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Application of the DPSIR analytical framework in a complex delta system: evaluation of the Thermaikos Gulf (Greece) coastal zone changes during 100 years of human interventions. Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Vassilios Kapsimalis, Areti Kontogianni, Michalis Skourtos, Kerry Turner and Wim Salomons. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Application of the DPSIR analytical framework in a complex
delta system: evaluation of the Thermaikos Gulf (Greece) coastal zone changes during 100 years of human interventions
Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Vassilios Kapsimalis, Areti Kontogianni, Michalis Skourtos, Kerry Turner and Wim
Salomons
6th ELOISE Conference, Portoroz, Slovenia, 15-18 November 2004
Axios R.
Gallikos R.
Loudias R. Thessaloniki
ThermaikosGulf
GREECEGREECE
FYROMFYROM
Catchment area:40,000 km2
Aliakmon R.
Thermaikos Gulf catchment areaThermaikos Gulf catchment area
Evolution of the Thessaloniki deltaic plain since 500 BC (Struck, 1908)
Today
Historical timesHistorical times
Satellite image of the coastal zone of Satellite image of the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf (1997)Thermaikos Gulf (1997)
Major historical eventsMajor historical events
1430 Occupation of Thessaloniki by Murat II
1821 Greek revolution against the Ottoman rule
22-5-1829 Creation of the modern Greek state
1870-1913 Russia, Austria, Bulgaria and Serbia claim Macedonia from the Turks
1912-1913 1st and 2nd Balkan War
10-8-1913 The treaty of Bucharest
1913-Stable borderline1913-Stable borderline
The New GreeceColour lithograph depicting the New Greece [upon] the newly liberated lands, crowning the Greek armed forces, 1913, Athens, National Historical Museum.
Socioeconomic drivers evolutionSocioeconomic drivers evolutionend of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th
century-Ottoman Empire
• Greek rebels fighting for liberation
• malaria-typhus• floods
The Balkans after the First
Balkan War Swamps of Yiannitsa
Hut in the marshes of Yiannitsa
View of Yiannitsa
Socioeconomic drivers evolutionSocioeconomic drivers evolutionend of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th
century-Ottoman Empire
First plans to drain the swamps
The river was naturally diverted to the east and the new river mouth was located at 6.5 km west of the Thessaloniki port-threat of blocking the port
Socioeconomic drivers evolutionSocioeconomic drivers evolution1910-1920
THESSALONIKI
THERMAIK
OS G
ULF
AX
IOS R
.LOU
DIA
S R.
1920
Albanakis et al., 1993
Socioeconomic drivers evolutionSocioeconomic drivers evolution1922
The catastrophe of the Greeks in Asia Minor brought a wave of 800,000 refugees
Needs for economic support
POPULATION GROWTH
HUMAN HEALTH/FLOODS
POLITICAL REASONS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
20001900 1950Year
TRANSPORT
PORT SILTATION
Socioeconomic drivers evolutionSocioeconomic drivers evolution1890-2000
Diachronic pressures evolutionDiachronic pressures evolution1930-1936
In the 1930’s the Greek state had to face the growing demands for new agricultural areas, flood control, improvement in public health, increased standard of living, reduction of unemployment, and transport improvements
• Realignment of the river route to its present position; this work resolved the siltation problem of the Thessaloniki port entrance
• The Loudias Lake and the swamps were drained• Development of a huge irrigation and road
network• Development of agriculture (e.g. rice production
up to 60% of the Greek total, wheat, maize, barley, cotton, tobacco)
Diachronic pressures evolutionDiachronic pressures evolution1930-2000
REFUGEES REHABILITATION
DRAINING
DAMMING
AXIOS R. DIVERSION
WATER DEMAND
ARABLE LAND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
20001900 1950Year
AQUACULTURE
Diachronic pressures evolutionDiachronic pressures evolution1890-2000
Environmental State of the coastal zoneEnvironmental State of the coastal zone(indicator: coastline configuration)
1935 1945
1970 1989
Albanakis et al., 1993
erosion accretion
Environmental State of the coastal zoneEnvironmental State of the coastal zone(indicator: submarine erosion-accretion)
PERIODS
I II III
Time
Human Implication No Low High
Status Accretion High Accretion Erosion
Net Sedimentation Rate + 6.5 + 18.0 - 2.5 (106 m3/yr)
1920-1952 1952-20001850-1920
Environmental State of the coastal zoneEnvironmental State of the coastal zone
SUBSIDENCE
AQUIFER AND SOILSALINIZATION
COASTLINE RETREAT
20001900 1950Years
REDUCTION OF RIVER LOADS
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
REDUCTION OF WETLANDS
Impacts on the coastal zoneImpacts on the coastal zone
ResponsesResponses
First plans for draining
Draining by Foundation Co.
RAMSAR Convention
Axios R. Diversion
Master Plan for Thessaloniki
Establishment of local authorities
NATURA Network
20001900 1950Year
Master Plan for Axios/Vardar
Economic development
Disappearance of diseases
Rehabilitation of refugees
Termination of the siltation threat for the port of
Thessaloniki
Dense network of land transports and navigation
Assessment of human activitiesAssessment of human activitiesPOSITIVE EFFECTS
Erosion of the coastline
Subsidence of urban and industrial areas
Reduction of wetlands
Biodiversity loss
Drastic decrease of water resources
Salinization of deltaic aquifers
Assessment of human activitiesAssessment of human activitiesNEGATIVE EFFECTS
Partly replacement of the highly water consuming cultivations in the deltaic plain for the increase of water discharge in the lower part of the riversRestriction of the ground water over-pumping from the deltaic aquifersEnlargement of the protected areas by the Ramsar Convention and the NATURA 2000 NetworkLegislation of “hard and fast” rules for the illegal sand extractionStrengthening of seawalls and construction of new ones from both sides of the Gallikos R. mouth
Suggested actionsSuggested actions
Photo-mosaic of the Axios River delta
This work has been submitted for publication to Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science and was rejected. Some of the referee’s comments were: non-scientific, were are the data, ….