5/8/2017 Nebraska Communities Driving - Squarespace Communities Driving ... A summary of the environmental and economic benefits for the participating cities for the ... o Lincoln

April 2017 Report

5/8/2017

Nebraska Community Energy Alliance

Connecting Nebraska Communities Driving America’s Fuel!

April 2017 - Economic, GHG and

Monthly Project Report

Moe Alahmad, Ph.D., P.E. UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN

April 2017 Report

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This report provides the following documents:

Project Executive Summary

Economic Savings Data for the Transportation Sector in

Nebraska.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Data for the Transportation

Sector in Nebraska.

Economic and Environmental Monthly Project Report - April

2017

Contact Information

NCEA: Anne McCollister, Director

Nebraska Community Energy Alliance

700 South 16th Street, LL

Lincoln, NE 68508

402-613-9566 | [email protected] | www.necommunity.energy

tel:(402)%20613-9566

mailto:[email protected]

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Executive Summary The mission of the Nebraska Community Energy Alliance (NCEA) is to build and promote advanced

technologies for housing and transportation that save energy, reduce CO2 pollution and cut costs.

(http://www.necommunity.energy/mission/). NCEA believes that demonstrating these technical advances at the local level is the best way to accelerate

the market in Nebraska. By demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits of advanced

technologies locally, such as electric vehicles and smart charging, both the mission of NCEA and the

mission of its funder, the Nebraska Environmental Trust (NET) are being served, which is “to conserve,

enhance and restore the natural environments of Nebraska.”

(http://www.environmentaltrust.org/about/index.html).

NCEA is in the second quarter of the second phase of building a statewide refueling infrastructure for

electrified transportation through the award of its second grant from the NET. When completed, a total of

24 electric vehicles (EVs), nine compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) and 35 ChargePoint™ networked

charging stations will be deployed across Nebraska in NCEA’s member communities and organizations.

In collaboration with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, data from the EVs, CNGs, and the

ChargePoint™ charging stations is being collected, processed, and analyzed to document the

environmental and economic benefits of these two advanced fuel vehicles. A detailed data analysis can be

found at the project’s main website here: http://engineering.unl.edu/e-vehicle/).

In promoting advanced fuel vehicles and networked charging infrastructure, the team is involved in

educational initiatives that include attending, speaking, and participating in all dedication events and the

development of activities to promote this technology throughout Nebraska.

Total Savings Summary In April 2017, the total environmental savings is a reduction of 4.424 tons (8,848.68 lbs.) of CO2,

223.707 lbs. of CO, 12.78 lbs. of NOx, 0.907 lbs. of CH4, and 4.96 lbs. of VOC. The total economic

savings is $1,133.56.

The total environmental and economic savings since the implementation of the first NET grant cycle and

the start of data collection in November 2014 is approximately 77.02 tons of CO2 (154,039.73 lbs.), 3,465.22 lbs. of CO, 207.63 lbs. of NOx, 14.71 lbs. of CH4, and 82.33 lbs. of VOC. The total

economic savings is $19,036.17.

A summary of the environmental and economic benefits for the participating cities for the duration of the

project thus far (from November 2014 to April 2017) is shown in Table A. The amount saved per city

depends on the number of EVs, CNGs, charging stations, and activation dates. Cities with “0” savings

indicate that their EVs, CNGs and/or ChargePoints™ are not purchased, installed or activated/in use yet.

Regardless of the time frame, the environmental and economic benefits for each community and the

overall benefits for the state of Nebraska highlight the impact this project is having on improving our own

environmental and economic well-being.

http://www.necommunity.energy/mission/

http://www.environmentaltrust.org/about/index.html

http://engineering.unl.edu/e-vehicle/

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TABLE A. Economic and Environmental Benefits for the Cities Participating in this Project

Participating

Cities

Economic

Benefits

Environmental Benefits (Emission Reductions) (lbs.)

CO2 CO SO2 NOx CH4 VOC

Allen

Consolidated

Schools

$1,012.40 8,713.45 218.521 8.143 12.494 0.8916 4.84965

Ashland $37.69 334.42 8.3859 0.2763 0.4791 0.0312 0.18281

Bellevue $1,647.21 14,963.86 375.26 13.573 21.4 1.51 8.32393

Central city $80.52 781.5 18.0 0.593 1.0 0.038 0.399

Dakota County $188.64 1,612.49 40.203 1.5066 2.3117 0.1645 0.89752

Ferguson

House, Lincoln

office of NCEA

$420.67 3,645.3 91.4129 3.4059 5.2243 0.3724 2.02818

Gothenburg $615.64 5,801.59 145.478 4.813 8.313 0.5922 3.228

Gretna $362.76 3,268.58 85.2041 2.8134 4.7294 0.3361 1.89001

Hastings $17.94 150.09 3.7649 0.12387 0.21453 0.01532 0.08353

Holdrege $60.09 500.59 13.0537 0.43085 0.74327 0.05344 0.28897

Kearney $553.22 4,708.71 118.0854 3.9063 6.5626 0.45094 2.62083

LES $1,298.86 10,517.16 274.1551 9.505 15.2563 1.08791 6.91007

Lexington $655.13 5,399.66 140.7566 4.6377 8.0497 0.57231 3.12288

Lincoln $569.62 4,543.3 114.3293 3.8079 6.5387 0.46493 2.53729

Nebraska City $3,190.25 22,715.25 416.601 16.028 23.6516 1.67993 9.16235

OPPD $2,875.52 25,046.52 628.487 23.248 35.7856 2.5521 14.45601

Seward $1,135.95 9,020.08 235.1287 7.7546 13.4322 0.9497 5.21776

South Sioux

city $3,088.64 26,438.9 702.2103 23.1605 40.037 2.84773 15.58839

Valley $94.46 897.26 22.5081 0.1575 1.3752 0.10336 0.53771

Wayne $1,130.96 4,981.025 0.556 0.535 0.032 0.0023 0.01240

Total $18,921.17 154,039.735 3,652.101 (128.419) 207.6302 14.71597 82.33729

() Indicates no savings

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TABLE OF CONTENT

I. Economic Benefit Analysis for Nebraska’s Alternative Fuel Vehicles

5

II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for the Transportation Sector in Nebraska

9

III. Economic and Environmental Monthly Project Report – April 2017

15

1. Allen School 21

2. Ashland 24

3. Bellevue 31

4. Central City 34

5. Dakota County 37

6. Ferguson House Station 40

7. Gothenburg

8. Gretna

9. Hastings

43

44

47

10. City of Holdrege 50

11. Kearney 53

12. LES 56

13. Lexington 59

14. Lincoln 62

15. Nebraska City 65

16. OPPD 73

17. Seward 80

18. South Sioux City 83

19. Valley 86

20. Wayne 89

Appendix - Detailed GHG Calculations 94

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ECONOMIC BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR

NEBRASKA’S ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLEs

Introduction

In this economic analysis, we look at five types of alternative fuel vehicles:

- CV – Conventional vehicles (Internal combustion Engine (ICE) Cars) running on

gasoline fuel

- DV – Cars (Internal combustion Engine (ICE) Cars) running on Diesel fuel

- CNG – Trucks running on Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel

- BEV – Battery electric vehicles (all electric) running a 100% on Electricity fuel

- HEV – Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles (combination of electricity and gasoline fuel

1- Economic benefits due to fuel type price differences

Data calculations are based on the following average prices and assumptions:

Gas price of $2.43 per gallon (based on 2015 average [1]).

Diesel price of $2.71 per gallon (based on 2015 average [1]).

CNG price of $1.97 per gallon based on average CNG price by state. [2]

Hybrid electric vehicles calculations are based on the vehicle using electricity only [3].

Electricity price is dependent on the utility serving the cities in the study: there are four

companies that supply power for the cities in this study, each with their own energy makeup

and pricing:

o Omaha Public Power District (OPPD)

o Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)

o Northeast Nebraska Public Power District (NeNPPD)

o Lincoln Electric System (LES)

The participating cities are shown in Table I with their service provider and the price per kilowatt.

The price per kilowatt is based on the average commercial rate for each city provided by Electricity

Local [4]. NeNPPD delivers power to Allen, Dakota County, and Wayne over NeNPPD

transmission lines, but the electricity is generated by NPPD [5].

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Table I. Participating Cities and their electric rates bases on the service provider.

Participating communities

Provider

Price per kWh ($)

Allen Consolidated Schools NeNPPD 0.066

Ashland OPPD (retail) 0.094

Bellevue OPPD (retail) 0.094

Central City NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.102

Dakota County NeNPPD 0.066

Ferguson House (Lincoln) LES 0.0706

Gothenburg NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.081

Gretna OPPD (retail) 0.094

Hastings Provides own service 0.076

Holdrege NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.092

Kearney NPPD (retail) 0.0889

Lexington NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.0939

Lincoln LES 0.0706

Nebraska City Provides own service 0.1084

OPPD OPPD 0.084

Seward NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.0935

South Sioux City NPPD (wholesale power supply) 0.0855

Valley OPPD 0.094

Wayne NeNPPD 0.0635

Table II shows the costs for driving one mile for each fuel type. The cost of fuel for a BEV is

based on the price per kWh for OPPD, NPPD, NeNPPD, and LES calculated by averaging the

data shown in Table I. Hastings and Nebraska City are not included in this calculation as these

cities provide their own power. HEV is not shown in Table II since it has the same analysis as

the BEV.

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Table II. Cost for driving one mile.

CV DV CNG

BEV

OPPD NPPD NeNPPD LES

Cost of “Fuel” $2.43 per

gallon

$2.71 per

gallon

$1.97 per

gallon

$0.092 per

kWh

$0.091 per

kWh

$0.065 per

kWh

$0.0706 per

kWh

Fuel Efficiency 21.6 miles

per gallon

35 miles

per gallon

31 miles per

gallon

3.4 miles

per kWh

3.4 miles

per kWh

3.4 miles per

kWh

3.4 miles per

kWh

Cost per mile $0.11 $0.08 $0.06 $0.027 $0.0267 $0.019 $0.0208

Table III shows the cost savings for alternative fuel vehicles when compared with the conventional

vehicle (CV). The calculations shown are for driving one mile and then for driving an average of

12,000 miles (one year).

Table III. Cost savings for Alternative fuel vehicles when compared to CV.

CV DV CNG BEV


Cost per mile $0.11 $0.08 $0.06 $0.027 $0.0267 $0.019 $0.0208

Savings over CV per mile -------- $0.03 $0.05 $0.083

$0.0833

$0.091 $0.0892

Estimated savings over CV

per year -------- $360 $600 $996 $999.60 $1,092 $1,070.40

Table IV shows the cost savings for driving BEV with varying gas prices. In this analysis, the price of

gasoline varies from $1.50 to $3.00 in 50 cent increments. Table IV also shows the savings with the

actual price of gas when the project was initially deployed in the summer of 2014. The calculations

for the BEV prices are based on an average kWh price for OPPD, NPPD, NeNPPD and LES

($0.0234/kWh)

Table IV. Cost savings for driving BEV with varying gas prices.

Cost of Gasoline $/Gallon $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.61 (Summer 2014)

Savings over CV per mile 4.6 cents 6.9 cents 9.3 cents 11.6 cents 14.4 cents

Savings over CV per year

(12,000 miles) $552 $828 $1,116 $1,392 $1,728

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2- Economic benefits due to other factors effecting each fuel type

In addition to the fuel savings, additional cost savings for BEVs are attributed to car maintenance

requirements. Table V shows the average maintenance cost for each type of car and calculates the

yearly savings for the DV and BEV over the CV.

Table V. Cost savings calculations for DV and BEV due to maintenance and other savings. [6-8]

CV DV BEV*

Cost per mile $0.0511 $0.043 $0.033

Cost per year $613.2 $516 $396

Savings over CV per year -------- $97.2 $217.2

*BEV’s annual maintenance are estimated to be 35% less than the maintenance requirement for CVs [9].

3- Total economic benefits

Table VI shows the average combined fuel and maintenance cost savings for BEV in Nebraska.

Table VI. Total economic savings for DV and BEV over the CV.

CV DV

BEV


Cost per mile $0.1611 $0.123 0.06 0.0597 0.052 0.0538

Savings over

CV per mile

--------

$0.0381 0.1011 0.1014 0.1091 0.1073

Estimated

savings over

CV per year

--------

$457.2 $1,213.2 $1,216.8 $1,309.2 $1,287.6

References

[1] https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/prices.cfm

[2] http://www.cngnow.com/average-cng-prices/pages/default.aspx

[3] https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-PHEV-label.shtml

[4] http://www.electricitylocal.com/states/nebraska/

[5] http://www.nnppd.com/about_us/profile/

[6] https://www.les.com/residential/rates/rate-schedules

[7] http://exchange.aaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Your-Driving-Costs-2015.pdf

[8] http://www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0501.pdf

[9] https://www.fpl.com/environment/pdf/get-charged-up.pdf

https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/prices.cfm

http://www.cngnow.com/average-cng-prices/pages/default.aspx

https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-PHEV-label.shtml

http://www.electricitylocal.com/states/nebraska/

http://www.nnppd.com/about_us/profile/

https://www.les.com/residential/rates/rate-schedules

http://exchange.aaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Your-Driving-Costs-2015.pdf

https://www.fpl.com/environment/pdf/get-charged-up.pdf

April 2017 Report

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for the Transportation Sector in

Nebraska

I- Introduction This report provides Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG) data on the following transportation vehicles:

CV: Vehicles that use gasoline (Conventional Vehicles)

DV: Vehicles that use Diesel (Diesel Vehicles)

CNG: Vehicles that use Compressed Natural Gas

BEV: Vehicles that use electricity (Battery Electric Vehicles)

With respect to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the calculations are based on how the electricity is

generated (what primary energy sources are used in this production and their percentages). This report

looks at the following utility companies in Nebraska:

Omaha Public Power District (OPPD)

Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)

Lincoln Electric System (LES)

The report looks into current and future primary energy sources in use and/or proposed for the generation

of electricity by each utility. This information has been obtained from public published information or

directly from the utility company via personal contacts.

The report is structures as follows: Section II provides a summary of the GHG emissions for each

transportation type along with BEV GHG emission for each of the three utilities; Section III provides a

definition of the GHG types used in this document and; Section IV provides detailed calculations on how

the GHG emission are calculated. References for data used are provides at the end of this report.

II- GHG Emissions Summary The following sections provide a general description for each utility company and a summary of the

greenhouse gas emissions.

a. Omaha Public Power District (OPPD)

Omaha Public Power District is a publicly owned electric utility that serves a population of 799,000 people,

more than any other electric utility in the state. While its headquarters is located in Omaha, Neb., OPPD

has several other locations in its 13-county, 5,000-square-mile service area in southeast Nebraska. The

majority of OPPD’s power comes from three baseload power facilities: North Omaha Station and Nebraska

City Station, both coal-fired, and Fort Calhoun Station, a nuclear power unit. The tables below do not take

into account the recent plans to shut down the Fort Calhoun Station. Instead it uses published data for their

2018 and 2033 vision as the base for the calculations. Table I and II provide a summary of GHG emissions

for each vehicle type based on the primary energy source used for one mile and for one year.

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TABLE I. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (grams per mile) for OPPD utility company

Emissions

(grams per mile)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

OPPD 2015 (10% renewable)

OPPD 2018 Plan (33% renewable)

OPPD 2033 Plan (32% renewable)

CO2 Equiv. 415 377 334 180 88 85

CO2 411 377 311 179 88 85

CO 9.4 0.3001 17.75 0.067 0.03 0.06298

CH4 (Methane) 0.013 0.001 0.48 0.002 0.001 0.001

N2O 0.012 0.001 0.0375 0.003 0.0013 0.0006

NOx 0.252 0.451 0.29 0.159 0.077 0.065

SO2 0.012 0.009 0.0016 0.37 0.17 0.08

VOC 0.2096 0.1610 0.237 0.0031 0.0015 0.0021

TABLE II. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in lbs. for one year using an average driving distance of 12,000

miles. (1 lb = 453.592 g)

Emissions per year

(lbs.)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

OPPD 2015

(10% Renewable)

OPPD 2018 Plan

(33% renewable)

OPPD 2033 Plan

(32% Renewable )

CO2 Equiv. 10,979 9,973 8,836 4,752 2,332 2,249

CO2 10,873 9,973 8,227 4,726 2,323 2,244

CO 248.7 7.94 469.6 1.77 0.79 1.66

CH4 (Methane) 0.343 0.026 12.7 0.053 0.026 0.026

N2O 0.317 0.026 0.99 0.079 0.034 0.016

NOx 6.65 11.9 7.66 4.20 2.03 1.72

SO2 0.317 0.238 0.042 9.77 4.49 2.11

VOC 5.55 4.26 6.27 0.082 0.040 0.056

b. Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD)

NPPD’s revenue is mainly derived from wholesale power supply agreements with 46 towns and 25 rural

public power districts and rural cooperatives who rely totally or partially on NPPD’s electrical system.

NPPD also serves about 80 communities at the retail level. Over 5,200 miles of transmission lines make

up the NPPD electrical grid system, which delivers power to about 600,000 Nebraskans.

Table III and Table IV provide a summary of GHG emissions for each vehicle type based on the primary

energy source used in each vehicle type for one mile and for one year.

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TABLE III. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors (grams per mile) for NPPD utility company Emissions

(grams per mile)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

NPPD 2015 (12% Renewable)

CO2 Equiv. 415 377 334 132

CO2 411 377 311 131

CO 9.4 0.3001 17.75 0.0465

CH4 (Methane) 0.013 0.001 0.48 0.001

N2O 0.012 0.001 0.0375 0.002

NOx 0.252 0.451 0.29 0.145

SO2 0.012 0.009 0.0016 0.330

VOC 0.2096 0.1610 0.237 0.0021

TABLE IV. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in lbs. for one year using an average driving distance of 12,000

miles. (1 lb. = 453.592 g).

