LECTURE 1 – COMPUTERHARDWAREWEN-BIN JIAN

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTROPHYSICS, NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY

OUTLINE

1. History of Calculator

2. History of Computer

3. Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

4. Types of Computers

5. Logic Gates and TTL Signals

6. History of Personal Computer & Peripherals

7. Numeral Systems

8. Computer Hardware

1. CPU

2. Power Case

3. Memory

4. Motherboard

5. Peripherals

HISTORY OF CALCULATORCalculator – A machine can process the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers.

1673, 1694 Step Reckoner – a digital mechanical calculator by Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716, German). The design is expanded on Pascal’s idea.

By User:Kolossos - recorded by me in de:Technische Sammlungen der Stadt Dresden (with photo permission), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=925505

3000 years ago – Chinese abacus

1842 Arithmaurel – a mechanical calculator by Timoleon Maurel (France)

Ref1: http://www.gwleibniz.com/calculator/calculator.htmlRef2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_wheel

1883 Circular Calculator invented by Joseph Edmondson (the British)

Ref3: http://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/19thCentury/Edmondson.html

1948 Curta – portable calculator by Curt Herzstark(1902-1988, Austrian)

Ref4: http://www.vcalc.net/cu.htm

CASIO Calculator?

HISTORY ABOUT CODING & CALCULATIONCoding – A sequence of commands that can be executed one by one by a machine

1804 programmable loom by Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834, France)

1821 difference engine – tabulate polynomial functions (Taylor expansion), analytical engine (1834), new difference engine (1840) by Charles Babbage (1791-1871, the British)

1890 tabulated machine to summarize information stored in punched cards, invented by Herman Hollerith (1860-1929, American)

Ref1: http://history.computer.org/pioneers/index.htmlRef2: http://history-computer.com/Dreamers/Jacquard.html

By User:geni - Photo by User:geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4807331

Ref3: https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/TabulatingMachine_Hollerith.html

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

1944 IBM ASCC - Aiken-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Mark I (assembled using switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches) by Howard Aiken (American). The first program was installed by John von Neumann.

Computer – machine calculation with codes of pre-installed sequences

1946 ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (a Turing-complete machine, containing 20,000 vacuum tubes), designed by John Mauchly and J. PresperEckert of the University of Pennsylvania

Ref2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIACRef1: https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/markI/markI_intro.html

1955 Harwell CADET (Europe) & IBM 604 (United States) – transistor computer with clock speed of 58 kHz.The IBM 604 consists of 2,000 transistors.

Ref3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_604

1st generation

2nd generation

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The Imitation Game(2014) – A Story about Alan Turing

Breaking The Code – released in 1987

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

1964 IBM System/360, memory 8, 64, 256, 1024 k Bytes, peripheral: random-access magnetic disk storage devices, magnetic tape storage, visual display units, card readers and punches, printers, an optical character reader … (made by Integrated Circuit, IC)

Computer – machine calculation with codes of pre-installed sequences

Ref2: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/pa-microhist/index.htmlRef1: https://ethw.org/IBM_System/360

Ref3: http://www.mynikko.com/CPU/8080.html

3rd generation

1971 Intel 4004 4 bit central processing unit (CPU) with clock speed of 108-740 kHz (made by Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit, VLSI)1972 Intel 8008 8 bit CPU with clock speed of 0.5 or 0.8 MHz

1974 Intel 8080 16 bit CPU with clock speed of 2 MHz, containing 6,000 transistors, 10 m fabrication – RCS, IBM, Moto 6800, AMD … 4th generation

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The 5th generation computer was initiated by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry since 1982.

Computer – machine calculation with codes of pre-installed sequences

Ref1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer

5th generation

It is supposed to be made by Super Large Scale Integrated Circuit (SLSI).

The concepts of artificial intelligence and deep learning might be integrated in it.

