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piping handbook
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PIPING ENGINEERING
by
By U Aye Nyein ( Lay Myet Hnar)
CHAPTER (1) BASIC MATHEMATICS FOR PIPING PAGE NO. 1 ~ 21
CHAPTER (2) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS PAGE NO. 21 ~ 53
CHAPTER (3) PIPE FITTINGS PAGE NO. 54 ~ 74
CHAPTER (4) PIPE JOINING SYSTEMS PAGE NO. 75 ~ 86
CHAPTER (5) WELDING PAGE NO. 87 ~ 140
CHAPTER (6) VALVES PAGE NO. 141 ~ 157
CHAPTER (7) INTERPRETING THE DRAWINGS PAGE NO. 158 ~ 193
CHAPTER (8) FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION PAGE NO. 194 ~ 261
CHAPTER (9) PIPE SUPPORTS PAGE NO. 262 ~ 299
CHAPTER (10) PLUMBING PAGE NO. 300 ~ 319
CHAPTER (11) MARINE PIPING SYSTEMS PAGE NO. 320 ~ 360
CHAPTER (12) QUANTITY CONTROL PAGE NO. 361 ~ 387
CHAPTER (13) PIPING DESIGN PAGE NO. 388 ~ 495
CHAPTER (14) INTRODUCTION TO STRESS ANALYSIS PAGE NO. 496 ~ 511
1
α‘αααΈ (α)
α‘αααααα¬α‘αααααα¬α‘αααααα¬α‘αααααα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘α±α»ααα‘α±α»ααα‘α±α»ααα‘α±α»αα αα α€α¬αα α€α¬αα α€α¬αα α€α¬ αααααααα αααααααα Unit (Unit (Unit (Unit (ααα αα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈ) ) ) ) αααααααα Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion ( Unit Conversion (ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ ααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα αα αα ααααα ααααα ααααα ααα α± α± α± α±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αα¬ααΈαα»αα¬ααΈαα»αα¬ααΈα))))
ααα ααααα¬ αα α αα α α αααΈαα¬α»αααΈ α»αα αα α₯ααα¬ - α‘αα¬αΈ α αααα α±αα ααααα¬α ααα¬ α αα α»αααααΈααα αα‘α¬αΈ α Bar, Pound per square feet ααα»αα αααΈααα
αααααΈα±αα±αα¬ ααα α αα αα ααΈ αααα ααααα¬ - οΏ½ Imperial Unit οΏ½ SI Unit - αα α»αα ααα
οΏ½ Imperial Unit αα¬ British System α»αα αΏααΈ ft (feet), lb (pound), sec (second) α α‘α±α»ααααα
οΏ½ SI Unit αα¬ Metric System α»αα αΏααΈ m (meter), kg (kilogram), sec (second) α α‘α±α»ααααα
α ααα αα ααΈαα¬ αααα»αα α±αα¬ααΈα ααα±αα α ααα αα ααΈα αα ααΈαα α±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα unit conversion α α±ααααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα ααα αα¬αΈα unit conversion α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
α‘αα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈ ( ( ( (LLLLength)ength)ength)ength) α§ααα¬α§ααα¬α§ααα¬α§ααα¬ (Area) (Area) (Area) (Area)
Imperial Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit SI Unit 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 in2 = 6.45 cm2 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 ft2 = 929 cm2 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 acre = 0.405 ha
1 sq mile = 2.59 km2
in = inch, ft = feet, mm = millimeter, cm = centimeter, km = kilometer, sq = square, ha = hectare
αααααααααααα ( ( ( (VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume))))
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit
Imperial Unit
SI Unit
2
1 in3 = 16.4 cm3 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3 1 Lit = 1000 cc 1 US gal = 3.78 lit 1 Lit = 61.024 in3 1 m3 = 1000 Lit
in3 = Cubic Inches, cm3 = Cubic centimeter, gal = gallon, Lit = Litre, α‘α±ααΈααα‘α±ααΈααα‘α±ααΈααα‘α±ααΈαα (Weight) (Weight) (Weight) (Weight)
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit
1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.2046 lb 1 Long Ton = 1.016 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 0.984 Long Ton 1 Short Ton =
0.907 Metric Ton 1 Metric Ton = 1.102 Short Ton
lb = Pound, kg = kilogram, 1 Long Ton = 2240 lbs, 1 Short Ton = 2000 lb, 1 Metric Ton = 1000 kg
αα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈ (Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure) (Pressure)
Imperial Unit
SI Unit SI Unit Imperial Unit
1 psi = 6.895 kPa 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi 14.5 psi = 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 kPa = 0.1451 psi 14.7 psi = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm 1 m H2O = 1.422 psi
psi = pound per square inch, kPa = kilo Pascal, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa or 14.7 psi. αααααααα αααααααα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬α‘αα¬α‘αα¬ααααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈααα ααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈ ( ( ( (Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Various SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious SubstancesVarious Substances)))) α‘αα¬αααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααααΌααα¬ααΌα α±ααα‘α±ααΈαααα ααααΈαα₯ααΌααα αα«ααα α±ααα‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈααΌα α±ααα‘α±ααΈαααα¬ 1 m3 (αα ααααα¬) αα 1 Metric Ton (αα αα) ααα«ααα α±αα Specific Gravity (Sp. Gr.) α 1 α αααα ααα ααα‘αα¬αααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααααΌαααα αααα Sp. Gr. α ααα«α α‘ααΌα αα ααΌααααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αααα¬αΈα Sp. Gr. α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα« ααα
3
α₯ααα¬ - ααΌααΈα αα ααααα¬ α α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα‘α α.αα αα α±ααΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα αα»αα¬αΈαα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα¬ ααα«α ααα‘α±ααΈααα α‘ααΌα αα ααΌαααααα«ααα
α₯ααα¬ - 1250 mm αααΏααΈ 1750 mm ααααα 10 mm α‘α αα»αα¬αΈαα ααα α‘α±ααΈααα αα¬αα«α 1 m ααΌα 1000 mm αααα mm α‘α¬αΈααΈα m ααΌααα«α ααα±αα¬α αα»αα¬αΈα αααα ααΌααα«α 1250 mm x 1750 mm x 10 mm = 1.25 x 1.75 x 0.01 = 0.021875 m3 1000 1000 1000 ααα±αΎαα¬α α αα»αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ 7.21 x 0.021875 = 0.1577 Ton α»αα ααα αα ααααΌα αααα ααααα α±ααΈααα ααα±αΎαα¬α ααα»αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ 0.1577 x 1000 = 157.7 kg α»αα ααα
4
αααααααα αααααααα α§ααα¬αα§ααα¬αα§ααα¬αα§ααα¬α αααααααααααααααα α‘α‘α‘α‘ααααααΈααΈααΈααΈ α ααα ααα ααα αα αα¬α»αααΈαα¬α»αααΈαα¬α»αααΈαα¬α»αααΈ
αα₯α (Ellipse)
A = Ο x A x B C = 6.283 x β(A2+B2 )/2 A = α§ααα¬ (Area) A = α‘αααΈαααα(minor radius) B = α‘αααΈαααααΈ (major radius)
α ααααΈ (Circle)
A = Ο x R2 C = 3.142 x D R = D/2 A = α§ααα¬ (Area), C = α‘αααΈ (Circumference) Ο = 3.142 R = α‘αααΈαα (radius), D = α‘αααΈ(Diamater)
α αα (Rectangle)
A = W x L A = α§ααα¬ (Area) W = α‘αα α‘αα (Width) L = α‘αα¬αΈ (Length)
L
W
5
α αααΈ A = 12.56 x R2 A = α§ααα¬ (Area) V = 4.188 x R3 V = ααα (Volume)
ααα (Triangle)
A = (W x H) / 2 A = α§ααα¬ (Area) W = αα (Width) H = α‘α»αα (Height )
ααα±αα¬α (Cone)
A = 3.142 x R x S + 3.142 x R x R
V = 1.047 x R2 x H
A = α§ααα¬ (Area) V = ααα (Volume) R = α±α‘α¬αα±α»α α ααααΈ α‘αααΈαα (Radius) S = ααα α‘α±α»αα αααα¬α»ααα‘αα α‘αα¬αΈ H = α‘α»αα (Height )
α ααααΈα α
A = (3.142 x R2 x Ξ±) / 360 A = α§ααα¬ (Area) L = 0.01745 x R x Ξ± Ξ± = L / (0.01745 x R)
A = H x L A = α§ααα¬ (Area) H = α‘α»αα (Height) L = α‘αα¬αΈ (Length)
α‘αα¬αΈαΏαα α αα (Parallelogram)
6
αΎαα¬αααα (Trapezoid)
A = H x (L1 + L2)/2 A = α§ααα¬ (Area) L1 = αα±αα¬ α‘αΏααα‘αα¬αΈαα αα L2 = ααα±αα¬ α‘αΏααα‘αα¬αΈαα αα H = α‘α»αα (Height )
α±αα¬ααα α αα ααα (Rectangular
Solid)
A = 2 (W x L + L x H + H x W) V = W x L x H A = α§ααα¬ (Area) V = ααα (Volume) L = α‘αα¬αΈ (Length) W = α‘α (Width) H = α‘α»αα (Height )
Area of
Area of
7
αα₯α αααΈαα (Elliptical Tanks)
α§ααα¬ = 6.283x β(A2+B2)/2 x H + 6.283 x A x B V = 3.142 x A x B x H V = ααα (Volume) A = α‘αααΈαααα(minor radius) B = α‘αααΈαααααΈ (major radius) H = α‘α»αα (Height )
ααααα« αααΈαα (Cylinder)
A = 6.283x R x H + 6.283 x R x R V = 3.142 x R x R x H A = α§ααα¬ V = ααα (Volume) R = α‘αααΈαα (radius) H = α‘α»αα (Height )
P = a + b + c , A = α§ααα¬ (Area) W = αα (Width), H = α‘α»αα (Height ) P = ααααα‘αα¬αΈ (Perimeter)
α‘αα¬αΈααααα (Triangle)
8
αααα¬ααΈαααααα¬ααΈαααααα¬ααΈαααααα¬ααΈαα α α α α αα‘αααα‘αααα‘αααα‘αα (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem) (Pythagoras Theorem)
α‘αααααα¬αααα¬ ααα€ α¬ααΌα αααα¬ααΈααα αα±ααααΈαα¬ α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα« αα«ααα α€ αα‘αα αα¬ αα αααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
TrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometryTrigonometry ααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα Sin 90 = 1, Sin 60 = 0.866, Sin 45 = 0.707, Sin 30 = 0.5, Sin 15 = 0.2588, Sin 5 = 0.08716 α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα ααααααα»αααΈαααα¬ααα»αααΈαααα¬ααα»αααΈαααα¬ααα»αααΈαααα¬ ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬ (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) (Lifting Mathematics) ααααααΈ α‘α±α α¬ααΈα±αα¬αα‘αα αααααΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈα (Load depends on Sling Lifting Angles)
9
α€ααααΎαααα α±αα«α αααα αα±αα¬ααα α‘ααααααα αααΈ αα α±αα¬ααΈαα»αα α αα α αααΈα‘α±ααααΌα ααα‘α¬αΈ α±αα«α αααα ααα±αα¬ααα α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ αααα α±αα«ααααααΈαααΈ αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα»αα α αα«α αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈ α α±ααααΌα ααα‘α¬αΈ α±αα«α α αα α αα¬ αααα α±ααΌααααα ααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαααα¬ αααααααΈα α±αα¬ααα αα±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ αααααα«α α αααΈα±ααααΌα ααα‘α¬αΈ αα ααα±αα¬ααα¬α»αααΈ α»αα ααα α‘α±α α¬ααΈα±αα¬α ααα¬αΈαα¬α±α ααα ααα¬α±α α»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα α±αα«α αααα α±ααΈα±αα¬ αααα αα α±αα«α α αα αα«αααααα αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαα¬ α αα«α αααΈα»αααααα αααα¬αΈαα αα±αααα (α‘αααα« αα αΎαααα«) αααααααΈα±αα ααα±αα¬ααα αααααΈα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα αα = α±αα«α αααα ( Load = 1000 lb) αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬αααααΌαα«α αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα α ααα‘α¬αΈ = = α±αα«α α αα αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ ααΌαα«α -
αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαααΈα α αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ = = α αα α±αα«α α»αα αα¬ααα
αααα α
500 Sin 60
500 Sin 60
10
α‘ααα αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ
ααΌαα«α - αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαααΈα α αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ = = ααα α±αα«α α»αα αα¬αα
α‘ααα αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ ααΌαα«α -
αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαααΈα α αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ = = αααα α±αα«α α»αα αα¬αα α‘ααα αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ ααΌαα«α - αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαααΈα α αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ = = αααα α±αα«α α»αα αα¬α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααΌαα α±αααα
ααα‘ααΌα αααααααΈαα ααααα α¬αΈ αααΈα α‘α±α α¬ααΈα±αα¬αα±ααααααΏααΈ αααΈαααΈαα±αα¬ αα ααα¬αΈαα¬ ααα ααα»ααα ααα«ααα
αααα αα ααα±αα¬ααααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ααα¬αΈααααα¬ αααα‘α±ααΈαααα
ααααααααΈα αααααα‘α¬αΈαα α»αα αα«ααα ααααα¬ αααΈα‘ααα ααΌααααΏααΈ αααΈαααΈααα αααααααα¬ α‘ααα¬ααααΈα αΌα¬ ααααααα±αααα
αααΈαααΈα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα ααΈ ααΌααααα«α±ααΈααα αααΈααααα±ααα¬αα Centre of Gravity (CG) αα α‘ααα±α‘α¬α αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬ααααΈ αα±αααα«ααα
500 Sin 45
500 Sin 30
500 Sin 15
11
αα αααα αααα αααα αα α‘αα‘ααα‘αα‘ααα‘αα‘ααα‘αα‘αα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αααααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααα αα α α±αα¬ααααα α‘ααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ ααα α‘α±ααΈααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ αα α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈαα - CG (Centre of Gravity) αα α»αα αα«ααα αα α₯ααΈαα α α α α α αα α₯ααΈα α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈ αα (CG) ααααα±ααα¬ααΌααααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα αααααααα α α‘αααα‘α±ααααααααΌα αααα«ααα ααααα α CG αα αααα ααα±ααα¬αα αααΌα α»αα α±ααα«α αα α₯ααΈαα±αα α₯ αα«αααΈα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα αα αααα α±α α¬ααΈαα»αααΈαα α»αα αααα«ααα
α‘ααα αααα‘α±ααΈαααα α‘αααα ααααΌα ααα±ααα«α αααΈααααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ α αα ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€ααΌα αααΈα ααααα±ααα¬αα α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈαα (CG) ααααααΌααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα»αααα»αα αα«ααα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααα α‘ααααααααΌα ααα±ααα«α αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα ααα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα α‘αααΈ ααΌααααααα«ααα
α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈ αααα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ αααα αα α αα αααΈααααα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈ α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ α αα ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
12
αααααααα α αα αα αα α ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬ ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬ααα€ α¬
α₯ααα¬ -
Run = 1250 mm α»αα αΏααΈ Angle A αα¬ 30 α»αα αα«α -
Set = 1250 x tan 30 = 721.687 mm α»αα αΏααΈ
Travel = 1250 / Cos 30 = 1443.375 α»αα ααα
13
Equal Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length DifferencesEqual Spread Offset Constants for Finding, Starting and Ending Length Differences
Formula Offset Angles
90 72 60 45 30 22 1/2 11 1/4 Difference in Length = Spread x
1 0.727 0.577 0.414 0.268 0.199 0.098
45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset 45 Offset αααα αααααΈααΈααΈααΈα 90 90 90 90 αααααααααααα ααΈα»αααΈααΈα»αααΈααΈα»αααΈααΈα»αααΈ
Different in Length = Spread x 0.414 Travel 1 = 1.414 x Offset Travel 2 = Previous shortest travel + (2 x difference in length)
α₯ααα¬ -
14
Long Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld ElbowsLong Radius Weld Elbows
H = Distance from Face to Elbow Centre in mm. D is Nominal Diameter (DN) of Elbow.
For 90 Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D For 45 Deg Elbow, H = 15.78 x D For Z Deg Elbow, H = 38.1 x D x tan Z/2 (where H = mm, and D = Inches)
15
α‘αααα« αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα D αα ααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ (DN) α»αα αΏααΈ ααα (in) α»αα αααΈαα¬ααα H α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ αα¬ ααααα¬ (mm) α»αα ααα Z αα¬ Elbow α αααα¬α»αααα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α α»αα ααα
α₯ααα¬ -
αα ααα (14β) Elbow α‘ααΌα -
For 14β 90 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 = 533.4 mm For 14β 45 Elbow; H = 15.78 x 14 = 220.9 mm For 14β 63 Elbow; H = 38.1 x 14 x tan (63/2) = 326.9 mm
α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« αααΈα±ααα¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌα (DN) α α±α»αα¬ααααα H α ααα«ααααα
Elbow Constant (αααΈα±α) Elbow Constant (αααΈα±α) 7.5 2.5 45 15.78 15 5.02 60 22 22.5 7.58 67.5 25.46 30 10.21 90 38.1
A = 1.5 x Dia of Elbow (DN) B = A β (OD/2) C = A + (OD/2) D = Degree of Fitting required K = Constant (αααΈα±α) = 0.01746 L1 = D x C x K L2 = D x A x K L3 = D x B x K
L4 = A x 2 x Sin (D/2)
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αααα αααααα αααααα αααααα αα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ αααααααααααα α» α» α» α»ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
ΞΈ = Angle of Cut OD = Outside Diameter of the pipe R = Radius = OD / 2 RA = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707 C1 = OD x tan ΞΈ
C2 = (R + RA) x tan ΞΈ C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan ΞΈ α»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈ α‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘αααα αα α αα»αα±ααααΌα ααα OD α‘αααΈ α ααααΈα»αααΈαα α ααΌαα«α αα ααααΈα ααα α»ααααΌα¬αΈαα 45 αα₯αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α αα α α ααααΈα»αααΈα α‘α±ααααΌα α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ projection line αα¬αΈααΌαα«α
α) α ααααΈα»αααΈα α‘αααΈααα‘αΏαα αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΌαα«α α) α ααααΈα»αααΈα αα¬ααα‘α αΌαααΈ α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα αΏαααα₯αΈ αααα±ααα¬α αα ααα α»αααα±αα¬ αααα‘αααΈ αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΌαα«α α) α ααααΈα»αααΈααΌαααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ 45 αα₯αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α ααααΈαααα‘αααα¬αΈα α α»αααα₯αΈα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α α) α αΏαααα₯αΈαα α»αααα₯αΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα α»ααααααα«α α α αα»ααα α α»αααα±αα¬ ααα±ααααΌααααα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα±ααΈαααα«α ααα»αααα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααα α»αααα₯αΈα αααα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα Dummy SupportDummy SupportDummy SupportDummy Support
Dummy Support α ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±ααΌααααααα α±αα¬ααα αααα¬αΈααΌα αααα‘α±ααΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα±αα¬αα‘α»αα ααα¬αΈαα Dummy Support αα¬αΈ ααα±ααααα Fabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy SupportFabrication of Dummy Support Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα αααα₯αΈ (Centre Line) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α αααα₯αΈαα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬ααααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) αα α αααΈαα¬αΈ αα ααΈααα
α»αααα₯αΈ
45αα₯αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ
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L1 = H5 β H1 L2 = H5 β H2 L3 = H5 β H3 L4 = H5 β H4 α»αα ααα α€ααΌα H1 ,H2 , H3, H4,H5 ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααα ααα
D = Outside Diameter of Elbow R1 = Outside Radius of Elbow
OD = Outside Diameter ID = Inside Diameter R1 = OD of Header / 2 R2 = ID of Branch / 2
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D β C3 3 = 2D β C1 6 = 1.5D
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R2 = Inside Radius of Support Pipe = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe / 2 R2A = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707
ααα±αΎαα¬α - L1 = H5 β H1 L2 = H5 β H2 L3 = H5 β H3 L4 = H5 β H4 α»αα ααα αα α αα±ααααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ αα±αα¬ααααα α αα±αα¬αΏααΈαα¬αΈ α αα ααα±ααααΌααααα¬ α‘ααα±ααΈαΏααΈ α»ααααααα¬ α»αα ααα
Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support TypeTypeTypeType 2 2 2 2
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αα (Bottom Surface) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α α±α‘α¬ααα αααα¬α»αααα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬α αααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα(αα) α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) ααα support pipe α‘α¬αΈ α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα α±α‘α¬αα±α»αααΌα support α αα¬αΈααα
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Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αα (Bottom Surface) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αααα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬α αααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα (αα) α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) ααα support pipe α‘α¬αΈ α‘αα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα α‘α±ααααΈααΌα support α αα¬αΈααα
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D β C2 3 = 2D β C1
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α‘ααΈααα±αα¬α‘ααΈααα±αα¬α‘ααΈααα±αα¬α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb Rule of Thumb αα±ααααΈα‘α ααα±ααααΈα‘α ααα±ααααΈα‘α ααα±ααααΈα‘α α αααααααααααα α‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈαααα‘α±ααΈααα αα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈ Outside Diameter of pipe = D (ααα) , Thickness = t (ααα) α»αα αα αα α±α α‘αααααα α‘α±ααΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα«ααα
W = 10.68 x (Dt β t2)
α€ααΌα W αα αα α±αα‘αααα±αα¬ ααα α‘α±ααΈαα (α±αα«α) α»αα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬ OD = 4.5β , t = 0.25β α ααα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ -
W = 10.68 x (4.5 x 0.25 β 0.252 )
= 11.35 lb/ft αα α±ααα αα.αα α±αα«α α»αα ααα
α‘ααα ααααα α»ααααΌαααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
W = D x t x 16
α€ααΌα W αα ααααα αα α»αα αΏααΈ αα ααααα¬α‘ααα ααα α‘α±ααΈαα α»αα ααα D = ααα α‘αααΈ (Diameter of the pipe) - ααα t = ααα α‘α (Thickness ) - ααα
α₯ααα¬ ααααα αα α‘αα ααα αα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ -
W = 20 x ΒΌ x 16 = 80 tons αα ααααα¬αα αα αα α»αα ααα ααα»αα α ααα¬ ααα ααααα α ααα±ααΈααα Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support Pipe Span (Pipe Support αα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈαα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈαα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈαα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±αααααΈαΈαΈαΈ) ) ) ) αα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈαα¬αααΈ
α€αααΈα‘αααΌαα±αα¬αααα Sch 40 ααα»αα αα α‘αααΈ αα ααααα ααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα S = 7 βD α»αα ααα
α‘αααΈ αα ααααα αααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα S = 6.6 βD α»αα ααα α€ααΌα S = Pipe Support αα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ (α±α) D = Outside Diameter of pipe (in) - ααα α‘αααΈ (ααα) α»αα ααα
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Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test Hydrostatic Test αααααααααααααααα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ α± α± α± α±αααα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬αααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ
V = 0.0408 x d2 x L
α€ααΌα - V = αα‘αα±αα¬ α±αααα¬α (αα«α) d = Inside Diameter of pipe (in) ααα α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈ (ααα) L = Hydrotest αααα αααααΈα‘αα (α±α)
α₯ααα¬ - α±α αα α α‘ααααα α ααααααααΈα hydro test ααααααα«α αα‘αα±αα¬ α±αααα¬αα ααΌααα«α α αααααα ID αα¬ α.ααα αααα»αα αα
ααα±αΎαα¬α - V = 0.0408 x 6.0652 x 650
= 975.5 αα«α α»αα ααα
α‘αααΈ (α)
αα αα αααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«α (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping) (Definition of Piping)
αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ (Piping) ααααα¬ α‘α αα‘αα α‘ααα α‘α±ααΌα α ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ ααααα α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα ααα±αα¬ααα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ (Fittings) ααΈα αααα¬αΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈα α±ααααα ααα±αα¬ αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ αααααΈααΌα α α‘ααα α‘α±ααΌααα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα ααΈααΈααα¬αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»α αααα¬ αα¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ α‘ααααα α‘α±ααΌαα α‘α±ααΌαααα α‘αααα α»αα α±α‘α¬αα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α‘αααα ααα αα αα α±αα¬α±ααα»αααΈα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααΈα αααΈα»αααΈα αααα±ααα¬ α‘ααα‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααΌα±α ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα αα α±ααα¬αααΈα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α α α±ααΈα»αααΈα αα αααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ αα«ααα±ααΈ ααα α±αα‘ααααα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬αα±αα ααΈα±αα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈ αα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αααα±αα¬ α±αα ααΈα±αα ααΈα±α α ααα±ααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ α±αααΈαααα αα¬αΈα ααΈαααααα¬αΈα ααα αααα¬αΈα α ααα α‘ααααα¬αΈααΌα αααααααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα ααΈααα±α αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαα αααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα α¬α αααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈα αΏααααΌα¬αα¬αΈααα±αα±ααΈαα ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαααΈ αα¬αΈα αΏα αα»ααα¬αΈα α±αααΈαα¬αΈαααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬ααααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ α ααα»αα α‘ααΈα»αα
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α‘ααΈααΈα α±ααΌαααααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬αααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αΈ αααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌααΈααΌα α»ααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααα α αα«ααααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα«ααΌααααΈ αα«ααααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌααα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈα ααΌααααΈαΎαααα αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈααΌα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ (Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange) α ααααααα‘α Valve, Bolt, Nut, Washer, Gasket, Pipe Supports α α±αα¬ αααααΈααΌααααΈαα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ αα«ααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ αααα¬αααα¬αααα¬αααα¬ α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±ααααααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ
Adhesive Joint - αααα αα αα αα αααα¬αααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬αααΏααΈ ααα±αα¬ ααα‘αα Ambient Temperature - αα¬ααα±αα α‘ααα Alloy Steel - αα¬ααΌααααα±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α α₯ααα¬ - αααΈαααΈα - α.αα αα¬αααααΈ ααααΌα - α.αα αα¬αααααΈ α±αΎααΈα - α.αα αα¬αααααΈ αα α±αα¬α ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α
ααα»αα αααΌα α‘αααααα αααΌαα αααααα αα±αα¬α αα ααα ααα±ααααα ααα ααα αα±αααα α αααααααΈ α±αα«ααΈα αααα±ααΈααα
Anchor - ααα α‘αα¬αΈαα αα±ααΌαααα±α αα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα±α»αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ Assembly - αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα»αααΈ Automatic Welding - αα±αα±αα¬ααα α‘ααα»ααα±α α¬ααΎααα±ααα ααα α‘α α‘α±αα¬α αα±αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬α α Backing Ring - αα±αα±αα¬αα¬α ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα‘ααΌααΈααα±α αα αα penetration α‘α»αα αα±α αα α»αααα‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ αααΌααΈ Base Metal - αα±αα±αα¬ααα αααααααΈ (ααααα) αααααα αα parent metal ααααΈ α±ααααα Bevel - αα±αα±αα¬αα α±α α¬ααΈααΈα»αααΈ Bonding - αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα»αααΈ Butt Joint - αααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬αα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘αα (α±ααα) Branch β ααααααααΈα ααΌααΌαααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈ Bypass - αααΈαα - αααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα αα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ valve, flow meter α ααααα α±αα¬αααΌααΈ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα Carbon Steel - αα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα¬αΈα Carbon Steel α α±ααααα αααΌα aluminium, boron, chromium, cobalt α α±αα¬ ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈααΈααα
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αα«αααα ααααααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααΈααΈ copper αα«αααα 0.40 αα¬αααααΈαα αα±αα¬ ααΌαα±αα¬α manganese αα«αααα 1.65α silicon αα«αααα 0.60α copper αα«αααα 0.60 αα ααα¬αΈα±αα Cast Iron - ααΌααΈα Chamfering - αααα¬αΈα α»αααΏααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αα±αα±αα¬αα ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±α α¬ααΈααΈα»αααΈ Cold Bending - α‘ααα±ααΈα ααα α±ααΌαΈα»αααΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α€αααΈαααΈαα¬ααΌα ααα‘α±ααΌαΈ α‘αααΈααα ααα‘αααΈα α α αα¬αΈα±ααααα
(Radius of Bend = 5 x Diameter of pipe) Commissioning β αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααααα α‘αααααααα α±αα¬αααΈα‘αα α ααΈααα α α±ααΈα»αααΈ Crack - ααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈ α‘αα»αααΈ Defect - αααααΈαα¬αΈ ααααααα»αααΈα α±αα¬αα»αααΈα α±ααΌαΈα»αααΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±α α¬ααΈα±αα»αααΈ α α±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈαα α αααΈαα ααααααα ααααααα±αα¬ α‘αα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα±ααααα Design Pressure β αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈαα α‘ααα α‘α±ααΌαα‘ααΌα ααααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ (Design Pressure αα Operating Pressure α α.α α ααα)α Design Temperature β αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈαα α‘ααα α‘α±ααΌαα‘ααΌα ααααΈαααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘ααα Electrode - αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ Expansion Joint - α‘α ααααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα‘αα¬αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα ααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α αα‘αααΈ Fabrication - αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαΏααΈ αα±αα¬ ααα±α‘α¬α αααα»αααΈ Fillet Weld - α±αα¬αααα αααα αα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±α Flow Rate β αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα‘αα α αΈαααΈαααααΈ Flushing β αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α ααΈαααΏααΈ ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈα ααααααΈα ααΎααα±α αα α±αα α±αααα»αα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α»αααΈ Flux - αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ / αα±ααα¬αΈα ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ GA (General Arrangement) Drawing β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±α»ααΈαα¬αΈαα α αα αα»αα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α (αααααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα α α±αα«ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα)α Galvanizing - αα±ααΈαααα±α‘α¬α ααΌαααα αα»αααΈ
GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) β MIG ααααα CO2 Welding α αααα¬αΈααα
GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) - TIG α αααα¬αΈααα
24
Groove β Groove Welding α‘ααΌα α»αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈ Groove Angle - αα±αα±αα¬αα α»αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα αα Groove α α±αα¬α