Emissions per

year (lbs.)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

NPPD 2015 (12% Renewable)

CO2 Equiv. 10,979 9,973 8,836 3,485

CO2 10,873 9,973 8,227 3,458

CO 248.7 7.94 469.6 1.23

CH4 (Methane) 0.343 0.026 12.7 0.026

N2O 0.317 0.026 0.99 0.053

NOx 6.65 11.9 7.66 3.83

SO2 0.317 0.238 0.042 8.71

VOC 5.55 4.26 6.27 0.056

c. Lincoln Electric System (LES)

LES services approximately 200 square miles within Lancaster County in Nebraska, comprising the cities

of Lincoln, Prairie Home, Waverly, Walton, Cheney, and Emerald. Approximately 118,518 residential

customers and 16,649 commercial and industrial customers.

Table V and Table VI provide a summary of GHG emissions for each vehicle type based on the primary

energy source used in each vehicle type for one mile and for one year.

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TABLE V. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factors (grams per mile) for LES utility company

Emissions

(grams per mile)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

LES 2015

(17% Renewable)

LES 2016

(47.1% Renewable)

CO2 Equiv. 415 377 334 241 121.68

CO2 411 377 311 241 121.29

CO 9.4 0.3001 17.75 0.0845 0.0373

CH4 (Methane) 0.013 0.001 0.48 0.0027 0.0017

N2O 0.012 0.001 0.0375 0.0038 0.0013

NOx 0.252 0.451 0.29 0.27 0.2

SO2 0.012 0.009 0.0016 0.61 0.107

VOC 0.2096 0.1610 0.237 0.0042 0.0032

TABLE VI. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in lbs. for one year using an average driving distance of 12,000

miles. (1 lb. = 453.592 g)

Emissions

per year (lbs.)

CV

DV

CNG

BEV

LES 2015

(17% Renewable)

LES 2016

(47.1% Renewable)

CO2 Equiv. 10,979 9,973 8,836 6,376 3219.1

CO2 10,873 9,973 8,227 6,376 3208.78

CO 248.7 7.94 469.6 2.24 0.986

CH4 (Methane) 0.343 0.026 12.7 0.071 0.0441

N2O 0.317 0.026 0.99 0.101 0.0343

NOx 6.65 11.9 7.66 7.14 5.291

SO2 0.317 0.238 0.042 16.14 2.83

VOC 5.55 4.26 6.27 0.111 0.085

III- Greenhous Gas Definitions A greenhouse gas is a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by infrared radiation produced by solar

warming of the earth’s surface. The following information provides a definition of each type of GHG

emission and detailed analysis of how these GHG emissions are calculated along with supporting

references.

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2 Equiv.) The CO2 equivalent gives a total emissions factor for the three most common greenhouse gasses, CO2,

CH4, and N2O. Each of the three gasses is multiplied by its global warming potential (GWP) shown

below which accounts for the potency of each gas [1]. For example, CH4 has a GWP of 28 which means

that one gram of CH4 has the same effect on the climate as 28 grams of CO2. The 100-year time is the

period in which the GWP is measured. Certain gasses are more harmful in the short term or in the long

term so the 100-year value is usually used as a good average. The equation below shows the formula for

calculating CO2 equivalent emissions.

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100-year GWP value

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1

Methane (CH4) 28

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 265

CO2 Equivalent = 1*CO2 emissions + 28*CH4 emissions + 265*N2O emissions

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas and makes up 76% of all GHG emissions. The

majority of CO2 emissions come directly from electricity generation, transportation, and industry while a

smaller fraction comes indirectly from deforestation, increased agriculture, and other activities that reduce

the amount of natural land.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a very weak direct greenhouse gas, but has important indirect effects on global

warming. CO reacts with hydroxyl (OH) radicals in the atmosphere, reducing their abundance.

Methane (CH4) Methane is the second most common greenhouse gas at 16% and is also the main component of natural

gas. When released into the atmosphere it reacts to form CH3 and water vapor which is the most potent of

greenhouse gasses. Methane is far worse in the short term with a 20 year GWP of 84. The long term GWP

of methane is 28.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Nitrous oxide is the third most common greenhouse gas at 6% of all GHG emissions. N2O reacts with the

air to produce nitric oxide (NO) which then reacts with the ozone layer. N2O is extremely potent and has

a GWP factor 265 times that of CO2.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Exposure to sulfur dioxide can have significant impacts to the human respiratory system. Short term

exposure to SO2 can make breathing difficult and the effect is worse for children, the elderly, and those

with asthma. SO2 also contributes to formation of acid rain.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Nitrogen oxides can also cause breathing problems for healthy people and especially for those with

asthma. The EPA measured that NOx concentrations inside vehicles can be 2-3 times higher than at

locations away from roadways. Nitrogen oxides also react in the air to produce smog and acid rain.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Volatile organic compounds cause many problems as indoor and outdoor air pollutants. Outdoor VOC

emissions can create photochemical smog. VOCs are any compound of carbon, not including carbon

dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides, and ammonium carbonate [23].

April 2017 Report

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See Appendix for detailed calculation related to Tables I-VI

April 2017 Report

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Economic and Environmental Monthly Project Report

April 2017 I- Introduction

The Nebraska Community Energy Alliance (NCEA) was founded in June 2014 as an inter-local

cooperative agency. Today it has 25 members that span the entire state of Nebraska. Figure 1 shows

these members and their location across the state.

Figure 1. Nebraska map showing the 24 NCEA members.

The mission of the Nebraska Community Energy Alliance (NCEA) as it is stated on its website,

(http://www.necommunity.energy/mission/), is to build and promote advanced technologies for housing

and transportation that save energy, reduce CO2 pollution and cut costs. This mission is clearly

articulated by Mr. Lance Hedquist, city administrator for South Sioux City and a founder of NCEA,

"Communities have a choice to simply exist or to lead. Our projects demonstrate leadership and help

motivate and excite our citizens."

NCEA believes demonstrating the economic and air quality benefits of advanced fuel vehicles at the local

level is the best way to accelerate the market in Nebraska. This mission is being realized using grant

funding from the Nebraska Environmental Trust (NET) and its own mission “to conserve, enhance and

restore the natural environments of Nebraska.” (http://www.environmentaltrust.org/about/index.html).

NCEA is in the process of implementing its second NET grant cycle. When completed, a total of 24

Electric Vehicles (EVs), nine Compressed Natural Gas vehicles (CNGs) and 35 ChargePoint™ charging

stations will be deployed across communities in Nebraska. Table 1 shows the participating cities and

their involvement. Figure 2 shows a map of Nebraska and the location and level of involvement in terms

of deployment of advanced fuel vehicles (AFVs) and networked charging infrastructure.

In collaboration with the Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Constructions (DSAEC) at the

University of Nebraska-Lincoln, data is being collected, processed and analyzed from the AFVs through

networked charging stations to document the environmental and economic benefits of AFVs. In addition

to data from the charging stations installed per this project, data is also being collected from previously

installed charging stations at NCEA member locations. Specifically, additional data from LES, Nebraska

City and OPPD charging stations are included in this report. A detailed data analysis can be found at the

project’s main website (http://engineering.unl.edu/e-vehicle/). In addition to data analysis, the team is

http://www.necommunity.energy/mission/

http://www.environmentaltrust.org/about/index.html

http://engineering.unl.edu/e-vehicle/

April 2017 Report

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involved in educational initiatives to promote AFVs and charging infrastructure. Activities include

attending, speaking and participating in all dedication events and the development of workshops and a

statewide public event to promote this technology throughout Nebraska.

The remainder of the report provides detailed information on the data analysis for each city/community

involved in this project.

Table 1. Participating Cities and their involvement in the NCEA-NET Grants.

Participating communities Electric Vehicle CNG Vehicles Charging Station

Allen Consolidated Schools 1 0 1

Ashland 0 0 2

Bellevue 2 0 2

Central City 1 0 1

Dakota County 1 0 1

Ferguson House (Lincoln) 0 0 1

Gothenburg 1 0 0

Gretna 1 0 2

Hastings 1 0 1

Holdrege 0 0 1

Kearney 1 0 1

Lexington 2 0 2

Lincoln 0 0 10

Nebraska City 1 3 2

OPPD 4 0 2

Seward 2 0 2

South Sioux City 4 2 3

Valley 1 0 1

Wayne 1 4 0

Total 24 9 35

April 2017 Report

17

Figure 2. Participating communities in the deployment of AFVs and EV smart charging infrastructure.

