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6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Environmental Policy in the Environmental Policy in the European UnionEuropean Union
A guide to improve understanding of how EU A guide to improve understanding of how EU environmental policy is made and who makes itenvironmental policy is made and who makes it
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Presentation to the CEEC LOGON Group
LOGON Study visit: 3-7 April 2004
Prepared by Edward Cameron
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Why is environmental policy Why is environmental policy important?important?
1.1. A legal obligation for the Accession A legal obligation for the Accession CandidatesCandidates
TransposingTransposing ImplementationImplementation EnforcementEnforcement
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Why is environmental policy Why is environmental policy important?important?
2.2. An obligation with significant An obligation with significant economic impacteconomic impact
InfrastructureInfrastructure Service costsService costs Enforcement/ ImplementationEnforcement/ Implementation Costs to business / industryCosts to business / industry Awareness raising / behaviour Awareness raising / behaviour
changechange
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Why is environment important?Why is environment important?
The European Commission estimates The European Commission estimates that compliance with the that compliance with the environmental acquisenvironmental acquis will cost the will cost the Accession Candidates approximately Accession Candidates approximately €80 to €120 billion each. €80 to €120 billion each.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Why is environment important?Why is environment important?
The Commission also estimates that The Commission also estimates that the total value of the benefits of the total value of the benefits of implementation will range from €134 implementation will range from €134 billion to €681 billionbillion to €681 billion
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Why is the EU an important Why is the EU an important player?player?
It is the place where 60% - 80% of It is the place where 60% - 80% of national policy or legislation is national policy or legislation is determineddetermined
Environmental Acquis comprises Environmental Acquis comprises more than 500 legislative itemsmore than 500 legislative items
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
The three components of The three components of Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Economic Social
Environmental
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
DriversDrivers
Role of the ParliamentRole of the Parliament Going above the national and Going above the national and
straight to Europestraight to Europe Internal dynamics as well as Internal dynamics as well as
responses to external international responses to external international agreementsagreements
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Who decides environmental Who decides environmental policy?policy?
Commission is the key player at the Commission is the key player at the policy formulation stagepolicy formulation stage
Council of Ministers is the key legislative Council of Ministers is the key legislative body. Ministers in the Council have gone body. Ministers in the Council have gone further in Brussels than they would have further in Brussels than they would have been allowed to go in their own national been allowed to go in their own national capitalscapitals
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Who decides environmental Who decides environmental policy?policy?
European Parliament has become European Parliament has become powerful over time. It has strengthened powerful over time. It has strengthened legislation on some occasions legislation on some occasions (emissions), and buried legislation on (emissions), and buried legislation on others. It is generally considered to be others. It is generally considered to be “greener” than the Commission or “greener” than the Commission or Council. Council.
ECJ sets the parameters between single ECJ sets the parameters between single market and environment. In addition it is market and environment. In addition it is a key instrument for enforcement. a key instrument for enforcement.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
How is environmental policy How is environmental policy decided?decided?
Most environmental issues are subject to Most environmental issues are subject to QMV and the simplified Co-decision QMV and the simplified Co-decision procedure. Some exceptions to this are procedure. Some exceptions to this are energy, fiscal measures, land-use energy, fiscal measures, land-use planning, and water resources.planning, and water resources.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
““Environmental decision-Environmental decision-making...making...
……is the result of interaction, in is the result of interaction, in particular between the "institutional particular between the "institutional triangle" formed by the European triangle" formed by the European Parliament, the Council of the Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European European Union and the European Commission”. Commission”.
Source: EUROPASource: EUROPA
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Key questions for Brussels Key questions for Brussels policy makerspolicy makers
What incentives should be used? Should What incentives should be used? Should they be economic?they be economic?
Should the enforcement and punishment Should the enforcement and punishment regimes be stronger?regimes be stronger?
What role for information and What role for information and communication?communication?
What role for externalization?What role for externalization?
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Key questions for Brussels Key questions for Brussels policy makerspolicy makers
What role do financial instruments have What role do financial instruments have (LIFE)?(LIFE)?
How should technical instruments be How should technical instruments be used (EMAS, ECO-LABEL, EIA, SEA etc…)?used (EMAS, ECO-LABEL, EIA, SEA etc…)?
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
6th Environmental Action 6th Environmental Action Programme (6Programme (6thth EAP) EAP)
Sets out the environmental priorities for Sets out the environmental priorities for the EU up to 2010. Four areas are the EU up to 2010. Four areas are highlighted: highlighted: – climate changeclimate change– nature and biodiversitynature and biodiversity– environment and healthenvironment and health– management of natural resources and waste management of natural resources and waste
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
6th Environmental Action 6th Environmental Action Programme (6Programme (6thth EAP) EAP)
Measures to achieve these priorities are:Measures to achieve these priorities are:– improving the application of environmental improving the application of environmental
legislation, legislation, – working with the market and citizens and working with the market and citizens and
ensuring that other Community policies take ensuring that other Community policies take greater account of environmental greater account of environmental considerations. considerations.
