6 x 10.5 Three line title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/62806/index/9780521862806_index… · climate change and, ix–x, 214, 217–227 in developing

Index

Abizaid, John, 98ABM Treaty. See Anti-Ballistic Missile TreatyAcheson, Dean, 61Afghanistan

Al Qaeda in, xii–xiiiTaliban of, xii–xiii, 104–105war in, 14–15, 104–105, 110–111, 131

African Union, 106, 124, 129, 276Alien Tort Statute (ATS), 264–265Allott, Philip, 59–60Annan, Kofi

on democracy, 143–144Iraq 2003 war and, 8, 121oil-for-food program scandal and, 117–118,

119–120on U.N. reform, xiv–xv, 97, 105–106, 128,

250–251as U.N. Secretary General, 10–11, 267

Antarctica, 243–244Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 141Aquinas, Thomas, 9, 62Argentina, 158Atlantic Alliance, xi–xiiATS. See Alien Tort Statute (ATS)Augustine, 9Austin, John, 66–67, 72Austria, 250–251Avena case, 265–267axis of evil, xii, 134, 135Azimi, Nazrine, 252

Baker, James, x, 281balance of power system

paradoxes of, 19–20realism and, 44–45

sovereignty in, 38in WWI, 16, 19

Bentham, Jeremy, 66Berger, Samuel R., 96Bin Laden, Osama, 7, 133–134Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,

139biological diversity, 235–241, 242–243Bishop, W. W., 64–65Blair, Tony, ix–x, 5–6, 302Blix, Hans, 6Bolton, John, xi, 10–11Bonn Convention, 242–243Bosnia, 98, 121–122, 275, 288–289Boudin, Jean, 38Brazil, 101Bretton Woods Conference, 150–151, 153–154,

163–164Britain

Blair of, ix–x, 5–6, 302in Iraq 2003 war, 4, 5–6

Brundtland Report, 197–199Buchanan, Pat, 2Bull, Hedley, 59Bush, George H. W.

Cold War and, 25–26foreign policy of, x, 8, 51–52, 96, 281Iraq invaded by, 2–3, 7

Bush, George W. See also Iraq 2003 waron axis of evil, xii, 134, 135ideals of, 11, 54, 96, 101, 3029/11 influencing, x, xi–xiipreventative war and, 112–115reelection of, xsteel tariffs imposed by, 150

307

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308 Index

Bush, George W. (cont.)torture under, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256, 282–283unilateralism of, x–xii, 2–3, 8, 10–11, 14–15,

52, 89, 99–100, 217–218, 225–227, 297–299

Carr, E. H., 21, 47, 48–49Carter, Jimmy, 140, 141, 282CBD. See U.N. Convention on Biological

DiversityCentcom, 98Chemical Weapons Convention, 139Cheney, Dick, 101Chile, 290–291China, rise of

challenges of, 28–30, 100, 101democracy and, 28–30economy’s role in, 29–30F-8 fighter jet conflict with, 31–32, 52,

228–229international institutions’ role in, 29–30,

31Japanese preparation for, 28Kaplan on, xi, 28multilateralism in, 32Nixon and, 43positive effects of, 29–30U.N. and, 29–30U.S. preparation for, 28WTO and, 29–30yuan valuation and, 150

Churchill, Winston, xvCicero, Marcus Tullius, 62CITES. See Convention on Trade on

Endangered SpeciesClarke, Jonathan, 98–99classical realists, 43climate change, ix–x, 214, 217–227Clinton, Bill, 14, 96, 113, 135, 183, 217–224coalition of willing, ix, 4, 89, 102, 137–138Cold War

Bush, G. H. W.’s role in, 25–26collective self-defense in, 111–112Cuban Missile Crisis during, 25, 49, 61, 115Gorbachev’s role in, 25–26international law in, 61–62Korean War during, 25, 115liberal internationalism after, 51–52multilateralism winning, 25–26origin of, 24–25Reagan’s role in, 25–26realism in, 47–48

U.N. and, 115U.S. foreign policy following, x, 10–11, 14Vietnam War during, 25, 47

Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty,139–141

constructivism, 59Convention on Trade on Endangered

Species (CITES), 242–243Cooperative Threat Reduction Program,

138Cortazzi, Hugh, 256crime. See international crimesCuban Missile Crisis

Acheson on, 61causes of, 25game theory explaining, 49U.N. and, 115

customary lawhumanitarian intervention supported by,

121–122as international law source, 73–75in North Sea Continental Shelf cases, 74,

75in Paquete Habana case, 74, 77

Darfur. See Sudande Groot, Hugo. See Grotiusde Vattel, Emerich, 65de Villepin, Dominique, 4, 6de Vitoria, Francisco, 9, 62–63Dearlove, Sir Richard, 8democracy (free-market)

Annan on, 143–144in China, 28–30as dominant international system, 14, 26international law and, 67–68in Muslim world, 8, 132as U.S. goal, 8, 11, 13, 52, 54, 96, 99, 101,

