATERIAL
FDEM
GPR
NC Airport
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BURIED MATERIAL
Example GPR Data
Anomalous Targets
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BURIED MATERIAL
GPR Anomalies
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BURIED MATERIAL
ppt
FDEM In Phase
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BURIED MATERIAL
mS/m
FDEM Conductivity
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BURIED MATERIAL
mS/m
FDEM and Anomalies Combined
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Karst/Sinkhole
- Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
- Spontaneous Potential (SP)
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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY
ERT is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of an electric current (DC)
Apparent resistivity values for each point are plotted, inverted through
modeling and contoured to create a 2D pseudosection
Advanced Geosciences, Inc. (AGI) SuperStingTM
R8/IP configured with up to 84 electrodes
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KARST/SINKHOLE EXAMPLE
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KARST/SINKHOLE EXAMPLE
GPR
ERT
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KARST/SINKHOLE EXAMPLE
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KARST/SINKHOLE EXAMPLE
Example GPR Data
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PROJECT EXAMPLE #1
Example ERT Data
Ohm-Meters
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE