6-Kingdom System

6-Kingdom System

Archaebacteria & Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Eubacteria

(formerly the Kingdom (formerly the Kingdom Monera)Monera)

Archaebacteria & Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Eubacteria

(formerly the Kingdom (formerly the Kingdom Monera)Monera)

Part 3 Classification notesPart 3 Classification notes

What is an Archaebacteria?What is an Archaebacteria?

• Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments• Prokaryotes that live in extreme

environments

What is Eubacteria?What is Eubacteria?

• Prokaryotes that have very strong cell wall & less complex genetic make up•found in most habitats except the extremes

• Prokaryotes that have very strong cell wall & less complex genetic make up•found in most habitats except the extremes

Diversity:Diversity:

–Obligate Aerobes- require Oxygen–Obligate Anaerobes- killed in Oxygen

–Obligate Aerobes- require Oxygen–Obligate Anaerobes- killed in Oxygen

Sizes/ShapesSizes/Shapes

• Size= microscopic• Shapes:–Cocci (round)–Bacilli (rod)–Spirilli (spiral)•Clusters are called staphylo•Chains are called strepto

• Size= microscopic• Shapes:–Cocci (round)–Bacilli (rod)–Spirilli (spiral)•Clusters are called staphylo•Chains are called strepto

ReproduceReproduce

• Binary fission (asexual) • Binary fission

(asexual)

• Conjugation/ spores (sexual) • Conjugation/

spores (sexual)

Structure:Structure:

Adaptations:Adaptations:

• endospore- outer covering that forms in adverse conditions and can allow the bacteria to lie dormant for years

• endospore- outer covering that forms in adverse conditions and can allow the bacteria to lie dormant for years

•Disadvantages: decay, spoilage, disease, infections•Advantages: genetic engineering, food, cleanups

•Disadvantages: decay, spoilage, disease, infections•Advantages: genetic engineering, food, cleanups

• Alexander Fleming: discovered pencillin-mold on bacteria

• Alexander Fleming: discovered pencillin-mold on bacteria

PROTISTA PROTISTA KINGDOM KINGDOM NOTES, NOTES, part 4part 4

PROTISTA PROTISTA KINGDOM KINGDOM NOTES, NOTES, part 4part 4

ProtistsProtists

• Are the diverse group of organisms• May be multicellular or unicellular• Heterotrophic or autotrophic Eukaryotes

• Are the diverse group of organisms• May be multicellular or unicellular• Heterotrophic or autotrophic Eukaryotes

• May be parasites (feed on living things)• May be saprophytes (feed on

dead things)• May be free-living

• Divided into 3 groups: Animal–like, Plant-like, Fungus-like

• May be parasites (feed on living things)• May be saprophytes (feed on

dead things)• May be free-living

• Divided into 3 groups: Animal–like, Plant-like, Fungus-like

Animal-Like ProtistsAnimal-Like Protists

• Called protozoans• Feed on other organisms or dead matter• Reproduce sexually or asexually

• Called protozoans• Feed on other organisms or dead matter• Reproduce sexually or asexually

• Grouped according to locomotion• Use contractile vacuole to

pump out excess water• Examples: amoeba(uses

psuedopods) and paramecium (uses cilli)

• Grouped according to locomotion• Use contractile vacuole to

pump out excess water• Examples: amoeba(uses

psuedopods) and paramecium (uses cilli)

Plant-Like ProtistsPlant-Like Protists

• photosynthetic Autotrophs• Some are unicellular or

mutlicellular(algae) • Many use flagellum

• photosynthetic Autotrophs• Some are unicellular or

mutlicellular(algae) • Many use flagellum

•Examples: euglena (uses flagella) and algae

•Examples: euglena (uses flagella) and algae

Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus-Like Protists

• Heterotrophs that live on wastes or dead material• Example: slime mold

• Heterotrophs that live on wastes or dead material• Example: slime mold

FUNGI FUNGI KINGDOM KINGDOM

NOTES, part NOTES, part 55

FUNGI FUNGI KINGDOM KINGDOM

NOTES, part NOTES, part 55

FungiFungi

• Are multicelluar eukaryotes• Reproduces by budding,

spores or fragmentation• Have cell walls made of chitin• May be parasitic, saprophytic,

or mutualisitic

• Are multicelluar eukaryotes• Reproduces by budding,

spores or fragmentation• Have cell walls made of chitin• May be parasitic, saprophytic,

or mutualisitic

• LICHEN: mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae or cynabacteria (blue-green bacteria)

• LICHEN: mutualistic relationship between fungus and algae or cynabacteria (blue-green bacteria)

• MYCORRHIZA: mutualistic relationship between fungus and plants

• MYCORRHIZA: mutualistic relationship between fungus and plants

• Decomposers that return and recycle nutrients• Decomposers that return and

recycle nutrients

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

• breadmold (Rhizopus stolonifer),• yeast (single-celled),• Mushrooms, • Puffballs, • Bracket Fungi,• Athlete’s foot,• ringworm

• breadmold (Rhizopus stolonifer),• yeast (single-celled),• Mushrooms, • Puffballs, • Bracket Fungi,• Athlete’s foot,• ringworm

PLANTAE PLANTAE KINGDOM KINGDOM

NOTESNOTES

PLANTAE PLANTAE KINGDOM KINGDOM

NOTESNOTES

• Plants are Plants are autotrophic autotrophic (produce their own food),(produce their own food), multi-cellular, eukaryotesmulti-cellular, eukaryotes• Plants store food in the Plants store food in the

form of form of starchstarch• Plants cells are surrounded Plants cells are surrounded

by aby a cell wall cell wall which is which is made ofmade of cellulose cellulose

• Plants are Plants are autotrophic autotrophic (produce their own food),(produce their own food), multi-cellular, eukaryotesmulti-cellular, eukaryotes• Plants store food in the Plants store food in the

form of form of starchstarch• Plants cells are surrounded Plants cells are surrounded

by aby a cell wall cell wall which is which is made ofmade of cellulose cellulose

• Plants possess growing regions of Plants possess growing regions of activity dividing cells called activity dividing cells called meristemsmeristems found at the tips of stems found at the tips of stems and rootsand roots

• AuxinsAuxins are a class of hormone that are a class of hormone that regulate the growth of plant cellsregulate the growth of plant cells

• The phases of a plant life are the The phases of a plant life are the sporophytesporophyte (2n) and (2n) and gametophytegametophyte (1n) stages(1n) stages

• Some plants reproduce asexually by Some plants reproduce asexually by a process called a process called vegetative vegetative propagationpropagation

• Plants possess growing regions of Plants possess growing regions of activity dividing cells called activity dividing cells called meristemsmeristems found at the tips of stems found at the tips of stems and rootsand roots

• AuxinsAuxins are a class of hormone that are a class of hormone that regulate the growth of plant cellsregulate the growth of plant cells

• The phases of a plant life are the The phases of a plant life are the sporophytesporophyte (2n) and (2n) and gametophytegametophyte (1n) stages(1n) stages

• Some plants reproduce asexually by Some plants reproduce asexually by a process called a process called vegetative vegetative propagationpropagation

Leaves are the primary site Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesisof photosynthesis

Leaves are the primary site Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesisof photosynthesis

• TranspirationTranspiration is the process in is the process in which water and carbon dioxide which water and carbon dioxide are lost in leaves through the are lost in leaves through the stomatastomata which are regulated by which are regulated by guard cellsguard cells• The broad , flat portion of the The broad , flat portion of the

leaf is the leaf is the bladeblade which is which is attached to the stem by a attached to the stem by a petiolepetiole

• TranspirationTranspiration is the process in is the process in which water and carbon dioxide which water and carbon dioxide are lost in leaves through the are lost in leaves through the stomatastomata which are regulated by which are regulated by guard cellsguard cells• The broad , flat portion of the The broad , flat portion of the

leaf is the leaf is the bladeblade which is which is attached to the stem by a attached to the stem by a petiolepetiole

Compound simpledoublecompound

•Taxonomist classify Taxonomist classify the major groups of the major groups of plants into plants into DIVISIONS based on DIVISIONS based on whether or not they whether or not they have vascular have vascular tissuetissue

•Taxonomist classify Taxonomist classify the major groups of the major groups of plants into plants into DIVISIONS based on DIVISIONS based on whether or not they whether or not they have vascular have vascular tissuetissue

• NonvascularNonvascular plants have plants have no true roots, stems, or no true roots, stems, or leavesleaves• Ex: Ex: mossesmosses, liverwort, liverwort

• NonvascularNonvascular plants have plants have no true roots, stems, or no true roots, stems, or leavesleaves• Ex: Ex: mossesmosses, liverwort, liverwort

• VascularVascular plants transport plants transport water & mineral from one water & mineral from one plant part to anotherplant part to another–Seedless plantsSeedless plants–Seed plantsSeed plants

• VascularVascular plants transport plants transport water & mineral from one water & mineral from one plant part to anotherplant part to another–Seedless plantsSeedless plants–Seed plantsSeed plants

• GymnospermsGymnosperms (naked seed (naked seed plants) ex: plants) ex: conifers, combsconifers, combs• GymnospermsGymnosperms (naked seed (naked seed plants) ex: plants) ex: conifers, combsconifers, combs

• AngiospermsAngiosperms (flowering plants) (flowering plants) ex: ex: fruitfruit

• AngiospermsAngiosperms (flowering plants) (flowering plants) ex: ex: fruitfruit

• Monocots Monocots (flowering plants with (flowering plants with only one seed leaf)only one seed leaf)• Dicots Dicots (flowering plants with two (flowering plants with two

seed leaves)seed leaves)

• Monocots Monocots (flowering plants with (flowering plants with only one seed leaf)only one seed leaf)• Dicots Dicots (flowering plants with two (flowering plants with two

seed leaves)seed leaves)

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue (transportation)(transportation)

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue (transportation)(transportation)

• Xylem – carries water and minerals from the roots to stem• Phloem – transports sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

• Xylem – carries water and minerals from the roots to stem• Phloem – transports sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

Ground TissueGround TissueGround TissueGround Tissue

–ParenchymaParenchyma – storage and food – storage and food productionproduction–Collenchyma Collenchyma – allows cell to – allows cell to growgrow–SclerenchymaSclerenchyma – provides – provides support and strength of plantssupport and strength of plants

• Dermal Tissue – forms the Dermal Tissue – forms the outside coverings of plantsoutside coverings of plants

–ParenchymaParenchyma – storage and food – storage and food productionproduction–Collenchyma Collenchyma – allows cell to – allows cell to growgrow–SclerenchymaSclerenchyma – provides – provides support and strength of plantssupport and strength of plants

• Dermal Tissue – forms the Dermal Tissue – forms the outside coverings of plantsoutside coverings of plants

TrophismsTrophisms

• plant movement toward or plant movement toward or away from an environmental away from an environmental stimulus.stimulus.• 5 Types: (away=negative, 5 Types: (away=negative,

toward=positive)toward=positive)

• plant movement toward or plant movement toward or away from an environmental away from an environmental stimulus.stimulus.• 5 Types: (away=negative, 5 Types: (away=negative,

toward=positive)toward=positive)

• Phototropism –response to light coming from one direction • Hydrotropism – roots respond to

water• Gravitotropism – response to

gravity• Thigmotropism - growth response

to contact with solid object• Chemotropism – plant growth to

a chemical

• Phototropism –response to light coming from one direction • Hydrotropism – roots respond to

water• Gravitotropism – response to

gravity• Thigmotropism - growth response

to contact with solid object• Chemotropism – plant growth to

a chemical

•A flower has two A flower has two major reproductive major reproductive structures (SEXUAL structures (SEXUAL reproductionreproduction))

•A flower has two A flower has two major reproductive major reproductive structures (SEXUAL structures (SEXUAL reproductionreproduction))