143–144, 302developing countries

Doha Development Agenda for, 171,188–189, 194

environmental protection in, 197–198,204–205, 224

human rights in, 271in international political economy, 153,

185–191U.N. Millennium Development Goals for,

142–144, 190, 271in WTO, 188–190, 194

disaster response, viii–ix, 144–145






Index 309

dispute settlementsenforcement of, 85–87environmental, 211international law requiring, 69–70,

85methods of, 81, 85–87, 304by WTO, 86, 166–167

Doha Development Agenda, 171, 188–189,194

EC Asbestos case, 184Edwards, Sebastian, 187Eliot, T. S., 20Englund, Lynndie, 255environmental protection. See international

environmental protection; United Statesenvironmental policy

Estai case, 232, 234EU. See European UnionEuropean Union (EU)

creation of, 24, 72–73economic impact of, 192multilateralism of, xivas regional economic agreement, 191,

192U.N. relations with, 106, 128U.S. foreign policy influencing, 26, 100–101

Fhima, Al Amin, 290Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 264–265Final Report of the United Nations High

Level Panel on Threats, Challenges andChange. See reformation, of UN

fisheries, 208, 232–234fissile material cut-off treaty, 136–137Fortna, Virginia Page, 126France, 4, 6Franck, Thomas, 91–92Franks, Tommy, 3Freivalds, Laila, xivFreud, Sigmund, 20, 32, 46–47, 88Fukuyama, Francis, 14

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam case, 207game theory

Cuban Missile Crisis explained by, 49international cooperation explained by, 49,

61–62in realism, 48–49

GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffsand Trade

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT), 153–154, 163–166, 169–170See also World Trade Organization

general principles of law. See alsointernational law

as international law source, 75–76in River Meuse case, 75

Geneva Convention, 257, 258–259, 279–281genocide

in Holocaust, 21–24, 281as international crime, 288in Rwanda, 98, 128, 275, 288–289in Sudan, 128, 275, 283, 297–299

Gentile, Alberico, 9Germany, 4, 21global economy. See international political

economyGlobal Threat Reduction Program (GTRI),

138–139global warming. See climate changeglobalization

cosmopolitan right and, 56intellectual justification of, 36international political economy created by,

151new global order and, 55, 302–305problems of, 15–16, 55–56, 103–104state interests influenced by, 15–16, 56of state system, 35, 39

Goldsmith, Lord, 8Gonzales, Alberto, xii, 256, 259Gorbachev, Mikhail, 25–26Graves, Robert, 20Greece, 41–42, 91greenhouse effect. See climate changeGreenspan, Alan, 149Grotius

as international law’s father, 63, 65,93

on just warfare, 9on natural law, 63

GTRI. See Global Threat ReductionProgram

Guantanamo, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256, 282–283Gulf War. See Iraq 1991 war

Haas, Ernst, 56–58Hague Regulations, 257, 279–281The Hague Peace Conference, 20Haider, Jorg, 250–251Haiti, 125–126






310 Index

Halper, Stefan, 98–99Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 262–263Harland, David, 98harm prevention principle, 205–206Hart, H. L. A., 78Heidegger, Martin, 32–33Helms, Jesse, 116Hemingway, Ernest, 20Hitler, Adolf, 21HIV/AIDS, 142–144, 162Hoar, Joseph P., 258Hobbes, Thomas, 38, 42–43, 70–71, 253Holbrooke, Richard, 116Holocaust, 21–24, 281homeland security, xii–xiiiHormones case, 173human rights. See international human

rights protectionhumanitarian intervention

in Bosnia, 121–122customary law supporting, 121–122regime change v., 123–124safeguards against, 122–123U.N. reformation of, 121–123validity of, 121–122

Hussein, Saddambrutality of, 7, 119–120in Iraq 1991 war, 1–2in Iraq 2003 war, 1–3, 5, 8, 45, 112–113trial of, 291–292

Ibrahim, Yousiff M., 252–253ICC. See International Criminal CourtIcelandic Fisheries case, 208ILO. See International Labour OrganizationIMF. See International Monetary Fundimperialism, 17, 51–52India

outsourcing to, 180–181rise of, 100WMD of, 137–138

Indian Ocean tsunami, viii–ix, 144–145institutionalism. See regime theoryInternational Atomic Energy Agency, 7international crimes. See also International

Criminal Courtaggression as, 292–293genocide as, 288against human rights, 287, 299of Hussein, 291–292hybrid international courts trying, 289

Iraqi Special Tribunal trying, 291–292in Lockerbie bombing, 290, 291origins of, 285–287of Pinochet, 290–291Rwanda tribunal trying, 288–289terrorism as, 288, 296–297U.N. on, 287in WWII, 285–287Yugoslavia tribunal trying, 288–289

International Criminal Court (ICC)crimes tried in, 292–293, 299criminal responsibility under, 296jurisdiction of, 294–296origins of, 39, 285staffing of, 294, 295U.S. against, x–xii, 10–11, 285, 291–292,

