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8/14/2019 5MPK -Composite.pdf
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Inorganic Materials
- Composite
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st
Listed as one of the top 10 greatest
of the 20th
Century ers: po o moon an ng, unmanne
satellites, microprocessor, CAD, CT scan,
-, , ,genetic engineering
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matrix that surrounds and holds in place.
The material consists of two (or more) phases
The other phase is discontinuous (the
The phases can be thought of as a group of
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Constituents of composite materials
.
Continuous phase, the primary phase.It holds the dispersed phase and shares a load with it.
. sperse re n orc ng p aseThe second phase (or phases) is imbedded in the matrix in a
continuous/discontinuous form.Dis ersed hase is usuall stron er than the matrix therefore it is sometimescalled reinforcing phase.
3. Interface
, ,mechanical)
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Give shape to the object
Protect the reinforcements
Weather
Impacts
Solvent/water
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properties)
(optional)
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Interface
Interface merupakan permukaan antara
reinforcement dan matriks yang menentukan
proses transfer tegangan dari matrik-reinforcement-matrik, yang berpengaruh
kepada :
- spesific strength- spesific stiffnes
- fracture toughness
- ketahanan creep
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-
Molecule entanglement adanya ikatan
matrik.
listrik secara atomik antara reinforce dan
mengakibatkan tarik-menarik, bila adagas, ikatan melemah.
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kumpulan gugus kimia yang saling.
Mechanical bonding adanya
sehingga semakin kasar permukaan
.
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Fiberglass reinforced Matrix of unsaturated polyesters and vinyl esters or
common engineering thermoplastics
Uses: tub/shower, boats, automotive, pipes,, .
Advanced
, ,reinforcements
Matrix of epoxies and specialty resins
Uses: aerospace, sporting goods, specialty
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Ceramics
Polymers
ese er, a e mos un amen a
level, in the types of bonds between the
a oms
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Metals Non-Metals
(Ionic Bonds)
o ymers
(Covalent Bonds)
Metals
(Metallic Bonds)
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,
cotton, wool, leather)
-
Polymers can be easily shaped (molded) Polymers have other advantages over
ceramics and metals
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which are linked together mono means one
mer means unit
The linked monomers form a chain-likestructure called a polymer
poly means many
The links are the covalent bonds betweenthe atoms
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HH
H C
H
HH
H C
H
H C
H C
C
H
H
H
C
H
H C
H C
C
H
H
H
C
H
C H
H
H
Monomer
C H
H
H
H
Polymer
H
Polymer
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polymeric part
Like a mass of spaghetti
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What determines physical, chemical
materials?
Molecular shape and movement
Crystallinity
Thermal transitions and crosslinks roma c y
Pendant groups
Bonding between matrix and reinforcements
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Crystal
Regions
Amorphous Semi-Cr stalline or Cr stalline
(random entanglement) (regular packing)
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Thermo lastics Thermoplastics are not crosslinked and so theywill melt
Thermoplastics are processed (molded) asmolten liquids
Thermoplastics can be re-melted repeatedly
Kitchen exam le:
candy
Examples of thermoplastics: polyethylene,, , , ,
Teflon, PET (thermoplastic polyester)
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Thermosets are crosslinked and do not melt
Crosslinking is sometimes called curing Thermosets are processed as room
Thermosets are heated to solidify
cake
xamp es o ermose s: po yes ers, v ny
esters, epoxies, phenolics, polyimides, silicones
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Thermal Transitions Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT)
ass rans on empera ure g
Melting point (Tm)
Decomposition temperature (Td)
em -crysta ne
thermoplastic HDT Tg Tm Td
Hard, stiff Leather De raded
Thermoset HDT Tg Td (Tm)
Temperature
Degraded, CharHard, stiff Semi-rigid
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good properties Good properties are
good processing Good processing is
favored by high
molecular weight
favored by low
molecular weight
perties
essing
chanicalP
r
aseofPro
c
Molecu lar Weight
Me
Molecular Weight
E
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compromise Hi h enou h molecular wei ht to et ade uate
properties
Low enough molecular weight to process OK Thermosets meet the dilemma by
crosslinking
Low molecular weight initially (for wetout andprocessing) followed by curing to increase
No compromise is required
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Pol mers Molecular sha e
Aromatic Contains the benzene group
Named aromatic because it tends to have a strongsmell like st rene
Increases stiffness
Increases strength Increases non-flammability
Aliphatic Does not contain the benzene group
Increases flexibility Increases toughness
ncreases wea era y
CCC C
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( )n
...C C C C...CC...C C...
CCC
CC
C
CCCC
C...OC
CC
CCC
C
C
C
OCC C
O
aromatic)
O
OHOHOH
C C C....C C...
C......C
H
NC
CC
C C C
CC
C
CC
CC
C
C
CC
C CC
C
OH OHCCC
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
C
C
C
CC
C
Kevlar(aromatic backbone)
.......C
Phenolic (aromatic network)
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N S S N
S N S N
+
O
...C C O
O
C...
-
+C O+ + --
C O
-O
HHPolyester is attacked by water molecules
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polar areas on other molecules. O osite char es attract
The most electronegative atoms are those
that cause polarity The electronegative atoms are: F, O, N, Cl
These are all in the upper right corner of the
per o c a e Non-polar areas attract other non-polar
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Fiber lassOH OH
Sizing (alkylsilane)
...O Si O Si O...
OH OH-
Mixed polar/non-polar
CH3
+
CH3 Nonpolar regions (weak attraction)-
....C C O C C C C C...+
Largely non-polarPolyester
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Two types of composites are:
Fiber ReinforcedCom osites
Particle ReinforcedCom osites
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constituent phases
re a ve amoun s
geometry of dispersed phase shape of particles
particle size
particle distribution
article orientation
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For a given matrix/dispersed phase system:
Concentration
Size
Shape Distribution
Orientation
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SizeShape