6 x 10.5 Three line title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/05639/index/9780521705639_index.pdf · Binet-Simon test 213, 214 chart for 3/7 years of age 215

Index

abnormal/abnormalityFoucault’s views 195medicalization 196as pathology 193

acceptable, normality as see normality,as acceptable

acceptable behaviour, normalcy relatedto see normality, as acceptable

actor-network theory (ANT) 9, 34, 42,45�47

cardinal principles 46�47see also mediation, technical;

symmetryexplanation 45features 9�10guidelines 47�49rationalization and 63see also network

actorsin chart use 124social see social actors

adult(s)children becoming 20�21similarities of children 24

adult psychiatry, medicalization 242adultism 30advice literature, social

technology vs 117age 255child development stages/sequences

63, 276chronological 306

importance in normality 214intelligence testing by

252, 260mental age relationship 214mental age vs 165

height andcomplexity of relationship

135�136

see also height; weight-height-agecharts

phases, in developmental thinking258�260, 261�262, 276, 301

continuum 260as structural attribute of cognitive

device 257age-based hierarchy 38age norms 255, 256�257

behaviour 256developmental thinking 255, 256,

258, 261�262, 301age standards see age normsagency, children’s 24, 33, 45

the social, concept of and43�44

aging 30, 44agnosticism, actor network theory

principle 46AIDS 120Alanen, L. 23, 25alembic myth 283American Association for the Study

and Prevention of Infant Mortality(AASPIM), record forms148�149

American Child Health Association(ACHA)

Developmental Record Form 152,153, 159

infant mortality rates 145maternity centre record form 147weight-height-age charts 127

American Medical Association (AMA)Council on Public Health and

Instruction 158Paediatrics section 111Standard Score Card for Babies

149, 150weight-height-age charts 127

339

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70563-9 - A Historical Sociology of Childhood: Developmental Thinking,Categorization and Graphic VisualizationAndre TurmelIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521705639

http://www.cambridge.org


anatomy, contribution topaediatrics 110

animals, child parallels 93�94anomaly 196ANT see actor-network theory (ANT)anthropometric measurements 75,

116, 125Britain and France 198�199Galton (Francis) and 198, 207, 208national deterioration study 164see also height and weight

Aries’ hypothesis 3Aries, Philippe, Centuries of

Childhood 72artefactsanalytical examination 119�120charts and graphs 119�120technical conduct and 42

averagedefense of individual against

(Gesell) 135Durkheim’s concept 192normal child as see normal childnormal child not 152normality as 186, 189, 195, 197�217

see also average child; averageman; normal child

resistance to measurements 134�135weight, normal weight

relationship 136average child 188, 197average manconcept 187�188, 189, 190, 197,

204, 217criticisms 189

backward children 214bacteriology, contribution to

paediatrics 110Baldwin, J.M., critique of Hall’s

work 103Beck, Ulrich 17‘‘becomings’’, children as 20�21, 24,

26, 33children as ‘‘being’’ vs 26�27

bedtime habits 221Beekman, D. 194�195, 198behaviouracceptable, normalcy related to see

normality, as acceptable

age standards 256benchmarks for normal development

152deviant and social problems 81, 82

see also delinquency/delinquentsmeaning of 68�69monitoring 115�116, 178, 309patterning (Gesell) 276�277

definition 276periodicity, developmental thinking

and 285socialized cognition and 290

behavioural problems 177child guidance role 174

Bernard, C. 189, 191Bichat 190Binet, Alfredbooks by 211child observation 95�96concept of intelligence 165, 211,

212, 272development of intellectual capacity

271domestic child observation by 95�96feeble-minded children 169intelligence testing 9, 164�166,

211�212, 252, 271, 272mapping of mental capacities 271mental capacity related to age 260,

268, 276psychological research model 207schoolchildren’s lies 240

Binet-Simon test 213, 214chart for 3/7 years of age 215chart for 8/15 years of age 216revised test 214�215

biology, psychology and sociologydimensions 29

birth see childbirthBloor, D. 53body 67class dispositions linked 69importance of, social theory 67learning through/by and actor’s

relationship 68in sociological theory 67training/instruction of 68visualization in inscription 52see also embodiment

body/mind opposition 226

340 Index






Boston habit clinic 176bottle feeding 141diseases resulting from 141see also infant feeding

Boulton, Percy 204, 205, 259, 295Bourdieu, P. 6, 11, 18boundary between stages of life 30concept of habitus 28, 68theory of reproduction 22theory of symbolic violence 21

bourgeois family, poor family vs 238Bowditch, H. 259measurement of children 203

Brennemann, J. 134, 282Britain see Great BritainBritish Medical Association (BMA),

Anthropometric Committee 126British Parliamentary

Commission 202Broussais, F-J-V. 190, 191, 192Budin, Pierre 156, 157Consultation des nourissons 132see also Consultation des nourissons

Bulgar, James, case 56�57bureaucratization 35Burman, E., critique of developmental

thinking 280�283Burt, C. L. 154intelligence tests 164

Callon, M. 118Cameron, H.C. 226, 227�228, 229care of children see child carecategorizationof citizens 83enumeration and 80social actors 84see also classification

Chadwick, Edwin 200�201charts 47, 51, 66�114, 116, 123�142,

181, 258, 308abnormal 130

effect on mother 133�134actors involved 124artefacts 119�120Binet-Simon test see Binet-Simon testchild development assessment

125, 133cognitive implications 254development/origin 123

eating disorder detection 134effect on network of relationships

133effect on social actor’s behaviour 133feeding 141intervention in human conduct 120limitations 135mental development , 253, 292mother and professionals role 124normal, growth of children 251,

253�254normative, for parents and

paediatricians 128�130parental demands for standards 133posture 138�141reason for use 125research graph 128resistance by parents/children

134�135sleep 138sleep requirements 136�137social relations and social actors 131as social technology 123, 125social welfare and 110, 124,

