600-1250A.D.

The Muslim World

Vocabulary List

Allah: Muslim name for God

Muhammad: Arab prophet who founded Islam

Islam: A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. Qur’an (Submission to the will of Allah)

Muslim: Follower of Islam

Hijrah: Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D.

Hajj: Islamic holy pilgrimage

Mosque: Islamic place of worship

 

Vocabulary List II

Qur’an/Koran: Islamic holy book

Sunna: Islamic model for living, based on the life/teachings of Muhammad

Shiria (Shirja): Islamic holy law

Caliph: Islamic title of successor/deputy/ruler

Sunni: Believe that the first four Caliphs were “rightly guided”

Shi’a/Shi’ites: Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali should have succeeded Muhammad

The Rise of Islam

Deserts, Towns, and Travelers Geography of the Middle East

Most of the Arabian Peninsula is a large desert

Crossroads of Trade and Ideas Trade goods traveling from Europe to Asia

went through Arabia Center of ideas from Europe, Egypt, Persia,

and Byzantium

The Prophet Muhammad: Revelations (613-622)Orphan, Rich

businessman/trader Religious/Prayed a lot

Angel Gabriel came to Mohammad

Believed he was the last prophet

He believed that Allah (God) instructed him to tell people to abandon all other gods except Allah!

Muslim: one who has submitted to Allah

613 A.D. Preaching publicly in Mecca

622 A.D. Muhammad kicked out of Mecca for his belief Moved to Medina

Hajrah: 200 mile trip Migration to the city Yathrib/Medina

Attracted many devout followers

Returning to Mecca (630)

Muhammad’s teachings grew in MedinaLarge Army

10,000 soldiers

Fought the city of Mecca for seven years, finally conquering it in 630 AD Converted many of the people of Mecca Destroyed the Idols in the Ka’aba

Ka’aba

The Five Pillars The Five Pillars

Faith There is no God but Allah,

and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah

Prayer Must pray five times per

day facing Mecca. Mosque is a Muslim

house of prayerAlms

All Muslims are to give money to the poor through a special religious tax

Fasting During holy month of

Ramadan, Muslims eat or drink nothing between sunrise and sunset

Pilgrimage All Muslims must

travel to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Islamic Beliefs and Practices of Islam

A Way of Life Cannot eat pork or drink alcohol Cannot bring harm to body, (destroying image of God)

Sources of Authority The Qur’an (Koran) is the Muslim holy book The official language used in the Qur’an is Arabic The Shariah, or Muslim law, brings unity to all Muslims Sunna: Mohammad’s Example (WWMD)

People of The Book

Called Jews and Christians People of the Book

Cannot force Conversions (Convert) Must want convert for your own reasons/heart

Jews and Christians paid a Poll Tax In exchange for military service No destruction of their property/cities

Held good jobs Gov. workers/scholars

Jewish Golden Age Muslim Controlled Spain

Links to Judaism and Christianity

Allah is the same God worshipped in Christianity and Judaism

Jesus is viewed as a prophet, not the Son of God Jesus is mentioned more in the Qur’an

Jews and Christians are referred to People of the Book under Islam and Muslim law requires toleration of these faiths

“Cousin Religions” Same Grandparents….different parents

Links to Judaism and Christianity

1. Allah is the same God that is worshiped by Jews/Christians

2. Jesus is important (Prophet/not the son of God)

3. Qur’an is the word of God as told by Mohammad

1. Perfected version because it is more recent

4. All three believe in Heaven, Hell and Judgment Day

5. Trace their ancestry to Abraham6. Similar teachings from Holy books

Muslim Achievement: Muslim Society

The Rise of Muslim Urban Centers Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Dynasty, became the

most powerful city with almost 1 million people

Four Social Classes Muslims at birth Converts to Islam Christians and Jews Slaves

Role of Women

Men and Women are held equal as believers

They held many rights in early Muslim society, including education and right to inheritance

Today many women are oppressed in some Islamic countries

Women are viewed as being “Pure” Must protect women from unjust men

Islam After Muhammad

Died at the age of 62Did not name a successor/no guidance on how to

pick onePicked Abu-Bakr (loyal friend)

Divided Muslims Rightly Guided Caliphs (Caliphate)

First 4 successors of Muhammad All personally knew Muhammad

Unleashed a Jihad Jihad: Struggle

2 Types: Inner/Outer Jihad

Why did Islam Spread

1. Before Muhammad died he stated that he wanted to spread Islam!!

2. Armies were well trained/commanded (Abbasids Caliphate)

3. Well funded! (Gold/Trade)4. Weakness of surrounding Neighbors 5. Persecuted people wanted refuge from

Byzantine /Sassanid (Persian) Empire1. Offered equality/hope in this world2. Welcomed the Muslims

Islam Splits

Caliph is murdered Civil war over replacementMohammad’s son-in-law Ali (Murdered)Umayyads came into powerMoved the capital from Mecca to Damascus

Upset man Muslims (too far away) Lived lavish lifestyles

Division: Sunni vs. Shi’a Source of modern tensions between Muslims today

Shi’a Sunni

Broke away due to Umayyads rule

Believe that Caliph should be be from the bloodline of Mohammad

Party of “Ali”

Believe in 4 “Rightly Guided Caliphs”

Followed the Umayyads rule

Division of Islam

Division of Islam

Abbasid Caliphate takes over in 750 A.D.

One Umayyad prince escapes to Spain Established a Muslim kingdom in Spain (Moors)

Abbasids move capital to Baghdad Raised money by taxes and trade

Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge

Torchbearers of Knowledge (Fall of the Romans) After Fall of Rome (476 AD), the West fell into a dark

age

Muslim scholars saved ancient knowledge by translating Greek, Persian, and Indian writings into Arabic

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was the most important center of learning in the Muslim world

Preservers of Education

Islamic Social Classes

4 Social Classes 1st Class: Muslim at Birth 2nd Class: Coverts to Islam 3rd Class: People of the Book 4th Class: Slaves

Role of Women “Men are the managers of the affairs of women” “Righteous women are therefore obedient” Equals More economic/property rights (Divorce) Multiple wives……treated the same

Arts and Sciences Flourish in the Muslim World

Medical Advances Persian scholar Rhazes wrote extensive books on

medical knowledge

Believed that patients would recover better if they breathed cleaner air Forefather of germ theory

Arts and Sciences

Math and Science Stretch Horizons Muslims first to solve problems by experimentation

They believed that the basis for all knowledge was mathematics Algebra

Muslim writings about math and astrology were used to create the first telescopes and microscopes

Muslim Art and Architecture Art was based on calligraphy, or beautiful handwriting

Architecture blended many ideas, included use of arches, domes, and vaults

Calligraphy

Mosques

Dome of the Rock

Islamic Issues

Tensions between Muslims and ChristiansMedia outlets need to make money

The New Russians Cold War

Islamic Extremists are not “normal”

Use the Koran as a means of getting what they want

Justifying their actions

Media/Movies

Christians?