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6.6: Reproduction
Henry Behre
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6.6.1: Draw and label diagrams of the adult
male and female reproductive systems
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6.6.2: Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle,
including !" #follicle stimulating hormone$, %" #leuteni&ing
hormone$, estrogen and progesterone
FSH + LH: increase production/secretion of estrogen
by the follicle cells of the ovary
Estrogen: enters bloodstream + targets
endometrium tissue of the uterus,
resulting in increased blood vessels in the
endometrium
rogesterone: maintains thic!ened, highly vascular
endometrium
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6.6.': (nnotate a graph showing hormone levels in the
menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between
changes in hormone levels and ovulation,menstruation and the thic)ening of the endometrium
http://bcs"#hfreeman"com/thelife#ire$e/default"asp
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6.6.*: %ist ' roles of
testosterone in males%" &etermines development of male
genitalia during embryonic
development
'" Ensures development of secondary
se( characteristics during puberty
)" *aintains the se( drive of malesthroughout their lifetime
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6.6.+: Outline the process of
in vitro fertili&ationoman receives FSH inections for -%. days to ensure
large number of raafian follicles
Sperm cells from male collected into container
Several eggs harvested surgically Harvested eggs mi(ed #ith sperm cells in separate
culture dishes
*icroscopes used to reveal #hich ova are fertili0ed
and #hether early development appears normal ' or ) healthy embryos are introduced do decrease
ris! of failure
1nused embryos can be fro0en and used later
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6.6.6: Discuss the ethical
issues associated with - For 23F
Enables couples other#ise unable to
have a familyenetic screening on embryos possible
to eliminate the chance of passing on
genetic diseasesill lead to further benefits in
reproductive biology
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6.6.6: Discuss the ethical
issues associated with - 4gainst 23F
Embryos that are cultured but not implanted
are fro0en/destroyed5omple( legal issues over fro0en embryos
#hen couples split up
enetic screening could allo# society to
customi0e children*ultiple births + problems #/ multiple births
more li!ely #ith 23F
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R-/0 orrect (nswer (3D4
hich organ secretes FSH6
7vary
8estis
ituitary land
lacenta
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5ituitary land0
roduces FSH + LH
Stimulated by gonadotrophin from the
hypothalamus 9part of the femalesbrainstem;
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n which of the following structures
does meiosis ta)e place7 Epididymis
rostate gland
8estis
Seminal 3esicle
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8estis0
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"ow does fertili&ation differ
from copulation7 Fertili0ation al#ays produces a 0ygote
7nly fertili0ation involves gametes
Fertili0ation is a conscious event
Fertili0ation can spread H23
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ertili&ation always produces a &ygote0
5opulation: the act of having se(ual
intercourse
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Do the levels of progesterone and !" increase or
remain low during the first few days of the menstrual
cycle7
rogesterone and FSH both remain lo#
rogesterone remains lo# but FSH increases
rogesterone increases but FSH remains lo#rogesterone and FSH both increase
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/hat are the levels of the hormones estrogen,
progesterone, %" and !" during the menstrual cycle
at the time of ovulation7
Estrogen rogesterone LH FSH
4 High Lo# High High
B High High Lo# High
5 Lo# High High Lo#
& Lo# Lo# Lo# Lo#
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Estrogen rogesterone LH FSH
4; High Lo# High High
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"ow is in vitro fertili&ation different
from natural fertili&ation in humans7 2n vitro fertili0ation involves artificial inection of
sperm into the uterus
2n vitro fertili0ation only involves one parent
2n vitro fertili0ation happens outside the body
2n vitro fertili0ation uses stem cells instead of eggs
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n vitro fertili&ation happens
outside the body0Sperm is not inected, only mi(ed #ith
egg in culture dish
2nvolves sperm provided by male andeggs surgically removed from female
9t#o parents;
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11.*: Reproduction Review0
9ore candy.
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During fertili&ation in humans, where do the
acrosome and the cortical reactions occur
most often7 4crosome reaction 5ortical reaction
4 3agina 1terus
B 1terus 7viduct
5 7viduct 1terus
& 7viduct 7viduct
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4crosome reaction 5ortical reaction
& 7viduct 7viduct
• Both are reactions that occur between the
sperm and the egg leading up to fertilization
• Sperm move to the Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
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/hat is the location and
function of !ertoli cells7 Location Function
4 Seminiferous tubule Feeding developingsperm
B Seminiferous tubule Feeding interstitialcells
5 Epididymis Feeding developingsperm
& Epididymis Feeding interstitialcels
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Location Function
4 Seminiferous tubule Feeding developedsperm
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n the menstrual cycle in humans, which
hormone causes the wall of the follicle to
develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone7
EstrogenFSH
LH
7(ytocin
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%" #%euteni&ing "ormone$
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/hich of the following are
functions of the placenta7 %" as e(change
'" Stimulation of uterine contractions
)" Secretion of progesterone
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$ 1, ', and *
as e(change, secretion of
progesterone/estrogen
High level of progesterone + estrogenare needed throughout pregnancy
8he placenta and capillaries of the
mother e(change materials such asnutrients, #ater and gas
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/hat happens to the &ygote
immediately after fertili&ation7 2t remains in the uterus until placenta
develops
2t implants in the #all of the uterus2t divides by meiosis to form an embryo
2t divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst
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t divides by meiosis to form
a blastocyst4bout %.. cells large
Surrounding cell layer called the
trophoblast = helps form the fetalportion of the placenta
2nterior cells are the inner cell mass=
#ill become embryo bodyFluid=filled cavity
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/hy is human chorionic
gonadotrophin #"$important in early
pregnancy7
2t is re>uired for e>ual cell divisions in the
gro#ing embryo2t stimulates the ovary to continue
production of estrogen and progesterone
2t increases the rate of cell division in the
embryo2t promotes gro#th of the inner cell mass
#ithin the embryo
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/hy is human chorionic
gonadotrophin #"$important in early
pregnancy7
2t stimulates the ovary to continue productionof estrogen and progesterone
8hese t#o hormones are needed at high levelsthroughout pregnancy
H5 maintains the corpus luteum in the ovaryof the #oman after fertili0ation
5orpus luteum secretes estrogen andprogesterone longer than it #ould normally
Later in pregnancy, lacenta ta!es over
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