131�132sociotechnological network 124sophistication and complexity 126statistical analysis, critique 135textual inscription 76types 128use in USA see USAweight-height-age see weight-height-

age charts graphs; tablesChicago Juvenile Psychopathic

Institute 174child (children)

as adults-in-becoming 20�21, 24,26�27, 33

animal parallels 93�94appalling living conditions 199autonomization of category 304behaviour see behaviouras ‘‘being’’ vs ‘‘becoming’’ 26�27definition/meaning 3, 27, 57as discursive/representational entity

34�35as empirical object 34innocence 56, 57knowledge about, scientific

instruments for 8

Index 341






child (children) (cont.)lack of universal child 25material/corporeal entity 32, 33as modelling process 278monitoring see monitoring of

childrenas ‘‘muted group’’ 19as object of investigation,

evolutionism 93phases of development/life 87as psychological and physical

being 41similarities to adults 24as sociological category 39threats to 8‘‘under good control’’ (growth) 130universal, in psychology 6wild (Victor) 90see also childhood; specific topics

relating tochild abuse 56, 238child at risk 235child care 63flaws in 233Holt’s book 113�114literature 89manuals 89techniques 38technology application 194see also infant care

child conduct, dependence on mother’sstate of mind 227

child development 33see also development

child guidance 174aims and children requiring 176classification of children for 173clinical protocol 177�178collaboration of parents 179�180contradictory forces 180definition/meaning 177lack of uniformity in practice

178�179mobilization 180mobilization of social groupings 179role 174shift from advice to parents to

suggestions to children 179shift from delinquency 173as technology 179

child guidance clinic 173�180British 176for maladjusted children 243records 179

as inscription devices 180as technology 177, 179USA 174, 176

Child Guidance Council 176child healthschools and 223�224see also health

child hygiene 222�223see also hygiene

child interest 241, 281child investigation 101child labour 54�55, 200child workers’ classification 54Villerme’s concern 202see also factory children

child neglect 238child offenders 56�57, 242child prostitution 55child protection 240, 241child psychiatry see psychiatry, childchild psychologydevelopment of 94�95, 96see also developmental psychology

child-rearing/raising 291social technologies in 122technology 194

child relation map 119child-soldiers 55Child Studymovement 98, 101, 102, 103child welfare 154, 155children’s year campaign (US)

132�133national variations 154�157Villerme’s concern 202

child welfare clinics 154child workers see child labour; factory

childrenchildbirthin hospital 146physicians taking charge 146

childhood 313Ariesian proposition and shaping

forces 3, 6�7body/representation 32as component of personhood, of

totality 32, 64

342 Index






conceptualization 25conceptualized in relational terms 26divided into age-enacted categories

258extent, delinquency and 236as historical process of moulding 6as historical social process 7homogenization attribute 40as institution 26invention of 6�7meaning of 6, 64natural or universal entity 6normative regulation 133not peripheral phenomenon of adult

society 16regulation 36science of see science, of childhoodscientific investigation 73as sequence of development stages

63, 276as social category and social status 25as social phenomenon 3as sociology’s ‘‘unthinkable object’’ 17space-time form 64

see also time�space conceptstage of life and 30�31as state of disorder (child labour and)

200, 250, 303, 312studying 7�8tensions, driving force to

understanding 4theory of 16as transition from nature to culture 90as transition from wild to social

life 90universal, science and 63see also child (children)

childhood collective 3, 10�11, 16�65,295�296

chaotic/disturbed 200, 250, 294,303, 312

developmental thinking as cognitiveform 294

socialization theory anddevelopmentalism 304

stabilization 296, 296�297, 300,302, 312

time�space concept 312�313tensions in 4see also collective

childhood, theory of 16Children in Time and Place (Elder et al)

304�305Children’s Bureau (US) 127, 132

sleep requirements for children137�138

children’s medicine 218children’s year campaign 132child’s mental environment 227

parental management 227circulation 44, 45�58, 65

role/benefits 49circulatory concept, of the social 42class dispositions 69classification 309

of children by IQ testing 162, 168,169�171, 271

of children for child guidance 173of children in school 282of children in terms of parameters

76, 308weight-height-age charts 130

of children’s problems 176�177of citizens 83�84of data 115regulation and resistance 115see also regulation; resistance

mental anomalies 244social 77see also categorization

clinicchild guidance see child guidance clinichabit 176infant welfare 156see also individual clinics

cognition, socialized 289, 290cognitive development

tests (Binet’s) 95�96see also intelligence testing

cognitive device 249, 254�255accessibility 255age as structural attribute 257attributes 254

cognitive form 263definition 288Veron’s 289

in developmental thinking seedevelopmental thinking

hybrid object’s status as 291situations pertained 290�291

Index 343






Coit, Henry 219�220, 229collective 10, 42, 290, 296childhood see childhood collectivechildren’s situation 306�307nonhuman entities and 42, 43

collective cognitive dispositif10�11, 11

Commission on the Employment ofChildren in Factories 125

competency, children’s 34principle of symmetry and 57

complexity, sociology of translationand 49

complexus, whole 29Comte, A. 188, 190, 191�192conceptionalization of human subject

18�19conduct (child’s), dependence on

mother’s state of mind 227conformity, theory of 23Consultation des nourissons 110,

131�132, 149, 155, 156objectives 157�158

corporeal immaturity 33cruelty to children 56, 237cultural heritage,

transmission 73cultural transformation, rise of

probabilistic theory 78culturechildhood as transition from nature

to 90developmentalism and 284literature 69role in developmental thinking 276visual see visual culture

‘‘dangerous classes’’ 236Danzinger, K. 205�207Darwin, Charleschild development as example of

evolution 94, 99developmental theories 266evolution theory 94observation of children 91�93

De Munck, J. 290deduction, capacity for, development,

recording by Darwin 92�93delinquency/delinquents 173, 174, 210,

235

in England (1850s) 236extent of childhood and 236historical aspects 236juvenile 173, 198as maladjusted child 241, 242, 243,

