Home rule

After the Famine

Australia

Population declineFamine

Population Loss

Regional Changes

Marriage Decline; Birth Decline

• 1845 – Average male age at marriage 25; average female

age 21. • 1914 – Male 33; female 28.

• 1851 12% of women 25-54 did not marry 1911 26%

Emigration

EmigrationLearning and Teaching in Scotland – Tom Devine

• US and Ireland compared 4

Scotland

• High local concentrations• Heavy labor, textiles• Education and language problems -

separations

Scotland

1845 Queen’s College, Cork

Catholic Revival – Paul Cullen

• Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland; Apostolic Delegate

• Ultramontanist – all churches to follow Rome

• Synod of Thurles

Synod of Thurles

• Rome forbids priests from holding College positions– Irish bishops divided on role of Colleges– Opposition to Ecclesiastical Title Bill brings them

around• Support for Catholic university• Condemns secret societies

John Cullen

• 1850 Archbishop of Dublin• 1850-1870– 25% increase in priests– 140% increase in nuns– Church attendance from 33%

to 90+ %

• 1866 First Irish Cardinal– Papal infallibility

Question

What is the longest word in the English language?–Not coined for Mary Poppins–Not a technical term

• Antidisestablishmentarianism

1869 Irish Church Act

• Remove state support for the Church of Ireland– Repeal tithes– Removed Church representation in the Hous eof

Lords– Took over church properties and allowed their sale

to tenants• Remove state support (regium donum)for

Presbyterians and Maynooth College

Irish Church ActOur Siamese twins

Mr. Bull: You don't think the operation will be fatal to either?Mr. Gladstone: “Oh, no.”Mr. Bright: “Not a bit! – Do ‘em both all the good in the world.”

Religious Distribution1861 1871 1881

Roman Catholic 4,490,583 4,150,867 3,960,891Established Church 678,661 667,988 639, 574Presbyterian 528,992 497,648 470,734Methodist 44,532 43,411 48,839Independent 5,062 4,338Baptist 4,162 4,957 4,879Society of Friends 3,812 3,814 3.645Other 8,414 39,029Jews 322 285 472

1871 Belfast Employment

• Males over 20: 40, 834– Presbyterian: clerk, printer, ship-builder– Roman Catholic: shopkeeper, carman, agriculture– Episcopal: seaman, soldier, police

• Females over 20: 54,496– Presbyterian: teacher, milliner, seamstress– Roman Catholic: shopkeeper, flax, weaver, factory

labor– Episcopal: servant

Employment

• Males over 20: 1,335,751– 96.6% employed in specific occupations– Agriculture > furniture, food, textiles, unspecified

• Females over 20: 1,463,143– 42.3% employed– Dress, agriculture, textiles– ~14% of national government workers

Dublin

% Roman Catholic (1871)

Male Workers 78.5%Professionals 47.9%Industrial service 58.2%Laborers 96.6%

Young Ireland

• 1842 Charles Gavan Duffyeditor; Thomas Osborne Davis, and John Blake Dillon found The Nation

• Break with moderate stance of O’Connell– 1845 John Mitchel joins staff

Young Ireland – Irish Confederation

• William Smith O'Brien and Thomas Francis Meagher identify with French Republic

Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848

• Confrontation with police– 2 killed– 3302 imprisoned and/or

transported

Crimean War

• Total forces - 37,000 of 111,000 total• Light brigade – 114 of 673 horsemen• Lucan – ‘Exterminator’ of Ireland• Luke O’Connor

Luke O’Connor Victoria Cross

Irish Republican Brotherhood

• 1853 Emmet Monument Association founded by John Mahony and Michael Doheny– Sought Russian aid– Foment revolution in Ireland

• 1858 Two new organizations– Irish Republican Brotherhood in Ireland (James

Stephens)– Fenian Brotherhood (Mahony in US)

Mahony and Stephens

Stephens in the US

Currier and Ives print, 1866From Erin's soil the Saxon foeIn shame shall be forever driven;From Erin's sons who bear the woe,The tyrants chain shall soon be riven;And Erin's emerald isle shall be,The Gem of Freedom in the sea.

Then up and arm at Erin's call,Ye FENIAN sons of Irish sires;On every hill and mountain tall,Arise and light your signal fires,And swear to win with heart and hand,The Freedom of your Native land.

Raising Money

Invasion of Canada

• Sunset at Campobello• Plan to harm British shipping in the St.

Lawrence– General John O’Neill– General ‘Fighting Tom’ Sweeny, Secretary of War

Battle of Ridgway

1871 Fenian outrages

New Organizations

• Phoenix Literary Society

Michael Davitt

• 1846 Born in the village of Straide, Co. Mayo– Evicted

• 1865 Joins Fenians

Thomas Meagher

• Leader of Young Irelanders in 1848

• Arrest, transport, escape• Journalist in NY• Brig. Gen. in US Army– Irish Brigade (NY)

• Governor of Montana

1867 Fenian activities

• Failed raid on Chester castle• Uprisings at many locations in Ireland• Clerkenwell prison explosion

Fenian Ram

• 1881 Constructed in New York• Abandoned after dispute with designer

Changes in Landlord-Tenant Relations

• Landed Property (Ireland) Improvement Act, I860– Changes land holding from feudal to contract

relationship– Provide compensation for agreed upon

improvements

1870 Irish Land Bill

1870 Land Values

Political Parties

• Catholic Union• 1870 Home Government

Association• 1873 Home Rule League

Parnell

• Protestant• Fenian• Interests– Land reform– Home rule

1880 Harvest – What’s his name?• Parnell and Davitt urge labor to not

work on Lord Erne’s estate• Land agent tries to undermine the

campaign, – Neighbors shun him. – Shops do not serve him. Laborers

refuse to tend his house– Postman refuses to deliver his mail.

• Orange men save the harvest• Cost: £10,000 for £350 worth of

potatoes

Voting

• 1868 Gave vote to more householders• 1884 Gave vote to renters paying an annual

rental of £10 or those holding land valued at £10

Irish Vote1868 1874 1880

Liberal 66 10 15Conservative 37 31 23Home Rule 54 63

By-elections 6

Gladstone and Parnell

Irish Government Bill 1886

• Single assembly– Two orders• Representative peers (25) and 75 elected members• 204-206 members

• No representation in Parliament• Executive – Lord lieutenant for Ireland

Irish Government Bill 1886

• UK to retain authority on foreign relations, trade, and coinage

• UK to control Royal Irish constabulary• Reluctantly supported by Parnell • Commons – For 311– Opposed 341

• Gaelic Athletic Association

Hurling