5G Scope of Applications and Development: A Comprehensive ... · 1 INTRODUCTION 5G is the next generation network, that promises to deliver what todays mobile users requires. The

5G Scope of Applications andDevelopment: A Comprehensive Review

1Kaza Mrudula 2Pragya Sinha 3Balaji S 1,2 U.G Student, 3 Associate Professor 1,2,3 School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University,Vellore, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

April 18, 2018

Abstract

5G network implementation is a very promising and de-veloping field in wireless networks; MIMO is one of themthat use RF technology. MIMO is multiple input and mul-tiple output network, which is one of the potential gatewayfor normalizing 5G network. In this paper, we discuss howthe introduction of MIMO can deduct the existing problemsthat would be eliminated entirely, like the fairing wirelessnetwork rates. It also discusses the possibility of new prob-lems that could be created by this potential technology andalso the various methods implemented to mainstream theidea of 5G. The purpose of why the research should be pur-sued in the direction of the 5G is discussed and also theparameters influencing 5G technologies.

Key Words:Massive MIMO, beam forming, spatial mul-tiplexing, small cell heterogeneous network, full duplex, fifthGeneration.

1 INTRODUCTION

5G is the next generation network, that promises to deliver whattodays mobile users requires. The emerging needs of the currentgeneration include faster data speeds and more dependable services[1][2]. The objective of improving the scope of 5G technologiesoffers a higher capacity than the current 4G, a greater number ofsmart mobile users, and associating device-to-device, reliable andmassive device communications lowering the battery consumption,

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 24 2018ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

uniform GBPS data throughput [3] and more importantly betterapplication of the Internet of things. This 5G technology couldincrease the accessibility of data on the Internet and utilize thespectrum more effectively. MIMO is one the many approaches toeffective implementation of 5G networks.

MIMO is currently being used in numerous applications fromLTE to Wi-Fi, but at the moment, the number of antennas is con-siderably limited [4]. The use of microwave frequencies opens up theprospect of using multiple antennas on single equipment develops areal opportunity because of the antenna size and spacing in termsof the wavelength. The spectrum now used is 4G is 3-6GHz whichis already very crowded with already existing devices. Some of theultimate challenges we face in 5G are the exponential increase inthe traffic of the users, spectrum insufficiency and increase in den-sity of the network [5]. To implement 5G networks, we need tomake use of the unused 6 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum of frequenciesas shown in figure 1. For this we need the wavelength to be in mil-limetres. Hence we use millimetre waves [6]. The main cause of thegrowth in capacity is probably anticipated to come from network ar-chitectural advancements, considering heterogeneous networks andconjunction of information and communication technology [7].

Figure 1: 5G Spectrum

2 DISCUSSION

2.1 MIMO

MIMO is multiple input and multiple output network of antennasfor the communication systems. In this, multiple arrays of antennasare used as both input and output as shown by Figure 2.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Figure 2: Basic structure of MIMO

TABLE 1: SOME PROMINENT RECENT WORKS ON MIMO

2.1.1 Parameters effecting MIMO

Performance of MIMO is affected by following parameters:a) Antenna Design:Dielectric Resonator antenna array:Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAS) have been a frequent topic

of study in the past decades. In addition to low profile and lightweight, they propose numerous other striking features like very lowconductor loss and absence of surface-wave loss [14][15]. Their ra-diation characteristics make them brilliant contender in the fieldof wireless communication system [16][17], particularly where the

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operation is in the millimeter-wave band. The advantages such aslow loss, ease of excitation, wide impedance bandwidth and lightweight makes them more feasible [18][19]. There are many arraystructures that influence 5G spectrum analysis like microstrip patchantenna and graphene array[20][21][22]. Figure 3 explains the blockdiagram of various antennas which can be used for 5G systems.

b) Transmission /Reception of Signals:MIMO can be deployed by either spatial multiplexing or beam-

forming divided based on their techniques of transmission.i) SPATIAL MULTIPLEXINGThe message signal is divided into various subdivisions where

respective divisions are transmitted simultaneously with the samechannel but using different antennas [10]. This can be achievedthrough increasing the levels of power processing units. The MIMOsystem was thus used to reduce the interference caused by multi-path propagation and the first step to using multi-path propaga-tion. The transmission is done using a solitary radio using ESPAR(Electronically Steerable Passive Array Radiator) antenna for the22 MIMO transmission adopting a λ/16 spaced single RF (RadioFrequency) is considered ideal [23][24]. As 960 kHz bandwidth isconcerned the period of the control signal should be shorter than1/960,000 second to avoid severe distortions deduced by spectrumspreading that is a typical feature of beam switching receiver asdescribed in [25][26]. The points to note are that, the number ofdata streams cannot be larger than the number of transmitter an-tenna components and that we need a sufficient number of receiverantenna components. The transmission is further accentuated withthe implementation of beam forming which helps in concentratingthe beam to the beam as explained in the next section.

