6 x 10.5 Long Title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/40104/index/9780521740104_index… · and Iran–Contra affair, 200 on Reagan and democracy, 194 Abu

Index

Abel Archer 83, 195Abrams v. United States (1919), 67Abrams, Elliott, 231

and human rights, 200and Iran–Contra affair, 200on Reagan and democracy,

194Abu Ghraib, 283

influence on civic virtue, 284Acheson, Dean G., 273, 301

and 1936 election, 113and American identity, 120on Korean War and NSC–68,

271opposes world government, 124worldview, 104

Adams, Brooks, 44, 47, 50Adams, John, 25, 28

and Constitution, 27and core values, 29and republican virtue, 25on Embargo of 1807, 32

Adams, John Quincy, 38, 305and core values, 287and Cuba, 36and executive authority, 33and Monroe Doctrine, 35and republican virtue, 35and slavery, 36and Texas, 36

Addams, Janeand disarmament, 82

Addington, Davidand separation of powers, 280and unitary executive, 278

as authoritarian, 298Afghanistan, 186, 252, 307

civil war, 225opium in, 198Soviet invasion, 169, 171

African Americans, 57, 701960s militancy, 150and anticolonialism, 126and Ethiopia, 117and Hurricane Katrina, 290and Iraq war, 290and Jews, 139and New Deal, 116and Richard Nixon, 178and World War II, 125and self-determination, 78and Theodore Roosevelt, 63and United Nations 1945, 125, 138and World War I, 66as threat to security, 120

Age of Turbulence, The (Alan Greenspan),304

Agency for International Development, 151and Colombia, 244

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 52, 61Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud

on American economy, 267Albright, Madeleine

and corecive diplomacy, 234on Dean Acheson and early Cold War,

296Alcatl Battalion

and El Mozote, 199Algeria

in the Cold War, 144

323

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-74010-4 - National Security and Core Values in American HistoryWilliam O. Walker IIIIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521740104

http://www.cambridge.org


324 Index

Algiers Agreement (1975)impact on Kurds, 183

Ali, Muhammadand Vietnam War, 291

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 29All Mexico movement, 39All-American Cables, 86Allende, Salvador, 162, 189Alliance for Progress, 194

and economic development, 150limits of, 180

al-Qaedaand September 11 attacks, 193bombs American embassies, 252infuence in Pakistan, 268

Altemeyer, Bobcompares authoritarians and Adolf Hitler,

304on authoritarianism in America, 297

Amau Doctrine, 110American Century, 235

and national security, 121American Civil Liberties Union, 294American Committee for Cultural Freedom

founding, 134American exceptionalism, 50, 97

and closing of the frontier, 15and core values, 306and race relations, 239and Wilsonianism, 254in Revolutionary era, 24limits 1980s, 192origins, 1under Bill Clinton, 235

American Federation of Labor, 52, 138and core values, 96and Great Depression, 99and New Deal, 113

American hegemony, 173, 304and core values, 105, 235, 292, 300and detente, 169and drug control, 243and oil, 250Operation Just Cause and, 225radical Islam and, 232resource conservation and, 254strategic resources and, 251

American identity, 3, 17and globalization, 263and republican virtue, 28and security ethos, 172, 308colonial origins, 4

containment and, 123illegal immigration and, 290militarism and, 56, 172, 225

American Israel Public Affairs Committeeaddress by James A. Baker III, 221

American Jewish Congressand civil liberties, 139

American Legionand Bonus Army, 101

American Planand open shop, 97

American Prospect, The, 229American Revolution

and American exceptionalism, 14native people and, 21

American Student Union, 150, 160and civic virtue, 300and self-determination, 116internal split, 116origins, 115

Americans for Democratic Action, 106Amnesty International

founding, 179Amsden, Alice H.

on American hegemony, 264Andean Drug Strategy

and security ethos, 215and strategic globalism, 215as counterinsurgency, 209

Andros, Edmund, 3Anglo–Iranian Oil Company, 141Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 83

ended, 84Angola, 183, 186, 253

and strategic globalism, 189–191civil war, 190

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), 159, 259Anti-Defamation League

and civil liberties, 139anti-imperialists, 60

and political economy, 56Arar, Maher

tortured by Syria, 286Arbatov, Georgi

on detente, 195on strategic globalism, 171

Arbenz, Jacobo, 141Argentina, 151

and lost decade, 194Aristide, Jean-Bertrand

ousted from power, 240return to power, 241






Index 325

Army League, 85Army War College, 82, 86Articles of Confederation

and class conflict, 24and liberty, 24

Ashcroft, Johnand executive authority, 279, 285as authoritarian, 298

“Asia after Vietnam” (Richard Nixon), 158Asian Monetary Fund

as threat to globalization, 230Atlantic Charter, 103, 120

and anticolonialism, 105Austin, Moses, 37Austin, Stephen F., 37authoritarianism. See also Dean, John W.

and core values, 297Authorization for the Use of Military Force

(2001), 279Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC),Azerbaijan

and security ethos, 250

B–1B bomber, 193Ba’ath Party

and Soviet Union, 219Bacevich, Andrew J., 231, 277

admiration for William ApplemanWilliams, 307

and civic virtue, 306, 308death of son in Iraq War, 308on American militarism, 225, 307on democracy project, 307

Bacon, Nathaniel, 4Bacon’s Rebellion, 4Bailyn, Bernard

on American independence, 23Baker III, James A., 260

and Haiti, 240and Israel, 221and new world order, 208and People’s Republic of China, 228on Operation Just Cause, 218on Saddam Hussein, 221

Baker, Ray Stannardon Japanese imperialism, 110

Baldwin, Roger, 294Baltimore Sun

on Bush adminstration and core values,287

Banco del Surand globalization, 266

Bandar bin Sultan, Princeon Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 222

Bandung Conference (1955), 143Bank for Credit and Commerce International

and Manuel Noriega, 217Bank of England, 16Barco Vargas, Virgilio, 214

at Cartagena meeting, 215war against Medellın cartel, 215

Baruch, Bernard M., 67and core values, 121

Batista, Fulgencio, 109, 142, 146as security asset, 216

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), 22Battle of Wounded Knee (1890), 42Bay of Pigs, 148Beard, Charles A., 44, 114, 125, 147

and civic virtue, 301and core values, 119and New Deal foreign policy, 103, 118and political economy, 119and World War I, 67legacy, 303on FDR and Japan, 110on Henry Stimson, 100on Herbert Hoover, 129on Wilsonian internationalism, 301

Beecher, Lyman, 48Bellamy, Edward, 48Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 36Berger, Samuel R., 234Berkeley, William, 4Berlin Wall, 147, 205Berman, Paul, 274Bethune, Mary McLeod

and United Nations, 125Beveridge, Albert J., 55, 60,

120Bhutto, Benazir

and Mujahedin, 224assassinated, 268limited authority of, 223

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 198Bill of Rights, 41, 67

and American identity, 296and core values, 5

bin Laden, Osama, 198and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, 224and Saudi Arabia, 206and World Islamic Front, 252declares war on United States, 252

Binh Xuyen, 143






326 Index

Birth of a Nation, 78Bissell Jr., Richard M.

and Guatemala, 141black nationalism, 178

and government violence, 156and limits of liberalism, 155

Black Panthers, 149, 162and self-determination, 178

black power, 178black power movement, 149

and American liberalism, 158Black, Hugo L.

and civil liberties, 134Blackwater USA, 248Blaine, James G.

and American exceptionalism, 52and Latin America, 53

Blumenthal, Sidneyon Rwanda, 241

Board of Trade, 17Bohemian Grove, 162Bolivia

1952 revolution and Washington,146

and loans in 1920s, 93Andean Drug Strategy and, 211–213Law 1008, 212oil expropriation 1930s, 108war on drugs and human rights, 212

Bolshevik Revolution, 70Bonaparte, Napoleon, 30, 31

Continental System, 31Bonus Army, 99Borah, William E.

and disarmament, 82Bosnia, 232, 241Botero, Fernando

and Cali cartel, 247Bourne, Randolph, 69

and civic virtue, 300Boxer Uprising, 55Bradford, William

and Plymouth Colony, 7Brazil, 53, 151

and lost decade, 194as strategic partner, 179, 181

Bretton Woods system, 105, 127, 229. Seealso containment capitalism,

Brinkley, Alanon New Deal liberalism, 114

Broadwater, Jeffon COINTELPRO 1950s, 137

Bronson, Rachelon Saudi-American relations, 205

Brooks, David, 305Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(1954), 138Brown, Harold, 175Brownell, Herbert

and civil liberties, 137Bryan, William Jennings, 45

and imperialism, 56and political economy, 47

Brzezinski, Zbigniewand detente, 169and Mujahedin, 191and new world order, 207and Saddam Hussein, 219and Trilateral Commission, 177

Bucareli Accords (1923), 92Buchanan, Patrick

and new world order, 206Buenos Aires Conference (1936), 108Bullitt, William C., 108Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,

95, 132Burke, Mairead

on the Jena, 2, 291Burleson, Albert S., 67Bush Doctrine, 267–273

and American economy, 292and civic virtue, 276as grand strategy, 292, 300compared with NSC–68, 272