244management 244physician, teacher and psychologist

alliance 240�241problems and components 245psychiatric view 243psychiatrists’ management of 244psychology and psychiatry role 241punishment 237reformation 237, 238, 239, 245shift to child guidance 173threats from 236

delivery (childbirth) see childbirthdemography 32dependencies, balance of, changes in 44Derridean proposition 72Desrosieres, A. 183, 185, 186detention facilities 240determinism 183, 184, 197, 250deterministic thought, decline in 78, 81development 33, 248, 249appraisal, chart use 125assessment by charts 125, 133cognitive ability 228, 271

see also intelligenceevolution and 94

as example of 94, 99history 314as integrated unit 277mental see intelligence; mental

developmentnormal, not average 152normality relationship 249nutrition role 266phases/stages 259physical see growth of childrenpractice of 291psychosexual theory 265reference to future 277, 278as science 275sequence 260�261

Piaget’s 286see also under developmental

thinkingsequential 10, 105

344 Index






sociobiological theory 102spiral of 263stages

Gesell 105Hall’s 101�102

standards of 182timetable, by Gesell 105, 108

developmental child psychology seedevelopmental psychology

developmental device 298see also developmental forms

developmental examination 293developmental forms 300mental and physical growth parallels

(Veeder) 298�299mental development measurements

299�300see also Developmental Record

Formdevelopmental paradigm 2�3, 4developmental psychology 2�3, 18,

20, 99, 109, 280Burman’s view 280�283critique 280, 288development 103, 284developmental thinking vs 280establishment by Sully 98focus shift from children to mothers

281�282impact 280�281

developmental quotient 106developmental reasoning 133Developmental Record Form 106, 152,

153, 159, 230, 292components 230�231, 293�294Gesell’s role 106, 159importance 293, 294mental development chart

253, 292mental development inclusion 292mental vs motor development 273Morss’ views 286pre-school children and 300standard score card comparison

292�293Veeder’s 152, 272, 273see also record forms

developmental standards 248, 249,309, 310�311

developmental theory 64, 265, 301, 307

historical background 265�266see also stage theory

developmental thinking 248�302,303, 310�312

age norms 255, 256, 258,261�262, 301

age phases 258�260, 261�262,276, 301

continuum of 260biological ideas in 284cardinal assumptions 280chronological age and 306as cognitive form 263�264,

274, 286, 288�302, 303,305, 311

as master framework 288�289critique 279�288, 301Burman’s 280�283Morss 284�286, 301Stainton Rogers’ 283�284

culture role 276developmental psychology vs 280double pattern (as cognitive form

and hybrid object) 249, 250,261�262, 295, 300�301, 307,311�312

emergence/rise 249, 250�265,279, 283�284

evolutionary theory and 285hybrid objects 288, 302ideas and practice 291importance/significance

281, 312normal child and 248orderly categories 255�256physical and mental growth 273,

275�276as practice and knowledge 289sequences of development

260�262, 276, 285, 288sequential, pattern 265�279,

285, 301stabilization of childhood collective

see stabilizationstructural framework 286training in and role 281

developmentalism 9, 279, 284,288, 304

culture concept 284propositions 277�278

Index 345






devicescognitive see cognitive devicedevelopmental 298inscription see inscription devicessocio-technological,

of measurement 51technical see technical devices

diaries, child observation recorded 91,107, 308

diarrhoeal diseases, infant mortalitydue to 145, 146

discipline, normalization and 195discursive/representational entity, child

as 34�35diseases 217causation 189diarrhoeal see diarrhoeal diseaseshealth continuum with 191see also illness

disenchantment of life 35dispositif, Foucault’s concept 40, 41dispositionsclass 69corporeal, social structure and 70incorporation into body 69

disturbed condition, children’s 200,294, 295, 312

domestic child observation 85, 89, 95,96, 97

by Binet 95�96by Darwin 91�93medical observation vs 89by Necker de Sausseur 86, 87by Preyer 95by Sully 99tabulation 124

Durkheim, E. 18, 81concept of average 192concept of normality 192, 193socialization theory 19

Dwork, D., milk depot system 157

East London Child GuidanceClinic 176

eating disorders 134education 38, 86behavioural problems and IQ testing

162compulsory 210, 240, 252as embodiment 40

intelligence and 89mass 40moral, Victor (wild child) 90NSPCC priority towards 238of wild child 90�91see also school/schooling

Elias, N. 5, 69embodiment 34, 67�76education as 40social construction/constructionism

68table manners and 69see also body

emotional development 231Gesell’s work 231�232stages (Hall) 101

Englanddelinquents 236infant mortality rate 145see also Great Britain

Enlightenmentchild observation 84�85views of human nature 78, 82

enrolment 53enumeration, categorization and 80Esquirol, J. E. 210‘‘eternal present’’ 31, 32evolutionchild development and 94

as example 94, 99human 93

evolutionary theory, developmentalthinking and 285

evolutionism 93�94child as object of investigation 93

excellence, deviation from norm 189experimental psychology, laboratory

161experimental science 106

factory children 199�201Chadwick’s enquiry 200�201height (smallness) 200�201,

202, 203poverty and 203see also child labour

factory work, for children 125family 37delinquency and 245rationalization 37

346 Index






reformation of delinquents and 239socialization theory and 21see also parents

family network, mother’s influence onchild 227�228

family studies 5sociology role 18

Farr, William 83, 184fear, observation by Darwin 92feeble-mindedness 162, 168, 211Binet’s categorization 169

feeding of childrencharts 141Holt’s book 113�114see also infant feeding

firmness 220Fonssagrives, J-B. 117formscognitive see cognitive formdevelopmental see developmental

formsmaternity centre record 147record see record formsscientific see under observation, childsocial, of normalcy 183�197

Foucault, M. 40�41, 68concept of normalcy 195�197normality as acceptable 193

foundling hospitals 199Francecharts and social welfare measures

110, 124, 131�132compulsory schooling and

delinquency 240health booklet 149infant health policy 155, 157�158information mortality reduction 143intelligence testing 164�166mental deficiency vs mental disease

210�211national statistics 184normalcy as healthy 190public health and anthropometric

studies 198�199free association, actor network theory

principle 46Freud, Sigmund 18, 265

Galton, Francis 75anthropometry 198, 207, 208

contribution to psychology 208deviation from norm and 189intelligence testing 163, 164psychological research model 207