II- Detailed Data Analysis

Data calculations and analysis for the month of April, and since the start of data collection in November

2014, for each participating city is detailed in this section. A summary of the environmental and economic

benefits for the month of April is shown in Table 2 and for the duration of the project thus far is shown in

the Table 3 below. The difference in the amount saved per city is due to the number of EVs, CNGs,

charging stations and activation dates. Cities with “0” savings indicate that their EVs, CNGs and/or

networked charging stations are not purchased, installed or activated/in use yet. In addition, the report

provides data from existing charging stations installed prior to NCEA grants for LES, Nebraska city and

OPPD. The information is summarized in the table and detailed in the respective city information.

Regardless of the time frame, the environmental and economic benefits for each community and the

overall benefits for the state of Nebraska highlight the impact this project is having on improving our own

environment and economic wellbeing.

April 2017 Report

18

TABLE 2. Economic and Environmental Benefits for the month of April for EV calculation only

Participating

Cities

Economic

Benefits



Allen

Consolidated

Schools

$128.45 1,046.91 26.256 0.978 1.501 0.1068 0.5823

Ashland $18.44 162.73 4.081 0.1344 0.233 0.0136 0.08728

*Bellevue $161.31 1,468.86 36.83 1.37 2.1 0.15 0.81693

**Central city $0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dakota County $23.03 188.49 4.727 0.1761 0.27 0.0192 0.10492

Ferguson

House, Lincoln

office of NCEA

$74.49 591.84 14.84 0.553 0.849 0.06 0.32943

Gothenburg $0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Gretna $41.62 354.44 9.24 0.3047 0.528 0.038 0.20506

Hastings $0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0

Holdrege $1.86 15.44 0.403 0.0133 0.023 0.00162 0.00894

Kearney $63.66 520.66 13.058 0.4306 0.7466 0.05313 0.28981

LES $16.98 133.81 3.356 0.1106 0.1918 0.01366 0.07449

Lexington $8.27 70.61 1.841 0.0607 0.1052 0.00749 0.04085

Lincoln $149.77 1,194.08 29.946 0.9875 1.7122 0.12183 0.66465

Nebraska City $56.14 489.3 12.271 0.458 0.7016 0.04993 0.27235

OPPD $139.52 1,196.51 30.007 1.118 1.7156 0.1221 0.66601

Seward $8.12 68.81 1.794 0.059 0.1025 0.0073 0.03981

South Sioux

city $158.00 1,312 34.198 1.128 1.955 0.13913 0.75902

Valley $3.90 34.25 0.859 0.032 0.049 0.00349 0.01906

***Wayne $0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total $1,053.56 8,848.68 223.707 (7.9139) 12.7835 0.90728 4.96091


* The electrical car mileage is provided for (Dec30 –Apr13) 2017

**The charging infrastructure for this city still needs to be installed.

***The EV is still in storage for this city until the title is obtained.

April 2017 Report

19

TABLE 3. Economic and Environmental Benefits for the cities participating in this project

Participating

Cities

Economic

Benefits



Allen

Consolidated

Schools

$1,012.40 8,713.45 218.521 8.143 12.494 0.8916 4.84965

Ashland $37.69 334.42 8.3859 0.2763 0.4791 0.0312 0.18281

Bellevue $1,647.21 14,963.86 375.26 13.573 21.4 1.51 8.32393

Central city $80.52 781.5 18.0 0.593 1.0 0.038 0.399

Dakota County $188.64 1,612.49 40.203 1.5066 2.3117 0.1645 0.89752

Ferguson

House, Lincoln

office of NCEA

$420.67 3,645.3 91.4129 3.4059 5.2243 0.3724 2.02818

Gothenburg $615.64 5,801.59 145.478 4.813 8.313 0.5922 3.228

Gretna $362.76 3,268.58 85.2041 2.8134 4.7294 0.3361 1.89001

Hastings $17.94 150.09 3.7649 0.12387 0.21453 0.01532 0.08353

Holdrege $60.09 500.59 13.0537 0.43085 0.74327 0.05344 0.28897

Kearney $553.22 4,708.71 118.0854 3.9063 6.5626 0.45094 2.62083

LES $1,298.86 10,517.16 274.1551 9.505 15.2563 1.08791 6.91007

Lexington $655.13 5,399.66 140.7566 4.6377 8.0497 0.57231 3.12288

Lincoln $569.62 4,543.3 114.3293 3.8079 6.5387 0.46493 2.53729

Nebraska City $3,190.25 22,715.25 416.601 16.028 23.6516 1.67993 9.16235

OPPD $2,875.52 25,046.52 628.487 23.248 35.7856 2.5521 14.45601

Seward $1,055.95 9,020.08 235.1287 7.7546 13.4322 0.9497 5.21776

South Sioux

city $3,088.64 26,438.9 702.2103 23.1605 40.037 2.84773 15.58839

Valley $94.46 897.26 22.5081 0.1575 1.3752 0.10336 0.53771

Wayne $1,130.96 4,981.025 0.556 0.535 0.032 0.0023 0.01240

Total $18,956.17 154,039.735 3,652.101 (128.419) 207.6302 14.71597 82.33729


April 2017 Report

20

Impact of Individual Cities In the tables and graphs that follow, the cost of miles driven using a comparable gasoline-powered vehicle

(CV) is provided. Then, the cost of miles driven using the AFVs are provided. The economic savings

comparison is then provided. In addition to miles driven, maintenance costs and savings that include oil

and filter changes for the CV and battery replacement costs for the EVs are provided in the Other Cost

Savings information. Similar calculations and analysis are provided for the GHG emissions and

reductions.

In the graphs that follow, blue bars on graphs show daily energy usage and GHG savings while the green

line shows cumulative usage. For this report, we are using the kWh data from ChargePoint™ to calculate

the economic and environmental savings, accounting for the energy feedstock mix of each of the power

generation districts in Nebraska.

April 2017 Report

21

Allen Consolidated Schools

Economic saving data (Fuel & Maintenance cost savings):

This Month (April) All Time

Miles driven 1,275.08 Miles 10,475.28 Miles

Energy consumed 375.02 kWh 3,081.02 kWh

Fuel cost Savings:

Usage Cost Using CV

(Gas) $137.01 $1,082

Usage Cost Using EV

(Electricity) $24.75 $202.8

Total Fuel Savings $112.26 $879.2

Other Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $63.37 $519.21

EV Costs $47.17 $386.53

Total Other Cost Savings $16.19 $132.68

Overall Economic Savings $128.45 $1,012

AFV: One Chevy Volt Car Charging stations: One Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.313/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.066

April 2017 Report

22

Environmental saving data (reduction in Emissions):




CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1,155.22 9,614.92

EV (Electricity) 108.31 901.47

Overall Emission

Reductions 1,046.91

8,713.45

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 26.424 219.924


Overall Emission

Reductions 26.256

218.521

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.062 0.5157


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.978

8.143

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1.948 16.211


Overall Emission

Reductions 1.501

12.494

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.1124 0.9346


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1068

0.8916

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.5892 4.9038


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.5823

4.84965

April 2017 Report

23

Energy Consumption Data

April 2017

GHG Emission Reduction Data

April 2017

April 2017 Report

24

Ashland

Total Economic saving data (Fuel & Maintenance cost savings):


Miles driven 99.09 Miles 308.20 Miles

Energy consumed 29.14 kWh 90.66 kWh

Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $10.7 $33.08

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity) $2.73 $8.52

Total Fuel

Savings $7.964 $24.56

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $4.92 $15.31

EV Costs $3.66 $11.4

Total Other Cost

Savings $1.25 $3.91

Overall Economic Savings $9.22 $28.47

AFV: AFV: 0 Cars Charging stations: One Level-2 station & One Fast DC charging

station Average monthly gas price: $2.31/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.094

April 2017 Report

25

Total environmental saving data (reduction in Emissions):




CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 89.78 279.23


Overall Emission

Reductions 81.36

253.05

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 2.053 6.3855


Overall Emission

Reductions 2.04

6.3449

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0048 0.0149


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0672

0.2091

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.151 0.4704


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.117

0.3631

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0087 0.0271


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0083

0.0259

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0457 0.14231


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0452

0.14073

April 2017 Report

26


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

27

Ashland (Fast DC charging):



Miles driven 74.84 Miles 217.94 kWh

Energy consumed 22 kWh 64.1 kWh

Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $8.07 $23.42

Usage Cost Using


Total Fuel

Savings $6 $17.4

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $3.71 $10.83

EV Costs $2.76 $8.06

Total Other Cost

Savings $0.95 $2.77


April 2017 Report

28



Miles driven 74.84 Miles 217.94 kWh


CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 67.81 197.47


Overall Emission

Reductions 61.46 178.96

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1.551 4.5129


Overall Emission


SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0036 0.0107


Overall Emission


NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.114 0.3324


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0066 0.0190


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.034 0.10005


Overall Emission


April 2017 Report

29

Ashland (One Level-2 station):





Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $2.63 $9.67

Usage Cost Using


Total Fuel

Savings $1.96 $7.166

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $1.2 $4.49

EV Costs $0.89 $3.34

Total Other Cost

Savings $0.31 $1.15


April 2017 Report

30





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 21.97 151.63


Overall Emission

Reductions 19.91

137.41

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.502 3.4639


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.499

3.44200

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0012 0.0083


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0164

0.11318

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.037 0.2554


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.028

0.1961

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0021 0.0145


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.002

0.0139

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0112 0.07725


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.01108

0.07639

April 2017 Report

31

Bellevue



Miles driven 1,789 Miles 18,225.1 Miles


Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $188.05 $1,919.36

Usage Cost Using EV

(Electricity) $49.46 $503.87

Total Fuel Savings $138.59 $1,415.49

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $88.91 $905.78

EV Costs $66.19 $674.33

Total Other Cost

Savings $22.72 $231.45

Overall Economic Savings $161.31 $1,646.94

AFV: Two Nissan Leaf Cars Charging stations: Two Level-2 stations Average monthly gas price: $2.313/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.094

April 2017 Report

32



Miles driven 1,789 Miles 18,225.1 Miles


CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1,620.81 16,511.97

EV (Electricity) 151.95 1,548.1

Overall Emission

Reductions 1,468.86 14,963.87

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 37.074 377.69


Overall Emission


SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.09 0.88


Overall Emission


NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 2.73 27.84


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.16 1.61


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.826 8.42


Overall Emission


April 2017 Report

33


April 2017


April 2017

(Data was provided from actual mileage data from the electrical car)

April 2017 Report

34

Central City



Miles driven 0 Miles 874 Miles

Energy consumed 0 kWh 257 kWh

Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using CV

(Gas) $0 $95.42

Usage Cost Using EV

(Electricity) $0 $26

Total Fuel Savings $0 $ 69.42

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0 $43.45

EV Costs $0 $32.35

Total Other Cost

Savings $0 $ 11.1

Overall Economic Savings $0 $ 80.52

AFV: One Nissan Leaf Car Charging stations: One Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.36/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.102

April 2017 Report

35



Miles driven 0 Miles 874 Miles

Energy consumed 0 kWh 257 kWh

CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 792

EV (Electricity) 0 101.5

Overall Emission

Reductions 0 781.5

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 18.11


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 18

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.0424


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.593

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 1.3


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 1

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.077


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.038

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.404


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.399

April 2017 Report

36


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

37

Dakota County



Miles driven 229.58 Miles 1,964.11 Miles


Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $24.57 $201.9

Usage Cost Using


Total Fuel

Savings $20.12 $163.7

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $11.41 $97.6

EV Costs $8.49 $72.66

Total Other Cost

Savings $2.91 $24.94


AFV: One Chevy Volt Car Charging stations: One Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.3/gallon The price of electricity per kWh:

$0.066

April 2017 Report

38





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 207.99 1,779.25


Overall Emission

Reductions 188.49

1,612.49

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 4.757 40.4624


Overall Emission

Reductions 4.727

40.203

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0111 0.0952


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1761

1.5066

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.35 2.9994


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.27

2.3117

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0202 0.1731


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0192

0.1645

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.10608 0.11483


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.10492

0.89752

April 2017 Report

39


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

40

Ferguson House Station




Energy consumed 212 kWh 1,305.8 kWh

Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$80.3 $456.44

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$14.96 $92.19

Total Fuel

Savings $65.33 $364.24

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $35.82 $220.65

EV Costs $26.67 $164.27

Total Other Cost

Savings $9.15 $56.41


AFV: 0

Charging stations: One Level-2 station

Average monthly gas price: $2.39/gallon

The price of electricity per kWh:

$0.00706

April 2017 Report

41





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 653.06 4,022.41


Overall Emission

Reductions 591.84

3,645.3

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 14.93 91.9931


Overall Emission

Reductions 14.84

91.4129

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0349 0.2155


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.553

3.4059

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1.101 6.7799


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.849

5.2243

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.063 0.3913


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.06

0.3724

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.33308 2.05071


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.32943

2.02818

April 2017 Report

42


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

43

Gothenburg

AFV: One Nissan Leaf Car

Charging stations: 0


The price of electricity per kWh: $0.081

NOTE:

Data is calculated based on Mileage provided (7,066 Miles as of April 1, 2017.)

Total CO2 emission reductions is 5801.59 lbs.

Total CO reduction is 145.478 lbs.

Total SO2 reduction is 4.813 lbs.

Total NOx reduction is 8.313 lbs.

Total CH4 reduction is 0.5922 lbs.

Total VOC reduction is 3.228 lbs.

Total Cost benefits savings $615.63

April 2017 Report

44

Gretna





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$48.32 $424.61

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$12.4 $114.4

Total Fuel

Savings $35.92 $310.2

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $22.3 $205.64

EV Costs $16.6 $153.09

Total Other Cost

Savings $5.69 $52.54


AFV: One Nissan Leaf Car Charging stations: Two Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.313/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.094

April 2017 Report

45





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 406.51 3,748.76


Overall Emission

Reductions 354.44

3,268.58

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 9.29 85.7417


Overall Emission

Reductions 9.24

85.2041

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0217 0.1939


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.3047

2.8134

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.685 6.1397


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.528

4.7294

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.039 0.3527


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.038

0.3361

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.20733 1.91063


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.20506

1.89001

April 2017 Report

46


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

47

Hastings



Miles driven 0 Miles 182.69 Miles


Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $0 $19.71

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity) $0 $4.08

Total Fuel

Savings $0 $15.63

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0 $9.08

EV Costs $0 $6.76

Total Other Cost

Savings $0 $2.32

Overall Economic Savings $0 $17.94

AFV: One Nissan Leaf Car Charging stations: One Level-2 station



April 2017 Report

48





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 165.58


Overall CO2 Emission

Reductions 0 150.09

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 3.789


Overall NOx Emission

Reductions 0 3.7649

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.00883


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.12387

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.27862


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.01603


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.08436


Overall Emission


April 2017 Report

49


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

50

City of Holdrege





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$2.14 $69.14

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$0.53 $17.1

Total Fuel

Savings $1.61 $52.04

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0.97 $31.51

EV Costs $0.72 $23.46

Total Other Cost

Savings $0.25 $ 8.05


AFV: 0 Charging stations: One Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.395/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.092

April 2017 Report

51





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 17.71 574.23


Overall Emission

Reductions 15.44

500.59

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.405 13.1361


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.403

13.0537

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0009 0.0304


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0133

0.43085

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0298 0.965


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.023

0.7433

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0017 0.0562


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.00162

0.0534

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.00903 0.29215


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.00894

0.28897

April 2017 Report

52


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

53

Kearney





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$72.19 $630.3

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$16.58 $149.95

Total Fuel

Savings $55.6 $480.35

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $31.51

$285

EV Costs $23.46

$212.19

Total Other Cost

Savings $8.05 $72.86


AFV: One Chevy Volt Car Charging stations: One Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.45/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.0889

April 2017 Report

54





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 574.52 5,195.84


Overall Emission

Reductions 520.66

4,708.71

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 13.141 118.8403


Overall Emission

Reductions 13.058

118.0854

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0307 0.2703


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.4306

3.9063

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.9688 8.5149


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.7466

6.5626

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.05592 0.4741


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.05313

0.4509

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.29302 2.64897


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.28981

2.62083

April 2017 Report

55


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

56

LES





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$18.3 $1,395.16

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$3.38 $262.84

Total Fuel

Savings $14.91 $1,132.31

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $8.1 $647.55

EV Costs $6.03 $480.99

Total Other Cost

Savings $2.06 $166.54


Charging stations: 2 stations Average monthly gas price: $2.39/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.0706

April 2017 Report

57





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 147.65 11,605.12


Overall Emission

Reductions 133.81

10,517.16

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 3.377 275.9145


Overall Emission

Reductions 3.356

274.1551

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0079 0.8945


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1106

9.505

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.2489 19.7462


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1918

15.2563

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.01437 1.1449


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.01366

1.0879

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.07531 6.97322


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.07449

6.91007

April 2017 Report

58


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

59

Lexington





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas) $9.61 $758.72

Usage Cost Using


Total Fuel

Savings $7.144 $569.92

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $4.44 $339.74

EV Costs $3.3 $252.92

Total Other Cost

Savings $1.13 $85.21


AFV: One Chevy Volt Car and one Ford Focus Car Charging stations: Two Level-2 station Average monthly gas price: $2.31/gallon


April 2017 Report

60





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 80.98 6,193.36


Overall Emission

Reductions 70.61

5,399.66

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1.852 141.6594


Overall Emission

Reductions 1.841

140.7566

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0043 0.3361


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.0607

4.6377

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.1365 10.4454


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1052

8.0497

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.00788 0.6027


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.00749

0.5723

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0413 3.15748


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.04085

3.12288

April 2017 Report

61


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

62

Lincoln



Miles driven 1,454.32 Miles 5,552.32 Miles Energy consumed 427.74 kWh 1,633.04 kWh

Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$161.5 $614.41

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$30.19 $115.29

Total Fuel

Savings $131.31 $499.12

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $72.27 $275.95

EV Costs $53.8 $205.43

Total Other Cost

Savings $18.46 $70.5


AFV: 0 Cars Charging stations: Ten Level-2 stations Average monthly gas price: $2.39/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.0706

April 2017 Report

63





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1,317.61 5,030.45


Overall Emission

Reductions 1,194.08

4,543.3

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 30.138 115.0591


Overall Emission

Reductions 29.946

114.3293

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.0705 0.2685


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.9875

3.8079

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 2.2219 8.4825


Overall Emission

Reductions 1.7122

6.5387

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.12824 0.4867


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.12183

0.4649

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.67202 2.56543


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.66465

2.53729

April 2017 Report

64


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

65

Nebraska City





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$66.45 $1,582.76

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$17.87 $447.75

Total Fuel

Savings $48.57 $1,134.99

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $29.61 $741.79

EV Costs $22.04 $552.23

Total Other Cost

Savings $7.56 $189.54


Data from charging station per this project. AFV: One Nissan Leaf Car and Three Compressed Natural Gas Cars Charging stations: Two Level-2 stations Average monthly gas price: $2.39/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.1084

April 2017 Report

66





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 539.92 13,522.58


Overall Emission

Reductions 489.30

12,254.88

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 12.349 309.0183


Overall Emission

Reductions 12.271

307.0512

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.028 0.718


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.458

11.451

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.9104 22.8711


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.7016

17.6531

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.05255 1.3152


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.04993

1.2491

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.27537 6.89658


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.27235

6.81942

April 2017 Report

67

CNG Data:

Total

Miles driven 27,371 Miles

Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using CV (Gas) $3,010.81

Usage Cost Using CNG

(Natural gas) $1,642.26

Total Fuel Savings $1,368.55

CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 24,800.83

CNG (Natural Gas) 18 ,766.57

Overall Emission Reductions 6,034.26

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 567.22

CNG (Natural Gas) 1,071.08

Overall Emission Reductions (503.86)

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.72

CNG (Natural Gas) 0.0096

Overall Emission Reductions 0.62

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 15.2



CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.784



VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 12.64



April 2017 Report

68


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

69

Nebraska City

- Data from existing charging stations



Miles driven 0 Miles 5,299.94 Miles


Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$0 $587.06

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$0 $159.05

Total Fuel

Savings $0 $429.4

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0 $263.2

EV Costs $0 $204.73

Total Other Cost

Savings $0 $67.75


April 2017 Report

70





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 4,876.13


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 4,426.11

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 110.2252


Overall Emission


SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.24789


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 3.9606

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 7.8949


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 5.993

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.4504


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.4277

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 2.7384


Overall Emission


April 2017 Report

71


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

72

Nebraska City Savings Summary

Overall Economic Savings $3,190.25

Overall

Emission

Reductions

(lbs.)

CO2 22,715.25

CO 416.60

SO2 16.03

NOX 23.65

CH4 1.68

VOC 9.16

April 2017 Report

73

OPPD





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$157.02 $1,667.01

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$36 $402.4

Total Fuel

Savings $121.02 $1,264.57

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $72.42 $809.46

EV Costs $53.91 $602.61

Total Other Cost

Savings $18.5 $206.83


Data from charging station per this project. AFV: One Chevy Volt car and Three Nissan Leaf Cars Charging stations: Two Level-2 stations Average monthly gas price: $2.31/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.084

April 2017 Report

74





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1,320.29 14,755.91


Overall Emission

Reductions 1,196.51

13,372.52

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 30.199 337.5186


Overall Emission

Reductions 30.007

335.3686

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.07 0.7882


Overall Emission

Reductions 1.118

12.4533

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 2.2264 24.7764


Overall Emission

Reductions 1.7156

19.086

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.1285 1.4341


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.1221

1.3619

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.67339 7.51564


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.66601

7.93375

April 2017 Report

75


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

76

OPPD

- Data from existing charging stations.





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$0 $1,495

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$0 $272

Total Fuel

Savings $0 $1,223

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0 $707

EV Costs $0 $526

Total Other Cost

Savings $0 $181

Overall Economic Savings $0 $1,404

April 2017 Report

77





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 12,882

EV (Electricity) 0 1,208

Overall Emission

Reductions 0 11,674

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 295


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 293.12

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.7


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 10.8

NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 21.7

EV (Electricity) 0 5

Overall Emission

Reductions 0 16.7

CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 1.25


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 1.19

VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 6.6


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 6.53

April 2017 Report

78


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

79

OPPD summary savings


Overall Emission

Reductions (lbs.)

CO2 25,046.52

CO 628.48

SO2 23.25

NOX 35.79

CH4 2.55

VOC 14.46

April 2017 Report

80

Seward





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$9.41 $1,216.83

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$2.39 $314

Total Fuel

Savings $7.02 $902.82

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $4.232 $567.5

EV Costs $3.22 $422.48

Total Other Cost

Savings $1.1 $145.01


AFV: Two Nissan Leaf Cars Charging stations: Two

Level-2 stations Average monthly gas price:

$2.39/gallon The price of electricity per

kWh: $0.0935

April 2017 Report

81





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 78.92 10,345.43


Overall Emission

Reductions 68.81 9,020.08

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1.805 236.6381


Overall Emission


SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.004 0.553


Overall Emission


NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.133 17.4289


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.00768 1.0


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.04025 5.27554


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.03981 5.21776

April 2017 Report

82


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

83

South Sioux City



Miles driven 1,660.81 Miles 34,102.41 Miles Energy consumed 488.48 kWh 10,030.08 kWh

Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$178.68 $3,513

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$41.76 $857.57

Total Fuel

Savings $136.91 $ 2,655.55

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $82.54 $1,694.88

EV Costs $61.45 $1,261.45

Total Other Cost

Savings $21.09 $ 433.09

Overall Economic Savings $158 $3,088.64

AFV: Four Nissan Leaf Cars and Two

Compressed Natural Gas Cars

Charging stations: Three Level-2 stations



April 2017 Report

84





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 1,504.69 30,396.74


Overall Emission

Reductions 1,311.94 26,438.84

CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 34.417 706.715


Overall Emission

Reductions 34.198 702.2103

SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.08 1.649


Overall Emission


NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 2.537 51.9521


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.14645 2.9978


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.76744 15.75848


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.75902 15.58839

April 2017 Report

85


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

86

Valley





Fuel

cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using

CV (Gas)

$4.52 $110.82

Usage Cost Using

EV (Electricity)

$1.15 $30.21

Total Fuel

Savings $3.37 $ 80.59

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $2.07 $54.31

EV Costs $1.54 $40.433

Total Other Cost

Savings $0.53 $ 13.87

Overall Economic Savings $3.90 $ 94.46

AFV: One Chevy Volt

Charging stations: One

Level-2 station

Average monthly gas

price: $2.31/gallon

The price of electricity

per kWh: $0.094

April 2017 Report

87





CO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 37.79 990.03


Overall Emission


CO Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.864 22.6445


Overall Emission


SO2

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.002 0.01


Overall Emission


NOx

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.063 1.7836


Overall Emission


CH4

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.00367 0.108


Overall Emission


VOC

Emissions

(lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0.01927 0.54306


Overall Emission

Reductions 0.01906 0.53771

April 2017 Report

88


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

89

Wayne


Wayne This Month (April) All Time



Fuel cost

Savings:

Usage Cost Using CV

(Gas)

$0 $2.89

Usage Cost Using EV

(Electricity)

$0 $0.77

Total Fuel Savings $0 $2.12

Other

Cost

Savings:

CV Costs $0 $1.36

EV Costs $0 $1.01

Total Other Cost

Savings $0 $0.35


AFV: One Ford Fusion Car and Four Compressed

Natural Gas Cars Charging stations: 0 Average monthly gas price: $2.313/gallon The price of electricity per kWh: $0.0635

April 2017 Report

90





CO2 Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 24.8


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 21.6

CO Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.56


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.556

SO2 Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.0013


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.0187

NOx Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.042


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.032

CH4 Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.0024


Overall Emission

Reductions 0 0.0023

VOC Emissions (lbs.)

CV (Gas) 0 0.0126


Overall Emission


April 2017 Report

91

CNG data:

Total

Miles driven 22,569.9 miles

Fuel cost Savings:

Usage Cost Using CV (Gas) $2,482.68

Usage Cost Using CNG

(Natural gas) $1,354.19

Total Fuel Savings $1,128.49

CO2 Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 20,450.18

CNG (Natural Gas) 15,474.75

Overall Emission Reductions 4,975.43

CO Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 467.64



SO2 Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 0.596


Overall Emission Reductions 0.517

NOx Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 12.53



CH4 Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 0.648



VOC Emissions (lbs.) CV (Gas) 10.42



April 2017 Report

92


April 2017


April 2017

April 2017 Report

93

Wayne summary savings


Overall Emission

Reductions (lbs.)