Bush, George H. W., 202, 227and civic virtue, 225and core values, 225and executive authority, 209and human security, 216and Manuel Noriega, 217and Operation Just Cause, 218and Pakistan, 224and Persian Gulf stability, 206and Saddam Hussein, 220, 269and Saudi Arabia, 221, 222and self-determination, 223and strategic globalism, 231and Team B, 193on removal of Saddam Hussein, 223opposes War Powers Act, 225

Bush, George W., 2022000 election, 254and American economy, 262and American exceptionalism, 268






Index 327

and American hegemony, 271and American militarism, 261and civil liberties, 282and core values, 231, 256, 277–287,

297and evasion of history, 295and Haiti, 260and Hurricane Katrina, 290and nation-building, 260and preemptive force, 272and Project for the New American

Century, 231and Richard Clarke, 271and Saddam Hussein, 269and self-determination, 260, 287and strategic globalism, 261and torture, 184and unirary executive, 278and Vladimir Putin, 253, 259arms sales, 260as authoritarian, 298compared with Bill Clinton, 254on China’s economic might, 265U.S. Military Academy address, 269

Bush, Jeb, 231Bush’s Law (Eric Lichtblau), 285Butler, Nicholas Murray, 68Butler, Smedley D., 59Bybee, Jay

2002 “torture memo,” 280Byrnes, James F., 104

Cable News Networkand Operation Desert Storm, 225

Caetano, Marcello, 189Calderon, Felipe

and drug control, 210Calhoun, John C., 38Cali cartel, 214, 245California, 37Camarena Salazar, Enrique

assassinated, 210Cambodia

and Richard Nixon, 162Camp David Accords (1978), 188Canada, 13, 19Cao Dai, 143Cardenas, Lazaro, 92Caribbean Basin Initiative, 199Carranza, Venustiano, 65Carter Doctrine, 191, 197

and Iran–Iraq War, 219

Carter, Jimmy, 169Africa policy, 240and American hegemony, 201and containment capitalism, 177and Cuba, 190and East Timor, 183and El Salvador, 185and global economy, 176and Guatemala, 198and human rights, 184and Iran, 187and Iranian revolution, 219and military spending, 193and Mujahedin, 198and Panama, 217and Soviet Union, 191and strategic globalism, 170deficit under, 193

Casey, Williamand Manuel Noriega, 217

Caspian Sea basinand strategic globalism, 250

Castro, Fidel, 145, 158and United States 1959, 146

Centers for Disease Control and Preventioninfant mortality in the United States, 288

Central Americaand American intervention, 92and loans in 1920s, 94filibusterers in, 15

Central Asiaand strategic globalism, 230

Central Intelligence Agency, 123and American globalism, 141and counterinsirgency, 142and extraordinary rendition, 256and FNLA, 190and George W. Bush, 298and Haiti, 240and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 222and Jonas Savimbi, 189and killing of Pablo Escobar, 215and Liberation Theology, 180and Manuel Noriega, 217and Mexico’s war on drugs, 211and Mujhedin, 198and Poland, 171and South Africa, 190and Vladimiro Montesinos, 213domestic spying, 271, 278, 282on Afghanistan, 224weaknesses, 128






328 Index

Chalabi, Ahmed, 270Chavez, Hugo, 266

on American economy, 267Chechnya, 252

and human rights, 251Cheney, Dick, 231

and Defense Planning Guidance, 262and Gulf War, 269and Saudi Arabia, 205and strategic resources, 253and unitary executive, 278as authoritarian, 297

Chevronin Kazakhstan, 250

Chileand lost decade, 194and Richard Nixon, 162as threat to strategic globalism, 189

China, 52, 53, 64and American trade, 32instability in 1920s, 88

Chinese Communist Partyin 1920s, 89

Chinese Eastern Railway, 89Chomsky, Noam, 304

and civic virtue, 303and new world order, 206

Christopher, Warrenand civic virtue, 232on the Balkans, 236

Church Committee, 192Churchill, Winston S.

and Atlantic Charter, 104civic virtue

after George W. Bush, 308and early Cold War, 127and public education, 289and security 1940s, 122and the evasion of history, 130and Vietnam War, 157and World War II, 120during Reagan presidency, 200future of, 307in Cold War era, 276limits 1960s, 149origins, 70, 296replaces republican virtue, 294under George W. Bush, 298

Civil Rights Act (1957), 133Civil Rights Act (1964), 150, 154civil rights movement, 132, 178

and anticommunism, 148in 1950s, 138

Clark Amendment (1976), 191Clark, Dick, 191Clark, Mark

murder of, 156Clark, Wesley K.

and Kosovo, 238on Biljiana Plavsic, 238on Rwanda, 241

Clarke, Richard A.and Condoleezza Rice, 261and counterterrorism, 252and Osama bin Laden, 252and PDD–25, 242on al-Qaeda, 270on Pakistan and Osama bin Laden,

252Clayton, William L.

and 1936 election, 113Cleveland, Grover, 43Clinton, Bill, 202

1992 election, 231and 1898 expansionists compared, 232and American hegemony, 231and Boris Yeltsin, 227and civic virtue, 232, 233, 255and Colombia, 243and Congress, 233and containment capitalism, 234and core values, 232and democracy project, 231and domestic economy, 229and East Timor, 243and extraordinary rendition, 256and Haiti, 240and human rights, 232and Kosovo, 238and neoconservatives compared, 231and new world order, 227and North Korea, 239and oil, 254and People’s Republic of China, 228and political economy, 230and Powell Doctrine, 270and Richard Nixon compared, 232and security ethos, 254and Taliban, 253and the Balkans, 237and war on terror, 252apology to Rwanda, 241as Wilsonian, 234East Timor policy, 243Georgetown University speech, 234on “loss” of Russia, 251






Index 329

Clinton, George, 19Clinton, Hillary, 232

and Russia, 228“Close Ranks” (W. E. B. Du Bois), 79Cohen, Robert

on student activism, 115Cohrs, Patrick O., 95COINTELPRO, 178

in 1950s, 137COINTELPRO–Black Nationalist–Hate

groups, 156COINTELRPO–New Left, 156Cold War

hiatus in 1950s, 143periodization, 172

Cold War, The (John Lewis Gaddis), 303Cold War, The (Walter Lippmann), 105Collins, J. Lawton

on Ngo Dinh Diem, 143Collins, LeRoy

and 1965 Watts revolt, 155Colombia, 92

and drug control, 243–248and loans in 1920s, 93Andean Drug Strategy and, 214–215as testing ground for new militarism,

247as weak democracy, 245, 246decertified, 247

Columbian Magazine, 13Comintern, 89Commager, Henry Steele

and civic virtue, 135Commentary, 302Committee in Solidarity with the People of El

Salvador, 200Committee on Public Information, 67Committee on Santa Fe, 199Committee on the Present Danger, 204

origins, 192Commodity Credit Corporation

and Iraq, 220Common Sense (Thomas Paine), 23Communist Control Act (1954), 137Communist Party, 133Compromise of 1850, 38, 40Conference on Security and Cooperation in

Europeand human rights, 184at end of Cold War, 206

Congo, 253Congress for Cultural Freedom

founding, 134

Congress of Industrial Organizations, 117origins, 99

Congress of Vienna (1815), 30Congressional Black Caucus

and Africa policy, 240on Rwanda, 241

Congressional Budget Officecost of war on terror, 291

Congressional Policy Advisory Board, 231Connally, John

and American hegemony, 168Connecticut

colonial governance, 2Conservatives without Conscience (John W.

Dean), 297Constant, Emmanuel

as security asset, 240Constantine, Thomas A.

on Colombia, 247Constitution, 167, 291, 317

ad core values, 5and American identity, 27, 296

containment capitalism, 135and developing world, 174and global economy, 176and security ethos, 139, 177limits of, 174origins, 174

Contreras, Manuel, 182core values

after Reagan presidency, 204and American identity, 54and anticommunism, 179and capitalism, 46, 50, 291and Civil War, 15, 41and counterterrorism, 254and democracy project, 197and globalization, 229, 235and habeas corpus, 256and imperialism, 58, 63and military assistance, 184and national security, 52, 58–59, 76, 101,

277, 300and New Deal liberalism, 114and Populism, 47and strategic globalism, 201and use of force, 173and war on terror, 269, 281and World War II, 120–121as American exceptionalism, 287enumerated, 5in 1950s, 136status in 2008, 223, 296






330 Index

Correa, Rafael, 266Council on Foreign Relations, 83, 85, 87,

91and Latin America, 109

counterinsurgency, 61Guatemala as model, 152in Southeast Asia, 142

Cousins, Normanand atomic power, 123

Crisis, The, 79, 80Croly, Herbert, 64, 79

influence on New Deal, 112Crowe, William

and Panama, 218Cuba, 39, 52

and American expansion, 35and American intervention, 59and MPLA, 189–190and Platt Amendment, 108, 217and republican virtue, 58Eisenhower administration and, 143independence, 55Soviet aid and, 189