– Integrated Product Policy. This aims to make Integrated Product Policy. This aims to make products more environmentally sustainable products more environmentally sustainable throughout their life cycle.throughout their life cycle.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
The Thematic StrategiesThe Thematic Strategies
The 6th EAP includes the development The 6th EAP includes the development ofof “Thematic Strategies” “Thematic Strategies” as a as a specific way to tackle seven key specific way to tackle seven key environmental issues. environmental issues.
Include objectives and targets, precise Include objectives and targets, precise measures, and a plan of measures, and a plan of implementation. implementation.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
The Thematic StrategiesThe Thematic Strategies
Soil protection; Soil protection; Protection and conservation of the marine Protection and conservation of the marine
environment; environment; Sustainable use of pesticides; Sustainable use of pesticides; Air pollution; Air pollution; Urban environment; Urban environment; Sustainable use and management of Sustainable use and management of
resources;resources; Prevention and recycling of waste Prevention and recycling of waste
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Waste ManagementWaste Management
Involves three complementary strategies:Involves three complementary strategies:– eliminating waste at source by improving eliminating waste at source by improving
product design product design – encouraging the recycling and re-use of waste encouraging the recycling and re-use of waste – reducing pollution caused by waste reducing pollution caused by waste
incinerationincineration
Includes Framework Directives, Includes Framework Directives, Legislation aimed at specific streams, and Legislation aimed at specific streams, and now a Thematic Strategy. now a Thematic Strategy.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Water PolicyWater Policy
Includes Directives dealing with:Includes Directives dealing with:– drinking waterdrinking water– bathing waterbathing water– ground water ground water – waste waterwaste water
Has evolved into a framework directive Has evolved into a framework directive dealing with sustainable use of water dealing with sustainable use of water resources and achieve good ecological resources and achieve good ecological and chemical status in all European and chemical status in all European waters by 2015. waters by 2015.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Air pollution and climate Air pollution and climate changechange
Aimed at cutting emissions from Aimed at cutting emissions from industrial activities and road vehicles. industrial activities and road vehicles.
Where transport is concerned, the Where transport is concerned, the strategy aims to:strategy aims to:– reduce polluting emissions reduce polluting emissions – reduce the fuel consumption of private cars reduce the fuel consumption of private cars – promote clean vehicles (tax incentives). promote clean vehicles (tax incentives).
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Air pollution and climate Air pollution and climate changechange
Emissions Trading Directive in December Emissions Trading Directive in December 2002, which makes the EU the first legal 2002, which makes the EU the first legal entity in the world setting absolute entity in the world setting absolute emission limits for individual industrial emission limits for individual industrial CO2 emitters – or in other words about CO2 emitters – or in other words about 5000 installations in Europe covering 5000 installations in Europe covering almost 50% of the EU’s climate pollution almost 50% of the EU’s climate pollution
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
How does the EU’s How does the EU’s environmental policy REALLY environmental policy REALLY
work?work? Driven by personalitiesDriven by personalities Resulting from compromisesResulting from compromises A product of external shocksA product of external shocks National Self-interestNational Self-interest Powerful lobby groupsPowerful lobby groups Institutional self-interestInstitutional self-interest Expert-drivenExpert-driven
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
The implementation deficitThe implementation deficit
““In 1997 the Commission brought In 1997 the Commission brought infringement cases against each and infringement cases against each and every EU Member State for failing to every EU Member State for failing to properly transpose EU Directives on properly transpose EU Directives on environment. The Netherlands and environment. The Netherlands and Denmark were the only countries to have Denmark were the only countries to have a single case against them. All the other a single case against them. All the other countries had two or more”.countries had two or more”.
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
The implementation deficit is a The implementation deficit is a failure to:failure to:
Transpose Transpose Comply Comply ImplementImplement Enforce Enforce Communicate Communicate Tackle behaviourTackle behaviour
Build capacity Build capacity Deal with Deal with
subsidiaritysubsidiarity Choose the right Choose the right
instrument instrument Provide access to Provide access to
third partiesthird parties
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
Some linksSome links
www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/environmewww.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/environment/directory.htmnt/directory.htm
www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/iwww.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/index_en.htmndex_en.htm
www.cameronsds.comwww.cameronsds.com
6 April 20046 April 2004 Presentation to LOGON Presentation to LOGON
For more informationFor more information
Edward CameronEdward Cameron
+32 2 2305310+32 2 2305310
[email protected]@cameronsds.com
www.cameronsds.comwww.cameronsds.com
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