Gravity Test β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αααα α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈ Hangers and Supports β Pipe Support αααααΈα αααααΈα αααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααααα Header - Main run of piping - ααααααααΈα α±ααααα Hydro-Test β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αααα αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈ ID β Inside Diameter (ααα α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈ) Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) β αααααΈαα¬αΈα XYZ Coordinate α»αα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α (αααααΈ αα αααΈαααΈ) MPI (Magnetic Particle Inspection) β αα±ααααα¬αΈ α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα ααααα¬αΈα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈ NDT (Non Destructive Testing) β αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα αΈαα ααα±α α α α α±ααΈα»αααΈ NPS β Nominal Pipe Sizeβ (ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ) α₯ααα¬ - α ααααα αα ND - Nominal Diameter ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα DN - Diameter Nominal ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα NB - Nominal Bore ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±ααα±ααΈααα DN α αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα metric α αα α»αα ααΈααα α₯ααα¬ α αααααα DN100 ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α αααααα DN200 ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα OD β Outside Diameter (ααα α‘α»αααα α‘αααΈ) Operating Pressure β αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈαα α‘αα ααααα α‘α±ααΌα α αα‘α¬αΈ Operating Temperature β αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈαα α‘αα ααααα α‘α±ααΌα α α‘ααα Penetrant Test β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈααα αα«αα±αα α±ααΈααα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈ Pneumatic Test β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αααα α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈ P n ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram) β α ααα α₯ααΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααΌααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α (α€αααΌα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα¬α»αα αααα αα α₯ααΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈα ααααα ααααΌααα¬αΈααα α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα) RT (Radiographic Testing) (X-Ray) β αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈααα αα«ααααααΏααΈ α α α±ααΈα»αααΈ Reverse Polarity β DC Arc Welding ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα»αα¬αΈ ααααα ααα α‘ααα (-) α»αα αααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±αα«ααΈ (+) α»αα αααα¬αΈα»αααΈ Schedule Number - ααα‘αα α»αα±αα¬ αααΈααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα αα α±α‘α¬ααα«
25
α‘αααΈααΌαααα (α‘ααΈα αααΈααααΈα ααα¬αΈααα)
Schedule Number = 1000 P / S
α€ααΌα P αα Service Pressure ( psi) α»αα αΏααΈ S αα Allowable Stress (psi) α»αα ααα Seamless Pipe - αα±ααα±αα¬α αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬ααα«α±αα¬ αα SMAW β Shielded Metal Arc Welding - Arc Welding α αααα¬αΈααα Slag Inclusion β αα±ααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬α±αα»αααΈ (Welding α α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬ αα αα»αα ααα) Soldering - ααααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ Spatter - αα±αα±αα¬α α₯ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α₯α»αααΈ Straight Polarity β DC Arc Welding ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα»αα¬αΈ ααααα ααα α‘α±αα«ααΈ (+) α»αα αααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα (-) α»αα αααα¬αΈα»αααΈ Size of Weld - αα±ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬
Thermoplastic - α‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈα±α αΏααΈ α‘α±α‘αΈαα»αααΈα»αα α»αααα¬α±α ααα±αα¬ αααα αα Thermosetting Plastic - α‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα«αα±αααααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα±αα±α αΏααΈα±αα¬α α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α ααααα αα«α α±ααα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ αααα αα α αααα¬ Thickness β Schedule - ααα α‘α UT (Ultrasonic Test)(Ultrasonic Examination or Inspection) β αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααΈα»αα α‘αααααΈαααα α ααΈααα»αααΈ Visual Inspection β ααα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈ Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) - αα±αα±αα¬αα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αααΈαα¬αΈ
26
Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations (Abbreviations (α‘αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ)))) AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute AEC - American Engineering Council ANSI - American National Standards Institute API - American Petroleum Institute ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials AWG - American Wire Gauge AWS - American Welding Society AWWA - American Water Works Association BHN - Brinell Hardness Number DIN - Deutsches Institu fur Normung; German Standards Institute gpm - Gallons per inute HVAC - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning NPT - National Pipe Taper ppb - Parts per billion ppm - Parts per million SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) (Pipes & Tubes) α»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΈααΈααΌααααα
αα ααα (Ferrus metal Pipe) αα ααααα±αα¬ αααα (Non-ferrus metal Pipe) αα αααα αα αα (Plastic Pipe) ααααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα (Stainless Steel)α α (Carbon Steel)α
αα α (Alloy Steel) αα¬αΈα»αα α»αααααα ααααα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈα Monel, Nickel, Inconel, Hastalloy, Copper, Brass, Bronze, Titanium, Tantalum, Bismuth, Aluminium, High Speed Steel, Zinc, Lead α ααααα»αα α»αααααα αααα αα αααα¬αΈααΌα PVC, CPVC, PP, PE, PPR, PVDF, GRP, GRE, ABS α αααααα¬αΈ αα«ααααα
α‘α αα±αα¬ αα α αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
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Pipe Standards and Specifications
Specification
Size Range
(NPS) Application
ASTM A53 1/8 to 26 Ordinary use in gas, air, oil, water, steam
ASTM A106 1/8 to 48 High temperature service (steam, water, gas, etc.)
ASTM A369 Custom High temperature service
ASTM A335 Custom High temperature service
ASTM A333 1/8 and larger
Service requiring excellent fracture toughness at low
temperatures
ASTM A671 16 and larger Low Temperature services
ASTM A672 16 and larger Moderate Temperature services
ASTM A691 16 and larger High Temperature services
ASTM A312 1/8 and larger Low to High Temperature and corrosive services
API 5L Low pipe, refinery anf transmission service
AWWA C200 6 and larger Steel Water pipe
AS 1450 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes
BS 3602
Steel pipes and tubes for pressure purposes, Carbon
steel: High temperature duties
DIN 2440 Steel tubes medium-weight Suitable for threading
JIS G3445
Carbon steel tubes for Machine and Structural
Purpose
JIS G3458 Alloy steel pipes
αααααααα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬ (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) (Pipe Properties and Characteristics) α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ αα α αααΈαα¬αΈαα αααα ααΈα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααα«αααΈ ααααα±ααΈααααα αααα ααΈα ααααααα ααα ααααα α ααΈαααααα αααα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±αα¬ αα«ααα±ααα α ααααα α±αα¬α»αα±ααΈααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ASTM A53 αα API 5L αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αααα¬αΈα Grade α‘ααΈααΈααα±αα¬αααΈ αααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα¬ Grade A αα B α»αα ααα Grade C α ααΈαΎαα±αα¬αααΈ A αα B α±αα¬α α‘ααΈαααΌααααα«α Grade B αααα Grade A αααα Tensile Strength ααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈ ααα α‘ααα±ααΈα α±ααΌαΈ αα (Cold Bending) αααα‘αα«αα¬αΈααΌα Grade A α ααΈα±αααΎαααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α αα±αα¬ Grade A ααααΌα Grade B αααα¬αα ααΏααΈ αα¬ααΌααα«αααααααΈαα»αα αα±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈαΏααΈ αΎααΌααααα ααααΈα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α»αα ααα αα αααα«ααα¬αΈα αΎαααα«α
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Chemical composition and Tensile Strength of Grade A and Grade B Steel Pipe
Chemical Composition Tensile Properties
Designation Grade C Mn P S
min. yield
strength
psi (Mpa)
min. tensile
strength
psi (Mpa)
ASTM A53 A 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.06 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)
B 0.30 1.2 0.05 0.06 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)
API 5L A 0.22 0.9 0.04 0.05 30,000 (205) 48,000 (330)
B 0.27 1.15 0.04 0.05 35,000 (240) 60,000 (415)
C= Carbon Mn = Manganese P = Phosphorous S = Sulphur
α‘α±ααΈααααα‘α±ααΈααααα‘α±ααΈααααα‘α±ααΈαααα ααααααααααΈααΈααΈααΈααα«αααα«αααα«αααα«α (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) (Weight and Schedule Number) α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααα α‘α±ααΈαααααα αααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΈααΈ ααααα±α αααα ααααα¬ -
αα Standard (Std.) αα Extra Strong (XS) or Extra Heavy (XH) αα Double Extra Strong (XXS) or Double Extra Heavy (XXH) - ααα»αα ααα
α€ααΌααααααα¬ ααα‘αα‘αα«αΈααααα ααΌααα»αα α±α ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ (Outside Diameter β OD) αα¬ α‘αααα α»αα αα αα±αα¬ α‘ααα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ ααα‘αα‘αα«αΈα ααα α‘ααΌααΈααα‘αααΈ (Inside Diameter β ID) αα¬α ααΌα»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈ ααα ααα»αα α ααα‘α±ααΈααααααα α»αα αα«α±α α Schedule No. ααα±α αα¬α ααα‘αα α α±αα¬ αα (Die) αα¬αΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈ (Fittings) αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααα»αα ααα α‘αααΈ αα αααααα±α‘α¬αααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα NPS α»αα α±αα¬α»αααα α NPS αα¬ ααα OD αααΈαααα ID αααΈαααα ααα ID αα ααΈα α α±αα¬ αααΈα»αααα αα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈ αα ααα α‘αααααα¬αΈααΌα NPS = OD α»αα ααΌα¬αΈααα ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααα«α
1. SP x 1000 Number Schedule =
2. CS x 2D x P Thickness Wall +=
3. DC) - (T S x 2 Presure =
α€ααΌα P = Internal Pressure (psi) S = maximum allowable stress value (psi)
D = outside diameter (in)
29
C = allowance for threading and grooving T = wall thickness (in) C ααααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααααα«ααα
General Allowance for Threading and Grooving Pipe Size (NPS) Allowance Β½β(15mm) to ΒΎβ(20mm) 0.0571β (1.45mm) 1β(25mm) to 2β(50mm) 0.0696β (1.77mm) 2 Β½β (65mm) and larger 0.1000β (2.54mm)
