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5G & NET NEUTRALITY
A functional analysis to feed the policy discussion
Pieter Nooren, Bram van den Ende, Iko Keesmaat and Toon Norp
April 16, 2018
THE COMBINATION OF 5G AND NET NEUTRALITY
LEADS TO DEBATE
2 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Digital Single Market
policy – Open Internet
TNO HAS INITIATED A STUDY ON 5G AND NET
NEUTRALITY TO FEED THE POLICY DISCUSSION
3 | 5G & Net Neutrality
?5G technology Regulation and Guidelines
4 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G AIMS TO PROVIDE TAILORED CONNECTIVITY
TO A VARIETY OF APPLICATION AREAS
(source: GSMA, 2017)
IN THIS PRESENTATION
5 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G consolidated
architecture
Rules for net
neutrality
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
5G technology
ingredients
SCOPING AND SOURCES
6 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Scope of study
Factual technical description of:
• mobile connectivity required in emerging
applications and
• the mapping of net neutrality rules to this
connectivity
Out of scope
• Business model and
commercial considerations
(e.g., zero rating)
• Policy recommendations
Sources
• 5G architecture based on 3GPP Release 15 specifications
(5G Phase 1).
• Net Neutrality rules from EU Regulation 2015/2120 and
BEREC Guidelines (August 2016)
• Interviews with experts on use cases and Net Neutrality
policies
7 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G consolidated
architecture
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
5G technology
ingredients
Rules for net
neutrality
8 | 5G & Net Neutrality
MAIN RULES FOR INTERNET ACCESS SERVICE (IAS)
Traffic management
1. “providers of internet access services … shall treat all traffic equally … irrespective of
…the content accessed or distributed, the applications or services used or provided”
2. “The first subparagraph shall not prevent providers of internet access services from
implementing reasonable traffic management measures.”
… such measures shall be transparent, non-discriminatory and proportionate… not be
based on commercial considerations but on objectively different technical quality of
service requirements of specific categories of traffic. …
3. (additional stipulations related to exceptional or temporary network congestion)
NET NEUTRALITY RULES
Sub-internet Services and limited number of reachable end points
“‘internet access service’ means a publicly available electronic communications service
that provides access to the internet, and thereby connectivity to virtually all end points of
the internet, irrespective of the network technology and terminal equipment used.”
MAIN RULES FOR SPECIALISED SERVICES (SPS)
Specialised Services only if optimisation is necessary for specific quality
“Providers … shall be free to offer services other than internet access services which
are optimised for specific content, applications or services, or a combination thereof,
where the optimisation is necessary in order to meet requirements of the content,
applications or services for a specific level of quality.”
and only if they do not replace IAS or degrade the quality of IAS
Providers … may offer or facilitate such services only if the network capacity is sufficient
to provide them in addition to any internet access services provided. Such services shall
not be usable or offered as a replacement for internet access services, and shall not be
to the detriment of the availability or general quality of internet access services for end-
users
NET NEUTRALITY RULES
9 | 5G & Net Neutrality
10 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G consolidated
architecture
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN5G technology
ingredients
Rules for net
neutrality
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
USE CASE: VR IN MEDIA
USE CASES
11 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Low latency and high bandwidth
Potential for large impact on network load in case
of mass market adoption
USE CASE: ITS WITH AUTOMATED DRIVING
12 | 5G & Net Neutrality
USE CASES
Low latency, depending on application
High reliability of connectivity
13 | 5G & Net Neutrality
USE CASES
USE CASE: CRITICAL COMMS IN PUBLIC SAFETY
Extremely high reliability of connectivity
14 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G consolidated
architecture
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN
Rules for net
neutrality
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
5G technology
ingredients
15 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G TECHNOLOGY INGREDIENTS
OVERALL 5G ARCHITECTURE
Internet
(DN)
5G RAN5G core
UE
DN
WiFi
LTE
Data NetworkUser Entity
SLICING GIVES SEPARATED VIRTUAL NETWORKS ON
TOP OF ONE PHYSICAL NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
Internet
(DN)5G RAN 5G core
UE
DN
5G RAN 5G core
5G RAN 5G coreUE
max 8 slices per UE
Capacity per slice:
- Radio
- Processing
- Transport
- Storage
With minimum values
and priorities ordering
above minimum
- Standardised slices (for
interop, roaming)
- Operator-specific slices
16 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G TECHNOLOGY INGREDIENTS
Service Hosting (SH) of
• operator services (e.g. AS1) or