CO2 4,981.025

CO 0.556

SO2 0.535

NOX 0.032

CH4 0.0023

VOC 0.01247

April 2017 Report

94

APPENDIX Detailed GHG Calculations

1. Conventional Vehicle (CV)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions The EPA has calculated that the average US vehicle emits 411 grams of CO2 per mile [2]. The

calculation below shows how they arrived at this number.

CO2 emissions from burning 1 gallon of gasoline = 8,887 grams

Average fuel economy as of 2012 = 21.6 mpg

CO2 emissions per mile = 8,887 / 21.6 = 411 grams CO2 per mile

Methane (CH4) Emissions In 2004 the EPA found that the average US passenger car emits 0.013 grams of CH4 per mile [3].

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions In 2004 the EPA found that the average US passenger car emits 0.012 grams of N2O per mile [3].

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions In 2008 the EPA found that the average US passenger car emits 9.4 grams of CO per mile [4].

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Using the 2004 model year for consistency with the above values, the average 2004 vehicle emits 0.012

grams of SO2 per mile [5].

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions The study as above found that the average 2004 vehicle emits 0.252 grams of NOx per mile [5].

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions The study as above found that the average 2001 gasoline vehicle emits 0.2096 grams of VOC per mile

[5].

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emissions Using the individual emissions values calculated above, CVs have a CO2 equivalent emissions rate of

415 grams CO2 per mile.

CO2 Equiv. = (1*411) +(28*0.013) +(265*0.012) = 415 g

April 2017 Report

95

2. Diesel Vehicle (DV)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions There aren’t many figures documenting average diesel mpg over the years but for comparison we selected

a standard 2005 Volkswagen Passat diesel achieving 27 mpg.

CO2 emissions from burning 1 gallon of diesel = 10,180 grams [2]

Average fuel economy = 27 mpg [6]

CO2 emissions per mile = 10,180 / 27 = 377 grams CO2 per mile

Methane (CH4) Emissions A 2004 study by the EPA found that average diesel vehicles emits 0.001 grams CH4 per mile [3].

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions The same study by the EPA found that average diesel vehicles emits 0.001 grams N2O per mile [3].

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions The same 2004 study showed that the average diesel vehicle emits 0.3001 grams of CO per mile [5].

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions A 2013 study found the emissions rate for a model year 2006 diesel passenger vehicle to be 0.451 grams

NOx per mile [5].

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions The same 2013 study found the emission rate to be 0.0092 grams SO2 per mile [5].

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions The study as above found that the average 2001 diesel vehicle emits 0.1610 grams of VOC per mile [5].

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2) Emissions Using the individual emission rates calculated ABOVE, the CO2 equivalent rate is 377 grams CO2 per

mile.

3. Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (CNG)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions

Vehicles converted to CNG generally achieve a mpg equivalent similar to its mpg rating when

running on gasoline. The calculation below is for the average vehicle getting 21.6 mpg.

CO2 emitted from burning natural gas = 53.1 grams CO2 per cubic feet [7]

Convert cubic feet to gallons = 126.67 cubic feet per gallon

Emissions per mile = 53.115 * 126.67 / 21.6 = 311 grams CO2 per mile

Methane (CH4) Emissions A 2002 study found that CNG light duty vehicles emit 0.48 grams of CH4 per mile [8].

April 2017 Report

96

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions The same 2002 study as above found that CNG light duty vehicles emit 0.0375 grams of N2O per mile

[8].

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions A 2008 study found that CNG refuse trucks emit 17.75 grams of CO per mile [9].

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions The same 2008 study found that CNG passenger vehicles emit 0.29 grams NOx per mile [9].

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Calculation below is for a 21.6 mpg vehicle.

SO2 emitted when burning natural gas = 272.2 grams per million cubic feet [10].

Convert cubic feet to gallon = 126.67 cubic feet per gallon

Emissions per mile = 272.2 / 1,000,000 * 126.67 / 21.6 = 0.0016 grams SO2 per mile.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions

The 2008 study as above found that CNG passenger vehicles emits 0.237 grams of VOC per mile [9].

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2) Emissions Using the individual emissions values calculated above, CNG passenger vehicles have a CO2 equivalent

emissions rate of 334 grams CO2 per mile.

4. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) – Based on OPPD Data

Vehicle Efficiency Calculation The majority of the BEVs in this project are Nissan LEAFs. This vehicle has an EPA city/highway rating

of 126/101 MPGe [11]. Since BEVs are almost entirely used for city driving we will only use the 126

MPGe rating for our calculations. Below shows the conversion from MPGe to miles per kWh.

1 gallon equivalent = 33.7 kWh (it takes 33.7 kWh to create the same amount of heat as burning 1

gallon of gasoline) [11]

126 MPGe / 33.7 kWh/gallon = 3.7 miles per kWh

Electricity Generation Mix The data for the actual generation mix in 2015 was given by request to OPPD. The planned 2018 and

2033 mixes are taken from OPPD’s energy portfolio webpage. However these plans have not been

updated recently and have not taken into account the likely shutdown of the Fort Calhoun station, OPPD’s

only nuclear plant [12].

April 2017 Report

97

*Purchased/leased electricity is primarily hydroelectric

Greenhouse gas emissions per kWh for each fuel type are taken from EPA eGRID database which

measures GHG emissions for every power plant in the US. The numbers shown below only use the

emissions per kWh for the actual OPPD stations [13]. Detailed calculations and raw data can be found in

the Plant Emission Rates spreadsheet.

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2) Emissions 2015 Actual – Using the individual emission rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 180 grams CO2 per mile.

2018 Planned – 88 grams CO2 per mile.

2033 Planned – 85 grams CO2 per mile.

Coal31%

Nuclear33%

Natural Gas3%

Renewables33%

2018 Planned

Coal67%

Nuclear20%

Natural Gas/Oil

0.4%

Methane0.3%

Purchased/Leased*

2%

Renewables10%

2015

Coal14%

Nuclear25%

Natural Gas29%

Renewables32%

2033 Planned

April 2017 Report

98

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions 2015 Actual

Energy Source Percentage of Total

Energy Production

Grams of CO2

Emitted per kWh [13]

Contribution to Total CO2

Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 986g = 661g

Natural Gas 0.4% x 607g = 2.4g

Landfill Gas 0.3% x 3.1g = 0g

Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0

Renewables 12% x 0 = 0

Total = 663g per kWh or 179g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production

Grams of CO2

Emitted per kWh


Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 986g = 306g

Natural Gas 3% x 607g = 18g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



2033 Planned


Energy Production

Grams of CO2

Emitted per kWh


Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 986g = 138g

Natural Gas 29% x 607g = 176g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



April 2017 Report

99

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of CO Emitted

per kWh [19]

Contribution to Total CO Emitted

per kWh

Coal 67% x 0.321g = 0.21635g

Natural Gas 0.4% x 0.0662g = 0.000248g

Landfill Gas 0.3% x 2.68g = 0.00804g

Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0


Total = 0.225g per kWh or 0.067g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production

Grams of CO

Emitted per kWh

Contribution to Total CO Emitted

per kWh

Coal 31% x 0.321g = 0.09951g

Natural Gas 3% x 0.062g = 0.00186g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0


Total = 0.10137g per kWh or 0.03g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production

Grams of CO

Emitted per kWh

Contribution to Total CO Emitted per

kWh

Coal 14% x 0.321g = 0.045g

Natural Gas 29% x 0.062g = 0.01798g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0


Total = 0.06298g per kWh or 0.01878g per

mile

April 2017 Report

100

Methane (CH4) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of CH4 Emitted

per kWh [13]

Contribution to Total

CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 0.011g = 0.007g

Natural Gas 0.4% x 0.012g = 0

Landfill Gas 0.3% x 0 = 0

Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0


Total = 0.007g per kWh or

0.002g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 0.011g = 0.003g

Natural Gas 3% x 0.011g = 0

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.001g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 0.011g = 0.002g

Natural Gas 29% x 0.012g = 0.003g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0

Renewables* 33% x 0 = 0


0.001g per mile

April 2017 Report

101

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of N2O Emitted

per kWh [13]


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 0.016g = 0.011g



Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0



0.003g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 0.016g = 0.005g


Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.0013g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 0.016g = 0.002g


Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.0006g per mile

April 2017 Report

102

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of SO2 Emitted

per kWh [13]


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 2.05g = 1.37g



Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0



0.37g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 2.05g = 0.636g


Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.17g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 2.05g = 0.287g

Natural Gas 29% x 0.005g = 0.001g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.08g per mile

April 2017 Report

103

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of NOx Emitted

per kWh [13]


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 0.876g = 0.587g

Natural Gas 0.4% x 0.401g = 0.002g

Landfill Gas 0.3% x 0.037g = 0g

Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0



0.159g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 0.876g = 0.272g

Natural Gas 3% x 0.401g = 0.012g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.077g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 0.876g = 0.123g

Natural Gas 29% x 0.401g = 0.116g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.065g per mile

April 2017 Report

104

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of VOC Emitted

per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 67% x 0.014g = 0.0093800g

Natural Gas 0.4% x 0.0169g = 0.0000676g

Landfill Gas 0.3% x 0.272g = 0.0008160g

Nuclear 20.2% x 0 = 0



0.0031g per mile

2018 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 31% x 0.014g = 0.00434g

Natural Gas 3% x 0.0169g = 0.000507g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.0015g per mile

2033 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 14% x 0.014g = 0.00196g

Natural Gas 29% x 0.0169g = 0.004901g

Nuclear 33% x 0 = 0



0.0021g per mile

April 2017 Report

105

5. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) – Based on NPPD Data

Electricity Generation Mix The current electricity mix is published on the NPPD website [14].