Culbertson, William S.and political economy, 93on American imperialism, 95

Cutler, Robertand civil liberties, 137

CzechoslovakiaSoviet invasion, 171

Dallaire, Romeoand Rwanda, 242

Daniels, Josephus, 84Darfur

genocide in, 253Dark Side, The (Jane Mayer), 285Davis, Norman H., 83, 107Dawes Plan, 88, 95Dawes Severalty Act (1887), 42Dawes, Charls G., 88Dayton Peace Accords (1995), 237Dean, John W.

and American hegemony, 305on authoritarianism in America, 297on conservatism, 295on fascism in America, 304on right-wing politics, 288

Debs, Eugene V., 45, 79, 125and Espionage Act violation, 69and imperialism, 57and political economy, 49and socialism, 57

Declaration of Independence, 23, 29and American identity, 27and core values, 5

Declaratory Act (1766), 23Defense Intelligence Agency

and Soviet strategy, 181Defense Planning Guidance, 262

compared to NSC–68, 262Delvalle, Eric Arturo, 218democracy project

absent in Southwest Asia, 198and Central Asia, 251and Poland, 197and Russia, 228and Soviet Union, 196and strategic globalism, 196fails Iraqi Kurdistan, 221in Peru, 213

Department of Defenseand containment capitalism, 174and national security letters, 281and war on drugs, 209

Department of Justiceand civil liberties, 120, 134

Department of Stateand democracy project in Panama,

218and loan supervision, 93and Manuel Noriega, 218Bureau for Democracy, Human, Rights,

and Labor, 184drug policy, 210

detente, 169–1731950s, 140and Afghanistan, 191and American credibility, 171and American hegemony, 195as liability in American-Soviet relations,

169Dewey, John, 67

influence on New Deal, 112Dewey, Thomas

proposes suspending Fifth Amendment,133

Diagne, Blaise, 79Dıaz, Porfirio, 65“Dictatorships and Double Standards”

(Jeane Kirkpatrick), 181Diem, Ngo Dinh, 143

and self-determination, 143as security asset, 216compared with Saddam Hussein, 221

Dinges, John, 182






Index 331

Direccion Federal de Seguridad (DFS)as security asset, 211

Directorate of Inter-Services Intelligenceand Osama bin Laden, 268and strategic globalism, 198as security asset, 223

Directorate of National Intelligenceand Central Intelligence Agency, 182

Dobrynin. Anatolyon detente, 172

Dodd, Thomasand African American revolts, 154

dollar diplomacy, 63, 65, 77and Latin America, 65

Dominican Republic, 59, 65, 921965 intervention, 179

Dominion of New England, 3Draft Covenant on Human Rights, 138Drift and Mastery (Walter Lippmann), 83Drug Enforcement Administration, 210

and Manuel Noriega, 217and Peru, 213

Drugs and Democracy in Latin America(Washington Office on Latin America),249

Du Bois, W. E. B., 125, 133, 153, 290and civic virtue, 300and Cold War liberalism, 139and core values, 80and Pan-Africanism, 79death, 149

Duane, William, 34Duarte, Jose Napoleon

and Central Intelligence Agency, 199Dulles, Allen, 141

and Cuban Revolution, 146and Patrice Lumumba, 141

Dulles, John Fosterdefends civil liberties, 137on Algeria, 145on containment, 170on Ngo Dinh Diem, 144

Dutch East Indies, 126Duvalier, Jean-Claude

flees Haiti, 218DynCorp

and war on drugs, 248

Eagleburger, Lawrence S.on Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 221

East Timor, 242Eastman, Crystal

and World War I, 68

Economic Interpretation of the Constitutionof the United States, An (Charles A.Beard), 301

Egnal, Mark, 14Egypt

and Iraq, 221as strategic partner, 188

Eisenhower Doctrine, 143and global containment, 145

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 205and American globalism, 135and American Society of Newspaper

Editors, 139and civil liberties, 136, 137and COINTELPRO, 137and J. Robert Oppenheimer, 136and political economy, 132and Richard Nixon, 136and security ethos, 138and self-determination, 141and the Rosenberg case, 136on Arabs, 144, 145on Fidel Castro, 145on Ganal Abdel Nasser, 145

Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN), 214El Mozote massacre, 198El Salvador

return of civilian rule, 194revolution as self-determination, 185

election of 1912, 64Ellsberg, Daniel

and Pentagon Papers, 162Embargo of 1807, 32empire of liberty, 30, 34, 35, 43, 275End of America, The (Naomi Wolf), 304“End of History, The?” (Francis Fukuyama),

207End Poverty in California, 114Equal Rights Amendment

failure of, 178Equatorial Guinea, 253Equitable Trust Company of New York

Bolivia and, 94Ervin, Samuel J., 163Escobar, Pablo, 215Espionage Act (1917), 67, 100Ethiopia

1930s student activism and, 116Evans, John

and Ohio State University, 161Ex parte Milligan (1866), 41executive authority and foreign policy, 28,

278






332 Index

expansion, 41and American identity, 18and California, 38and Canada, 37and Oregon Territory, 36, 38and republican virtue, 15and security, 14

Export-Import Bank, 108and American hegemony, 109and Iraq, 220

extraordinary rendition, 256,286

Failed States (Noam Chomsky), 303Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 148Fallon, William J.

and Iraq oil law, 206Farabundo Martı National Liberation Front,

199fear

and American exceptionalism, 128,129

and American globalism, 136and core values, 70, 276and global containment, 8and security, 8, 239as political paranoia, 97reflected in grand strategy, 162

Federal Bureau of Investigationand African Americans, 153and Civil Rights movement, 148and COINTELPRO, 137and extraordinary rendition, 256and Henry Wallace, 125and Latin America, 109and national security letters, 281and student activism 1930s, 116

Federal Reserve Act (1913), 61Federal Reserve Board, 64Federal Trade Commission, 64Federalist No. 10, 15, 29, 30

limits, 35Feinberg, Richard

on Colombia, 246Feis, Herbert

on loan policy, 93Ferguson, Thomas, 113filibusterers 15. See also William Walker

and Central America, 40and Cuba, 40

FNLA (National Liberation Front ofAngola), 190

Ford, Geraldand East Timor, 183and global economy, 176and New International Economic Order,

176Ford, Henry, 97Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

and Team B, 192Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978),

193, 256and war on terror, 281broadened, 223, 286

Foreign Policy Association, 85Foreign Service

and race and gender, 87and Wilsonian internationalism, 87created, 87

Forrestal, Jamesworldview, 104

Fourteen Points, 81and anticolonialism, 80

Fourth Amendmentand Japanese internment, 121Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and,

193Fourth Estate

and civic virtue, 283and self-censorship, 60, 190, 284

France, 37and American neutrality, 29and Angola, 190and United States in 1930s, 108conflict with Great Britain, 13

Franco–American Alliance, 26Frankfurter, Felix, 101Franklin, Benjamin, 305

Albany Plan of Union, 19and American independence, 26and expansion, 18and frontier conflict, 18on liberty, 19

Fraser, Donaldon sovereignty, 179

Frechette, Myleson Colombia, 247

Free Soil Party, 38freedom, 5. See also liberty

and national security 1950s, 143and slavery, 2, 15, 33in colonial era, 6linked to commerce, 8linked to oil, 205






Index 333

freedom of speech, 233and student activism 1930s, 116as core value, 67

French and Indian War (1754–63), 3, 13, 19,272

and frontier conflict, 20French Indochina, 126

Japanese occupation, 111Friedman, Thomas L.

and civic virtue, 235and globalization, 235on competition, 255

“From New Deal to Normalcy” (ThomasFerguson), 113

Frondizi, Arturoouster, 151

Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN)and anticolonialism, 144

frontier thesis, 2, 250Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de

Colombia (FARC), 214and Plan Colombia, 249

Fujimori, Alberto, 245as president of Peru, 213as security asset, 215resignation, 214

Fukuyama, Francis, 207, 231,304

and core values, 299Fulbright, J. William, 167

“Vietnam Hearings,” 157and world government, 124

fundamentalismand civil liberties, 197

Gabon, 253Gaddis, John Lewis

on American hegemony, 275on Bush Doctrine, 275on Ronald Reagan, 191on strategic globalism, 255on Wilsonianism, 269

Gaitan, Jorgemurder, 214, 218

Gaither Committee, 140Garcıa Marquez, Gabriel

on Colombian democracy,245

Garcıa, Alan, 213and Operation Snowcap, 213at Cartagena meeting, 215

Garrison, Lloyd, 99

Garthoff, Raymondon Soviet strategy, 181

Gates, Robert M.and Pakistan, 224and Saddam Hussein, 220on Helsinki Declaration, 185on Ronald Reagan, 191

Gavin, James M.and “Vietnam Hearings,” 157

Gaviria Trujillo, Cesar, 214Gelbard, Robert

and Bolivia’s war on drugs, 212and East Timor, 243

General Agreement on Trade and TariffsUruguay Round, 230

Geneva Accords (1954), 146Genoa Conference (1922), 88George, Henry, 43Germany, 62Ghana, 133Gilded Age, 15Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 45,