What will be the future? Back to The Future 2 – 30 years later to see the self-lacing sneakers

Demolition Man 超級戰警

The Intel 8080 CPU

Intel 80386

Intel 80486

Intel Pentium 4

Intel 4004 CPU

2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimetres

The Integrated CircuitPoint Contact Transistor1947電晶體

1904 Vacuum Tube Diode二極體

m mm mm nm AtomsLattice

Nano Technology

Making a transistor as small as possible is the way to assemble more transistors in the CPU. The final size of materials with periodic lattice structures is nano meter. That could be the smallest size while maintaining thermal stability for making electronic devices.

Intel Core i3, i5, i7

Intel Core i7-970

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020FinFET 22 nm

FinFET 10 nm

MANUFACTURING

OUTLINE

1. History of Calculator

2. History of Computer

3. Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

4. Types of Computers

5. Logic Gates and TTL Signals

6. History of Personal Computer & Peripherals

7. Numeral Systems

8. Computer Hardware

1. CPU

2. Power Case

3. Memory

4. Motherboard

5. Peripherals

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

•Supercomputer – e.g. more than 40 k CPUs each with 256 processing cores

•Mainframe (PC clusters) – processing is done centrally and users are dumb terminals

•Server – file server, application server, mail server (could be executed by one or more than one computers)

•Cloud Computing – cloud computing are done on the internet at somewhere and files are stored at some other places

•Workstation – for complex procedures execute in one high-end computer

•Personal Computer

•Smart Phones

•Microcontroller – Intel 8051, Arduino

Super Computer – Server – Personal Computer

Ref1: http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-02_introduction.html

TYPES OF COMPUTERSAnalog? Digital?

Ref1: https://www.pilottrends.com/e6b-flight-computer

• Analog Computer

• For example, the E6B flight computer was used to calculate wind correction, fuel burn, time and distance, and ground speed. It was invented by Navy Lt. Philip Dalton in 1930s.

• Artificial neural network uses analog signals.

• Digital Computer

• TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)

• The signal 0 is a voltage in the range between 0 and 0.5 V.

• The signal 1 is a voltage in the range between 2.7 and 5 V.

Ref2: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/logic-signal-voltage-levels/

LOGIC GATES

1847 The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, George Boole (1815-1864, the British)

The calculation can be realized by the transistor and now it can be easily materialized by using field-effect transistors.

P N P

base

emitter collector

N P N

base

emitter collector

NP Psource drain

gate

The modern structures are named as Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors (IGFET) or Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET).

Here the gate electrode is used to control and to turn on/off the current flow between the source and drain electrodes.

gatesource drain

FinFET

C

B

E

LOGIC GATES

Boolean Operations: 1 = TRUE = 5.0 V, 0 = FALSE = 0 V (ideal value)

Logic Diagram: Symbols to Express The Circuit and Signal Operation

Example: a NOT Gate

input: A output: X

Truth Table:

CB

EA

VCC

X

A X

0 1

1 0

Basic Logic Gates: NOT, AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR

Combinational Logic Gates: Distributive Law A (B + C), Addition A + B, Multiplexer, Memory

LOGIC GATES

AND Gate: AB

X

A B X

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 1

OR Gate:

A B X

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1

AB

X

XOR Gate:

A B X

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0

AB

X

NAND Gate:

A B X

0 0 1

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0

AB

X

NOR Gate:

A B X

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 0

AB

X

LOGIC GATES

AND Gate:

A B C X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

AB XC

Combinational Logic Gates: AB

C

D

E

X

A B C D E X

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

Combinational Logic Gates -Adder A

Bsum

carry out

A B sum carry

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

Combinational Logic Gates -Multiplexer

S0S1

D0 D1 D2 D3

F

S1 S0 F

0 0 D0

0 1 D1

1 0 D2

1 1 D3

DIGITAL SIGNAL & NUMBER OF BITS IN PROCESSING

TTL signal processing, for example, Motorola 74LS83, a 4-bit adder

1 bit – 2 bits – 4 bits – 8 bits – 16 bits – 32 bits

Vcc: power, 5-V voltage source; GND: common ground

A1-A4: 4-bit input A, B1-B4: 4-bit input B

C0: carry in; C4: carry out.