Gaskell, Elizabeth 88gender, experience of 34genetic psychology 99, 260, 261Gesell, Arnold 104

An Atlas of Infant Behavior108�109

books by 273�274child development schedules

233, 235child development stages 105,

234, 287abridged schedules 108

child observation 104�107Hall’s method vs 106

child relation map 119complete growth concept 223defense of individual against

statistical average 135Developmental Record Form

286, 293see also Developmental Record

Formdevelopmental thinking and 253,

272, 273�275criticisms of 253culture and 276maturity traits 274, 275

height and weight charts112�113

mental and emotional development,standards 231�232, 253

Mental Growth of the PreschoolChild 152

mental health standards 159normality of mind 232�233patterning of behaviour 276�277record-keeping 107�108social development of children 105standards for child health/growth

assessment 112use of photographs and motion

pictures 108�109gifted children 189glycopenic disorders 177Goddard, Henry 166

intelligence testing 166

Index 347






gouttes de lait 110, 131�132, 149,155, 156, 221

graphic visualization 52, 121graphs 47, 51, 66�114, 253�254, 258,

308artefacts 119�120infant’s weight (first year) 129as material objects 76research 128textual inscription 76see also charts

Great Britainchild guidance clinics 176delinquents 236infant health policy and welfare 156information mortality reduction 143intelligence testing 163�164, 210laws of sickness 185public health and anthropometric

studies 198�199vital statistics 184see also England

group regularities, statistical 205growing-up 44, 283�284as concept 19�20as slowing down 313

growth of children 248complete, concept 223infant mortality and 251limited, factory work associated

125�126measurements 308standardization and normalization

205see also anthropometric

measurements; height andweight; weight-height-agecharts

mental development parallels(Veeder) 298�299

nineteenth century interest 111normal 125, 251age periods 209charts 251, 253�254measurement tools lacking 125pathological vs 190Roberts’ views 203weight charts 128�130

norms, development 202paediatrics involvement 110

seasonal influence 128sleep relationship 138social class and 130standards, support for 112well-cared for and rich vs poor 130

guidance, child see child guidanceguilty child, victim child vs 239Gurjeva, L. 208

habit disorders 177habits, of children 159Hacking, I. 78, 80on Comte’s views of normality 192law of large numbers 186normal as acceptable 193�194normality as healthy 188social construction 59�61statistical thinking 182, 188

Hall, G. Stanley 98child development stages 101�102childhood in academic research

100�104construction of children, concepts

101The contents of children’s minds 102critics of 103emotional basis of good schooling

163Gesell’s work differences 106present-day appraisal 103resistance to height-weight

measurements 134Halpern, S., infant welfare clinics 156healthdisease continuum with 191meaning 234observation of child 88rationalization of the social and 40schools and 223�224state of, normal population 218

health booklet 154in France 149

health visitors 156, 157healthy, normality as see normalityHealy, William 245heightage and

complexity of relationship135�136

mean height 204

348 Index






Chadwick’s enquiry 200�201Quetelet’s survey 200

height and weight 251, 298charts 9, 112�113, 142, 180Galton’s work 208measurement of children working in

factories 125normal curve 187nutritional status and 298recording, historical 75statistical analysis 126tables

normal (Boulton’s) 204Roberts’ 203

see also weight charts; weight-height-age charts

height�weight-age tables see weight-height-age tables

Hendrick, H. 97, 142, 145, 155, 173,176�177

maladjusted child 236, 236, 238,242, 243

mothercraft and 147heterogeneity, networks of, the social

and 41�42historical hypotheses 31historical sociology 4, 31Holt, E. 295Holt, L. E. 266�267The Care and Feeding of Children

113�114, 259, 267mental development 272nutrition and physical development

266paediatrics and scientific child

observation 109�110weight charts 127

homeorhesis 286hospitalschildbirth in 146infant mortality registers 144

human action, actor network theoryprinciple 46

human entities 46, 48form and attributes 44network of non-human entities

with 53hybrid objects 289, 292definition 289developmental record forms 294

developmental thinking 288, 302see also developmental thinking,

double patternstatus as cognitive form 291

hybrids 51hygiene

child 222�223development and inscription

73�74instruction for mothers 157measurement practice in 79school 224

hygiene of the mind 226, 228see also mental hygiene

hygienist 78hygienist movement 132

idiots 168, 169, 214illness 190, 191, 217

as evil 190see also diseases

imbeciles 168, 169, 214imprisonment, young offenders

238�239incarceration, young offenders

238�239incorporation, concept 70individual psychology, domains 211individuality of children 257Industrial Revolution 183infant(s), physical vs psychological

needs 219infant care

regularity and firmness in113�114

see also child careinfant clinics

protocol and timing of visits158�159

see also well-child conferenceinfant feeding

in Britain 156knowledge about 141�142problems 221regularity 220�221see also bottle feeding; feeding of

childreninfant health consultation 110infant health policy, national variations

155�157

Index 349






infant mortality 218bottle-feeding relationship 141physical welfare of children and 219poverty relationship 201�202, 251record forms 144

infant mortality rate 83, 200, 250causes of high rate 145�146data sources, and problems 143�144declinedevelopmental psychology

development 103nineteenth century 93, 103

England 145focus on physical growth 251high, child observation and 85reducing 218, 251national differences/experiences

143�144, 145publications 142�143strategies for 145

reliability concerns 143socio-technological network of

relationships and 122USA 145

infant welfare see child welfareInfant Welfare Clinic (UK) 156innocence of children 245inscription 50, 66, 67�76, 291�292,

303, 307actor’s 70concept 291critique of 72hygiene and paediatrics 73�74narratives 73of observations 52social structure for actor 70textual 66�114graphs and charts 76meaning 66

visualization of child’s body via 52inscription devices 180, 181child guidance clinic records 179,

180social technologies as 118tables and graphs 76visualadvantages 121�122in paediatrics 122

visual culture and 120inscriptive processes, in sociology 70

institutions 26, 67examples, training of the body 68

instruction of mothers, infant welfare156

intellectual abilitydevelopment 228, 271evaluation 210normal distribution 167, 170see also intelligence; mental ability;

mental developmentintellectual fulfilment 209intelligenceBinet’s concept 165, 211,