• 3rd party services (e.g. AS2)
LOCAL ACCESS AND/OR SERVICE HOSTING IS
AIMED AT DEMANDING APPLICATIONS
17 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Internet
(DN)
5G RAN
5G core
UE
DN
local central
UPF
AS3 AS4
AS2
AS5
AS6
UPF
Local access: from 5G core via UPF to
• Data Network (DN), or
• Service Hosting Environment (SH)
AS1
SH
For better latency, reliability,
bandwidth savings, …
Internet
(DN)
5G TECHNOLOGY INGREDIENTS
QOS DIFFERENTIATION IN 5G IS SIMILAR TO 4G
5G RAN 5G core
UE
Internet
(DN)
DN
UPF
UE
Bearers (QoS Flows)
share capacity in
mobile cell
Multiple bearers (QoS Flows)
to a single UE
18 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G TECHNOLOGY INGREDIENTS
20 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN
Rules for net
neutrality
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
5G technology
ingredients5G consolidated
architecture
USE CASE: VR IN MEDIA
5G RAN 5G core
Content
Shop/
catalog
VR app
Image
processinglow latency
(~20 ms)internet
internet
ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION OPTION VR#2 –
LOCAL ACCESS TO INTERNET
high bandwidth
(~100 Mbit/s)
low latency
(~20 ms)
21 | 5G & Net Neutrality
22 | 5G & Net Neutrality
USE CASE: VR IN MEDIA
5G RAN 5G core
Shop/
catalog
VR app
Image
processinglow latency
(~20 ms)
internet
high bandwidth
(~100 Mbit/s)
low latency
(~20 ms)
VR slice
5G RAN 5G core
enhanced mobile broadband slice
ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION OPTION VR#5 –
SLICING AND SERVICE HOSTING
Content
Content
5G core
user with device
internet and other
IP Data Networks
5G access
device
ONE MAP THAT CONSOLIDATES ALL ARCHITECTURE
OPTIONS FROM THE USE CASES
slice 4slice 2 slice 3network slice 1
internet
IP networks
24 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Rules for net
neutrality
Use cases with
tailored connectivity
5G technology
ingredients5G consolidated
architecture
Assessment of
alignment of 5G and NN
25 | 5G & Net Neutrality
5G core
user with device
internet and other
IP Data Networks
5G access
device
THE ARCHITECTURE SUPPORTS SERVICES THAT NEED TO
COMPLY WITH THE RULES FOR IAS AND FOR SPS
slice 4slice 2 slice 3network slice 1
internet
IP networks
IAS
(a)
IAS
(b)
SpS
(c)
SpS
(e)
SpS
(d)
26 | 5G & Net Neutrality
IT IS CRUCIAL TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN 5G
TECHNOLOGY AND NET NEUTRALITY CONCEPTS
What matters is how the 5G
technologies and architectures are
used, not the technologies themselves
A slice is not the same as a specialised
service
An IAS is always in a slice if the network
uses 5G slicing
A slice can be used to build an SpS
An IAS and an SpS can be provided through
the same slice
QoS differentiation can be applied inside and
outside an IAS
QoS differentiation can be used within an IAS
QoS differentiation can be used to provide an SpS
(cf VoLTE in 4G/LTE)
27 | 5G & Net Neutrality
IT IS CRUCIAL TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN 5G
TECHNOLOGY AND NET NEUTRALITY CONCEPTS
What matters is how the 5G
technologies and architectures are
used, not the technologies themselves
The rules do not introduce an a priori
ban on any 5G technology ingredient
It is not possible to come to an overall
assessment with a single outcome on the
alignment of 5G technology with net
neutrality rules.
28 | 5G & Net Neutrality
device
WE HAVE MADE A MORE DETAILED INVESTIGATION INTO
NINE TOPICS IN THE ALIGNMENT OF 5G AND NN
slice 4slice 2 slice 3network slice 1
internet
IP networks
IAS
(a)
IAS
(b)
SpS
(c)
SpS
(e)
SpS
(d)
11
1. Multiple IASs with different
traffic management settings
in one network
2
2. QoS differentiation within IAS3
3. Local access to the internet
4
4
4. Public and private services
and associated networks
5
5 5
5. Objective need for
optimisation in SpS
6
6 6
6. Impact of SpS on IASs7
7 7
7. SpS and connections to the
internet
88
8. Connectivity to limited
number of internet end points
9
9. Access control
29 | 5G & Net Neutrality
THE TOPICS ENCOUNTERED IN OUR FURTHER
ANALYSIS ARE OF VARYING COMPLEXITY
30 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Topic Key points identified in analysis Relative regulatory complexity
Multiple IASs with different traffic
management settings
• Interpretation of sender and receiver in Art 3.3 of the Regulation
• Note: assumption needed in remainder of analysis - it is allowed to have multiple IASs
with different traffic management settings for a given end user
low
QoS differentiation within IAS • Applications with multiple different traffic flows
• Transparency through 5QI values or other methods
• Dependency of ISP on other entities for assignment of traffic flows to traffic categories
• Duration of QoS differentiation
medium to high
Local access to the internet • (potentially:) IP interconnection of local networkslow
Public and private services and
associated networks
• Size and scope of predetermined group of end users in private servicelow to medium
Objective need for optimisation in
SpS
• Determination of IAS for benchmark in case of multiple IAS offers
• Variation of IAS performance between geographical regions and operators
• Services comprising multiple traffic flows
high, except if SpS requirements
are clearly much stricter than
achievable over IAS.