125and political economy, 48, 57and World War I, 68

Glaspie, Apriland Saddam Hussein, 222

Gleijeses, PIeroon Cuba in Angola, 190

global containment, 157, 276and inflation, 173as grand strategy, 129, 140, 159, 285,

292, 296, 300global economy

1970s, 176and strategic globalism, 176

globalizationand core values, 235and evasion of history, 295and grand strategy 1990s, 234and radical Islam, 232

Glorious Revolution, 4, 13, 17and American colonies, 18

Goldman, Eric F.on African American revolts, 154

Gomez, Maximo, 58Gompers, Samuel

and World War I, 97Gonzalez, Alberto

and executive authority, 285as authoritarian, 298on habeas corpus, 285






334 Index

Good Neighbor policy, 108–109and national security, 121

Gorbachev, Mikhailand George H. W. Bush, 196and Soviet-American relations, 196resignation, 196rise to power, 196

Gore, Al, 2322000 election, 254and civic virtue, 234

Goulart, Joao, 151Governors Island Accord (1993), 240Great Britain, 16–17, 75

and Angola, 190and Texas, 37and United States 1930s, 108costs of empire, 13

Great Depression, 93and organized labor, 97, 99responsibility for, 95

Great Society, 154and limits of democracy, 296compared to nation building, 155

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 111Greece

and Kosovo, 238as strategic partner, 179, 181

Green Corn Rebellion, 68Greene, Jack P., 1Gresham, Walter Quentin, 43, 44Guantanamo

and war on terror, 279U.S. naval base, 59

Guatemala, 146as strategic partner, 179return of civilian rule, 194

Guevara, Ernesto “Che”death of, 153

Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionand American globalism, 157

Gulf War (1990–91), 231Guomindang, 89Gutierrez Rebollo, Jesus

and war on drugs, 211Guzman, Abimael

arrested, 214

habeas corpusand war on terror, 256

Haig, Jr., Alexander M.and detente, 170and Soviet Union, 170

Haiti, 59, 65, 239effect on Clinton’s foreign policy, 237

Half–Way Covenantand Puritan decline, 4

Hamilton, Alexanderand democracy, 25and political economy, 30

Hamilton, Lee H., 260and 9/11 Commission, 298

Hampton, Fredmurder of, 156

Harding, Warren G., 82Harkin Amendment (1975)

and human rights, 184Harkin, Tom, 184

and East Timor, 243Harlem

1964 revolt, 154, 155Harriman, Averrell

worldview, 104Harrison, Benjamiin, 52Hartz, Louis, 69

on American liberalism, 93, 233on evasion of history, 204

Hatch Act (1887), 42Havana Conference (1928), 92Havana Conference (1940), 108Hawaii, 56Hay, John, 55

Open Door policy, 265Hayden, Michael

and domestic spying, 271Hedges, Chris

on Cold War, 172on core values, 173

Hegemony or Survival (Noam Chomsky),303

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddinaid from Pakistan, 224and opium, 198

Helsinki Declaration (1975), 185and self-determination, 185

Hersh, Seymour M.on Abu Ghraib scandal, 284

Hitchens, Christopherbreaks with The Nation, 274

Hitler, Adolf, 107Ho Chi Minh, 158

and African Americans, 80and Versailles conference, 80as nationalist, 142

Hoa Hao, 143






Index 335

Hoar, George F., 59Hoff, Joan, 77

and civic virtue, 306on American exceptionalism, 306

Hofstadter, Richard, 97critique of capitalism, 115on the 1890s, 54

Hogan, Michael J.on national security state, 128

Holmes, Jr., Oliver Wendell, 67Homestead Act (1862), 41Honduras

return of civilian rule, 194Hook, Sidney

and Congress for Cultural Freedom, 134Hoover, Herbert, 107, 127, 132, 175

and Adam Smith, 90and Bonus Army, 101and China, 90and Latin America, 91and loan policy, 93and modernization, 91and political economy, 90and Red Scare, 90and republican virtue, 90and security ethos, 91and Stimson Doctrine, 100and tariff policy, 93on Robert Taft, 129on virtues of trade, 96

Hoover, J. Edgar, 80and African American revolts, 154and civil liberties, 134, 156and COINTELPRO, 137

Hornbeck, Stanley K.and security ethos, 110

House Committee on Un-AmericanActivities, 120, 129

and J. Edgar Hoover, 135House of Morgan, 64House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse

and Controland war on drugs, 209

House, Edward M.and W. E. B. Du Bois, 79

Huerta, Victoriano, 65Hughes, Charles Evans, 83Hull, Cordell

and New Deal foreign policy, 108human rights

and drug control, 216and Peru 1990s, 214

as human security, 178in Central America, 198in Pakistan, 224in Philippines, 187

Human Rights Watchon Bosnia, 237on Rwanda, 241

Humphrey, Hubert H., 137and Task Force on Urban Problems, 156

Hussein, Saddam, 223and chemical warfare, 220and September 11 attacks, 281and strategic globalism, 221, 222and weapons of mass destruction, 281as security asset, 186, 197, 216, 219Kurds and, 220regional ambitions, 205threat to American grand strategy, 270

Huston Plan, 161Hutchins, Robert M. Hutchins

and world government, 123Hyland, William G., 206

Idea of National Interest, The (Charles A.Beard), 118

Ignatieff, Michaeland American hegemony, 304critic of George W. Bush, 305

immigrationeighteenth century, 17

Imperial Presidency, The (Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr.), 148

In Defense of the National Interest (HansMorgenthau), 107

Indian warsConnecticut 1637, 7Florida 1818, 33Great Plains, 51, 54New England 1630s, 7Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763, 20South Carolina 1759, 20Virginia 1622, 7

Indians, 6, 51, 54. See also native peopleand colonial balance of power, 18

India–Pakistan War (1971), 187Indonesia

as strategic partner, 183, 243economic crisis, 255

Industrial Workers of the World, 69, 97and World War I, 68

Influence of Seapower upon History, The(Alfred Thayer Mahan), 44






336 Index

Institute for Advanced Study, 137Instituto Nacional para el Combate a las

Drogas, 211Inter-American Development Bank

and Peru, 213Inter-American High Commission,

98Internal Security Act (1950), 134internal security policy

and “dirty wars,” 157and Guatemala, 152and Southeast Asia, 157in 1960s, 150–153within the United States, 154

International Coffee Agreementand drugs in Colombia, 244

International Monetary Fund, 230, 255,307

and East Timor, 242and Peru, 213

Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 42Iran, 146

as strategic partner, 183in “axis of evil,” 267

Iran–Contra affair, 197, 233origins, 200

Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), 197and Saudi-American relations, 205

Iraq, 223, 307and strategic globalism, 220effect of UN sanctions, 239in “axis of evil,” 267

Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam (Lloyd C.Gardner and Marilyn B. Young, eds.),274

Iraq Liberation Act (1998), 270Iraq Study Group Report, 260Iraq War (2003– )

and globalization, 264and human security, 261costs, 260

Iraqi National Congress, 270Iron Act (1750), 16isolationism, 76, 84, 115

and democracy, 114, 217s,and Great Depression, 101

Israel, 144aids Guatemala, 198aids Kurds, 183as strategic partner, 197concern about Saudi Arabia, 188

Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 39

J. P. Morgan and Company, 88, 107Jackson, Andrew, 34

and executive authority, 35Battle of New Orleans, 32

Jackson, C. D.on colonialism, 143

Jackson–Vanik Amendment (1974)and Soviet Union, 188

James II, 3, 16Jamestown, 2Japan, 62

and American deficits, 194and East Asia in 1920s, 88and Great Depression, 107and Nixon shocks, 159and Twenty-One Demands, 78leaves League of Nations, 110

Japanese–Americansinternment, 120

Javits, Jacob, 167Jay Treaty (1795), 24, 28Jay, John, 21Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 28, 44

and Latin America, 35and republican virtue, 29–30on Constitution, 27

Jena, 2and human rights, 291

Jervis, Roberton Bush Doctrine, 274

Jewsand African Americans, 139and anticommunism, 139and black power movement, 158

Jiang JieshiAmerican attitude toward 1930s, 110and opium, 89compared with Saddam Hussein, 221flees to Taiwan, 131

Johnson, Chalmersand new world order, 206opposes strategic globalism, 204

Johnson, Lyndon B.and African Americans, 154and civil liberties, 156and Civil Rights movement, 153and Vietnam War, 158on Joao Goulart’s overthrow, 151

Johnson, Nelson Truslerand Guomindang, 110

Jordanand Iraq, 221






Index 337

Judt, Tonyon modern state power, 292

Justice Policy Instituteon gang violence in America, 289

Kagan, Robert, 270, 304on American hegemony, 298

Kaiser Wilhelm IIand Weltpolitik, 62

Karadzic, Radavan, 238Kazakhstan

and security ethos, 250Kean, Thomas H.

and 9/11 Commission, 298Kearns, Doris

on Lyndon Johnson and AfricanAmericans, 156

Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928), 100Kemmerer, Edwin W.

and Latin America, 98Kennan, George F., 104, 123, 274, 300

and “Vietnam Hearings,” 157and American exceptionalism, 196and containment capitalism, 175and democracy, 129, 158at Institute for Advanced Study, 167Long Telegram, 105, 106on global containment and core values,