294–296, 297–300weaknesses of, 296–297, 299

international environmental protection. Seealso Kyoto Protocol; United Statesenvironmental policy

in Antarctica, 243–244of biological diversity, 235–241, 242–243Bonn Convention on, 242–243Brundtland Report on, 197–199CITES on, 242–243climate change and, ix–x, 214, 217–227in developing countries, 197–198, 204–205,

224dispute settlement and, 211Estai case on, 232, 234of fisheries, 208, 232–234Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam case on, 207habitat preservation as, 236–238harm prevention principle of, 205–206“hot spots” approach to, 237–238, 239Icelandic Fisheries case on, 208intergenerational equity in, 203–204international law on, 196–197, 202–203,

210–211, 247–248international regimes responsible for,

199–200, 247–248Johannesburg Summit on, 198–199Lac Lanoux case on, 206–207marine mammal conservation as, 234Montreal Protocol for, 216–217, 224by NGOs, 202of oceans, 201, 228–229, 230–232, 235ozone depletion and, 214–217polluter pays principle in, 209–210precautionary principle in, 205






Index 311

principle of common concern in, 208–209public participation in, 210regional treaties on, 242Rio Declaration on, 198–199, 203, 204–205,

206–207, 209–210as security problem, 103–104, 248soft law on, 202–203, 211, 247–248species agreements as, 242–243state responsibility for, 205–207, 208–211Stockholm Conference on, 197sustainable development as, 203–204Trail Smelter case on, 196–197, 205–206transboundary pollution and, 205–206,

211–214treaty regimes for, 201–203U.N. initiatives on, 197–201, 221, 238–241,

246–247U.N. Watercourse Convention on, 246–247UNCLOS and, 229–232, 233–234U.S. role in, 199, 208–209, 216–217,

225–227, 232, 235, 238–241, 248–249of water resources, 244–247World Heritage Convention on, 201WTO and, 183–184

international human rights protection. Seealso genocide; humanitarianintervention; peacekeeping missions;United States human rights policy

in Austria, 250–251in developing countries, 271by Geneva Convention, 257, 258–259,

279–281international crimes against, 287, 299international law on, 257, 258–259,

260–261, 272–276Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 279–281,

282multilateral treaties on, 270in Muslim countries, 252–253, 279–281in Myanmar, 283NGOs investigating, 275origin of, 253–254Pratt and Morgan v. Jamaica and, 275of prisoners of war, 258–259, 260–261reformation of, 250–252, 276–277sovereignty constrained by, 39in Sudan, 128, 275, 283, 297–299terrorism prevented by, 252–253, 260–261,

279–281, 282–283of terrorists, 260–261against torture, 256, 257, 258–259, 260–261

U.N. Human Rights Commission on,250–251

U.N. system of, 250–251, 268, 270–277,283

Universal Declaration of Human Rightsand, 268, 269, 270

universality of, 254–255U.S. role in, 251, 258–259, 260–261,

276–277, 282–283Vienna World Conference on, 254

international institutions. See also EuropeanUnion; International Monetary Fund;North Atlantic Treaty Organization;United Nations; World Bank; WorldTrade Organization

Atlantic Alliance as, xi–xiiChina’s rise and, 29–30, 31framework treaty organizations as, 82ILO as, 184–185International Atomic Energy Agency as, 7Iraq 2003 war bypassing, 8, 10–11justice’s role in, 302League of Nations as, 9, 21, 45–46, 51–52multiplier effect of, ixneoconservatives against, 49–50, 52origin of, 21power of, x, xiii–xiv, 11, 12reformation of, vii, x, 9, 11role of, in international law, 81–84sovereignty and, 38–39war regulated by, 9, 109–110weaknesses of, x–xii, 52, 102

International Labour Organization (ILO),184–185

international law. See also internationalcrimes; International Criminal Court;legal obligation; natural law

adjudication required by, 69–70, 85business transactions under, 80in Cold War, 61–62community and, 70complexity of, 92consent as foundation of, 67–68in crisis, xiv–xvcustomary law as, 73–75democracy and, 67–68on disasters, 144–145dispute settlements required by, 69–70,

85disregard for, 60–61, 62, 64–65, 66–68doctrine of sources of, 72, 76–77






312 Index

international law (cont.)economic, 167enforcement of, 66, 69–70, 76–78, 90–92environmental, 196–197, 202–203, 210–211,

247–248function of, 68–69, 87–88, 102general principles as source of, 75–76global problems solved by, 76–77Grotius as father of, 63, 65, 93on human rights, 257, 258–259, 260–261,

272–276international court decisions on, 76international organizations’ role in, 81–84in IR, 40–41, 55–56, 60–61, 62Iraq 2003 war bypassing, 8, 10–11, 61justice in, 302legal experts’ writings on, 76legal system for, 71–72limits of, 92morality in, 66–67, 91–92multiplier effect of, 77–78, 89natural law origins of, 62–63, 64–65, 71–72Paquete Habana case on, 56–58, 74, 77pluralism and, 65, 66positivism in, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 71–72,