212, 272chronological age relationship 214education based on 89‘inferior’ 168normal by age 154, 212�213

intelligence quotient (IQ), definition166

intelligence testing 161�173, 181, 210,211, 228

age basis 252, 260by Binet 9, 164�166, 211�212, 252,

271, 272see also Binet, Alfred

Britain 163�164, 210children’s relationships reorganised

by 172�173by chronological age 252, 260classification of children by 162,

168, 169�171, 271cognitive implications 254controversies over 171�172France 164�166history 161increasing interest by psychologists

163, 229normal vs abnormal 171normality as healthy and 189psychologist’s views on 172resistance over 172rise in 214, 252schools 162, 167significance 171USA 166, 210

internalization, socializationthrough 21

International Health Exhibition 208IQ testing see intelligence testing

350 Index






Isaacs 154Italy, statistical laws and concept of

state 184Itard, Jean Marc 90�91

Jacobi, A. 219, 224James & Prout 18, 23, 24Jenks, C. 20juvenile courts 237juvenile crimemedicalization 242�243see also delinquency/delinquents

juvenile delinquency 173, 198see also delinquency/delinquents

juvenile justice system 242

Karsenti, B., concept of totality 31killer children 56knowledgeof child,measurements and 75�76, 79of childhood 16, 308

Kuhn, T. 74

laboratoryexperimental psychology 161observation 106�107, 107

ladies inspectors 156languageacquisition, observation and

recording in children 91construction of individuals

through 45learning, social structure via

inscription 70large-scale inquiries 251�252

see also statistical thinkingLatour, B. 42science of childhood and 121�122

law of error and invert 187law of large numbers 186laws of sickness 185Lee, N. 24, 33, 44, 304, 306growing up 313time issue 312

legibility 121Leipzig model 207literature culture 69living conditions, appalling 199Locke, John 263systematic child observation 89�90

London Child Guidance TrainingCentre Clinic 176

Lynch, M. 59, 121

maladjustment/maladjusted child 173,241

child offenders as 242definition/meaning 174delinquent and 241, 242, 243, 244

manners, table 69maternage 147maternity centre record form 147maturation of children 285maturity traits 274, 275Maudsley, Henry 208Mauss, Marcel 28, 29McKeen Cattell 163mean

deviation from 207height 204

measurement 58�65, 115anthropometric see anthropometric

measurementsbackground to increased use 74generalized use in mid-19th

century 79ideal or abstract properties 188mental development see mental

developmentas objective knowledge 79practice in paediatrics 79providing indication of nutritional

status 136psychometric 154socio-technological devices of 51see also growth of children; height

and weightmediation 10, 32, 35, 45�58, 65

definition/meaning 50network of 50technical 47�53, 58actor network theory principle 46graphs and charts as 47

mediatorsobject 51tables and graphs 76

medical examination 78periodic, of healthy children

154�161radical innovation 157

Index 351






medical infant carehistory and development 110welfare constituent 110

medical record 292medical supervision 181infant welfare and feeding

156, 157medicalizationabnormal/abnormality 196adult psychiatry 242juvenile crime 242�243

mediocre, deviation from norm 189memory, social 70menarche 34mental abilitynormal distribution 167, 170see also intellectual ability

mental ageaverage 169chronological age relationship 214chronological age vs 165intelligence test and 165, 166

mental anomalies 242classification 244

mental capacity 271measurement (Binet) 271

mental deficiency 165mental disease vs 210�211normality 232�233

mental development 162, 173assessment 159of children 94, 95concerns over 161in developmental record 292Gesell’s work 231�232history of study of 208�209Holt vs Veeder’s views 272measurement 299�300Binet’s 271developmental forms 299�300stabilization 300

motor development vs,Developmental RecordForm 273

normal as ideal and 195physical growth parallels (Veeder)

298�299rapid rate in infancy 232stages (Hall) 101in Standard Score Card 150�151

mental development form 230see also Developmental Record Form

mental disease, mental deficiency vs210�211

mental environment, child’s 227parental management 227

mental evolution 99mental growth 161, 277mental health 161parent�child relationship 233reorientation towards 226

mental hygiene 228, 230, 231, 252,253, 267

definition 232paediatrics and 228, 253, 297stage theory, personality inclusion

267�268see also hygiene of the mind

mental hygiene movement 241mental life 278preschool children 176

mental science 98mental testing 271

see also intelligence testingmental testing movement see

intelligence testingmentally deficient children 165milk depots (gouttes de lait) 110,

131�132, 149, 156, 157, 221minddefinition 232normality 232�233

mirrors, child’s reaction to 92�93mobilization, social groupings, in child

guidance 179modernity, rationalization and 36monitoring of children 52behaviour 115�116, 178, 309charts used see chartsparents’ cooperation 117, 131physicians’ role 117record forms see record formstables for 117technology 116�123visualization 116�123

monitoring of newborn infants 146record forms 148

purpose 151�152Montbeillard, Conte de 86moral bankruptcy 238, 239, 240, 243

352 Index






moral education, Victor (wild child) 90morality 193morons 168, 169, 214Morss, John, developmental thinking

critique 284�286, 301mother-child bond 37, 44, 227

see also parent�child relationshipmothercraft 147, 156mothersshift in focus from children to,

developmental psychology281�282

state of mind, child’s conductand 227

see also parentsThe Mother’s Record 117motion pictures, recording of child

development 108�109, 109

narratives 73National Society for the Prevention of

Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)237, 238

natural objects 52natural selection 93nature/nurture 283Necker de Sausseur, Adrienne 86, 87nervous child 225, 229, 234source of nervousness 227

nervous system, growth and learning 277network 50actor-network theory see actor-

network theory (ANT)charts and see chartsdefinition/meaning 46of heterogeneous entities, the social