• The female reproductive The female reproductive organ or organ or pistil pistil (stigma + (stigma + style)style)• The male reproductive organ The male reproductive organ

or or stamenstamen (anther + filament) (anther + filament)• PollinationPollination is the transfer of is the transfer of

pollen from the anther to the pollen from the anther to the stigmastigma

• The female reproductive The female reproductive organ or organ or pistil pistil (stigma + (stigma + style)style)• The male reproductive organ The male reproductive organ

or or stamenstamen (anther + filament) (anther + filament)• PollinationPollination is the transfer of is the transfer of

pollen from the anther to the pollen from the anther to the stigmastigma

Animal Kingdom

(Characteristics)

Animal Kingdom

(Characteristics)

ClassificationClassification

Symmetry (Body Plans)Symmetry (Body Plans)Symmetry (Body Plans)Symmetry (Body Plans)

• Asymmetrical – irregular shape• Radial – can be divided

along any plane through a central axis

• Asymmetrical – irregular shape• Radial – can be divided

along any plane through a central axis

• Bilateral – divided down its length into 2 halves; bodies have a ventral (belly), dorsal (back), anterior (head) and posterior (tail)

• Bilateral – divided down its length into 2 halves; bodies have a ventral (belly), dorsal (back), anterior (head) and posterior (tail)

DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopment

• Fertilization (zygote) • Cell Division (embryo)

• Fertilization (zygote) • Cell Division (embryo)

–Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

–Gastrula (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

• Growth and development into an adult

–Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

–Gastrula (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

• Growth and development into an adult

Characteristics:Characteristics:Characteristics:Characteristics:

• Eukaryotic, multicellular,

heterotrophic, ingest food,

specialized cells

• Eukaryotic, multicellular,

heterotrophic, ingest food,

specialized cells

Protection & supportProtection & supportProtection & supportProtection & support

• insect-exoskeleton, • human-

endoskeleton

• insect-exoskeleton, • human-

endoskeleton

Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata (vertebrates)(vertebrates)

Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata (vertebrates)(vertebrates)

• All Chordates have a notochord

–flexible rod of cells located in the dorsal part of the

body– replaced in early

development by backbone

• All Chordates have a notochord

–flexible rod of cells located in the dorsal part of the

body– replaced in early

development by backbone

InvertebratesInvertebrates8 Phyla of 8 Phyla of

InvertebratesInvertebrates

InvertebratesInvertebrates8 Phyla of 8 Phyla of

InvertebratesInvertebrates

Porifera (sponges)• asymmetrical• Body has canal and pores• sessile (attached to object, cannot move)

Porifera (sponges)• asymmetrical• Body has canal and pores• sessile (attached to object, cannot move)

Cnidaria (stinging cell)• Stinging cells and hollow bodies• tentacles that surround a mouth

Cnidaria (stinging cell)• Stinging cells and hollow bodies• tentacles that surround a mouth

*Platyhelminthes (flatworm)• 3 kinds of cells• _flattened body• One body opening• Many are parasites, some

are Free-Living• Can regenerate

*Platyhelminthes (flatworm)• 3 kinds of cells• _flattened body• One body opening• Many are parasites, some

are Free-Living• Can regenerate

*Nematoda (roundworm)• 3 kinds of cells• Round bodies with pointed

ends• Males & females are separate

*Nematoda (roundworm)• 3 kinds of cells• Round bodies with pointed

ends• Males & females are separate

*Annelida (segmented worm)• 3 kinds of cells• Body divided into segments

(with setae) • Most are hermaphrodites &

free living

*Annelida (segmented worm)• 3 kinds of cells• Body divided into segments

(with setae) • Most are hermaphrodites &

free living

Mollusca (soft-bodied)• Soft body usually protected

by a shell• Body covered by mantle• Have muscular foot• Most have separate sexes

Mollusca (soft-bodied)• Soft body usually protected

by a shell• Body covered by mantle• Have muscular foot• Most have separate sexes

*Arthropoda (jointed leg)• Jointed appendages• Segmented bodies• Exoskeleton that sheds by

molting• Head, thorax, abdomen are

main parts• Some separate sexes,

hermaphrodites, parthenogenesis• Some emit pheromones

*Arthropoda (jointed leg)• Jointed appendages• Segmented bodies• Exoskeleton that sheds by

molting• Head, thorax, abdomen are

main parts• Some separate sexes,

hermaphrodites, parthenogenesis• Some emit pheromones

Echinoderms (spiny skin)• 5 part body• spines• Tube Feet

(with Suctions)