76–77power of, ix, x, xiii–xiv, 11, 12, 102, 145–146,

304against prisoner abuse, 61private, 81public, 81rational choice theory and, 87–90realism and, 60–61reformation of, vii, 9, 11, 92regimes and, 59–62society created by, 59, 68–69, 70–71, 89state responsibilities under, 40subsidiary sources of, 76treaty law as source of, 72–73tribunal decisions on, 76U.N. and, 82–84, 86–87UNCLOS as, xiwar decisions regulated by, 9weaknesses of, x–xii, 52in WWI, 19, 20, 21, 72

International Monetary Fund (IMF)Argentina eschewing, 158austerity programs of, 157creation of, 24, 51–52, 58–59, 143–144,

153–155

duties of, 154–155lending facilities of, 156–157poverty reduction goals of, 190–191reformation of, 157–159

international political economy. See alsoInternational Monetary Fund; UnitedStates economic policy; World Bank;World Trade Organization

Bretton Woods Conference on, 150–151,153–154, 163–164

current prosperity of, 152–153debt relief in, 190–191definition of, 150–151deindustrialization in, 180developing countries in, 153, 185–191economic law and, 167employment in, 179–180EU’s impact on, 192globalization creating, 151multilateral coordination in, 150, 151–152,

193–194outsourcing in, 180–181poverty reduction and, 188protectionism in, 176, 177–178regional economic agreements affecting,

191–193trade deficits and, 181–183U.S. role in, 193–194

international relations (IR). See alsointernational environmental protection;international human rights protection;international institutions; internationallaw; international political economy;liberal internationalism;multilateralism; realism; unilateralism

actors in, 54, 58, 69–70, 80, 81in ancient Greece, 41–42business transactions as, 80definition of, 40–41foreign policy v., 41functionalism in, 56–58global problems solved by, 33, 55–56governance in, 55Hobbes on, 42–43international law and, 40–41, 55–56, 60–61,

62Machiavelli on, 42–43Morgenthau on, 41, 47, 48–49, 60new global order in, 55, 302–305power’s role in, 41–42






Index 313

regimes’ role in, 58–59state-interests theory and, 41theories of, 44, 56–58in WWI, 18

international societydefinition of, 64, 71international law creating, 59, 68–69,

70–71, 89origin of, 70–71

IR. See international relationsIran, 103–104, 134–135, 137–138, 140–141Iraq 1991 war

under Bush, G. H. W., 2–3, 7Hussein humiliated in, 1–2multilateralism in, 9–10, 51–52oil-for-food program and, 117–118, 119–120outcome of, 1–2, 104–105reasons for, 7, 2932003 war v., 3–4, 5, 7U.N. and, 1–2, 10, 104–105, 115–116WMDs in, 1–2

Iraq 2003 warAnnan and, 8, 121Bin Laden and, 7Britain in, 4, 5–6casualties of, 3causes of, 5–6, 7, 33CIA’s failures in, 6, 120coalition of the willing in, ix, 4, 89, 102,

137–138economic burden of, 3–4elections following, 120France against, 4Franks on, 3Germany against, 4homeland security and, xii–xiiiHussein removed in, 1–3, 5, 8, 45, 112–113insurgency of, 7international institutions bypassed in, 8,

10–11international law bypassed in, 8, 10–11,

61Iraqi Special Tribunal of, 291–292NATO in, ix, 45, 1209/11 Commission Report on, x, xii–xiii1991 war v., 3–4, 5, 7oil-for-food program and, 117–118, 119–120political costs of, 4as preventative war, 112–113Al Qaeda and, xii–xiii, 5, 7, 120

reasons for, 2–3, 7, 8, 14–15, 120, 293reconstruction after, 3–4regime change in, 1–2, 5, 8, 45, 112–113Spain’s withdrawal from, 4U.N. and, ix, 4, 5–6, 7, 8, 10, 45, 52,

104–105, 111–112, 119–121unilateralism in, 9–10WMD and, 7, 8, 33, 120Al Zarqawi in, 7

Islam. See Muslim worldIsraeli-Palestinian conflict

human rights and, 279–281, 282multilateral diplomacy in, 14–15, 282U.N. and, 115WMD and, 137–138

Japan, 28, 242–243Jefferson, Thomas, 253–254Judis, John B., 99

Kant, Immanuel, 46, 56, 66, 104Kaplan, Robert, xi, 28Kellogg-Briand Pact, 9, 21, 45–46, 51–52,

286–287Kennan, George, 66–67Keohane, Robert, 58Korean War, 25, 115Kyoto Protocol

industry influenced by, 227–228legal obligation to, 79, 89, 202–203,

210–211, 221–222, 224limits of, 70, 221–227U.S. and, x–xii, 10–11, 70, 79, 89, 202–203,

210–211, 217–218, 221–228

Lac Lanoux case, 206–207LaGrand case, 265–267League of Nations, 9, 21, 45–46, 51–52legal obligation

foundation of, 69–70, 90–92hierarchies of, 79jus cogens as, 80to Kyoto Protocol, 79, 89, 202–203, 210–211,