ii) BEAMFORMINGThis technique uses a method where a beam pattern is formed

that is phased in such a way that it forms a concentrated beam.This method can be used to decrease Signal-Noise Ratio and de-creases path loss [10]. Beamforming antennas have the capabilityto provide a major breakthrough in ad hoc networks. The majorproblematic function of beamforming with a single receiver antennais interchanged with multiple receiver antennas, i.e. multiple direc-tions are considered. That is multiple path of transmission haveto be considered [27][28]. One of the many algorithms such as

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random unitary beamforming (RUB) realizes multiple-user diver-sity gain over MIMO. We can enhance RUB in the terms of theenergy efficiency [29] and thus obtaining the power requirements[30]. An accurate algorithm of radiation pattern beamforming fora massive MIMO active antenna system is faced with many newchallenges [31][32] . It is inferred from Fig. 4 that as ASD in-creases, spectral efficiency is increased in SM and in BF spectralefficiency is decreased[33][34]. Beamforming accented with array isalso a very popular research topic for transmission and reception ofsignals [35][36][37]. Table 2 gives a brief comparative study betweenSM and BF.

Figure 3: Steps for design and fabrication of 5G antenna. (a)Existing DRA array structure, (b)&(c) Proposed advancement for

a DRA array, (d) Microstrip antenna design

2.2 SMALL CELLS

Massive MIMO and dense small cell (DSC) are clustered together toboost the system capacity. Keeping in mind both the performance

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and practical deployment, we recognized that the square array ismore suitable for small cell deployment [40]. By placing furthertransmitters with moderate numbers of antennas at typical open-air hotspot locations would be a good way to improve networkcapacity [41].

2.2.1 Heterogeneous networks using small cell and mas-sive MIMO

A heterogeneous network, also known as HetNet, is a wireless net-work system consisting of nodes with diverse transmission coveragearea and powers [42]. Table 3 efficiently describes the role of HetNetin 5G application and realization.

2.3 FULL DUPLEX

Full duplex (FD) is among the techniques used for improving thescope of 5G spectrum as we observe significant growth in the spec-tral efficiency of an entire link and thus increasing the throughputover the same bandwidth. With incorporation of FD in todays halfduplex transmission, we can observe a significant improvement of upto 116% in session throughput and 77% in packet delay [45]. More-over, the most appropriate range for FD systems can be accom-plished by the use of microwave antennas with very large broadsideand very less orthogonal gains with analog self-interference dissolu-tion methods [46]. The major drawback of FD is of self interferencei.e., FD systems suffer majorly from a leakage of power between thetransmission and reception antennas. The major technique to can-cel self interference is:

• Passive techniques: The idea is the separation of antenna andalso shielding of the reception signals from the transmission signalsat the FD radio. The main objective is the seclusion and shieldingof the reception from transmission [47].

• Active techniques: They operate in both analog/digital fields.The key objective in the analog field is to subdue the self-interferenceat the circuitry-chain of analog receiver prior analog-digital-conversion.With incorporation of sophisticated signal processing schemes, themain objective is to cancel the self-interference in the digital domain[48].

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TABLE 2 COMPARATIVESTUDY BETWEEN BF AND SM

3 Challenges

The primary challenges of present day cellular networks such as:higher data rates, excellent end-to-end performance, user-coveragein hot-spots and crowded areas with lower latency, energy con-sumption, and cost per information transfer are expected to besolved by the evolving 5G cellular wireless networks. By the ex-isting definition, small cell backhaul connections are to be used toforward/receive the end-user (small cell user) information to/fromthe core network [49][50] and to mitigate interferences [51]. Energyefficiency scaling of antennas, backhaul load management, growthof variable data traffics and the trade-offs arising from these con-straints producing large scope of promising future research in 5Gtechnologies.

These challenges have to be addressed. So, 5G systems will im-plement a multi-tier architecture comprising of macrocells, varioustypes of licensed small cells, device-to-device(D2D) and relays net-works to serve users with diverse quality-of service (QoS) require-ments in a spectrum and in an energy-efficient manner [52][53].Some of the prominent requirement for 5G is described in the Fig-ure 4.

TABLE 3 : HetNet TABLE

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Figure 4: Requirement for 5G

4 Conclusion

This article is the result of reviewing many research works to im-prove understanding and gives complete analysis of how to improvethe scope of 5G spectrum and its applications. Many technolo-gies have been emerging and various methods to implement themeffectively are also coming into existence. Many different networkarray structure and technology like massive MIMI, BM, SF, HetNetetc have been analyzed and compared and contrasted to find the

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best possible solution for the emerging 5G technology. One of themany approaches would be to enhance the type of antenna arraysas discussed in the paper. Improving the line of transmission andreception is an indispensable factor. By improving the factors andcoalescing various types of technologies together, the desired resultscan be achieved to expand applications of 5G spectrum.

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Documents

5G Scope of Applications and Development: A Comprehensive ... · 1 INTRODUCTION 5G is the next generation network, that promises to deliver what todays mobile users requires. The