41�42human and non-human entities 53of mediation 50of relationships 44�45, 47

charts effect on 133social technologies as entities 118see also social bond; socio-

technological network ofrelationships

social, Foucault’s concept 40socio-technological see socio-

technological network ofrelationships

stabilization 53

non-human entities 46, 48network of human entities with 53

normconcept of 290deviation from 81stabilization 300see also collective

normalas acceptable see normalityas average see normal child;

normality, as averageconcept of 183continuum with pathology 191as good 194as healthy see normality, as healthyas ideal 194�195Quetelet’s concept 190

normal child 61, 77�78, 182�247,246, 303, 309

as abstraction 195as acceptable see normalityas average child 188, 217, 220, 309development of concept 202physical measurements

199�205, 217psychological aspects

208�215, 217as cognitive being 182, 310concept 183definition/meaning 182developmental thinking and 248focus on 37growth see growth of childrenas healthy child see normalityinstitutionalization 78intelligence, by age group 154mental growth 152moulding of category 61�62not average child 152shift of scientists from backward

child to 198vulnerability 176see also normalcy; normality

normal curve 186�187height and weight 187

normal distributionGalton’s work 208human characteristics 187

normal people 81normal state 188

Index 353






normalcy 82, 182, 197, 250, 309ambivalence 195healthy/pathology 219meaning/definition 82medical and physiological 190social forms 183�197statistical origin 250weight charts denoting 128�130see also normal child; normality

normality 248, 249, 310, 311as acceptable 193�194, 196�197,

235�247, 247, 309see also delinquency/delinquents

as average 186, 189, 195, 197�217see also average child; averageman; under normal child

chronological age importance 214concept of 61, 186, 192development relationship 249deviation from 189, 191as healthy 188�189, 195, 217�235,

246�247, 309mental health 225�234physical health 217�225regularity and routine

220�221, 222see also hygiene; mentalhygiene; school/schooling

history of 186medical domain 190of mind 232�233normal/pathology form 190political domain 192social domain 191�192pathological vs 192�193

of suicide 192see also normal child; normalcy

normalizationgrowth measurements 205process 183

NSPCC 237, 238nurture vs nature 283nutritionheight and weight 298height to age relation and 135�136measure and development 135measurements providing indication

of status 136physical development and 266weight-height-age charts and 135

object mediators 51objective knowledge, measurements

as 79objects 119�120as extension of self 42�43hybrid see hybrid objects

observation, child 52, 84�97,220, 307

child growth, in schools 126child’s unawareness of

106�107by Darwin (Charles) 91�93definition 85domestic see domestic child

observationdomestic vs medical 89early studies 86as Enlightenment imperative 84�85by Gesell (Arnold) 104�107inscription of 52

see also inscriptionmass 75mass evidence needed 100, 101naturalistic 107need for mother’s presence 85nineteenth century practice 85

latter half, systematic organization88�89

paediatrics speciality developmentsee paediatrics

physical health 88by professionals 91scientific forms 97�114, 308

basic forms of social/psychologicallife 98, 99

measurement and quantitation 104need for parents/teachers

cooperation 100visual inscription devices 122see also measurement; monitoring

of childrenSully’s methods 100summary of changes and views 114systematic organization 88�89, 97twentieth century 97see also recording, child

observation laboratory 106�107ontogenesis 266oral traditions 69over-stimulation of children 225

354 Index






paediatricianconcerns of 114effects of charts on role 133inter-relationships with other

professionals 48intervention channelled towards

mother 228shift from concern over diseases to

normal health 111paediatrics 112, 114, 253anomalies and diseases, focus 219child hygiene integration 223child observation methods 113�114development and inscription 73�74measurement practice in 79as medical speciality 109�110mental hygiene 228, 253, 297physical growth of children 110physical needs of children 111physical orientation 219psychology association 152, 298routine, regularity and firmness 220,

222school issues and 224�225scientificity 109shift from child to visual inscription

devices 122parent�child relationshipimportance for mental health 233psychiatry role in 243see also mother-child bond

parentsabnormal charts effect on 133�134advice to, shift to suggestions to

children 179children’s weight charts for 128�130child’s mental environment,

management 227collaboration in child guidance

179�180compliance with experts 62cooperation with physicians,

monitoring children 117, 131demands for standards for charts 133effect of standards on 181see also family; mothers

parish registers 144Parsonian paradigm 264Parsons, T. 18, 20, 21, 23Pasteur, Louis 109�110, 123

Pasteurian discoveries 144pathological child 235pathology 191

abnormal as 193normal continuum with 191

patterning of behaviour 278definition 276Gesell’s work 276�277

Pauwel, L., visual culture 121personality disorders 177personhood

hypothesis 29childhood as component 32

rationalization 37�38totality of 29, 32�33

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich 86philanthropists

delinquency management 244, 245see also reformation

reformation of offenders 239philosophy 3photographs 109

in child development records108�109

physical growth see growth of childrenphysical measurements see

anthropometric measurements;height and weight; measurement

physical well-being of children 111nineteenth century interest 111

physiciansinterventions by 74monitoring of children 117role in childbirth and infant

mortality reduction 146physicians record, pregnancy 147�148Piaget, J. 18, 231, 260, 261, 282

developmental model 261, 282developmental sequence 286domestic child observation 96emergence of knowledge and 282

political rationalization, of the social 39poor family, bourgeois family vs 238Poor Law 126, 143, 238population

classification of citizens 83�84concept 37, 79�80investigations into 84statistical analysis 80

population studies 3�4

Index 355






post-socialization theory 24posture charts 138�141povertyfactory children and 203infant mortality relationship

201�202, 251pre-delinquent child 241pre-school childDevelopmental Record Form 300mental development measurement

300predispositions, behaviour and 68�69pregnancy, record forms 147prematurity, infant mortality due to

145, 146preventive medicine 110Preyer, W. 94, 95, 96domestic child observation by 95systematic child observation 94,

95, 97probabilistic theoryemergence 82rise of 78, 81

probability 80, 83probation 240prostitution, child 55Prout, A. 24, 94Prussia, public use of statistics