221–222, 224Plato on, 91primary rules of, 78–79secondary rules of, 78–79soft law and, 79–80, 202–203, 211, 247–248to WTO, 168–169

liberal democracy. See democracy






314 Index

liberal internationalismCarr on, 47case for, 11–12after Cold War, 51–52definition of, vii, 44history of, 11–12Kant on, 46neoconservatives and, 52realism v., 44, 45–46, 51–52, 55Truman on, 51–52as utopian, 47Wilson on, 11–12, 21, 45–46, 47, 99

Libya, 290Locke, John, 64–65, 70–71, 253–254Lockerbie bombing, 290, 291Lugar, Richard, 138

Machiavelli, Nicholas, 42–43marine mammal conservation, 234Marinetti, Tommaso Filippo, 17Marx, Karl, 16, 32, 88Medellin case, 253, 265–267al-Megrahi, Abdelbaset, 290Middle East. See Muslim worldMiddle East Free Trade Area, xiiiMilosevic, Slobodan, 288–289Molnar, Lazlo, 140–141Montreal Protocol, 216–217, 224Morgenthau, Hans, 41, 47, 48–49, 60multilateralism

Baker on, xBlair on, ix–xChina’s rise and, 32Cold War won by, 25–26definition of, 9–10of EU, xivFreivalds on, xivhuman rights treaties and, 270in international political economy, 150,

151–152, 193–194in Iraq 1991 war, 9–10, 51–52in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 14–15, 2829/11 Commission Report on, 130, 131power of, ix, 11, 89, 102Rice on, xii, 5, 50, 52Straw on, xivagainst terrorism, 130in U.S. foreign policy, 33, 101–103against WMDs, 135–139

multinational corporations, 38–39, 41, 304multiplier effect, ix, 77–78, 89

Musharraf, Pervez, xiiiMuslim world. See also Israeli-Palestinian

conflictdemocracy in, 8, 132human rights in, 252–253, 279–281Middle East Free Trade Area and, xiiiU.S. relations with, xii–xiii, 4, 50–51, 101

Mussolini, Benito, 21Myanmar, 283

NAFTA. See North American Free TradeAgreement

nationalism, 17, 49–50NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty

Organizationnatural law

of ancient Rome, 62of Christian Middle Ages, 62colonization and, 62–63Grotius on, 63international law originating from, 62–63,

64–65, 71–72positivism v., 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 71–72,

76–77sovereignty and, 64

Nehru, Jawaharlal, vii–viiineoclassical realists, 47neoconservatives

ideals of, 52, 99against international institutions, 49–50,

52liberal internationalism and, 52nationalism of, 49–50unilateralism of, 49–50, 98–99U.S. foreign policy influenced by, 6, 49–51

new global order, 55, 302–305NGO. See non-governmental organizationsNietzsche, Friedrich, 16, 32, 46–479/11

Bush influenced by, x, xi–xiiCIA’s failures in, 6, 15, 45foreign policy changed by, xi–xii, 14–15, 52,

98–99lessons of, 102–103, 303, 305unilateralism fostered by, xi–xii, 305U.N.’s response to, 12, 104–105, 129–131world sympathy for, xii

9/11 Commission Reporton Cooperative Threat Reduction

Program, 138on Iraq 2003 war, x, xii–xiii






Index 315

on multilateralism, 130, 131on terrorism, 103–104, 141

Nixon, Richard, 43non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

38–39, 41, 105, 202, 275, 304Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 136, 139–141North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA), 191–192North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Bosnia bombing campaign by, 121–122collective self-defense of, 111–112in Iraq 2003 war, ix, 45, 120U.N. relations with, 106, 124U.S. economic policy influenced by,

191–192U.S. foreign policy influenced by, xi–xii,

102–103North Korea, 100–101, 103–104, 134–135,

137–138, 140–141North Sea Continental Shelf cases, 74, 75NPT. See Non-Proliferation TreatyNunn, Sam, 138Nye, Joseph, 58, 101–102

oceans, 201, 228–229, 230–232, 235oil-for-food program scandal, 117–118, 119–120Operation Desert Storm. See Iraq 1991 warOperation Iraqi Freedom. See Iraq 2003 warOuter Space Treaty, 141–142outsourcing, of jobs, 180–181ozone depletion, 214–217

Pakistan, xiii, 137–138Palestine. See Israeli-Palestinian conflictPan American flight 103 bombing. See

Lockerbie bombingPape, Robert, 132–133Paquete Habana case, 56–58, 74, 77peacekeeping missions

effectiveness of, 125–126, 127in Haiti, 125–126human security response force in, 128–129mandate for, 127–128peacebuilding missions as, 128peace-enforcement missions v., 126–127rapid reaction force in, 128reformation of, 97–98, 124, 125–126, 127–129regional organizations and, 129in Somalia, 125–126

Perle, Richard, 116Pinochet, Augusto, 290–291

Plato, 91pluralism, 65, 66positivism, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 71–72, 76–77poverty