Stress Value S α ααααααα±αα¬ αααΌαα ααα±αα±αα¬ α α¬α±α α¬ααα¬αΈααΌα α±ααΌααααα« ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α‘ααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα S Value αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Maximum allowable stress βSβ value for Carbon Steel Seamless pipes
Maximum stress in 1000 psi (MPa) for various Temperature
Specification Grade
-20 to 650 F (-29 to 343 C)
700 F (371 C)
750 F (399 C)
800 F (427 C)
ASTM A53 A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
ASTM A106 A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
API 5L A B
12.0(82) 15.0(103)
11.7(80) 14.4(99)
10.7(73) 13.0(89)
9.0(62) 10.8(74)
α‘αααα« αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααΈααΌαααα»αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α»αα αΏααΈ ααα α¬αΈα»αααΈ (corrosion) α‘ααα (temperature), α‘ααΈαααα±ααα¬ (specific application) ααααααΈ ααααΌααΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααα«ααα
αααααααα¬ααΌα ααα‘ααα ααααΈααααα±ααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα α±α(α.α ααα¬) αααα»αα αα ααα ααα αΌααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ αααααα
οΏ½ Threaded and Coupled (ααα‘αα - αα¬ααα ααΌαααα«ααα) οΏ½ Threaded without Couplings (ααα‘αα - αα¬ααα ααα«α) οΏ½ Plain End β cut square (α±ααΈα±αα¬αα αα ααα) οΏ½ Beveled for welding β 30 degree bevel with a 1/16β (1.6mm) land
(αα±αα±αα¬αα α±α α¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα) οΏ½ Groove End (α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα)
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Pipe Schedule tables for selected pipe sizes
1 All Dimensions are in inches
2 The Nominal Wall Thickness shown are subject to a 12.5% Mill Tolerance
3 Not included in ANSI B 36.10
Nominal NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS
Pipe Outside Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch
Size Dia 5S (1)
10S (2) 10 20 30 WT 40
1/8 0.405 --- 0.049 --- --- --- 0.068 0.068
1/4 0.540 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.088 0.088
3/8 0.675 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.091 0.091
1/2 0.840 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.109 0.109
3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.113 0.113
1 1.315 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.133 0.133
1-1/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.140 0.140
1-1/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.145 0.145
2 2.375 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.154 0.154
2-1/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.203 0.203
3 3.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.216 0.216
3-1/2 4.000 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.226 0.226
4 4.500 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.237 0.237
5 5.563 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.258 0.258
6 6.625 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.280 0.280
8 8.625 0.109 0.148 --- 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322
10 10.75 0.134 0.165 --- 0.250 0.307 0.365 0.365
12 12.75 0.156 0.180 --- 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406
14 14.00 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438
16 16.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500
18 18.00 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.375 0.562
20 20.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.594
22 22.00 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 ---
24 24.00 0.218 0.250 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.688
26 26.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---
28 28.00 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---
30 30.00 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.3753 ---
31
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS
Pipe Sch Extra Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XX
Size 60 Strong 80 100 120 140 160 Strong
1/8 --- 0.095 0.095 --- --- --- --- ---
1/4 --- 0.119 0.119 --- --- --- --- ---
3/8 --- 0.126 0.126 --- --- --- --- ---
1/2 --- 0.147 0.147 --- --- --- 0.188 0.294
3/4 --- 0.154 0.154 --- --- --- 0.219 0.308
1 --- 0.179 0.179 --- --- --- 0.250 0.358
1-1/4 --- 0.191 0.191 --- --- --- 0.250 0.382
1-1/2 --- 0.200 0.200 --- --- --- 0.281 0.400
2 --- 0.218 0.218 --- --- --- 0.344 0.436
2-1/2 --- 0.276 0.276 --- --- --- 0.375 0.552
3 --- 0.300 0.300 --- --- --- 0.438 0.600
3-1/2 --- 0.318 0.318 --- --- --- --- ---
4 --- 0.337 0.337 --- 0.438 --- 0.531 0.674
5 --- 0.375 0.375 --- 0.500 --- 0.625 0.750
6 --- 0.432 0.432 --- 0.562 --- 0.719 0.864
8 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.593 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875
10 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.000
12 0.562 0.500 0.688 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000
14 0.594 0.500 0.750 0.938 1.094 1.250 1.406 ---
16 0.656 0.500 0.844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594 ---
18 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781 ---
20 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.750 1.969 ---
22 0.875 0.500 1.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.215 ---
24 0.969 0.500 1.218 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.344 ---
26 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
28 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
30 --- 0.5003 --- --- --- --- --- ---
32 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
34 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
36 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
42 --- 0.500 --- --- --- --- --- ---
ααα ααααα‘α αΌααΈαα¬αΈα αααααΌααΈαααα αα¬ααΌαααα α‘αα αα¬αΈα
ααααα±α ααα ααα‘ααΌααΈαα α‘ααααα α‘αααααααα¬αΈ αααααα±α ααα‘ααΌα αααα αα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αΈα±αααα«ααα αα‘α‘ααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬αα αα±αα¬α α»αααα«α
32
ααααααα«α αα»αααα«ααα ααα±ααααΌαααα±ααααΌαααα±ααααΌαααα±ααααΌα α± α± α± α±ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααααα‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααα‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααα‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααα‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking)(Pipe Identification and Marking) ααα α‘αα‘αα«αΈα‘ααΈααΈα grade α‘ααΈααΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΈααΈ ααααα±α ααα¬ ααααα±αα¬ α αααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααααΌα α±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±ααααα α€ααΌα ASTM αα API αααα±αα¬ α‘αα α αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬α‘α»αα α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα ASTM standard α‘αααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα -
οΏ½ αααααα αααΈα / αααΈα α‘ααααα (Manufactureerβs Name - trade mark or brand)
οΏ½ αααααααα αααΈα α₯ (Pipe manufacturing method): o F = Furnae butt welded, continuous welded o E = Electric resistance welded o S = Seamless
οΏ½ ααα α‘αα‘αα«αΈ / α‘α±ααΈαα (Sch Std. , XS, or XXS.) οΏ½ Specification Number (ASTM spec. no.) οΏ½ ααα‘αα (Length)
ααα»αα αα αα«αα Grade αα Schedule No. αα¬αΈααα« α±αα¬α»αααα±ααΈααα API standard α‘αααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα -
οΏ½ αααααα αααΈα / αααΈα α‘ααααα (Manufactureerβs Name - trade mark or brand)
οΏ½ API Specification Number οΏ½ ααα α‘αααΈ (Nominal Diameter or Outside Diameter) οΏ½ ααα α‘α±ααΈαα (Weight per foot)
A&B Co. ASTM A 53 Seamless XS 21β 10.75 x 0.5
ASTM Specification No Method of Manufacture Length
Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Weight Company Name Outside Diameter
33
οΏ½ Grade οΏ½ αααααααα αααΈα α₯ (Pipe manufacturing method):
o F = Butt welded o E = Welded, except Butt Welded o S = Seamless o SW = Spiral Welded
οΏ½ ααα‘αα (Length) αα α‘α (Thickness) οΏ½ Type of steel :
E β Electric β furnace steel R β Rephosphorized steel
οΏ½ Heat Treatment HN β Normalized or normalized/tempered HS β Subcritical stress relieved HA β Subcritical age hardened HQ β Quench and tempered
οΏ½ Test Pressure β if the pressure is higher than in tables.
Carbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel PipeCarbon Steel Pipe Carbon Steel αααα¬αΈαα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈα‘αααΌαα±α»ααααΏααΈ α ααααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘α±ααΌα±ααΌ ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααα ααα±αα¬ αα±ααΈααααΌαααα α‘αααα¬ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α αα α‘α»αααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αΎαα¬αααα±ααΌαα±ααα«α ααα¬αΈαα αΎααΌααααα¬ααα α‘αα α αα¬αΈαα αα±ααΌααααααΈ αα±ααΈαααααΈα ααα»ααααα±α ααα αααΏααα αα¬ααα αα«αα±ααΌααααααΈ αα«αααα»ααααααα ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα¬ααΌαααα‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ αα«ααααα αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα αααα‘αα±αα¬ α ααααααα¬α αΌααΈαα (mechanical properties) α ααααΈαααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααααα±αα¬ α αα αα¬ ASTM A53 α αααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈαα α»αα ααα
A&B Co. Spec 5L 14β 54.68 B S E 0.25 x 40β
API Specification No Outside Diameter Grade of Pipe Pipe Weight (per ft) Seamless
Trade Mark or Wall Thickness Length Electric Company Name or API monogram Furnace
34
α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααααα α αα αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα ααα
Type Grade Manufacturing System Remarks F A Furnace Btt Welded Flange joint αα¬αΈ E A , B Electric resistance welded αα«αα Type F α S A , B Seamless αααΈαααα«α
αααααααααααα ( ( ( (Stainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel PipeStainless Steel Pipe)))) ααααααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααα«ααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα(Chromium) αα αα αα (Nickel) ααα»αα ααα αααΌα αααα±αα«ααΈααα±ααΈααα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααα ααα α¬αΈαα αααα‘α¬αΈ α»αααα¬ααα αααααα±α‘α¬ααα α‘ααα¬αα«αΈα ααααααα¬α»ααααΌα α‘αα±ααΈ αα¬αΈααα»αααΈα»αα αα±ααΈααα»αααΈαα α α¬αΈα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα αα ααα ααα α±αα¬ααααΈαααα α‘ααα«ααααααα ααΈαα¬α±α ααα αααααα αααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααα α αααα ααΈα αα«αααααααΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα αα«αααααααΈαα¬ α αα¬αααααΈα αα αα¬αααααΈα αα αα αα«αααααααΈαα¬ α αα¬αααααΈα αα αα¬αααααΈ α»αα ααα ααα»αα ααα αααα α±αΎααΈαα αααΈαααΈα α ααααΌα α α±αα¬αααα¬αΈαααΈ αα«ααααα±ααΈααα α‘αα αααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΈααΈααα
Austenitic (AISI types 200 and 300 series) Ferritic (AISI type 400 series) Martensitic (AISI types 400 and 500 series)
α€ααΈααΈα‘αα α‘αα¬αΈααΈα‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ Austenitic α»αα ααα Series 300 αα 400 α αααα»ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα Series 400 αα αααα±αα¬αααΈ Series 300 αα¬ ααααα±αα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα¬ 304 αα 316 α»αα αα αααα¬αΈ ααααα¬ α‘α αΌααΈα‘αααΈα αααα αα±αα¬α»αα¬αΈαααΈ α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααααααα α±αα¬ ααααα«α α₯ααα¬ - αααΏααααα α‘αα α α ααα αααα αααα ααααα ααα αα αααα«α ααα 304 αα 304L αααα Austenitic α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα αΏααΈ α±αα αα¬αΈ α»αα α±αα¬ ααΈαα αααα ααα±α»αα¬ααα ααααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααΎαα α‘αα α α‘αα«α‘αα α‘αα α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααααα ααα 316 αα 316L αααα αα¬ααα αα αααα αα¬αΈα αααααααα¬α 304 αααα±αα¬ααΈααα α‘ααΈαα»αα αα¬αααα α‘αα α αα«αα ααΈαααααααααα 304 αα ααΈαααα α±αα αα α‘αα α αα¬αΈααααΈ 316 ααΌα α ααααα ααΈααααα 304L αα 316L αααα 304 αα 316 αααα αα¬αααα α‘αα α α αααΎαα
35
α‘αα α α α±αα¬α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα α‘αα α αα¬αΈα ααααααα αααα Ferritic αααααΌα αα αααα«ααααααα ααα‘ααΌα αααΏααααα α‘αα α α αααααααα ααα±αα¬ αααα αα α±α‘α¬ααα α‘αα α αα¬αΈαα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ααααααααα Martensitic ααα ααΌαα αα αααα«ααααααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α»αα¬ααα Ferritic ααα αα Martensitic ααα αααα Austenitic αααα αα«αα±αα α±ααΈαααα¬αΈα αα«αα αααααααα ααα‘ααΌα α±α αΈααΌαααΌα Austenitic αααα ααΏααΈααΈαΎαααα αααααααΈ Carbon steel ααααα 1/8β α 30β α α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΈααΈα ααα‘α α‘ααΈααΈα»αα αααααΎαααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα Schedule 5S, 10S, 40S, 80S α α±ααΈααΈααααα α€ααΌα S ααααα¬ stainless steel α ααα α¬αΈα»ααΏααΈ ααΈααΈααα αα¬αΈαα αα±αα¬α±α αα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα ααα α‘α αα±αα¬ ααααααα¬αΈα α‘αα α»αα ααααα±αα¬αααΈ Schedule 5S αα 10S αα¬αΈαα¬ αα«αΈααΌααΈαα‘αα α±αα¬α±α αααα«α Pipe Schedule Table for Stainless Steel Pipes
Pipe Size Outside Diameter
Wall Thickness
Inside Diameter
(inches) (inches) Schedule
No. (inches) (inches) 10S .049 .307
40S .068 .269 1/8 0.405 80S .095 .215
10S .065 .410
40S .088 .364 1/4 0.540 80S .119 .302
10S .065 .545
40S .091 .493 3/8 0.675 80S .126 .423
5S .065 .710
10S .083 .674
40S .109 .622 1/2 0.840 80S .147 .546
5S .065 .920
1.050 10S .083 .884
40S .113 .824 3/4 80S .154 .742 1 1.315 5S .065 1.185
36
10S .109 1.097
40S .133 1.049
80S .179 .957
5S .065 1.530
10S .109 1.442
40S .140 1.380 1 1/4 1.660 80S .191 1.278
5S .065 1.770
10S .109 1.682
40S .145 1.610 1 1/2 1.900 80S .200 1.500
5S .065 2.245
10S .109 2.157
40S .154 2.067 2 2.375 80S .218 1.939
5S .083 2.709
10S .120 2.635
40S .203 2.469 2 1/2 2.875 80S .276 2.323
5S .083 3.334
10S .120 3.260
40S .216 3.068 3 3.500 80S .300 2.900
5S .083 3.834
10S .120 3.760
40S .226 3.548 3 1/2 4.000 80S .318 3.364
5S .083 4.334
10S .120 4.260
40S .237 4.026 4 4.500 80S .337 3.826
5S .109 5.345
10S .134 5.295
5 5.563
40S .258 5.047
37
80S .375 4.813
5S .109 6.407
10S .134 6.357
40S .280 6.065 6 6.625 80S .432 5.761
5S .109 8.407
10S .148 8.329
40S .322 7.981 8 8.625 80S .500 7.625
5S .134 10.482
10S .165 10.420
40S .365 10.020 10 10.750 80S .500 9.750
5S .156 12.438
10S .180 12.390
40S .500 11.750 12 12.75 80S .688 11.374
5S 156 13.688 14 14.00 10S .188 13.624
5S .165 15.670 16 16.00 10S .188 15.624
5S .165 17.670 18 18.00 10S .188 17.624
5S .188 19.624 20 20.00 10S .218 19.564
5S .188 21.624 22 22.00 10S .218 21.564
5S .218 23.564 24 24.00 10S .250 23.500
5S .250 29.500 30 30.00 10S .312 29.376
α±αΎααΈαα±αΎααΈαα±αΎααΈαα±αΎααΈααααααααα (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe) (Copper Pipe)
38
α±αΎααΈαααα±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈαΏααΈ αα¬ααα‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈααΌα α±αΎααΈααααΏααΈ α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈ α»αααΈααΈ αα»αα αααα«α ααα±αα¬ αααααΈα αααΏααααα¬αααα αααΎαα α‘αα α ααααα±ααΌα ααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈααααα ααα α±αα¬αααΈα±ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈαα α±αα¬ααα α±αΎααΈαααα 1/8β α 12β α α‘αα«αΈα αα¬ααα α‘α (light, regular, extra strong) α ααΈααΈααααααα α±αΎααΈααααα¬αα α±αΎααΈαα«(α‘α)α αα ααα±αα¬α±αΎααΈα (Copper-nickel), Aluminium-bronze ααααΈ αααααΎαα±ααΈααα Pipe Schedule table for Copper Pipes
NominalNominalNominalNominal I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. Wall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall ThicknessWall Thickness
Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV KKKK LLLL MMMM DWVDWVDWVDWV 1/4" 3/8" 0.305 0.315 - - 0.035 0.03 - -
3/8" 1/2" 0.402 0.43 0.45 - 0.049 0.035 0.025 -
1/2" 5/8" 0.527 0.545 0.569 - 0.049 0.04 0.028 -
5/8" 3/4" 0.652 0.666 - - 0.049 0.042 - -
3/4" 7/8" 0.745 0.785 0.811 - 0.065 0.045 0.032 -
1" 1-1/8" 0.995 1.025 1.055 - 0.065 0.05 0.035 -
1-1/4" 1-3/8" 1.245 1.265 1.291 1.295 0.065 0.055 0.042 0.04
1-1/2" 1-5/8" 1.481 1.505 1.527 1.541 0.072 0.06 0.049 0.042
2" 2-1/8" 1.959 1.985 2.009 2.041 0.083 0.07 0.058 0.042
2-1/2" 2-5/8" 2.435 2.465 2.495 - 0.095 0.08 0.065 -
3" 3-1/8" 2.907 2.945 2.981 3.03 0.109 0.09 0.072 0.045
ααΌααΈαααΌααΈαααΌααΈαααΌααΈα (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) (Cast Iron Pipe) ααΌααΈαααΌα αα¬ααΌα 2% α 4% αα ααααΌα 1% α 3% α αα«ααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘ααΈαααα±ααα¬ααααααΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈααα±ααΈααα ααΌααΈαα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α±ααΈααΈαααα¬
39
α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα ααα
οΏ½ White Cast Iron οΏ½ Ductile Iron οΏ½ Gray Cast Iron οΏ½ Malleable Iron
αα±ααΈααΈα
οΏ½ Cast Iron Pressure Pipe οΏ½ Cast Iron Soil Pipe - α α‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα ααΈ ααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα
ααα‘αα«ααΌα ααΌααΈααααα¬αΈα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα αα αααα¬αΈα α‘α α¬αΈααΈ ααΈα αΌαα¬α±ααΎααΏα α»αα αα«ααα Cast Iron Pressure Pipe αα¬αΈα αααα α‘α±ααΈαα αα αα‘α¬αΈα‘α±αααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααααααΈα αΌαΎααα«ααα Pipe Schedule table for Cast Iron Pipes NominalNominalNominalNominal Class AClass AClass AClass A Class BClass BClass BClass B Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi)100 Foot Head (43 psi) 200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)200 Foot Head (86 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
3" 3.80" 0.39" 3.02" 3.96" 0.42" 3.12"
4" 4.80" 0.42" 3.96" 5.00" 0.45" 4.10"
6" 6.90" 0.44" 6.02" 7.10" 0.48" 6.14"
8" 9.05" 0.46" 8.13" 9.05" 0.51" 8.03"
10" 11.10" 0.50" 10.10" 11.10" 0.57" 9.96"
12" 13.20" 0.54" 12.12" 13.20" 0.62" 11.96"
14" 15.30" 0.57" 14.16" 15.30" 0.66" 13.98"
16" 17.40" 0.60" 16.20" 17.40" 0.70" 16.00"
18" 19.50" 0.64" 18.22" 19.50" 0.75" 18.00"
20" 21.60" 0.67" 20.26" 21.60" 0.80" 20.00"
24" 25.80" 0.76" 24.28" 25.80" 0.89" 24.02"
30" 31.74" 0.88" 29.98" 32.00" 1.03" 29.94"
36" 37.96" 0.99" 35.98" 38.30" 1.15" 36.00"
42" 44.20" 1.10" 42.00" 44.50" 1.28" 41.94"
48" 50.50" 1.26" 47.98" 50.80" 1.42" 47.96"
40
54" 56.66" 1.35" 53.96" 57.10" 1.55" 54.00"
60" 62.80" 1.39" 60.02" 63.40" 1.67" 60.06"
72" 75.34" 1.62" 72.10" 76.00" 1.95" 72.10"
84" 87.54" 1.72" 84.10" 88.54" 2.22" 84.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class CClass CClass CClass C Class DClass DClass DClass D Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi)300 Foot Head (130 psi) 400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)400 Foot Head (173 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
3" 3.96" 0.45" 3.06" 3.96" 0.48" 3.00"
4" 5.00" 0.48" 4.04" 5.00" 0.52" 3.96"
6" 7.10" 0.51" 6.08" 7.10" 0.55" 6.00"
8" 9.30" 0.56" 8.18" 9.30" 0.60" 8.10"
10" 11.40" 0.62" 10.16" 11.40" 0.68" 10.04"
12" 13.50" 0.68" 12.14" 13.50" 0.75" 12.00"
14" 15.65" 0.74" 14.17" 15.65" 0.82" 14.01"
16" 17.80" 0.80" 16.20" 17.80" 0.89" 16.02"
18" 19.92" 0.87" 18.18" 19.92" 0.96" 18.00"
20" 22.06" 0.92" 20.22" 22.06" 1.03" 20.00"
24" 26.32" 1.04" 24.22" 26.32" 1.16" 24.00"
30" 32.40" 1.20" 30.00" 32.74" 1.37" 30.00"
36" 39.60" 1.80" 36.00" 40.04" 2.02" 36.00"
42" 45.10" 1.54" 42.02" 45.58" 1.78" 42.02"
48" 51.40" 1.71" 47.98" 51.98" 1.96" 48.06"
54" 57.80" 1.90" 54.00" 58.40" 2.23" 53.94"
60" 64.20" 2.00" 60.20" 64.82" 2.38" 60.06"
72" 76.88" 2.39" 72.10" NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (2600 Foot Head (260 psi)60 psi)60 psi)60 psi)
O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D. WallWallWallWall I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
ThkThkThkThk ThkThkThkThk
41
6" 7.22" 0.58" 6.06" 7.22" 0.61" 6.00"
8" 9.42" 0.66" 8.10" 9.42" 0.71" 8.00"
10" 11.60" 0.74" 10.12" 11.60" 0.80" 10.00"
12" 13.78" 0.82" 12.14" 13.78" 0.89" 12.00"
14" 15.98" 0.90" 14.18" 15.98" 0.99" 14.00"
NominalNominalNominalNominal Class EClass EClass EClass E Class FClass FClass FClass F Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi)500 Foot Head (217 psi) 600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)600 Foot Head (260 psi)
WallWallWallWall WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
16" 18.16" 0.98" 16.20" 18.16" 1.08" 16.00"
18" 20.34" 1.07" 18.20" 20.34" 1.17" 18.00"
20" 22.54" 1.15" 20.24" 22.54" 1.27" 20.00"
24" 26.90" 1.31" 24.28" 26.90" 1.45" 24.00"
30" 33.10" 1.55" 30.00" 33.46" 1.73" 30.00"
36" 38.70" 1.36" 39.98" 39.16" 1.58" 36.00"
NominalNominalNominalNominal Class GClass GClass GClass G Class HClass HClass HClass H Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size 700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi)700 Foot Head (304 psi) 800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)800 Foot Head (347 psi)
WalWalWalWalllll WallWallWallWall O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D. O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
ThkThkThkThk I.D.I.D.I.D.I.D.