129on Vladimir Putin, 252remembers J. Rober Oppenheimer,

137worldview, 104

Kennedy, Edward M.on Allende’s overthrow and core values,

162Kennedy, John F., 205

and counterinsurgency, 142and flexible response, 140and freedom of the press, 148and self-determination, 147and stability, 146

Kennedy, Robert F., 167and African American revolts, 155and Martin Luther King, 149assassinated, 159

Kent State University, 161Kentucky Resolution (1798), 29Kerr, Donald

and civil liberties, 282Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 224Khomeini, Ruhollah, 219

Khrushchev, Nikita S.on Mao Zedong, 147

Kim Jong Il, 261King William’s War (1689–97), 16King, Jr., Martin Luther, 132, 167, 178

and civic virtue, 300and Richard Nixon, 133, 163and self-determination, 149and Vietnam War, 149, 291assassinated, 159

Kirchner, Nestor, 266Kirk, Robin

on Alvaro Uribe, 249Kirkpatrick, Jeane

and human rights, 181Kissinger, Henry, 171

and “Year of Europe,” 173and Augusto Pinochet, 180and critics of detente, 203and democracy, 159, 181and detente, 169and East Timor, 183and human rights, 180, 189and Kurds, 183and new world order, 207and Organization of American States, 180and Saudi Arabia, 187and strategic globalism, 159on Bill Clinton, 228on Chile, 162on October War, 188on Ronald Reagan, 203on Shah of Iran, 187, 189on Wilsonian internationalism, 207overtures to Cuba, 189Vietnam negotiations, 168

Klare, Michael T.on strategic resources, 250

Klein, Naomi, 291, 304Knox, Philander C., 63Korea, 62Korean War, 131Korematsu v. United States (1944), 121Kosovo

and American credibility, 238and NATO, 238and strategic globalism, 239compared with Bosnia, 238

Kristol, William, 270on American hegemony, 298

Krugman, Paulon executive authority, 283






338 Index

Ku Klux Klan, 41, 51Kurds, 186

and Central Intelligence Agency, 183and Saddam Hussein, 223

Kuttner, Roberton economy and grand strategy, 229

KuwaitIraqi invasion, 205, 221oil production, 221

Kwantung Armyin North China, 110

Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change,254

Kyrgyzstan, 252and security ethos, 250

La Ruta Pacıfica de las Mujeres (TheWomen’s Peaceful Path)

opposes violence in Colombia, 246Lake, Anthony

and new world order, 228on globalization, 229

Lamont, Thomas W., 107Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917), 78Laos

and U.S.-Soviet relations, 147Lasch, Christopher

on Cold War liberalism, 135Latin America, 34

and American deficits, 194Law of Civilization and Decay, The (Brooks

Adams), 47League of Nations, 75, 83

Japanese entry, 78Leahy Amendment (1997)

and human rights, 249Leahy, Patrick

and core values, 286and East Timor, 243on Military Commissions Act, 282

Lears, T. J. Jackson, 47Lebanon

and death of Marines, 220Leffler, Melvyn P., 140“Legend of Isolationism in the 1920s, The”

(William Appleman Williams), 76Leguıa, Augusto B., 94Lend-Lease

and American hegemony, 112Lenin, V. I., 81Lerner, Max

and world government, 123

Letter to Abbe Raynal (Thomas Paine), 23Leuchtenburg, William E.

on core values, 84Lewis, Anthony

on Bill Clinton, 233Lewis, David Levering, 79Lewis, John, 149

and self-determination, 149Lewis, John L.

distrust of New Deal, 117on labor and core values, 99

Libby, I. Lewisand Defense Planning Guidance, 262as authoritarian, 297

Liberal Tradition in America, The (LouisHartz), 69

Liberation Theologyand human rights, 179

liberty, 5. See also freedomand American exceptionalism, 5and internationalism, 71and national security, 6and property, 22

Lockean tradition, 23Liberty League

and reciprocal trade, 113Lima Conference (1938), 108Lincoln, Abraham

and executive authority, 41and habeas corpus, 41, 100

Link, Arthur S., 66Lippmann, Walter, 82, 91, 123, 167, 208,

274and global containment, 129and political economy, 85and security ethos, 105and Treaty of Versailles, 83influence on New Deal, 112on Wilson and self-determination, 236

Listen, Yankee (C. Wright Mills), 147Locarno Pact (1925), 88, 95Lodge, Henry Cabot, 55, 61London Economic Conference (1933),

107London Naval Conference (1932), 100Looking Backward (Edward Bellamy), 48Lopez, Narcisco, 39, 40Louisiana Purchase, 36

and executive authority, 28Loveman, Brian

on Bill Clinton and Latin America, 244Loyalty Review Board, 134






Index 339

Luce, Henry, 121, 230Lumumba, Patrice, 141Lusitania, 65, 85

M1 tank, 193MacArthur, Douglas

and Bonus Army, 100Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810), 32Madero, Francisco, 65Madison, James, 15, 28

and Bill of Rights, 27and democracy, 25

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 44, 118and political economy, 53and security ethos, 292influence on Franklin Roosevelt, 102

Malawiand globalization, 264

Malaysiaeconomic crisis, 255

Malcolm X, 149Manchuria, 62

seizure by Japan 1932, 100, 110Manifest Destiny, 18, 34, 38, 39Mann Doctrine, 152Mann, Thomas, 151Mao Zedong, 158

and 1949 Chinese revolution, 131“March of the Flag, The” (Albert J.

Beveridge), 55March on Washington, 149Marcos, Ferdinand

as security asset, 186fall from power, 218

Marcos, Imeldaas security asset, 186

Marshall Plan, 126, 174Marshall, George C.

opposes world government, 124Martin, Edwin M., 151Martinez, Bob

on Pablo Escobar, 215Maryland

as colony, 4Masoud, Ahmed Shah

as security asset, 224Massachusetts Bay, 1

and American identity, 2Masses, The, 67Massing, Michael

on media responsibility, 284Mather, Increase, 7

Matlock Jr., Jack F.on Ronald Reagan, 196

Matusow, Allen J., 157May Fourth movement, 79May, Elaine Tyler, 135May, Henry

and student activism 1930s, 115Mayer, Arno J., 80McCaffrey, Barry R.

as drug czar, 248McCarthy, Joseph R., 131

and civil liberties, 134McCarthyism, 129McClellan, Scott

criticizes George W. Bush, 281McConnell, Mitch

as National Intelligence Director, 286McCoy, Drew

on expansion, 36McGovern, George

1972 election, 177McGovern–Hatfield Amendment (1970),

167McKinley Tariff (1890), 42, 53McKinley, William, 46, 49, 132

on U.S.-Cuban relations, 148McNeill, Frank

on core values, 200Medellın cartel, 245

murder of Galan, Luis Carlos, 214Melman, Seymour, 174Mendez Montenegro, Julio Cesar, 152mercantilism, 16Metacom (King Philip), 7Mexican Constitution of 1917

Article 27, 91Mexican Revolution, 65Mexican War, 36, 37Mexico, 64

American intervention, 75and American expansion, 37and drug control, 210, 216and illegal immigration, 290and United States in 1920s, 91lost decade, 194oil expropriation 1930s, 108U.S. drug aid and, 250war on drugs and human rights, 211

Meyer, Cord, 124and world government, 123

Mighty Empire, A (Marc Egnal), 14Miles, Sherman, 87






340 Index

Military Commissions Act (2006)and torture, 280rejects Geneva Conventions, 279

Military Intelligence Division, 86Millard, Thomas F., 64Mills, C. Wright

and civic virtue, 147, 300on Cold War liberals, 148

Milosevic, Slobodan, 238Miscamble, Wilson D.

critique of Franklin Roosevelt, 122Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 156Missouri Compromise, 15, 33Model Treaty (Plan of 1776), 25Molotov, Vyacheslav, 104Monroe Doctrine, 34, 62Monroe, James

1816 election, 32and executive authority, 33

Montesinos, Vladimiroand Alberto Fujimori, 213as security asset, 215

Morales, Evo, 266Morgan, Edmund S., 14

on civic virtue, 120Morgenthau, Hans, 274

and “Vietnam Hearings,” 157and civil liberties, 158and early Cold War, 106

Morris, Gouverneur, 294Morris, Roger

and African policy, 183Moscow Olympics

American boycott, 191Moseley, George Van Horn

and Bonus Army, 100Moynihan Report, 155Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

“benign neglect,” 178MPLA (Popular Movement for the

Liberation of Angola), 189Mujahedin

and Central Intelligence Agency, 191as security asset, 223

Mukasey, Michaeland executive authority, 285on waterboarding, 285

Mullen, Mikeon Iraq war, 268

multilateralismafter the Cold War, 237

multinational liberalism, 115

Mundt, Karl E., 133Mundt–Nixon bill (1948)

and civil liberties, 133Munich Conference (1938), 111Murphy, Paul L., 67Musaddiq, Muhammad, 141Musharraf, Pervez

and Taliban, 268MX missile, 193

Najibullah, Mohammad, 224Nash, Diane, 148Nasser, Gamal Abdel

and Suez Canal, 143popular appeal, 145

Nation of Islam, 149Nation, The, 80, 274, 302National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People, 79, 116, 138and Africa policy, 240membership 1940s, 125