* Purchased/leased electricity is primarily hydroelectric

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 132 grams CO2 per mile.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of CO2 Emitted

per kWh [13]


CO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 989g = 479g

Natural Gas 1% x 546g = 5.4g

Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0

Renewables 16.8% x 0 = 0

Total = 484g per kWh or

131g per mile

Coal48%

Nuclear34%

Natural Gas/Oil

1%

Purchased/Leased*

5%

Renewables12%

2015

April 2017 Report

106

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of CO Emitted

per kWh [13]


CO Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 0.321g = 0.15536g

Natural Gas 1% x 0.062g = 0.00062g

Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.0465g per mile

Methane (CH4) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 0.011g = 0.005g


Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.001g per mile

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 0.016g = 0.0077g


Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.002g per mile

April 2017 Report

107

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 2.54g = 1.23g


Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.33g per mile

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions 2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 1.10g = 0.534g

Natural Gas 1% x 0.272g = 0.003g

Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.145g per mile



Energy Production


per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 48.4% x 0.014g = 0.006776g

Natural Gas 1% x 0.0169g = 0.000169g

Nuclear 33.8% x 0 = 0



0.0021g per mile

April 2017 Report

108

6. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) – Based on LES Data

Electricity Generation Mix The current electricity mix is published on the LES 2015 Official Report [18]. LES also constructed a 5

MW community solar energy project that went online in June 2016. LES is expected to produce 48% of

its retail energy from renewable resources. The nameplate generation is planned to be composed on one-

third renewables, one-third gas, and one-third coal. The planned 2016 generation was taken from the LES

website [20]. The renewable generation is made up of wind, hydro, and solar. The planned coal and

natural gas generation is estimated based on their future nameplate generation.

Coal79%

Natural Gas/Oil

3%

Landfill Gas1% Renewables

17%

2015

April 2017 Report

109

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 240.89 grams CO2 per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


CO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 989g = 782.3g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 546g = 15.834g

Landfill Gas 0.9% X 3.1g = 0.0279g



240.89g per mile

2016 planned


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


CO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 989g = 257.14g

Natural Gas 26% x 546g = 141.96g

Landfill Gas 0.9% X 3.1g = 2.79g



121.29g per mile

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 0.0845 grams CO per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production

Grams of CO Emitted

per kWh [19]


CO Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 0.321g = 0.253911g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 0.062g = 0.001798g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 2.68g = 0.02412g



0.0845g per mile

April 2017 Report

110

2016 Planned


Energy Production

Grams of CO Emitted

per kWh [19]


CO Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 0.321g = 0.08346g

Natural Gas 26% x 0.062g = 0.01612g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 2.68g = 0.02412g



0.0373g per mile

Methane (CH4) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 0.0027 grams CH4 per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 0.011g = 0.008701g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 0.011g = 0.000319g




0.0027g per mile

2016 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


CH4 Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 0.011g = 0.00286g

Natural Gas 26% x 0.011g = 0.00286g




0.0017g per mile

April 2017 Report

111

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 0.0038 grams N2O per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 0.016g = 0.012656g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 0.001g = 0.000029g




0.0038g per mile

2016 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


N2O Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 0.016g = 0.00416g

Natural Gas 26% x 0.001g = 0.00026g




0.0013g per mile

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 0.61 grams SO2 per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% X 2.54g = 2.00914g

Natural Gas 2.9% X 0.015g = 0.000435g

Landfill Gas 0.9% X 0 = 0

Renewables 17.1% X 0 = 0


0.61g per mile

April 2017 Report

112

2016 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


SO2 Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% X 2.54g = 0.6604g

Natural Gas 26% X 0.015g = 0.0039g

Landfill Gas 0.9% X 0 = 0

Renewables 47.1% X 0 = 0


0.2g per mile

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions Using the individual emissions rates calculated below, the equivalent rate is 0.27 grams NOx per mile.

2015 Actual


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 1.10g = 0.8701g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 0.272g = 0.007888g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 0.037g = 0.000333g



0.27g per mile

2016 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [13]


NOx Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 1.10g = 0.286g

Natural Gas 26% x 0.272g = 0.07072g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 0.037g = 0.000333g



0.107g per mile

April 2017 Report

113



Energy Production


per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 79.1% x 0.014g = 0.0110740g

Natural Gas 2.9% x 0.0169g = 0.0004901g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 0.272g = 0.0024480g



0.0042g per mile

2016 Planned


Energy Production


per kWh [21],[22]


VOC Emitted per kWh

Coal 26% x 0.014g = 0.0036400g

Natural Gas 26% x 0.0169g = 0.0043940g

Landfill Gas 0.9% x 0.272g = 0.0024480g



0.0032g per mile

April 2017 Report

114

References

[1] Greenhouse Gas Protocol, "Global Warming Potential Values," February 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/tools/Global-Warming-Potential-Values.pdf.

[2] Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical

Passenger Vehicle," May 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-

02/documents/420f14040a.pdf.

[3] Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Update of Methane and Nitrous Oxide

Emission Factors for On-Highway Vehicles," November 2004. [Online]. Available:

https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/models/ngm/420p04016.pdf.

[4] Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Average Annual Emissions and Fuel

Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Cars and Light Trucks," October 2008. [Online]. Available:

https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf.

[5] H. Cai, A. Burnham and M. Wang, "Updated Emission Factors of Air Pollutants from Vehicle Operations in GREET Using

MOVES," Systems Assessment Section, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 2013.

[6] Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "2005 Volkswagen Passat," [Online].

Available: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=20937.

[7] U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients," 2 February 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.cfm.

[8] T. E. Lipman and M. A. Delucchi, "Emissions of Nitrous Oxide and Methane From Conventional and Alternative Fuel

Motor Vehicles," Climate Change, vol. 53, pp. 477-516, 2002.

[9] T. W. Hesterberg, C. A. Lapin and W. B. Bunn, "A Comparison of Emissions from Vehicles Fueled with Diesel or

Compressed Natural Gas," Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 6437-6445, 2008.

[10] Energy Information Administration, "Natural Gas and the Environment," 1998. [Online]. Available:

http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/natural_gas_1998_issues_trends/pdf/chapter2.pdf.

[11] Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Find and Compare Cars - 2015 Nissan Leaf,"

www.fueleconomy.gov, [Online]. Available: https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/noframes/34918.shtml.

[12] OPPD, "Energy Portfolio - Future Generation Plan," [Online]. Available: http://www.oppd.com/about/energy-portfolio/.

[13] Environmental Protection Agency, "eGRID," 8 October 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/energy/egrid.

[14] Nebraska Public Power District, "About Us," [Online]. Available: http://www.nppd.com/about-us/.

[15] K. H. Becker, R. Kurtenbach, P. Wiesen, T. E. Jensen and T. J. Wallington, "Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from Vehicles,"

Environmental Sciency and Technology, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 4134-4139, 1999.

April 2017 Report

115

[16] GHG Protocol, "Calculating CO2 Emissions from Mobile Sources," 5 March 2005. [Online].

[17] Hesterberg, Thomas A., Charles A. Lapin and William B. Bunn., "A Comparison of Emissions from Vehicles Fueled with

Diesel or Compressed Natural Gas. Critical Review. Glendale, 2008. Web.," 2008.

[18] Lincoln Electric System (LES), "2015 LES Official Statement," 2016.

[19] F. Chan, "Preliminary Engineering Evaluation," Bay Area Air Quality Management District, 2011.

[20] S. Benson, "LES Wind RFP Evaluation Workshop," Lincoln Electric System (LES), January 2015. [Online]. Available:

http://www.les.com/pdf/resource-library/wind-workshops-0115.pdf. [Accessed 7 September 2016].

[21] C. Chen and N. Greene, "Is Landfill Gas Green Energy?," Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), New York, 2003.

[22] California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board, "Detailed California-Modified GREET Pathway for

California Average and Marginal Electricity," Stationary Source Division, 2009.

[23] Environmental Protection Agency - Indoor Air Quality, "Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds," 17 March

2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds.

[Accessed 7 September 2016].

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