Impact of SpS on IASs • Multiple IASs affected by one SpS, within and outside the slice used for the SpS.
• Isolation of the effect of the SpS on IAS from other effects occurring in mobile network
at the same time
• Complexity of network and capacity management in mobile network with many
services and applications in general
high
SpS and connections to the internet • Connectivity to internet from SpS through separate IAS
• Connectivity between different legs between end user device and internetlow
Connectivity to limited number of
internet end points
• Evaluation whether sub-internet service is acceptable for providing connectivity in
specific situations
medium
Access control (no issues if use is restricted to network congestion in emergency situations) low
TOPIC 8. SPS AND CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET
Regulation article 3(5)
“Providers … shall be free to offer services other than internet access services
which are optimised for specific content, applications or services, or a
combination thereof, where the optimisation is necessary in order to meet
requirements of the content, applications or services for a specific level of
quality.”
Guidelines par 110
“Specialised services do not provide connectivity to the internet...”
31 | 5G & Net Neutrality
TOPIC 8. SPS AND CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET
5G RAN 5G core
Shop/
catalog
VR app
Image
processing
internet
VR slice
5G RAN 5G core
enhanced mobile broadband slice
Content
Content
ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION OPTION VR#5
– SLICING AND SERVICE HOSTING
32 | 5G & Net Neutrality
TOPIC 8. SPS AND CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET
Guidelines par 115
“VPNs could qualify as specialised services in accordance
with … the Regulation. However, … to the extent that
corporate services such as VPNs also provide access to the
internet, the provision of such access to the internet by a
provider of electronic communications to the public should
comply with Article 3(1) to (4) of the Regulation.”
Sequence of SpS and IAS seems to be allowed
34 | 5G & Net Neutrality
TOPIC 8. SPS AND CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET
35 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Configuration with two unconnected legs seems to be allowed
Guidelines par 102
“specialised services are not usable or offered as a
replacement for IAS”
Guidelines par 126
“It is of utmost importance that the provisions regarding
specialised services do not serve as a potential
circumvention of the Regulation. Therefore, NRAs
should assess whether a specialised service is a
potential substitute for the IAS …”
THE TOPICS ENCOUNTERED IN OUR FURTHER
ANALYSIS ARE OF VARYING COMPLEXITY
39 | 5G & Net Neutrality
Topic Key points identified in analysis Relative regulatory complexity
Multiple IASs with different traffic
management settings
• Interpretation of sender and receiver in Art 3.3 of the Regulation
• Note: assumption needed in remainder of analysis - it is allowed to have multiple IASs
with different traffic management settings for a given end user
low
QoS differentiation within IAS • Applications with multiple different traffic flows
• Transparency through 5QI values or other methods
• Dependency of ISP on other entities for assignment of traffic flows to traffic categories
• Duration of QoS differentiation
medium to high
Local access to the internet • (potentially:) IP interconnection of local networkslow
Public and private services and
associated networks
• Size and scope of predetermined group of end users in private servicelow to medium
Objective need for optimisation in
SpS
• Determination of IAS for benchmark in case of multiple IAS offers
• Variation of IAS performance between geographical regions and operators
• Services comprising multiple traffic flows
high, except if SpS requirements
are clearly much stricter than
achievable over IAS.
Impact of SpS on IASs • Multiple IASs affected by one SpS, within and outside the slice used for the SpS.
• Isolation of the effect of the SpS on IAS from other effects occurring in mobile network
at the same time
• Complexity of network and capacity management in mobile network with many
services and applications in general
high
SpS and connections to the internet • Connectivity to internet from SpS through separate IAS
• Connectivity between different legs between end user device and internetlow
Connectivity to limited number of
internet end points
• Evaluation whether sub-internet service is acceptable for providing connectivity in
specific situations
medium
Access control (no issues if use is restricted to network congestion in emergency situations) low
CONCLUSIONS
It is not possible to come to an overall assessment
with a single outcome on the alignment of 5G
technology with net neutrality rules.
The technological neutrality of the Regulation
means that there is no a priori ban on any 5G
technology ingredient.
40 | 5G & Net Neutrality
The topics encountered in the assessment of the compliance
have varying complexity.
The impact of Specialised Services on Internet Access
Services and the objective need for optimisation in
Specialised Services are expected to have the highest
complexity.
The topics encountered in the assessment are not exclusively
related to 5G technology
RECOMMENDATIONS
Clearly distinguish between 5G architecture elements on the one hand
and the net neutrality concepts of IAS and SpS on the other
We invite stakeholders to use the consolidated 5G architecture as a foundation for
discussions on the alignment of 5G & net neutrality
1. Determine the specific connectivity demands from use cases
2. Develop the architecture options to support the connectivity in 5G networks
3. Evaluate the compliance of combination of application and architecture
options with net neutrality rules
41 | 5G & Net Neutrality
THE FULL STUDY REPORT
IS AVAILABLE AT TNO.NL
42 | 5G & Net neutrality