Upload
katrina-smith
View
226
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
66
GoalsGoals
• What is light?• What are the types of light?• Where does the light we see come
from?• Understanding the light of heat.• On a sunny day:
– Why does it seem hotter wearing a black T-shirt versus a white one?
– Why are they different?
66
What is Light?
• Light is a wave of energy.• Moves through a vacuum.• Travels at the speed of light (a
CONSTANT): c = 3 x 1010 cm/s
• The wavelength () and frequency () are related:
c = • The energy of light is:
E = h = hc/
66
To Sum Up…To Sum Up…
• Radio waves, microwaves, rainbows, UV waves, x-rays, etc are ALL forms of light (electromagnetic waves).
• They ALL travel through space at the speed of light. c
• The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. c =
• The higher the frequency the more energy.
E = h
66
Concept Test
• Yellow light has a longer wavelength than blue light. Therefore yellow light has:a. A higher frequency and higher energy than blue
light.b. A higher energy and lower frequency than blue
light.c. A lower frequency and lower energy than blue
light.d. A lower energy and higher frequency than blue
light.e. None of the above.
66
A Spectrum
• A spectrum = the amount of light given off by an object at a range of wavelengths.
Emission lines Absorption linesContinuum
66
Three ReasonsAll objects do one or more:1. Reflect light because of color or smoothness
(same as scatter)2. Emit light because of their temperature
(thermal radiation)
3. Emit or absorb light because of their composition(spectral lines)
A person, house, or the Moon: reflects visible light, and because each is warm, emits infrared light.
66
Kelvin Temperature
• Kelvin: an absolute scale.• Kelvin is Celsius + 273 degrees.• Water freezes: 0 C 273 K• Water Boils: 100 C 373 K• Room Temp: 80 F 27 C 300 K• Surface Sun: 5800 K
66
Thermal Radiation Laws
1. Hotter is bluer.– (peak at
shorter wavelength)
2. Hotter is brighter.– (More intense
at all wavelengths)
66
Concept Test
Which of the two stars (A or B) is at a higher temperature?a. Star Ab. Star Bc. The two stars have the same temperature.d. It is not possible to infer this relationship.
V I B G Y O R
visible rangeStar A
Star B
Energy Output per second
Wavelength
66
Concept TestWhich of the following best describes how Star A would appear compared to Star B?a. Star A would appear more red than Star B. b. Both stars would appear more red than blue.c. Both stars would appear more blue than red.d. Star A would appear more blue than Star B.e. None of the above.
V I B G Y O R
visible rangeStar A
Star B
Energy Output per second
Wavelength
66
Atoms and Light
• As atoms move they collide (interact, accelerate).
• Collisions give off energy.• But light IS energy.
E = hc
66
Light and Temperature
• The hotter the object the faster the average atom and the more energetic the average collision.
• The faster the atoms the more collisions there are.
COLD
HOT
66
Energy and Intensity
• The more energetic the average collision the bluer the average light that is given off.– Since E = hc
• The more collisions that occur the more light that is given off per surface area.
1. Hotter is bluer.(peak at shorter
wavelength)
2. Hotter is brighter.(more intense at all
wavelengths)
66
Thermal Radiation Laws
1. Hotter is bluer.– (peak at
shorter wavelength)
2. Hotter is brighter.– (More intense
at all wavelengths)
66
Thermal versus ReflectionThermal versus Reflection
• Thermal radiation is light given off because of an object’s temperature.
• Don’t confuse with reflected light:– Buses are yellow not because they are hot
enough to emit visible radiation but rather they reflect the yellow light given off by the Sun.
• What kinds of thermal radiation do we see in our everyday life?
66
The IR World• Everyday objects (at everyday
temperatures) emit thermal radiation in the IR, this is why we equate IR with HEAT.
http://www.x20.org/library/thermal/blackbody.htm
66
The IR Universe
• Everyday things that are hot radiate in the IR:
• Dust – There are interstellar clouds of dust.
Orion - visible
Orion – by IRAS
66
The IR Universe
• Molten Rock – There are lava flows on a moon of Jupiter.
Orion – by IRAS
Io from IRTF.
66
The Moon in eclipse.
The IR Universe
• In eclipse, there is no reflected light.
• Only thermal radiation.
• Differences in composition lead to differences in temperature.
Orion – by IRASR. Gendler
66
Color Why’s
• Why is that shirt blue?a. It’s hot.b. It’s cool.c. It’s hotter than a red shirt.d. It’s reflecting blue light.e. It’s absorbing blue light, thus making it
blue.
66
Color Why’s
• Why is the Sun yellow?a. It’s cooler than a blue flower.b. It’s hotter than a person.c. It’s reflecting yellow light.d. It’s absorbing yellow light, thus making it
yellow.e. None of the above.
66
Color Why’s
• Why is this paper white?a. It’s temperature.b. It’s hotter than the sun but cooler than a
blue shirt.c. It reflects only white wavelengths of light,
and absorbs the rest.d. It absorbs white light, thus making it
white.e. It reflects all visible light equally.
66
Color Why’s
• Why is the light filament orange?a. It is hotter than a person, but cooler than
the sun.b. It is cooler than a blue shirt.c. It reflects orange light.d. It absorbs orange light, thus making it
orange.e. None of the above.
66
Color Why’s
• Why is Mars red?a. It’s hot.b. It’s cool.c. It’s reflecting red light from the Sun.d. It’s absorbing red light from the Sun.e. None of the above.
66
Homework #8Homework #8• For Monday 22-Sept: Read B5.3 – 5.5• Do B5: Problems 35, 38,57• Consider the four stars (A,B,C,D) of Problem
46 in Chapter B5. Arrange them by speed relative to us (starting with the fastest moving towards us and ending with fastest away).a. A, B, C, Db. B, A, D, Cc. D, C, B, Ad. C, D, A, Be. None of the above
Don’t forget Topic of Confusion.