National Association of Manufacturers, 132National Bipartisan Commission on Central

America, 199National City Bank, 64National Civil Liberties Bureau, 67, 294National Council for the Limitation of

Armaments, 83National Council of Churches

and human rights, 179National Defense Education Act (1958), 148National Defense Strategy 2005

and civic virtue, 280National Endowment for Democracy

and Panamanian elections, 218National Farmers Alliance, 43, 47, 48, 51National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 113National Labor Relations Act (1935), 113National Labor Relations Board, 99, 117National Negro Congress, 138National Security Act (1947), 123National Security Agency

domestic spying, 256, 271, 278, 281, 285National Security Archive

Guatemala project, 152National Security Council, 252

and Fidel Castro, 146under George W. Bush, 270

National Security Decision Directive No. 22,209

National Security Directive 26and American-Iraqi relations, 221






Index 341

National Security Doctrine, 156, 194human rights and, 182

National Security League, 85national security letters, 281national security state

American identity and, 70and 1890s, 42, 52and American exceptionalism, 62and freedom of the press, 63in Truman administration, 127

National Security Strategy 2002, 273,274

and core values, 276National Security Study Memorandum 39

and strategic globalism, 183National Student League, 115National Women’s Party

and World War I, 68Nationalist Clubs, 48native people, 4. See also Indians

Cherokees, 20Comanches, 37Iroquois, 20Pequot, 7Seminoles, 33Sioux, 42

Naval Act (1916), 84Navigation Acts (1651 and 1660), 3Navy League, 85Nazi Germany, 112

and Treaty of Versailles, 121threat to American interests, 111, 295

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)Negro Family: The Case for National

Action, The (Moynihan Report), 155Neto, Agostinho

and MPLA, 190Neutrality Act (1818), 40Neutrality Act (1935)

and Ethiopia, 117neutrality proclamations in 1790s, 28New Amsterdam

and American identity, 2New Deal, 112

and American globalism, 114and limits of democracy, 296and multinational liberalism, 113

New Freedom, 64New International Economic Order, 176New Left

and self-determination, 160and Vietnam War, 158

New Look policyand American globalism, 139and core values, 140

New Republic, The, 67, 79, 80, 270and World War I, 68and Treaty of Versailles, 83

New Woman, 63new world order, 229

and Operation Desert Storm, 223and post-Soviet Russia, 208and strategic globalism, 206and United Nations, 208origins, 208

New York Review of Books, 302New York Times

and war on terror, 283on executive authority, 287

Nicaragua, 40, 55, 92, 186and United States in 1920s, 94revolution as self-determination, 185

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 274and early Cold War, 106opposes world government, 124

Nigeria, 253Nineteenth Amendment, 779/11 Commission, 262, 298Nitze, Paul H.

and American exceptionalism, 106and Committee on the Present Danger,

140and Gaither Committee, 140and NSC–68, 106and Team B, 140

Nixon Doctrine, 159and strategic globalism, 159, 201

Nixon, Richard M., 157, 168, 1711968 election, 160and civic virtue, 161and civil liberties, 137and core values, 132, 133, 157, 162and House Committee on Un-American

Activities, 133and Martin Luther King, 133and political economy, 132, 158, 173and student protest, 161and Taiwan, 186domestic spying, 282on 1967 revolt in Detroit, 159on Latin America, 189on spread of democracy, 162

Nkrumah, Kwame, 133No Child Left Behind, 289






342 Index

Noriega, Manuel, 216–219, 223and “Dignity Batallions,” 218as security asset, 186, 216fall from power, 218indicted, 217

North American Free Trade Agreementand war on drugs, 210excludes Colombia, 244

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 139North Korea

and Agreed Framework, 239and George W. Bush, 261as nuclear power, 228in “axis of evil,” 267

North Vietnampeace negotiations, 168

North, Oliverand Iran–Contra affair, 200and Manuel Noriega, 217

Northern Allianceconflict with Taliban, 267

Northern Expeditionand Chinese unification, 89

Northwestern Farmers Alliance, 47NSC–68, 106, 107, 131, 140

and civic virture, 122and Cold War, 172and garrison state, 128

Nye Committee, 108and isolationism, 84

Nye Jr., Joseph S.on Bush Doctrine, 275

O’Sulllivan, John L., 40Obama, Barack

and security ethos, 305Obey, David

and Haiti policy, 241on PDD–25, 242

“Observations concerning the Increase ofMankind” (Benjamin Franklin), 18

Observations on the Importance of theAmerican Revolution (Richard Price),31

October War (1973), 168and containment capitalism, 175and strategic globalism, 188

Odets, Clifford, 107Of Paradise and Power (Robert Kagan), 299Office for National Drug Control Policy, 211Office of Naval Intelligence, 86Office of Public Safety, 151

abolished, 182

Oglesby, Carlon Cold War liberalism, 150

Ohio State Universityand student protest, 160

oiland American hegemony, 205and American security, 144

Okinawa, 228Oliver, Covey T.

on Guatemala, 152Olney, Richard, 54Omaha Platform (1892), 47Open Door at Home, The (Charles

A. Beard), 118Open Door policy, 52, 62, 109Operacion Limpieza, 152Operation Blast Furnace, 212Operation Condor

and United States, 182Operation Desert Shield, 222Operation Desert Storm, 208

and Powell Doctrine, 236and public opinion, 225Iraqi casualties, 222

Operation InterceptAmerican hegemony and, 210

Operation Iraqi Freedom, 281, 305Operation Just Cause, 218

casualties, 219Operation Snowcap, 212opium

and China in 1920s, 89and Guomindang 1930s, 110and Japan in East Asia, 89in Colombia, 244

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 136and American globalism, 137

Organization of American Historians,306

Organization of American Statesand Cuba, 189

Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), 221

Ostend Manifesto, 39Ottoman Empire, 81Our Country (Josiah Strong), 44Oxford Pledge, 115

Paine, Thomasand American exceptionalism, 71and political economy, 23, 25

Pakistan, 159and democracy, 223






Index 343

as strategic partner, 187nuclear ambitions, 224

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 70, 79and executive authority, 279Palmer raids, 82

Pan-African Congress (1945), 126Pan-African movement

and Versailles Peace Conference, 79Panama, 59, 223Panama Canal, 62

and security, 85Panama Canal Treaty (1978), 217Panamanian Defense Force, 217Pan-American Conference (1889), 53Pan-American Financial Conference (1915),

98Pan-American Financial Conference (1927),

96Panic of 1873, 42Panic of 1907, 61Panzos massacre, 198Parliament, 22

opposition to, 14war and authority, 16, 17

Pastrana Arango, Andresand Clinton administration, 248and coca spraying, 246and democracy, 248

Paul, Ronand civic virtue, 304

Paz Estenssoro, Victorand Bolivian economy, 212

Paz Zamora, Jaimeand war on drugs, 212at Cartagena meeting, 215

PDD–14and drug control, 245

PDD–25and Rwanda, 242compared with Powell Doctrine,

242PDD–39

and preemptive force, 254Peace of Paris (1763), 19Peace with Mexico (Albert Gallatin), 36Pearl Harbor, 68, 114, 119

and isolationism, 77Pennsylvania

and American identity, 2People’s History of the United States, A

(Howard Zinn), 303People’s Republic of China

and Angola, 190

and Caspian Sea basin, 251and detente, 173and globalization, 265and human rights, 228and new world order, 229and strategic globalism, 186and Sudan, 253as economic power, 265

Pepper, Claudeand world government, 124

Perez Jr., Louis A., 58Pershing, John J., 87Persian Gulf

and Carter Doctrine, 191and democracy project, 197and strategic globalism, 187

Peruand lost decade, 213and loans in 1920s, 94Andean Drug Strategy and,

213–214Pew Research Center

on racial progress in America, 290Philippine Islands, 52, 56Philippines

economic crisis, 255Pickering, Thomas

on Colombia, 249Pike Committee, 192Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 28Pinochet, Augusto, 162Plan Colombia, 248Platt Amendment (1901), 59

abrogation of, 109Plavsic, Biljiana, 237Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 57, 78

and imperialism, 60Podhoretz, Norman, 297Poland

and Reagan adminstration, 170political economy, 27, 50

and American globalism, 127and American identity, 295and dissent in Cold War, 129and Gilded Age, 41–42and Latin America, 34, 98and New Deal, 114and security, 16, 39, 77and security ethos, 92, 119and self-determination, 95and Vietnam War, 175early twentieth century, 76in 1920s, 97






344 Index

Politics among Nations (Hans Morgenthau),106

Polk, James K., 35, 38Popper, David, 180Populist Party, 44, 49Potsdam Conference (1945), 104Powell Doctrine

and Bosnia, 236, 238and Colombia, 247and human security, 240and Kosovo, 239described, 236

Powell, Adam Claytonon anticolonialism, 143

Powell, Colin, 236and coercive diplomacy, 234and George W. Bush, 298and Iraq, 222and Panama, 218on Operation Just Cause, 219