6" 7.38" 0.65" 6.08" 7.38" 0.69" 6.00"
8" 9.60" 0.75" 8.10" 9.60" 0.80" 8.00"
10" 11.84" 0.86" 10.12" 11.84" 0.92" 10.00"
12" 14.08" 0.97" 12.14" 14.08" 1.04" 12.00"
14" 16.32" 1.07" 14.18" 16.32" 1.16" 14.00"
16" 18.54" 1.18" 16.18" 18.54" 1.27" 16.00"
18" 20.78" 1.28" 18.22" 20.78" 1.39" 18.00"
20" 23.02" 1.39" 20.24" 23.02" 1.51" 20.00"
24" 27.76" 1.75" 24.26" 27.76" 1.88" 24.00"
Cast Iron Pressure Pipe αα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬α‘ααα αα«αα±ααΌαα α±α ααα‘ααΌα ααΈαα«ααα Cast Iron Soil Pipe αα¬αΈα DWV (Drainage, Waste, Vent) α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα α±αααΈ ααααα α±αααα±αα«ααΈαααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααα Soil Pipe α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααΈααΈ ααααα Single Hub, Double Hub αα Hubless ααα»αα αα (α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« αααΌα
42
αΎαααα«)α α€ααΈααΈα ααΈα Gray Cast Iron α»αααααΎαααα ASTM αα Soil Pipe α Service Weight αα Extra Heavy α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ αα ααΈαα¬ ααααααα
αααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈ (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe) (Plastic Pipe)
αααα αα αα αα ααΈααα οΏ½ Thermoplastic Pipe αα οΏ½ Thermoset Plastic Pipe ααα»αα ααα
αααα αα αααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααα αα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα¬αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio) α»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααα±α αααα α€ααΌα SDR ααααα¬ ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈα ααα‘αα»αα α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα«α
43
α»αα ααα (t) Thickness Wall Minimum
(OD)Diameter Outside SDR =
αα¬ααα¬ααα¬ααα¬α αααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈ (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe) (Thermo Plastic Pipe)
αα¬ααααα αα αααα¬αΈαα αααα±αα¬αΏααΈ α±α‘αΈαααα¬αα αααα α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α‘ααα±αα¬α±α αα¬(αα«ααα α₯ααΈαα«αααα αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα) α»αααααααΌααΈα±αα¬ααΈααααα ααα α±αα¬αααα»αα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈ ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα« working pressure (αα‘α¬αΈ) αα tensile strength ααα¬ααα α±α‘αΈα±αα¬α‘αα«α αα¬ααΎααΌααα¬αα»αα ααΌααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬ααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααα αα¬ααααα αα αααα¬αΈ α»αα αΎααα
οΏ½ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) οΏ½ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) οΏ½ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) οΏ½ Polybutylene (PB) οΏ½ Polyethylene (PE) οΏ½ Polypropylene Random (PPR) οΏ½ Polyvinylidine Fluoride (PVDF)
αα¬ααα¬ααα¬ααα¬αα αα αα αα ααααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈ (Thermo (Thermo (Thermo (Thermosetsetsetset Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) Plastic Pipe) αα¬αα ααααα αα αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα±ααΏααΈα»αα α αα αα α»αααΏααΈ α‘ααα±ααΈααα±αα¬α±αα αααα FRP (Fibreglass Reinforced Pipe) α α±ααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααα FRP αααα¬αΈα»αα αΎααα
οΏ½ Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) οΏ½ Glass Reinforced Polyestr (GRP) οΏ½ Glass Reinforced Vinylester (GRV) οΏ½ Glass Reinforced Furan
αααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αα ααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬αα αααα αα αααααα αα αααααα αα αααααα αα αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
44
α‘α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα»αα Sch 40 ABS αααα αα±αα¬αα pressure 145, 180, 230 psi ABS αααα¬αΈαα αα»αα¬α±αα¬α αααα ABS αααα α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈαα ααα ABS ααα α±αααα α±αααΈααααα α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα α±ααααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααΈααα α‘αα ααΌααΈααα αα«ααααΈααα ααααΌαα±ααΈα±αΎααΈαααΈαααΈααα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαααααα¬αΈ α‘α»αα ααΈααα ααααααααα¬αΈαααα ABS αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘αα α»ααα±αα¬αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα α±αα‘ααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘ααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈαα αααααα¬αΈαα ABS ααα α‘ααα‘ααΌα αααΈααα«α ABS αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα ααΈα±αα¬ααααα αααααααΈ αααα¬αΈααα«ααα
α‘αααααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘ααααα¬ ααα ααα αα¬αααα (αα ααα α αα ααα) α»αα ααα
Nominal Size Mean
(Inch/Imperial) Outside Diameter(mm)
min max
β " 17 17.3
Β½" 21.2 21.5
ΒΎ" 26.6 26.9
1" 33.4 33.7
1 ΒΌ" 42.1 42.4
1 Β½" 48.1 48.4
2" 60.2 60.5
2 Β½" 75 75.3
3" 88.7 89.1
4" 114.1 114.5
5" 140 140.4
6" 168 168.5
8" 218.8 219.4
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) αααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαααα¬ PVC ααα»αα ααα α‘α»αα¬α±αα¬αα α‘α»αα±αα¬αα α‘α ααΈα±αα¬α
45
αααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α±ααΌαααααα PVC ααα α±αααα α±αααΈααααα α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα α±αα±α‘αΈ α±ααΈααα α±αααααα α‘αα ααΌααΈααα αα«ααααΈααα ααααΌαα±ααΈ α±αΎααΈαααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈ α‘α»αα ααΈααα PVC αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘αα α»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα O-ring α»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα PVC αααα ABS αααα αααΏααΈ αα±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈααα PVC ααα schedule 40, 80, 120 α ααα‘α ααΈααΈαααααα α ααα αα ααααΈα±αα¬ PVC αααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α‘αα α±αα¬α αααΈααα socket ααααα flange α‘ααα»αααα¬ ααΈαααα«ααα α‘αααααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘ααααα¬ ααα ααα αα¬αααα (αα ααα α ααααα) α»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈαα«ααα NominalNominalNominalNominal MaxMaxMaxMax
Pipe SizePipe SizePipe SizePipe Size Wall thicknessWall thicknessWall thicknessWall thickness
PSIPSIPSIPSI
O.D.O.D.O.D.O.D.