: 4-bit output

0101 + 0110 = ? What will you get from the pin by using a voltage meter?

0101 = ?

Ref1: Motorola 74LS83 Datasheet

Units used in computer: bits & bytes, 1 byte = 8 bit, 1 KB = 1024 bytes rather than 1000 bytes

OPERATION OF TTL LOGIC GATES

Power: VCC and GND

TTL Logic Gate: 74LS04, 8 NOT Gates

Board For Integrated Circuits: Breadboard

The power and the ground can be used as signal 1 & 0.

The pull-up resistor of 10-100 k for signal 1 shall be used.

See your output by using a LED. Parameters: 5V, 13 mA -> R=385

Power limitation of the resistor, e.g. ¼ W. What are high and low precision resistors?

OUTLINE

1. History of Calculator

2. History of Computer

3. Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

4. Types of Computers

5. Logic Gates and TTL Signals

6. History of Personal Computer & Peripherals

7. Numeral Systems

8. Computer Hardware

1. CPU

2. Power Case

3. Memory

4. Motherboard

5. Peripherals

PERSONAL COMPUTER & PERIPHERALS

Ref1: https://apple-history.com/128k

The Important Step in The World - Macintosh

Released in 1984, Macintosh series extended to 1991

CPU: Moto MC68000, CPU Speed: 8 MHz, Bus Speed: 8 MHz

Register Width: 32 bits, Data Bus Width: 16 bits, Address Bus Width 32 bitsRandom Access Memory (RAM): 128 kB, Read Only Memory (ROM): 64 kB

Monitor: 9’’ build in, size: 512 X 342, color: 1 bit

Storage: 3.5’’ Floppy Drive with a size of 400 kB

Input/Output: Keyboard, Joystick/Mouse, Serial Port, Speaker, Audio Out

Operation System: Mac OS

PERSONAL COMPUTER & PERIPHERALS

Ref1: http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5150.html

The Important Step in The World – IBM PC

1981 IBM PC 5150

CPU: Intel 8088, CPU Speed: 4.77 MHzRegister Width: 16 bits, Data Bus Width: 8 bitRAM: 16-640 kB, ROM: 64 kB, Hard Disk: 20 MB

Monitor: 80 characters 25 linesStorage: 5.25’’ Floppy Drive with a size of 160 kBInput/Output: Keyboard, RS232 Serial Port, Parallel Port, Speaker, 8-bit Slots

Operation System: PC DOS 1.0 – Windows + Intel = wintel

Microsoft Basic ROM

PERSONAL COMPUTER & PERIPHERALS

Ref1: https://classictech.wordpress.com/computer-companies/acer-groupmultitech-electronics-inc-sunnyvale-calif/

The Important Step in Taiwan – ACER 710

1980 Micro-Professor (MPF) series 小教授家用電腦

CPU: Intel 8088, CPU Speed: 10 MHz

Register Width: 16 bits, Data Bus Width: 8 bit

RAM: 786 kB, ROM: 64 kB, Hard Disk: 20 MB

Monitor: 12’’ 80 characters 25 linesStorage: 5.25’’ Floppy Drive with a size of 360 kBInput/Output: Keyboard, RS232 Serial Port, Parallel Port, Speaker, 8-bit Slots

1985 Multitech Accel 900, 6/10 MHz 80286 CPU1987 ACER 710

Operation System: MS DOS 3.2

NUMERAL SYSTEMS – BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL

After signals are digitalized (5/0 V representing 1/o), the binary number system is used for the computer design.The decimal number system gives a number abcd, where a, b, c, d are digital numbers from 0 to 9.

In reverse direction, if you want to digitize a number according to the decimal number system, you use division to find the digits:

Using the same way, we can find the number of a binary number 0110 0101 and find it back from a decimal number.