Echinoderms (spiny skin)• 5 part body• spines• Tube Feet

(with Suctions)

(Kingdom Animalia, (Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Phylum Chordata,

Subphylum Vertebrata)Subphylum Vertebrata)

(Kingdom Animalia, (Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Phylum Chordata,

Subphylum Vertebrata)Subphylum Vertebrata)

Agnatha (Jawless Fish)• Tube-like bodies covered in

scales • Cold blooded (ectothermic

Agnatha (Jawless Fish)• Tube-like bodies covered in

scales • Cold blooded (ectothermic

Chondrichthyes (Cartilage Fish) • Skeleton of cartilage• Cold-Blooded

(ectothermic)

Chondrichthyes (Cartilage Fish) • Skeleton of cartilage• Cold-Blooded

(ectothermic)

Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)• Skeleton of

bone• Skin with

scales • Cold-Blooded

(ectothermic)

Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)• Skeleton of

bone• Skin with

scales • Cold-Blooded

(ectothermic)

Amphibians• Developed legs/webbed feet• Moist skin with no scales• Undergoes metamorphosis • Lays eggs in water• Undergoes hibernation (winter)• Undergoes estivation (summer) • Cold-Blooded (ectothermic)

Amphibians• Developed legs/webbed feet• Moist skin with no scales• Undergoes metamorphosis • Lays eggs in water• Undergoes hibernation (winter)• Undergoes estivation (summer) • Cold-Blooded (ectothermic)

Reptiles• Dry, scaly skin• Well-developed lungs • Amniote egg• Cold-Blooded (ectothermic)

Reptiles• Dry, scaly skin• Well-developed lungs • Amniote egg• Cold-Blooded (ectothermic)

Aves (Birds)Aves (Birds)• Feathers, Feathers, Hollow bonesHollow bones • Have Have beaksbeaks, no teeth , no teeth • Incubate Incubate eggseggs• Warm-blooded (Warm-blooded (endothermicendothermic))• Archaeopteryx: evolutionary link Archaeopteryx: evolutionary link

between birds & reptilesbetween birds & reptiles

Aves (Birds)Aves (Birds)• Feathers, Feathers, Hollow bonesHollow bones • Have Have beaksbeaks, no teeth , no teeth • Incubate Incubate eggseggs• Warm-blooded (Warm-blooded (endothermicendothermic))• Archaeopteryx: evolutionary link Archaeopteryx: evolutionary link

between birds & reptilesbetween birds & reptiles

Mammals• Have hair & mammary glands• Well- Developed body systems,

can learn • Classified into 3 subclasses–placental Mammals (ex: humans)–Marsupial Mammals (Pouched)–Monotreme (egg laying)

Mammals• Have hair & mammary glands• Well- Developed body systems,

can learn • Classified into 3 subclasses–placental Mammals (ex: humans)–Marsupial Mammals (Pouched)–Monotreme (egg laying)

Animal BehaviorAnimal Behavior

• The way an organism responds to its environment• stimulus – something in the

environment to which any organism can respond• response– the way the

organism behaves when the stimulus is applied

• The way an organism responds to its environment• stimulus – something in the

environment to which any organism can respond• response– the way the

organism behaves when the stimulus is applied

• Ex. Bright light (stimulus) causes insects to hide (response)

• Ex. Bright light (stimulus) causes insects to hide (response)

2 TYPES OF BEHAVIOR2 TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

• innate– Inborn; present & complete when born; unchanged• learned – Acquired as a result of repeated experiences (practice)

• innate– Inborn; present & complete when born; unchanged• learned – Acquired as a result of repeated experiences (practice)

Innate BehaviorsInnate Behaviors• Includes automatic responses;

reflexes & “fight-or-flight” responses; •which are regulated by hormones (epinephrine and norepineephine) which are often called adrenaline (produced by the adrenal gland –sits on top of your kidneys)

• Includes automatic responses; reflexes & “fight-or-flight” responses; •which are regulated by hormones (epinephrine and norepineephine) which are often called adrenaline (produced by the adrenal gland –sits on top of your kidneys)