Doha Development Agenda against, 171,188–189, 194

IMF reducing, 190–191international economic policies reducing,

188as security threat, 103–104, 142–143U.N. Millennium Development Goals for,

142–144, 190, 271World Bank reducing, 159–162, 190–191WTO reducing, 190–191

Powell, Colin, 6, 134–135, 252–253power politics, 43, 47, 104Pratt and Morgan v. Jamaica, 275preventative war

Bush, G. W. and, 112–115Iraq 2003 war as, 112–113problems of, 113–115rights to, 113–115U.N. reformation and, 112–115

prisoner abuse. See tortureprisoners of war, 258–259, 260–261Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), 134–135PSI. See Proliferation Security InitiativePufendorf, Samuel, 64

Al Qaedain Afghanistan, xii–xiiielimination of, xiiiIraq 2003 war and, xii–xiii, 5, 7, 120WMD and, 103–104, 112–113, 133–134

Rasul v. Bush, 262–263rational choice theory

assumptions of, 88–89international law and, 87–90reductionism in, 88, 89–90

Reagan, Ronald, 25–26realism

balance of power system as, 44–45behavior analysis in, 48–49classical realists of, 43in Cold War, 47–48constructivism v., 59definition of, 43, 44, 78empiricism in, 48–49game theory in, 48–49imperialism as, 51–52






316 Index

realism (cont.)international law disregarded by, 60–61liberal internationalism v., 44, 45–46,

51–52, 55morality in, 43–44neoclassical realists of, 47as power politics, 43, 47Schelling on, 47–48state interests in, 54strategic, 47–48structural, 47–49totalitarianism as, 51–52unilateralism in, 43, 51–52Waltz on, 47–48after WWI, 46–47

reformation, of UNof agencies, 105–106Annan on, xiv–xv, 97, 105–106, 128, 250–251conflict prevention as, 116–117, 125of disaster response, 144–145High Level Panel report on, x, 97, 103–105,

117–118of human rights system, 250–252, 276–277of humanitarian intervention, 121–123indicative voting as, 98of oil-for-food program, 117–118, 119–120opportunity for, vii, x, xiv–xv, 96–97of peace-enforcement missions, 126–127of peacekeeping missions, 97–98, 124,

125–126, 127–129preventative war and, 112–115regime change and, 123–124regional security organizations and, 124of sanctions, 115–116, 117–118of Security Council, 105, 106–109, 115–117self-defense and, 110–111of terrorism strategy, 129–133U.S. role in, 99–100, 102of use of force, 109–110, 118–119of WMD strategy, 136–139

regime changehumanitarian intervention v., 123–124in Iraq, 1–2, 5, 8, 45, 112–113

regime theoryconstructivism and, 59definition of, 58–59, 69international law and, 59–62in IR, 58–59U.N. as, 58–59

regional economic agreementscustoms union as, 192

EU as, 191, 192framework of, 191free trade agreements as, 191–193

Remarque, Erich Marie, 20Rice, Condoleezza, xii, 5, 50, 52Ricketts, Peter, 5Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development, 198–199, 203, 204–205,206–207, 209–210

River Meuse case, 75Roosevelt, Eleanor, 268Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 70–71, 253–254rule of equity, 75–76Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 262–263Russia,. 21, 25–26, 51–52 See also Cold WarRwanda, 98, 128, 275, 288–289

Sachs, Jeffrey, 143–144Sartre, Jean-Paul, 32–33Schelling, Thomas, 47–48Scowcroft, Brent, 96self-defense

Afghanistan war as, 110–111collective, 104, 111–112of NATO, 111–112necessity of, 110–111, 114proportionality of, 110–111U.N. reformation and, 110–111

September 11, 2001. See 9/11Shahrour, Muhammad, 253Shrimp/Turtle case, 184Singh, Manmohan, vii–viiiSmith, F. E., 20social Darwinism, 17Socrates, 91soft law, 79–80, 202–203, 211, 247–248Somalia, 125–126Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 264–265sovereignty

balance of power and, 38definition of, 37–38, 40erosion of, 38–39, 40, 55–56, 59,

270–271human rights constraining, 39international institutions and, 38–39natural law and, 64U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act on,

39Spain, 4Spengler, Oswald, 20Stalin, Josef, 21






Index 317

state system. See also sovereignty;state-interests theory

characteristics of, 36–37complex interdependence in, 58–59equality in, 37, 65global governance supplementing, 55globalization of, 35, 39origin of, 35–36, 40pluralism in, 65, 66political order based on, 35–36state responsibility in, 40

state-interests theorycommon state interests in, viii–ix, 12,

15–16, 39, 54, 59, 77–78, 88–89, 303cooperative state interests in, viii, ix, 48globalization and, 15–16, 56Indian Ocean tsunami and, viii–ixindividual state interests in, viii, ix–x,

xi–xii, 12, 15–16, 76–77IR and, 41paradigm shift in, viiin realism, 54

Stevenson, Adlai, 115stock markets, 14Stockholm Conference, 197Straw, Jack, xivSudan, 128, 275, 283, 297–299suicide bombings. See terrorismsustainable development, 203–204