Power Elite, The (C. Wright Mills), 147Power, Samantha

on human security, 236Powers, Thomas

on Bush administration, 298Powhatan, 7preemptive force, 37, 197

and 1970s culture wars, 161as grand strategy, 298in Bush Doctrine, 269in colonial era, 8on American frontier, 14used against native people, 6

presidential signing statements, 286Price, Richard, 30, 36, 53

and American exceptionalism, 31Proclamation of 1763, 3, 20, 21Project for the New American Century, 267

and executive authority, 277comapared with NSC–68, 255origins, 230

Promise of American Life, The HerbertCroly), 64

Protestant ethic, 13Puerto Rico, 56Puritans, 1, 46

and Indian wars, 7Putin, Vladimir

and U.S. foreign policy, 259replaces Boris Yeltsin, 251

Qing Dynasty, 65

Quarantine Speech, 111, 116Quayle, Dan, 225

Radio Corporation of America, 86Ramsay, David, 14Rankin, Jeanette, 68Rashid, Ahmed

on United States and Taliban, 253Reagan Doctrine

and detente, 195Reagan, Ronald, 5, 55

1980 election, 170and American credibility, 191, 233and American exceptionalism, 193and American hegemony, 230and arms control, 171and Clark Amendment, 191and drug control, 209and illusion of hegemony, 204and military spending, 193and Mujahedin, 198and Nicaragua, 185and Pakistan, 223and political economy, 193and Sandinistas, 200and self-determination, 192and strategic globalism, 171and student protest, 161contrasted with Nixon and Kissinger,

170on detente, 171

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934),108

Reconstruction, 15, 41Red Scare (1919–20), 79

and core values, 81Reinsch, Paul, 65Republican Party

origins, 40republican virtue, 14–15

and American Revolution, 23and Civil War, 41and core values, 28and imperialism, 58, 66and materialism, 34and rule of law, 25and Second Industrial Revolution, 43and slavery, 15, 38as exclusionary, 294replaced by civic virtue, 101

“Returning Soldiers” (W. E. B. Du Bois),79






Index 345

Reuther, Walterand globalism, 118

Revolutionary Front for the Advancementand Progress of Haiti, 240

Reynolds, David, 112Rhodes, James

and student protest, 161Rice, Condoleezza

and al-Qaeda, 261Rio Pact (1947), 126Rios Montt, Efraın, 199Roberto, Holden

and FNLA, 190Roberts, Geoffrey

on early Cold War, 122Robeson, Paul, 133Robinson, Geoffrey

on East Timor, 243Robinson, Randall

and Haiti, 240Roe v. Wade (1973), 288Roett, Riordan

and lost decade, 194Rogers Act (1924), 87Roman Catholic Church

and Solidarity, 171, 197Romero, Oscar

assasssinated, 186Roosevelt Corollary, 60, 62Roosevelt, Eleanor

and Congress for Cultural Freedom, 134and Henry Wallace, 124and National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People, 127Roosevelt, Franklin D.

and American hegemony, 251and Bonus Army, 101and civl liberties, 104and core values, 287and East Asia, 109–111and Haiti, 109and Henry L. Stimson, 102and humanistic globalism, 104, 113, 168and isolationism, 102and Japanese internment, 120and national security state, 105and political economy, 107, 112and rearmament, 112and security ethos, 103, 111and Soviet Union, 122, 218contrast with Wilson, 112opposes Upton Sinclair, 115

Roosevelt, Theodore, 45, 46and capitalism, 50and democracy, 60and empire, 55and Herbert Croly, 64and political economy, 61and security ethos, 292

Root, Elihu, 59on Cuba, 60

Root–Takahira Agreement (1908), 62Rosenberg, Emily S., 86Rosenberg, Ethel, 136Rosenberg, Julius, 136Rosenberg, Tina

on globalization, 255Rostow, Walt Whitman

and African Americans, 153on Guatemala, 152

rule of lawand 1920s, 75and American expansion, 36and American identity, 5, 296and drug control policy, 216and George W. Bush, 277and Mexican War, 37and preemptive force, 31and President Taft, 63and Reconstruction, 51and Shays’s Rebellion, 25and violence in America, 289

Rumsfeld, Donald, 231, 271and executive authority, 279and Saddam Hussein, 197, 220as Nixon adviser, 189

Rush–Bagot Agreement (1817), 33Russia

American intervention, 75and Caspian Sea basin, 251and Kosovo, 238as key to globalization, 251tensions with Georgia, 251

Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), 60Rwanda, 232, 239, 241–242

genocide in, 242Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 196

Sachs, Jeffreyand globalization, 263on American foreign policy, 264

Salinas de Gortari, Carlosand war on drugs, 210

Salvatore, Nick, 57






346 Index

Samper Pizano, Ernesto, 248and Clinton administration, 246and coca spraying, 245

Sanchez de Lozada, Gonzaloand war on drugs, 212

Sandinistasand Ronald Reagan, 199

Sandino, Augustoand American intervention, 94and corporate capitalism, 99

Saudi Arabia, 145, 159, 252aids Mujahedin, 224and American economy, 266and American grand strategy, 205and Iraq, 221and Pakistan, 224as strategic partner, 187, 197

SAVAKand human rights, 187

Savimbi, Jonasas security asset, 189, 190

Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M.and Congress for Cultural Freedom,

134and Henry Wallace, 125on Cold War critics, 148on imperial presidency, 277on Upton Sinclair, 115

School of the Americas, 151and human rights, 182and Manuel Noriega, 216and strategic globalism, 185

Schultz, George P.and Nikolai Ryzhkov, 196

Schwab, Susan C., 265Scowcroft, Brent, 205

on removal of Saddam Hussein, 223Second Amendment, 10

and violence in America, 289Second Bank of the United States, 32security ethos, 71

and al-Qaeda, 285and American exceptionalism, 207and American hegemony, 202, 250,

305and blowback, 204and communications system, 85and core values, 101, 128–130, 148, 271,

276, 292and diplomatic corps, 87and dissent, 233and executive authority, 285

and human rights, 184and imperial presidency, 277and military attaches, 86and NSC–68, 180and Open Door policy, 94and organized labor in World War I, 97and organized labor 1940s, 118and Seattle general strike, 96and self-determination, 90, 95, 109and Soviet–American relations, 171and strategic globalism, 201and Truman administration, 127and Wilsonian internationalism, 295and World War I, 84as evasion of history, 226, 295authoritarian aspect, 294described, 85in 1980s, 170in Third World, 141influence on Bush Doctrine, 276

Sedition Act (1918), 67, 100Selective Service Act (1917), 67self-determination, 201

absent in Afghanistan, 223and American globalism, 146and American intervention, 92and Bay of Pigs invasion, 148and China, 81and containment, 126and core values, 76, 77and East Timor, 243and grand strategy, 236and mandate system, 81and nonalignment, 145and Pan-African movement, 81and republican virtue, 69and stability, 142and the Caribbean, 65and Wilsonian internationalism, 77

Sendero Luminoso, 213defeat of, 245in Upper Huallaga Valley, 213

September 11 attacks, 253and grand strategy, 285compared with Pearl Harbor, 256global response, 267

Serbiaand ethnic cleansing, 237

Serrano, Rosso Jose, 249and drug control, 247

Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 19, 22Seward, William Henry, 49






Index 347

Shah of Iranand Kurds, 183as security asset, 187on global economy, 188

Shays’s Rebellion, 24Shelton, Hugh

on East Timor, 243Shock Doctrine, The (Naomi Klein), 304Shultz, George P.

on detente, 195Sinclair, Upton, 178

and Great Depression, 114Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), 100Sisco, Joseph

on Iran and Saudi Arabia, 188Six Crises (Richard Nixon), 136Six Day War (1967)

and Ba’ath Party, 219slavery, 2, 33, 39

and security, 22origins, 4

Smith Act (1940), 120Smith, Adam, 23, 29, 34, 43, 48

and economic individualism, 39and laissez-faire economics, 27

Smith, Johnon Indian wars, 7

Social Darwinism, 41, 51, 78and core values, 44

Social Security Act (1935), 113Socialist Party, 57, 69Solidarity trade union movement, 170Somalia, 241

and limits of American power, 233effect on Clinton’s policy, 237famine, 231

Somoza, Anastasio, 94, 109, 142as security asset, 216

Somoza, Anastasio Debayle, 185“Sources of Soviet Conduct, The” (George

Kennan), 126South Korea

as strategic partner, 228economic crisis, 255

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 139Soviet Union, 104, 105, 106

1949 atomic test, 131and Angola, 190and arms race, 1950s, 140and China in 1920s, 88and detente, 169, 171and Mohammad Najibullah, 224

Spainand Cuba, 40

Spanish Civil Warand student activism 1930s, 116

Spanish-American War (1898), 48, 50Spelman College, 291Sputnik, 140Srebrenica, 237Stalin, Joseph, 104

and American globalism, 122pragmatism of, 122

Stamp Act (1765), 3, 17, 22State Children’s Health Insurance Program

veto by George W. Bush, 288Steiner, Zara, 95Stilwell, Joseph W., 87

and Guomindang, 110Stimson Doctrine, 100Stimson, Henry L.