Learned BehaviorsLearned Behaviors• habituation- learning in which an

animal comes to ignore a particular stimulus• Example: turtle being touched,

going inside shell

• habituation- learning in which an animal comes to ignore a particular stimulus• Example: turtle being touched,

going inside shell

• imprinting – takes place only during a specific• Example: gosling quickly

learns to follow a moving object• Theory developed by Konrad

Lorenz

• imprinting – takes place only during a specific• Example: gosling quickly

learns to follow a moving object• Theory developed by Konrad

Lorenz

• Classical conditioning-learning by association; trained to respond to a stimuli• Example: dog is trained to salivate when a bell rings• Theory developed by Ivan Pavlov

• Classical conditioning-learning by association; trained to respond to a stimuli• Example: dog is trained to salivate when a bell rings• Theory developed by Ivan Pavlov

• Operant conditioning - Trial-and –error takes placed when environment rewards certain behaviors that animals perform accidentally• Example: pigeon learns that

peaking at certain button releases food.• A mouse learns to navigate a maze

• Operant conditioning - Trial-and –error takes placed when environment rewards certain behaviors that animals perform accidentally• Example: pigeon learns that

peaking at certain button releases food.• A mouse learns to navigate a maze

• Reasoning - Learning through insight (previous experience) or thinking about a solution• Example: ape figures out

how to use a tool

• Reasoning - Learning through insight (previous experience) or thinking about a solution• Example: ape figures out

how to use a tool

INACTIVE BehaviorINACTIVE BehaviorINACTIVE BehaviorINACTIVE Behavior

Notes part 11

Notes part 11

TYPES OF ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONSTYPES OF ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONS

• Pheromones – chemicals released by animals to mark territories, attract mates, lead to food sources etc.

• Pheromones – chemicals released by animals to mark territories, attract mates, lead to food sources etc.

• Visual Display- action of posture meant to be seen by another animal

• Visual Display- action of posture meant to be seen by another animal

–Threat display – posture to appear larger or more dangerous–Surrender display – posture to appear smaller

–Threat display – posture to appear larger or more dangerous–Surrender display – posture to appear smaller

• Courtship behavior– takes place prior to mating• Territorial behavior– use of

rituals, visual displays, pheromones to claim or defend territory (exhibit of aggressive behavior)

• Courtship behavior– takes place prior to mating• Territorial behavior– use of

rituals, visual displays, pheromones to claim or defend territory (exhibit of aggressive behavior)

• Social Behavior – provides better chance of surviving & reproducing a group member.

• Social Behavior – provides better chance of surviving & reproducing a group member.

• schools of fish • schools of

fish

• herds of deer• herds of deer

• flocks of birds

• flocks of birds

• pack of wolves• pack of

wolves

• prides of lions• prides of

lions

• A. Dominance Hierarchy – ranking system in which higher ranking get better food, mates, etc

• A. Dominance Hierarchy – ranking system in which higher ranking get better food, mates, etc

• B. Kin Selection – response that may endanger a particular individual but save another species • Ex. Worker bee sting

• B. Kin Selection – response that may endanger a particular individual but save another species • Ex. Worker bee sting

• Behaviors resulting from external or internal clocks (Biological Rhythms) based on 24 hour day/night cycle called Circadian Rhythm

• Behaviors resulting from external or internal clocks (Biological Rhythms) based on 24 hour day/night cycle called Circadian Rhythm

• migration – instinctive, seasonal movement of animals

• migration – instinctive, seasonal movement of animals

• B. hibernation – body temp. drops, Oxygen consumption decreases, breathing rate drops

• B. hibernation – body temp. drops, Oxygen consumption decreases, breathing rate drops

• C. estivation – reduced metabolism because of intense heat

• C. estivation – reduced metabolism because of intense heat

• Defense Adaptations - enhance survival• camouflage – coloring

adaptation, organism blends into environment• warning coloration (Mimicry)

• Defense Adaptations - enhance survival• camouflage – coloring

adaptation, organism blends into environment• warning coloration (Mimicry)