Talbott, Strobe, 113Taliban, xii–xiii, 104–105Tenet, George, 120terrorism. See also 9/11

fear of, 129human rights protection preventing,

252–253, 260–261, 279–281, 282–283as international crime, 288, 296–297international strategy against, 129–133multilateral campaign against, 1309/11 Commission Report on, 103–104, 141nuclear, 133–134regional conflicts and, 129–131, 132strategy against, 103–104, 129–133suicide in, 132–133

tortureunder Bush, G. W., xii, 61, 251, 255, 256,

282–283by Englund, 255Geneva Convention on, 257, 258–259,

279–281

Gonzales justifying, xii, 256, 259at Guantanamo, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256,

282–283Hague Regulations on, 257, 279–281human rights against, 256, 257, 258–259,

260–261International Convention on Torture and,

256U.N. Convention Against Torture and, 288U.S. policy on, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256,

258–259, 260–261totalitarianism, 51–52Trail Smelter case, 196–197, 205–206transboundary pollution, 205–206, 211–214transnational corporations. See multinational

corporationstreaty law

compliance with, 77–78, 86–87fissile material cut-off treaty as, 136–137framework treaty organizations and, 82as international law source, 72–73multiplier effect of, 77–78“package” approach to, 77–78Vienna Convention on, 72–73, 85

Truman, Harry, 51–52, 99, 282

U.N. See United NationsU.N. Convention Against Torture, 288U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), 238–241U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea

(UNCLOS), xi, 10–11, 75, 77, 229–232,233–234

U.N. Human Rights Commission, 250–251U.N. Landmines Convention, 139U.N. Watercourse Convention, 246–247UNCLOS. See U.N. Convention on the Law

of the Seaunilateralism

of Bush, G. W., x–xii, 2–3, 8, 10–11, 14–15,52, 89, 99–100, 217–218, 225–227, 297–299

definition of, 9–10effectiveness of, 303–304in Iraq 2003 war, 9–10moral relativity and, xiiof neoconservatives, 49–50, 98–999/11 fostering, xi–xii, 305in realism, 43, 51–52in U.S. economic policy, 194in U.S. foreign policy, x–xii, 9–10, 14–15,

98, 134–135, 139, 302–305






318 Index

United Nations (UN). See also Annan, Kofi;reformation, of UN

African Union relations with, 106, 124agencies of, 82–84, 105–106Blix of, 6CBD of, 238–241China’s role in, 29–30in Cold War, 115collective security provided by, 104Conference of Trade and Development of,

186Convention Against Torture of, 288creation of, 24, 51–52, 66, 102–103in crisis, xiv–xvin Cuban Missile Crisis, 115efficiency of, 82environmental initiatives of, 197–201, 221,

238–241, 246–247EU relations with, 106, 128failures of, 96–97, 98, 102, 115–116, 119–120,

127Human Rights Commission of, 250–251human rights system of, 250–251, 268,

270–277, 283Indian Ocean tsunami aid from, viii–ixindicative voting in, 108on international crimes, 287international law and, 82–84, 86–87Iraq 1991 war and, 1–2, 10, 104–105, 115–116Iraq 2003 war and, ix, 4, 5–6, 7, 8, 10, 45,

52, 104–105, 111–112, 119–121in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 115Landmines Convention of, 139Millennium Development Goals of,

142–144, 190–191, 271NATO relations with, 106, 1249/11 response of, 12, 104–105, 129–131power of, xiv, 41as regime, 58–59responsibility of, 12services provided by, 82–84successes of, 104–105treaties registered with, 72–73UNCLOS of, xi, 75, 77, 229–232, 233–234U.S. relations with, x, 9–11, 116, 271–272Watercourse Convention of, 246–247weapons inspections by, 6, 7, 97–98,

119–120, 133–134, 136–137United States economic policy

deindustrialization in, 180dollar’s fall due to, 148–149

employment in, 179–180hegemony of, 151–152international political economy

influenced by, 193–194NAFTA and, 191–192outsourcing in, 180–181on steel tariffs, 150success of, 152–153trade deficits and, 148–149, 181–183unilateralism in, 194yuan valuation influencing, 150

United States environmental policyindustry and, 227–228international protection and, 199, 208–209,

216–217, 225–227, 232, 235, 238–241,248–249

on Kyoto Protocol, x–xii, 10–11, 70, 79, 89,202–203, 210–211, 217–218, 221–228

on oceans, 235United States foreign policy. See also Bush,

George W.allies alienated by, 4, 49–50, 100–102Atlantic Alliance influencing, xi–xiiBolton and, xi, 10–11under Bush, G. H. W., x, 8, 51–52, 96, 281Centcom and, 98central role of, 26, 54–55, 145–146Cheney and, 101on China, 28Chinese F-8 fighter jet conflict and, 31–32,

52, 228–229after Cold War, x, 10–11, 14containment as, 66–67democracy as goal of, 8, 11, 13, 52, 54, 96,

99, 101, 143–144, 302EU influenced by, 26, 100–101Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act as, 39Gonzales and, xii, 256, 259hegemony of, 44–45, 99, 101–102homeland security and, xii–xiiiagainst ICC, x–xii, 10–11, 294–296,