and security ethos, 103as secretary of state, 100on isolationism, 114on rearmament, 112worldview, 104

Stockwell, Johnand self-determination in Africa, 190

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 48Straight, Willard, 64Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1972),

159Strategic Defense Initiative, 195strategic globalism, 276

and American credibility, 162, 168and American hegemony, 199and Colombia, 243and core values, 163, 168, 177, 189and human rights, 179, 185, 186, 232and resource scarcity, 254and Russia, 227and security assets, 187as grand strategy, 159, 285, 292, 299,

300as political economy, 159, 229challenged by radical Islamic jihad, 252contradictions of, 203supplants global containment, 172weaknesses under Bill Clinton, 256

Stresemann, Gustav, 88Strong, Josiah, 44Stuart Restoration, 3Student League for Industrial Democracy,

115






348 Index

Student Nonviolent CoordinatingCommittee, 149

Students for a Democratic Societyand Vietnam War, 150

sub-Saharan Africaand oil, 253

Subversive Activities Control Board, 134Sudan, 252, 253

and Darfur, 253Suez Canal

1956 crisis, 144Sugar Act (1764), 3, 22Suharto, Mohamed

and East Timor, 183ouste from power, 243

Sumner, William Grahamand African Americans, 57

Sun Yat-sen, 89and opium, 89

Supreme Court, 134and Second Amendment, 10on Guantanamo detainees, 279

Suskind, Ron, 273on core values and war on terror, 268

Sutter, John, 37

Taft, Robert A., 125, 300and civic virtue, 127on Marshall Plan, 129opposes internment, 121

Taft, William Howard, 60, 64and core values, 63

Taiwan, 186aids Guatemala, 198

Talbott, Strobe, 251aid to Russia, 227on Vladimir Putin, 252

Talibanand strategic resources, 253as security asset, 225becomes enemy of United States, 253conflict with Northern Alliance, 268origins, 198resurgence, 268

Tansill, Charles Callan, 119tantalum, 254Tariff of Abominations (1828), 35Taylor, Maxwell

and developing world, 175Tea Act (1773), 3Tenet, George J., 298Tet offensive, 159

Texasannexation and core values, 35

Thailandeconomic crisis, 255

Theory of the Leisure Class, The (ThorsteinVeblen), 50

Thieu, Nguyen Van, 167Thompson, Dorothy

and world government, 123Thompson, Rober G. K., 142Tiananmen Square, 205, 228Tomsen, Peter, 224Torrijos Herrera, Omar

as security asset, 217Townshend Act (1767), 3, 21Tracy, Benjamin F.

and modern navy, 54Trade Act (1974), 188Tragedy of American Diplomacy, The

(William Appleman Williams), 147,302

TransAfricaand Africa policy, 240and Rwanda, 241

Transcontinental Treaty (1819), 33Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), 21Treaty of Ghent (1814), 32Treaty of Greenville (1795), 22Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 39Treaty of Hard Labor (1768), 21Treaty of Rapallo (1922), 88Treaty of Versailles (1919), 75, 76

and postwar Europe, 87–88Trilateral Commission, 177Tripartite Money Agreement (1937), 113Trujillo, Rafael, 109, 142

as security asset, 216Truman Doctrine, 126Truman, Harry S.

and civil rights, 126and Cold War origins, 104and core values, 105, 287and security ethos, 104vetoes Internal Security Act, 134

Tucker, Robert W.on Persian Gulf, 197

Turkeyand Kosovo, 238

Turkmenistanand security ethos, 250

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 2, 43, 250Twain, Mark, 15, 56, 75






Index 349

Twenty-One Demands, 65, 78, 110Tyler, John, 35

U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic(Walter Lippmann), 105

U.S. Navyand communications system, 86Caribbean squadron, 62

Underwood Tariff (1913), 61UNITA (National Union for the Total

Independence of Angola). See Savimbi,Jonas

United Auto Workers, 118United Mine Workers, 99United Nations, 125, 138

and Bosnia, 236and East Timor, 242and Haiti, 241and Rwanda, 242

United States, Cuba and Castro, The(William Appleman Williams), 147

United World Federalists, 123, 124Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(1948), 178Uribe, Alvaro

2002 election, 249USA PATRIOT Act (2001), 279USS Cole

al-Qaeda attack on, 261USS Harlan County, 240USS Iowa, 54Ustinov, Dmitry F.

on Abel Archer 83, 195Uzbekistan, 252

and security ethos, 250site of American air base, 253

Vaky, Viron P.on core values, 152, 157

Vance, Cyrusand African American revolts, 154on Bill Clinton, 228on Philippines as strategic partner,

186Vatican II

and human security, 179Veblen, Thorstein, 50, 67Venezuela, 62, 92

boundary crisis, 54Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 5

and China, 78and women’s rights, 77

Vietnam Warand American escalation, 179and containment capitalism, 174

Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 75Virginia

and American identity, 2as colony, 4

Voting Rights Act (1965), 150

Wagner Act (1935), 99“Waiting for Lefty” (Clifford Odets),

107Walker, William, 39

and Honduras, 40and Nicaragua, 40

Wallace, Henry A.and American globalism, 125and Soviet Union, 124and world government, 124on strategic resources, 251

Walpole, Robert, 17Walt, Stephen M.

on protecting core values, 300Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 291Walters, Vernon

and Operation Condor, 182War Industries Board, 67“War is the health of the State” (Randolph

Bourne), 69War of 1812, 31, 32War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48),

17War Plan Orange, 62War Plans White, 82War Powers Act (1973), 167

limits, 278War Prayer, The (Mark Twain), 75,

308Washington Naval Conference (1921–22),

82–85and East Asia in 1920s, 89

Washington Office on Latin America,249

critique of drug control policy, 216Washington Post

and war on terror, 283Washington, George, 28

and democracy, 25and frontier conflict, 19and Proclamation of 1763, 20

Watergate scandal, 162Watson, Tom, 58






350 Index

Watts1965 revolt, 154

Watts, Sarah, 47, 60Wealth of Nations, The (Adam Smith), 23Weekly Standard, The

compared with The New Republic,270

Weinberger, Casparand arms control, 171

Weiner, Tim, 271on Clinton and Rwanda, 241on Iraq, 222

welfare capitalismand Latin America, 98in 1920s, 96

Welles, Sumnerand Latin America, 109opposes world government, 124

West Germanyand American deficits, 194

West Indies, 16What Happened (Scott McClellan), 281Whiskey Rebellion, 25Whitaker, Arthur P., 66White, Francis

and loan policy, 94White, Robert

and El Salvador, 186White, Walter, 125

and anticolonialism, 117and self-determination at home,

126on liberty, 116

Whitman, Walt, 39Wilkinson, James, 37William of Orange, 16Williams, William Appleman, 76

and civic virtue, 147, 301legacy, 303on Ameircan political economy, 302on American hegemony, 305on atomic bombs, 123on Charles Beard, 302on expansion and core values, 303

Wills, Garyon Adam Smith, 26

Wilmot Proviso, 38Wilson, Fallon

on human security, 291Wilson, Henry Lane, 65Wilson, Woodrow, 5, 50, 61, 65, 75,

107

and American exceptionalism, 71and Boston police strike, 96and core values, 287and Mexico, 65and self-determination, 236and the Caribbean, 65and Twenty-One Demands, 78Fourteen Points, 77

Wilsonian internationalismand Bolshevism, 81and core values, 85as grand strategy, 207, 292

Winthrop, John, 1, 6, 54Wolf, Naomi, 304

and civic virtue, 304on separation of powers, 280

Wolfowitz, Paul, 231and Defense Planning Guidance,

262and grand strategy, 262on Osama bin Laden, 261

Women and Economics (Charlotte PerkinsGilman), 48

Women’s International League for Peace andFreedom, 82

Wood, Gordon Son Benjamin Franklin, 19

Wood, Leonard, 56World Bank, 230, 307

and Peru, 213world government, 125World Islamic Front

origins, 252World Trade Organization, 235

and globalization, 230China’s entry, 265Seattle 1999, 255

World War I, 63and core values, 66

World War IIand organized labor, 118

Wyzanski, Jr., Charles E.and civic virtue, 160

Yalta Conference (1945), 169Ydigores Fuentes, Miguel

ouster, 152Yeltsin, Boris, 208

attack on Duma, 228on American hegemony, 251

Yoo, Johnand executive authority, 280






Index 351

and Office of Legal Counsel, 279as authoritarian, 298

Young, Andrewand Africa policy, 240as UN Ambassador, 240

Young, S. B. M., 58Yuan Shikai, 65Yugoslavia

and Angola, 190disintegration of, 236

Zaireand Angola, 190

Zakaria, Fareed, 304on democracy and order, 299

Zia ul-Haq, Mohammad, 191, 198,223

Zimmermann, Warrenon Bosnia, 237

Zinn, Howard, 304and civic virtue, 303






Documents

6 x 10.5 Long Title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805217/40104/index/9780521740104_index… · and Iran–Contra affair, 200 on Reagan and democracy, 194 Abu