1012

50…12

25…02

12…12

𝑁 = 1100101

6…02

3…02

1…12

NUMERAL SYSTEMS – BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL

Conversion between the binary, the octal, the decimal, and the hexadecimal number systems:

binary to decimal:

digits of octal numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

binary to octal numbers: 101 011 = 53

octal to decimal numbers:

digits of hexadecimal numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

hexadecimal to decimal:

hexadecimal to binary:

hexadecimal to octal:

12018

150…18

18…68

2…2

𝑁 = 2261

120116

75…116

4…11

𝑁 = 4𝐵1

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CPU: The CPU is operated synchronously with the memory and the peripherals. They are clocked at the same rate, e.g. 5/8 MHz for 8088 CPU.8-bit data bus interface16-bit internal architectureDirect addressing to memory

8-bit & 16-bit signed and unsigned arithmetic in binary or decimal including multiply and divide

CPU: input data from memory or disk, calculation, output data, interrupted processing

Ref1: https://eater.net/8bit/

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Operation Time: Several Cycles of Clock Time, Unit: 0.2 for 8088 CPU Speed of 5 MHz

But The Operational Interrupt Speed for your program is still 1 kHz.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)Another Simple CPU

Ref1: http://yehnan.blogspot.com/2013/09/arduino_9.html

Powered by USB, use FTDI Friend (a chip to convert USB signal to serial port)

Pin1:

Pin19:

Pin7, 20, 21: USB VCC

Pin8, 22: USB GNDPin3: USB RXPin2: USB TXPin9 & 10: Crystal

LM7805

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Two Types of Commands Used in CPU Operation:

1. Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC, 精簡指令集)

2. Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC, 複雜指令集)

Who uses it? Work Station, for eample, SPARC (Oracle), Power PC (IBM), ARM CPU (for cell phone)What is its purpose? Short time for each operation.

Who uses it? CPU for personal computers (Intel, AMD, VIA)

What is its purpose? Long time for each operation while having more powerful functions like commands for multimedia, for power saving, …

RISC Commands:LOAD A, 2:3LOAD B, 5:2PROD A, BSTORE 2:3, A

CISC Commands:MULT 2:3, 5:2

Ref1: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/

OUTLINE

1. History of Calculator

2. History of Computer

3. Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology

4. Types of Computers

5. Logic Gates and TTL Signals

6. History of Personal Computer & Peripherals

7. Numeral Systems

8. Computer Hardware

1. CPU

2. Power Case

3. Memory

4. Motherboard

5. Peripherals

POWER

Signal: 0 or 5 V, Power: 0 or 5 V, 12 V

What’s difference? The signal does not provide enough power. The current of the signal is small. It sometimes cannot drive the device, even a low-power consuming LED device.

Ref1: https://www.pcworld.com/article/2025425/how-to-pick-the-best-pc-power-supply.html

4 pin peripheral power connector

ATX 20 pin main power connector

4 pin ATX + 12 V power connector

Ref2: https://forum.digikey.com/t/common-computer-power-supply-connectors/328

Sometimes, the signal line does not have a protecting resistor. In that case, you need to add a current limiting resistor when you use the signal to light up the LED.

VCC

MEMORY

Accelerate the operation speed. The program and data will be loaded into the memory before the commands in the program are executed.

For the 8088 CPU, the storage size is 8 bits (1 bytes) and the addressing capability is 220 (1 Mega Bytes). The memory are usually separated to several parts for data, coding, and stacking pages.

The memory used by CPU is named random access memory (RAM), a dynamic RAM.

Another type – static RAMSRAM: on-chip, fast access, short time, DRAM: off-chip, long timeSRAM: small size, DRAM: large storage capacitySRAM: expensive, DRAM: cheapSRAM: complex, DRAM: simple design

Ref1: https://medium.com/@win10tricks/static-ram-vs-dynamic-ram-which-is-better-4d691c052781

MOTHERBOARD

Integrate CPU, Memory, Power, Expansion Slots like PCI Express, PCI, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port for Video Cards)

Northbridge: Communications between The CPU Interface, AGP, and The Memory

I/O Port (Mouse, Keyboard, USB, Serial Port), S/PDIF (Sony and Phillips Digital Interconnect Format - Sound I/O), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi/RJ45