184�185psychiatrist 243psychiatry 196adult, medicalization 242child 242, 243development 242

delinquency and maladjustedchildren 241, 242

delinquency management 244in parent-child relations 243

psychoanalysis 31, 99psychodynamic approach, child

guidance 178psychological development 209, 210psychological research, models 207psychology 152, 160biology and sociology dimensions 29child see child psychologydelinquency and maladjusted

children 241modern, development 103paediatrics association 152, 298

sociology division of labour18, 28

outcome 18�21Stainton Rogers’ hypothesis 283statistical 205

psychometric measurements 154psychoneuroses 177psychosexual theory, of development

265public healthanthropometric studies and

198�199indexes related to 185

punishment, of delinquents 237

quasi-objects/-subjects 51‘quasi-problems’ in children 225questionnaire method, criticisms by

Baldwin 103Quetelet, Adolphe 186�187, 207average man concept 187�188, 189,

190, 197, 204, 217children’s heights 200concept of normal 190see also average man

Qvortrup, J. 23, 26, 53

Ramognino, N. 17, 21, 36rational intervention 36, 35rationalization 35�38, 38, 64actor-network theory and 63family 37of national population 37of personhood 37�38political, of the social 39science and 36, 62science as core element 63of the social 40, 45of social order 39

reasonability to, development, recording 92developmental 133statistical see statistical reason

recapitulation theory 266record forms 142�154, 181American Association for the Study

and Prevention of InfantMortality 148�149

coverage (by age) 142definition/role 149

356 Index






in France 149infant mortality 144maternity centre 147to monitor newborn infants 146, 148

purpose 151�152patterns/types 148, 154physicians (on pregnancy) 147�148prenatal care and conditions in

pregnancy 147as social technology 142see also Developmental Record Form

recording, child 84�97, 115in diaries 91, 107, 308by Gesell 107�108, 108home weighing record 104large-scale 75of parental observations 124by parents, of child development

85, 86photographs and motion picture use

108�109physicians advice to mothers 117protocols (Gesell’s) 106summary of use 114see also observation, child

reformation, of delinquents 237, 238,239, 245

refuting an idea/practice,unmasking vs 61

regularity 220, 222concept, in social world 80infant feeding 220�221numerical, relating to disease 80sleep 221

regulation 115of childhood

charts 142normative 133

of child’s behaviour 115, 116, 309intelligence testing 167school, moral bankruptcy and 240well-child conference 159

relationshipschild relation map (Gesell) 119network of 44�45, 45see also socio-technological network

of relationshipsresearch 22�24child, obstacles to 62on childhood 16

childhood changes across time304�305

socialization 20research graph 128resistance

to intelligence testing 167, 172by patients/parents 115, 116, 309chart use 134�135infant clinics 158�159

responsibility, child offenders 57retirement 30Ribot, Theodule 210Roberts, Charles, measurement of

children 203�204Rockefeller Foundation 241Rollet, C. 156Rose, N. 256, 258Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

sequential child development 105systematic child observation 89�90

Roussel Law 149routine 220�221

sleep 221

schedulesabridged, child development

stages 108of development, Gesell’s 233, 235sleep 221

school doctors, duties 169�170school hygiene 224school physicians 224school/schooling 162

child growth observation 126child health and 223�224classification of children 282compulsory 210, 240, 252hours of work and sleep 136�137intelligence testing in 167medical supervision 136paediatrics involvement 224�225posture training and charts 141resistance to 134�135Terman general information

form 271science 36, 121

authority of 63of childhood 121visualization and 121

childhood rationalization and 63

Index 357






science (cont.)investigation of childhood 73observation of children see

observation, childrationalization process and 36,

62, 63universal childhood and 63visual culture 121

scientific motherhood 147scientific pedagogy 163scientific texts 66‘‘second childhood’’ 259self, objects as extension 42�43semiotic metaphor 72sequence of developmentdevelopmental thinking 260�262,

276, 285, 288stages, childhood as 63

sequential development 10, 105developmental thinking, pattern

265�279, 285, 301Simon, T.intelligence testing 164, 165schoolchildren’s lies 240see also Binet-Simon test

sketch, operating, behaviour and 69slaves, American 202sleepaverage, by age 222charts 138growth relationship 138hours needed 137Children’s Bureau (US) 137�138school education and 136�137

problems 221routine and regularity 221

social, the (category in sociology)38�45, 65

agency and 43�44circulatory concept 42implicit theory 38network of heterogeneous entities

and 41�42political rationalization 39rationalization 40, 45as structure 40, 45Foucault’s theory vs 40shift to circulatory concept 42

as surface for entities circulation39, 45

social action, transformationalmodel 43

social actors 307categories for 84charts and 131children as 26, 43, 198, 294

embodiment and institutions67, 68

disposition incorporation 69normal (healthy) state 190relationship to own body 68social technologies and 118statistical laws and 184

social bond 47social category, childhood 25social classes 84child’s growth and 130

social classification 77social conditions, infant mortality

relationship 201�202social construction/constructionism 25,

27, 33, 58, 59difficulties with concept 59of embodiment 68Hacking’s 59�61

social development, Gesell’sobservations 105

social deviance 174social engineering 38, 81social forms, of normalcy 183�197social groupings, mobilization in child

guidance 179social intervention 39social life, basic, of children 98social memory 70social order 21rationalization 39

social phenomenanormal vs pathological 192�193

social problems 81social reality 28social relations, charts and 131social status, childhood 25social structure 70child from 5�10 years 71corporeal dispositions and 70

social technologies 6�8, 115�181, 308advice literature vs 117assessment of usefulness/relevance

122�123

358 Index






charts as see chartsin child-rearing 122concept and mobilization issue 120definition/meaning 6�8, 115,

117�118as inscription devices 118intelligence testing see intelligence

testinglisting of 116ordered by age 257record forms see record formsregulation of childhood see

regulationrelating to children’s conditions,

role 8social actors and 118well-child conference see well-child

conferencesocial theorychildren as ‘‘muted group’’ 19importance of the body 67

social welfare, charts and 124socialization paradigm 264socialization/socialization theory 16,