297–300on Iran, 135limitations of, 33, 45multilateralism in, 33, 101–103Muslim relations influenced by, xii–xiii, 4,

50–51, 101NATO influencing, xi–xii, 102–103neoconservatives influencing, 6, 49–519/11 changing, xi–xii, 14–15, 52, 98–99on North Korea, 135






Index 319

positive results of, 26Powell and, 6, 134–135, 252–253Rice and, xii, 5, 50, 52self-interest in, 54–55on torture, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256, 258–259,

260–261U.N. relations with, x, 9–11UNCLOS rejected by, 75, 229–232,

233–234unilateralism in, x–xii, 9–10, 14–15, 98,

134–135, 139, 302–305war on terror by, 131–132world opinion of, xii–xiii, 1–2, 4, 50–51, 101,

256, 260, 299–300WWI and, 26WWII and, 24, 26, 102–103

United States human rights policyATS as, 264–265Avena case against, 265–267on due process for enemy combatants,

262–263in Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 264–265Hamdi v. Rumsfeld against, 262–263against ICC, x–xii, 10–11, 294–296, 297–300international protection and, 251, 258–259,

260–261, 276–277, 282–283LaGrand case against, 265–267Medellin case against, 253, 265–267Rasul v. Bush against, 262–263Rumsfeld v. Padilla against, 262–263in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 264–265Supreme Court rulings on, 262–263,

264–267on torture, xii, 61, 251, 255, 256, 258–259,

260–261Vienna Consular Convention cases

against, 265–267world anger over, 256, 260, 263, 282–283

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 268,269, 270

U.S. Central Command. See CentcomU.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act, 39U.S.S.R. See Cold War; Russia

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations,265–267

Vienna Convention on Treaties, 72–73, 85Vienna World Conference on Human

Rights, 254Vietnam War, 25, 47von Clausewitz, Carl, 19–20

Waltz, Kenneth, 47–48water resources, 244–247weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Biological and Toxin WeaponsConvention on, 139

Chemical Weapons Convention on, 139Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty

on, 139–141Cooperative Threat Reduction Program

for, 138GTRI for, 138–139of India, 137–138International Atomic Energy Agency and,

7of Iran, 103–104, 134–135, 137–138, 140–141of Iraq, 1–2, 7, 8, 33, 120of Israel, 137–138multilateralism against, 135–139of North Korea, 100–101, 103–104, 134–135,

137–138, 140–141NPT against, 136, 139–141nuclear, 136–141of Pakistan, 137–138PSI deterring, 134–135Al Qaeda and, 103–104, 112–113, 133–134in space, 141–142terrorism and, 133–134U.N. reformation and, 136–139U.N. regulating, 97–98, 119–120, 133–134,

136–139Weber, Max, 19–20Wilson, Woodrow, 11–12, 21, 45–46, 47, 99WMD. See weapons of mass destructionWolff, Christian, 64, 65World Bank

creation of, 51–52, 58–59, 143–144, 153–154functions of, 81–82institutions of, 159–161, 162poverty reduction goals of, 159–162,

190–191reformation of, 162–163role of, 159–162

World Heritage Convention, 201World Trade Organization (WTO)

agricultural products regulated by, 170–171,188–189

agricultural subsidies and, viii–ixbenefits of, 175–177China and, 29–30comparative advantage in, 177creation of, 24, 51–52, 58–59, 163–164






320 Index

World Trade Organization (WTO) (cont.)developing countries in, 188–190, 194dispute settlement by, 86, 166–167Doha Development Agenda of, 171,

188–189, 194downside of, 176, 177–178EC Asbestos case examined by, 184environmental protection and, 183–184food safety regulated by, 173functions of, 81–82, 164–166GATT as forerunner of, 153–154, 163–166,

169–170government procurement regulated by,

175Hormones case examined by, 173ILO working with, 184–185intellectual property rights regulated by,

174–175investments regulated by, 175legal obligation to, 168–169poverty reduction goals of, 190–191product standards regulated by, 173–174sanctions and, 166–167service standards regulated by, 174Shrimp/Turtle case examined by, 184textiles regulated by, 172–173trade in goods regulated by, 169–170weakness of, 164–166worker protection and, 184–185

World War Ibalance of power in, 16, 19casualties of, 18causes of, 16–18cultural impact of, 20economic impact of, 18, 20–21international law in, 19, 20, 21, 72interwar period and, 20–21, 46IR of, 18realism and, 46–47U.S. foreign policy and, 26

World War IIcasualties of, 21–24Holocaust of, 21–24, 281international crimes in, 285–287interwar period and, 20–21Marshall Plan of, 21–24, 102–103nuclear bombs in, 21–24U.N. creation and, 24U.S. foreign policy and, 24, 26, 102–103

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yeats, W. B., 20Yeltsin, Boris, 51–52Yost, Charles, 271–272Yugoslavia tribunal, 288–289

Al Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 7Zoellick, Robert, xiii






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