Storage Units Like Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Floppy Disk Drive (FDD), Optical Disk Drive (ODD), CD-ROM, DVD, Blue-Ray DVD

Southbridge: IC for The Hard Drive Controller, I/O Controller, and Integrated Hardware

Ref1: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm

PERIPHERALS – STANDARD INPUT & OUTPUT

Display, Mouse, Keyboard, Sound I/O, CCD (Charge-coupled Device)

The screen size of the surface pro is 260 X 175 mm2. The screen resolution is 2736 X 1824 pixels. For a full color display, one pixel is represented by four bytes for red (R), green (G), blue (B), and alpha (A). The mapping of the screen requires 19 MBytes.

Bluetooth Mouse, Bluetooth Earphone

CCD Resolution 8 Mega Pixels

Integrated Sound Card – Realtek (瑞昱) High Definition Audio

Most hardware requires the software drivers for your operational system (OS).

PERIPHERALS – HARD DISK, CD, DVD

NT$ 61,535(2018)

Solid State Drive

Secondary storage, permanent or long-time storage of data.

NT$ 4,788(2018)

Hard Disk

3D TLC NAND-based flash memory - a type of non-volatile memory that retains data when power is lost.

Magnetic domains read/write using the head made by magnetic tunneling junctions.

S. Yuasa et al., AIST, Korea5 mm

AFM Image

200 nm

MFM Image

50 G Hard disk

3.75 mm

DVD Disk

PERIPHERALS – EXTERNAL PORTS

Display Ports, Printer Ports, Serial Ports, USB Ports

Ref1: http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/accessories/pc-monitors/1404476/hdmi-vs-displayport-vs-dvi-vs-vga-every-connection-explainedRef2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_port

Display Ports: 15 pin VGA port, DVI-I, HDMI, mini HDMI, micro HDMI

Parallel Port: Direct 8 bit parallel output, 4 control port

Serial Port: RS232, now the protocol is also used for USB & Bluetooth connections

PERIPHERALS – EXTERNAL PORTS

You can write software to control or to send data to the parallel port.

The data can be combined to form 16 bit resolution for output.

The 16 bit data can be send for digital-to-analog conversion for a 0-10 V output.

The resolution of the output analog voltage is estimated by = 1.526 × 10 V.

It’s possible to reverse the data direction so you can read the analog voltage as a digital number.The resolution depends on how many bits used in the AD/DA conversion.

PERIPHERALS – INTERNET

Ethernet is used in your everyday life. The data is predominantly transferred by cable (Ethernet cable connection) while the data transfer can be wireless for the end users (Wi-Fi-wireless fidelity, cellphone mobile data).1962 The first commercial modem – the Bell 103 developed by AT&T, full-duplex transmission, speed of 300 bps (bits per second)

Ethernet is developed by the company – Xerox PARK between 1973 and 1974.

1991 The data transfer speed of the modem is increased up to 14.4 Kbps. (1990-1996 used in Taiwan -> BBS)Sound of dial-up modem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsNaR6FRuO0

The development of Ethernet is inspired by ALOHANET. “In the late 1960s, Abramson and his team set out to connect computers across the University of Hawaii system using radio communications.”

The speed of the first Ethernet – 10BASE5 is 2.94 Mbps. Now the speed is increased up to 400 Gbps.

EXERCISE

1. Use one paragraph to introduce Turing and his achievements.

2. What’s the correct prediction in the movie of “Demolition Man”, released in 1993?

3. What’s Moore’s law?

4. Please use the components of a 9V battery, LM7805, 74LS00 to demonstrate the results of 1 1 = 1 and 1 0 = 0.

5. Please use logic gates to design a two-bit adder and give a detail descriptions of the signals in true tables.

6. Put decimal numbers of 13812, 217003, and 1996 into the three different forms, the binary, the octal, and the hexadecimal forms.

EXERCISE

1. What are their decimal forms of the hexadecimal numbers, 1204, F21, and 2AF?

2. What are all the possible data transfer speeds for the RS-232 serial port?

3. What are the differences between the parallel port and the RS-232 serial port?