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Chapter 6

Action-Oriented Approaches

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Action-Oriented Theories -

-Behaviorally specific interventions

-Counselor role is directive

-Are responsive to third party pay

3

-Behavioral principles have been assimilated into the

mainstream of counseling.

-Problems are seen as maladaptive learning patterns.

-No reflections of feelings

Action-Oriented Theories -

4

View of Nature:

- Scientific

- Structured

Behaviors are:

- Observable

- Measurable

-Focuses on overt behavior

Behavioral Movement -

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Behavioral Movement -

Thorndike (1874 – 1949)

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Behaviorism -

-Animal Studies

Charles Darwin

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Classical Conditioning -

(Pavlov)

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Behaviorism -

(Little Albert)

Watson

-Father of Behaviorism

(Give me a Child,

I’ll give you a rich

man, poor man,

beggar man,

thief.)

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- Thorndike

Behaviorism -

Puzzle Box

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- Skinner Box

Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner

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Operant Conditioning

Skinner’s work has resulted in many

practical applications in:

•Education

•Training

•And views of society

B. F. Skinner

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Cognitive Trend

(modeling, social Observational learning)

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-Superstition –

-Horoscope (Study)

-Psychics (Study)

Behavioral Movement -

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Count the people, wait until they shift, and then count them again.

Explain This One!

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Thing aren’t always the way we see them.

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Client Contracts -

General Goal of Behavioral Counseling -

- Create new conditions for learning

Arguments against Behavioral Counseling:

- Treatment of symptoms

- Manipulation (therapist is in control)

- We don’t live in a skinner box

Behavioral Movement -

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Techniques:

- Relaxation Training

(progressive relaxation)

-Systematic Desensitization

(Classical Conditioning)

- Biofeedback

Behavioral Movement -

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Token Economy:

-Given as soon as possible after behavior occurs

-Gradually replace with verbal phrase.

Behavioral Movement -

Temper Tantrum

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Punishment - used to reduce the frequency of a client’s

behavior by presenting an aversive stimuli.

Extinction - the removal of the reinforcement.

Shaping - the process in which complex terminal behaviors are

reinforced in approximate successive stages.

Flooding - bombarding the subject with the stimulus until

fatigue sets in or until the stimulus loses its pleasurable value.

Time-Out - the removing of the subject from the environment

where the inappropriate behavior is occurring.

Behavioral Movement -

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Modeling Behavior:

1. Live Models

2. Symbolic Models (Audio / Video)

3. Multiple Models (Groups)

4. The more similar the models are the more effective

Behavioral Movement -

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Learned Helplessness

Behavioral Movement -

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Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling

Albert Ellis

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-Concerned with cognition and feelings.

-Disputes irrational beliefs in a direct, active and

confrontive manner.

Basic Hypothesis - our emotions stem mainly from our

beliefs, evaluations, interpretations and reactions to life

situations.

Anxiety, unhappiness, and negative emotions come

from evaluative thoughts about traumatic situations.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling –

(Albert Ellis)

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We -

-Make or contribute to our own problems by our

perceptions.

-Condition ourselves to feel disturbed or depressed.

-Make mistakes - we learn to live with them.

-Have the ability to change.

-Are all somewhat neurotic.

-Blame is the core of most emotional disturbances.

Criticized for being overly:

combative

directive,

and intellectual

Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling –

(Albert Ellis)

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Therapeutic Techniques:

Cognitive Method –

1. Disputing of irrational beliefs (confronting)

show client it’s not the event but their perception.

2. Cognitive homework - experience (public speaking).

3. Changing ones language - relearning of statements.

(a word is only a word - only meanings change)

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Emotive Technique -

1. Rational-emotive imagery - mentally experience

situations and good outcomes.

2. Role Play - rehearse new or different behaviors

(work on unpleasant feelings.

3. Shame attacking exercises -

-clients do or experience something they’re

afraid of.

-they then see its not such a big deal or that

other don’t see it that way.

Therapeutic Techniques:

Chapter 11

Career CounselingCareer Counseling

What Do You Want To Be When You Grow Up?

Vocation is tied to a: -

- Sense of identity

- Self-image

- Sense of worth

-How is a vocation selected?

-High School - (Work / College)

-What’s important?

Career Counseling -

The world of Work:-Changes in the Workplace

-Work and Leisure

-Use of Technology

-Changing work ethics

-Education

-Vocational training

-College vs. Vocational School

Deferring gratification -

Career Counseling -

Practical Applications for

Career / Vocational counseling:

1. Assessment - identify interests & abilities

2. Establish Goals -

- assess skills

- interests

- motivation

3. Counseling - reality

A vocational counselor teaches people

to change their attitudes about work.

Career Counseling -

Career Counseling Process -

• From assessment

• To resume writing

• To application preparation

• To interview skills.

Career Counseling -

Second Career Counseling -

Changing Careers -

Defining the Problem -

Career Counseling -

Career Counseling -

Work and Adjustment -

1. Attitudes

2. A job is such a part of our life.

3. Occupational stress and job related problems are

one of the leading public health problems.

Career Exploration -

- Assessment

- Research

- Homework

- Volunteer work

- Visiting occupational areas

- Career days at high schools, college’s

Career Counseling -

Next Week – (Week 7)

• Research Paper Draft Due and Ready For Proofing

• Do not post to Draft on turnitin until after this Proofing.