19, 20, 21, 33, 278, 306concept of ‘‘growing up’’ and 19�20constraints on child and 20critique 22�24reappraisal 22�23research 20theory 264, 304through internalization 21transition from nature to culture 23unidirectional movement 22

society 68memory of 67statistical laws of 80

socio-medical network, normal/healthyconcept 219

socio-technological devices, ofmeasurement 51

socio-technological network ofrelationships 41, 120, 122

charts 124developmental theory and 265feeding charts and 141�142intelligence testing and 168normal/healthy childhood 221, 225normality and development

concepts 249

record forms as key site 294sleep and growth relationship 138well-child conference 157

sociobiological theory of childdevelopment 102

sociohistorical phenomenon, childhoodas 305

sociological theory 17, 303sociology

of childhood 5�6children in 17�27development 5as family studies 5inscriptive processes in 70psychology and biology

dimensions 29psychology division of labour

18, 28outcome 18�21

of scientific knowledge 8Sorbonne School of Medicine 242stabilization 296�298, 311

childhood collective see childhoodcollective, stabilization

mental measurements’ norms 300norms and 300

stage theory 265, 266�267Binet’s and Galton’s work 268�271early examples 267mental hygiene and personality

inclusion 267�268Stainton Rogers, R. and W.,

developmental thinking critique283�284

standard score card 292developmental record comparison

292�293Standard Score Card for Babies

149, 150mental development assessment

150�151standardization 63, 181, 309

effect on mother 181growth measurements 205well-child conference and infant

clinics 158�159standards of development 182Stanford�Binet test 166Starr, L. 259�260, 295state interventions 36

Index 359






statistical analysis 310�311charts, critique 135child’s growth charts 130height and weight 126normal child and 248of populations 80suicide 81�82

statistical laws, of society 80, 184statistical office, establishment 83statistical psychology 205statistical reason 182, 184, 303, 310cognitive 185�186political�administrative 185

statistical regularities, in groups 205statistical thinking 246psychological questions 205rise in 182, 183

statistics 83national/public 184�185objective measurements in 187�188

stigma, intelligence testingcausing 171

subnormal child 173, 188suicideincrease, abnormality 193normality 192statistical data 81�82

Sully, James 98�100books 99child observation methods 99�100domestic child observation 99

Sweden, statistics 184symbolic form 34symbolic violence, theory 21symmetryactor network theory principle 46,

53�58principle ofapplied to children 53�54as principle of equality 58

table manners 69tables 75�76growth measurements,

standardization 205as material objects 76monitoring of children 117in nineteenth century, physician vs

lay use 205see also charts

tabulation(s) 66�114, 253�254,258, 308

of numerical facts relating tobehaviour 81

requirements 75weight-height-age charts 127

Taine, Hippolyte 91Tavistock Clinic 176, 242technical devices 180, 254, 297knowledge of children 9

technical mediation see mediation,technical

technical objects 180technology 6�8application to child care 194of child care 194mobilization issue and 120monitoring of children 116�123national experiences unified by 144of record forms see record formssocial see social technologiestypes used in infant mortality

reduction 144Terman general information form 271Terman mental test 271textile industry, factory children 199textual inscription see recording, childtime, childhood across 304�305, 306,

312�313time�space concept 306, 312�313childhood 64

‘‘total man’’ hypothesis 29totality, concept 28, 31, 32�33, 38,

64, 305childhood as component 32, 64Karsenti’s view 31

tradition 36trainingof body, Foucault’s ideas 196effect on child development 30

translation 10, 35, 45�58, 65, 296behaviour into age standards 256concept 49delinquency and 239, 241, 245normal child see normal childprocess 49sociology of 49technical, actor network theory

principle 46graphs and charts as 47

360 Index






translational drift 50translators, tables and graphs 76

undisciplined child 196�197universal childabsence 25in psychology 6

universal childhoodnatural entity vs 6science and 63

unmasking, refuting an idea/practice vs 61

USAAmerican Association for the Study

and Prevention of InfantMortality, record forms 148�149

chartsuse in infant feeding 124weight and height 126weight-height-age charts 127

Chicago Juvenile PsychopathicInstitute 174

children’s year campaign 132delinquency to child guidance shift 173Developmental Record Form see

Developmental Record Forminfant health policy 155�156infant mortality rate 145information mortality reduction 143intelligence testing 166, 210reformation of delinquents 238school hygiene 224�225slave trade 202technology of child raising 194well-child conference 158

Veeder, B. 222�223, 232, 267, 272,297, 298

mental and physical growth parallels298�299

mental development, differencesfrom Holt 272

paediatrics and psychologyconnection 298

Veron, E., cognitive form, concept 289victim, child 56guilty child vs 239

Victor, wild child 90Villerme, L-R., poverty and infant

mortality 201�202

violenceby children 56�57to children 56, 237

visual cultureinscription devices and 120Pauwel’s 121

visual inscription devices see charts;graphs; inscription devices

visualizationmonitoring of children 116�123science of childhood and 121scientific 121

Weber, M. 5, 35Weberian meaning/rationality 263weight

children’s year campaign (US) 132height and see height and weighthome weighing record 104infants (first year) graph 129normal 136average weight relationship 136

normal gain 127weight charts

abnormal growth 128�130different forms 128Holt’s 127normal 128�130normal growth and 128�130

weight-height-age charts 126�127, 142concerns over 128limitations and critique 135outcome 136

methods of obtaining data 127nutrition relationship 135resistance to and abuse 134statistical analysis 130validity and reliability 127�128see also height and weight

weight-height-age tables 205welfare see child welfarewelfare constituent

in medical infant care 110well-child conference 159

procedures 160as professional service 155protocol and timing of visit 158�159regulation and standardization

154�161resistance to 158�159

Index 361






wild child 90window, one-way, for child

observation 107women, development 37Wong, J. 189normal as ideal 194�195

Wooldridge, A. 101work, sociology of 54workhouses, children’s 199

working children see factory children

Yale Clinic 104see also Gesell, Arnold

Yale-Psycho clinic 104youth offence courts 237Youthful Offenders Act (1854) 236

Zinnecker, Jurgen 22, 23

362 Index






Documents

6 x 10.5 Three line title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/05639/index/9780521705639_index.pdf · Binet-Simon test 213, 214 chart for 3/7 years of age 215