40404040 80808080 120120120120 40404040 80808080 120120120120
1/8" 0.405 0.068 0.095 810 1230
1/4" 0.54 0.088 0.119 780 1130
3/8" 0.675 0.091 0.126 620 920
1/2" 0.84 0.109 0.147 0.17 600 850 1010
3/4" 1.05 0.113 0.154 0.17 480 690 770
1" 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.2 450 630 720
1-1/4" 1.66 0.14 0.191 0.215 370 520 600
1-1/2" 1.9 0.145 0.2 0.225 330 470 540
2" 2.375 0.154 0.218 0.25 280 400 470
2-1/2" 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.3 300 420 470
3" 3.5 0.216 0.3 0.35 260 370 440
3-1/2" 4 0.226 0.318 240 350
4" 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.437 220 320 430
5" 5.563 0.258 0.375 190 290
6" 6.625 0.28 0.432 0.562 180 280 370
8" 8.625 0.322 0.5 160 250
10" 10.75 0.365 0.593 140 230
12" 12.75 0.406 0.687 130 230
14" 14 0.437 0.75 130 220
16" 16 0.5 0.843 130 220
18" 18 0.562 0.937 130 220
46
20" 20 0.593 1.031 120 220
24" 24 0.687 1.218 120 210 Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB)Polybutylene (PB) PB ααα α‘α»αα¬ ααααα α‘ααα±αα¬αα»αα ααααα α±ααα α±αα±α‘αΈα αα αα¬αΈα ααΈααα±ααααΈα αα αα α‘α»αα¬αΈα ααααααααΈααΈ α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα PB αααα¬αΈ α α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬α α‘ααα±αα¬α±α α»αααΈα»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘αα α»ααα±αα¬ αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈα»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα O-ring α»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα α‘αααααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘ααααα¬ ααα ααα αα¬αααα (αα ααα α αα ααα) α»αα ααα Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE)Polyethylene (PE) PE ααα Low Density, Medium Density, High Density (α±αα«α±αα¬ααα α‘ααα‘ααα α¬αΈαα αα α±ααΈα±αα¬αα) α ααΈααΈααααααα αα±ααΌα¬α±αα¬αα ααααα α‘ααα±αα¬α α»αα αΏααΈ αααααα ααα αα α‘α α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααΈααααα ααααα UV (Ultraviolet) ααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα»αααα«αα αααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα αα αααα¬αΈααααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈαααα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ (Maximum allowable pressure) α αααΈαααα SDR ααα»αααααΈ ααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααΈααΈ α ααααα ααα¬ ααααα±ααααα PE αααα¬αΈ α α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬α α‘ααα±αα¬α±α α»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘αα α»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈα»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα O-ring α»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα α‘αααααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘ααααα¬ ααα ααα αα¬αααα (αα ααα α αα ααα) α»αα ααα PPR PPR PPR PPR αααααααα PPR αααα αα¬ααα αα α»αα α±αα¬ DIN 8077/8078 α‘ααααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα αααα α‘ααΌαααααααΈα ααΎααααα α±α αΈαααα¬ααα α±ααα α±αα±α‘αΈα αα α α±αααα α αα α αα αα¬αΈαΎαααΈαααΈα‘ααΌα α±α»αα±α‘α¬αα‘αα±ααΈα αα α αα«αα±ααα±ααΈααα αα α αα ααααΌα ααΈααα αααααα α αααααα ααααα αα‘α¬αΈα ααα PN1.25, PN1.6, PN2.0, PN2.5, PN3.2 α α‘α α¬αΈα α¬αΈααααα
Wall thickness and Pressure
47
O.D Tolerance 5(PN1.25) 4(PN1.6) 3.2(PN2.0) 2.5(PN2.5) 2(PN3.2)
20 0.3 - 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.4+0.6 4.1+0.7
25 0.3 2.3+0.5 2.8+0.5 3.5+0.6 4.2+0.7 5.1+0.8
32 0.3 2.9+0.5 3.6+0.6 4.4+0.7 5.4+0.8 6.5+0.9
40 0.4 3.7+0.6 4.5+0.7 5.5+0.8 6.7+0.9 8.1+1.1
50 0.5 4.6+0.7 5.6+0.8 6.9+0.9 8.3+1.1 10.1+1.3
63 0.6 5.8+0.8 7.4+1.0 8.6+1.1 10.5+1.3 12.7+1.5
75 0.7 6.8+0.9 8.4+1.1 10.3+1.3 12.5+1.5 15.0+1.8
90 0.9 8.2+1.1 10.1+1.3 12.3+1.5 15.0+1.7 18.1+2.1
110 0.9 10.0+1.2 12.3+1.5 15.1+1.8 18.3+2.1 22.1+2.5 αααα¬αααα αααα¬αααα αααα¬αααα αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ ---- FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Reinforced Pipe)Pipe)Pipe)Pipe) ααααα±αα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαα α αα αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααα α α¬αΈα±α α±αα¬ α‘ααα -40 αα¬αααα α 300 αα¬αααα (-40 α ααααα α 149 α αααααα) α‘αααααα α±ααΈαααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα FRP αααα¬αΈα ααΈαΎαααα FRP αααα¬αΈα ααααα α‘ααΌαα ααα αααα‘ααΌαα (DN15 α DN3600 α) ααααα«ααα α ααααααααΈα‘αα FRP αα α‘ααΈααα αα αααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααααα«ααα αααα¬αααα ααα resin αα αααααα¬αΈα±αα«ααΈα ααΏααΈ αααααα«ααα Resin αα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈαα±ααα¬αΈ α‘α α¬αΈααααΏααΈ ααααααααΈαααα¬ αααααα¬αΈ (Physical properties) ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α αα αααααα¬αΈα α»αααα±ααΈααα αααααααα¬ααΌα α‘αα α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ resin αα¬αΈαα¬ epoxy resin, polyester resin, vinylester resin, isophthalic polyester resin αα furan resin ααα»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ furan resin αα¬ ααααααααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α‘αααα«ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα α‘ααΈαααΌααααα«α α ααα α αα αααα αααα¬αΈα αα αα«αα polyester αα vinylester resin αα¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ ααααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα epoxy resin α»αααα¬ ααα±αααα«ααα αα αααα‘αα αααααΈαα¬αΈαα polyester αα vinylester resin αα¬αΈα»αα ααααα α‘ααΌαα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ αα«ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈα±αα¬αααααα αα‘αααα‘αα«αα¬αΈααΌα αααα¬αΈ α furan resin αα phenolic resin ααΈα αααα«ααα ααα‘αα«ααΌα epoxy resin αααΈα ααΈα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα Marine & Offshore (αα±αα€α¬αα αααααααΈααΌα) ααΌα ααΈαα ααααααΈα αΌα±ααΏα α»αα αα«ααα FRP ααα filament winding αα centrifugal casting α αααΈαα ααΈααΈα αα ααααα FRP Fitting αα¬αΈαα αααΌααΈα±αα¬ααΈαΏααΈ (press mold) ααααααα
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FRP αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα Bell and Spigot, socket, butt and wrap, flange, threaded, o-ring bell and spigot α αααααΈαα¬αΈααΈα ααααα FRP αααααΈ αααα‘α α¬αΈαααααααΈ ααα α‘αααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈ α±αααααα±ααα«ααα
οΏ½ α‘ααΈα»ααα αα«αα±ααΈααα α»αααΈα‘α¬αΈ (chemicalβs concentration) οΏ½ α‘αααααα α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ (operation temperature and pressure) οΏ½ ααΎαα¬ααα‘ααΈα»ααα/α‘ααΈα»αααααααααΈ (Frequency of use) οΏ½ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈα±αα±αα¬ α±ααΈαααα¬αΈα αα«αα»ααα (Mixing o chemicals
which may react in the line) οΏ½ α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈ (Other factors)
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50
FRP αααα¬αΈα αααααααΈα αα
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α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα α¬αα FRP αααα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα«αα«αΈααα α‘αα α±α αα α α ααα αααα¬αααα αα α±αα«ααα¬α±ααΈα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα αααα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ ααα α±αα«α αααα αααααα ααΌααααα α»αα»αααααΈαααΈααα αααΈααα αααα α±αα«αα«αΈαα»αα αααααα¬ααΌα α ααααα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈ ααα αα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααΈααΈ αα¬αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααα ααααααααα α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΈααΈα ααααααααα α α¬αΈααα±αα¬ ααααα±α αα αα«α α±αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααααα α₯ααα¬ -
β’ α±ααα ααΈ β’ α±αα¬α αα β’ ααααα±α β’ αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααα β’ α‘αα α αα¬αΈ β’ ααα¬ααα«αα±ααΌα β’ αααααα¬αΈ β’ α±αα αα¬αΈ β’ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ β’ α±ααΈαααα¬αΈ
αααα¬αΈααααα¬ FRP αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα αα α₯αΈ αααΈα α»αα ααα«ααα ααααααα α±αα¬ (Adhesive) αα αααα‘ααΌα ααΈααα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬αα¬α»αα ααα«ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ FRP αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬αα¬αΈα αααΈααα«α α±αα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈααα»αα α±αα¬ααΈαααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΈαα±ααΈαα α±αα¬αα¬αΈααααα α α α±ααΈααα«ααα αααααΈααα±ααΏα α»αα α±αα¬ (expired adhesives, resin and catalyst) αα¬αΈα αααΈααα«α FRP αααααααΈααΌα ααααααααΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααΌ ααΈαα αα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬ ααΈααα«ααα αααΌ ααΈααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΈαα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈ α±αα¬ααΈααΌααα αααααΈα αααααααα«α FRP αααααΈαααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααα αΌα α¬α‘αα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ αααααααα¬ ααα«ααα FRP αααα¬αΈα α αααααααααααΈα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ ααααΈα±ααΈαααα«ααα ααα‘α αΌααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈαα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌααα α αα»αα α»αα α±α α αααα αα α‘ααΈα»αα α»αα α±α αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα αα‘α αΌααα¬αΈα αααααΈααΌαααΌα ααααα±αα¬αα ααα«α α»ααααα« ααα ααααααα αα‘α αΌααα¬αΈ ααΌ αααΌααααΌα¬αΈα±α αα ααα αααα«ααα αααα¬αΈα α‘α ααΈααααααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα αααα¬αΈαα ααΌαααα»αα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα ααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈααα α ααααΌαααα«ααα αα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααΈαα»αα ααααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα±α ααα«α α±α»ααααΈα±ααααΌα αααααα ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΏααΈα αααα«ααα αααα¬α±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈα α±αα¬ααα±αα«αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈα±αααα¬αΈααΌα ααααα«α ααΌααΈα»ααα‘ααΌααΈ αα¬αΈαααααα«αα αααα¬αΈα αααΈααα α»αα α‘ααα¬αΈααα«ααα
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FRP αααα¬αΈα ααα±αααααα¬ ααααα»α ααα¬αΈ
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ααα‘α±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα«α αααααα
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α‘αααΈ(α)
αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈααΌααααΈαα¬ααΌα αααααΈα ααααα¬αα α±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α α‘α±ααΌαα‘α±αα¬αα α‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈ αααα¬ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα‘ααΌα αααα¬αΈ αα ααΈαααα ααΈαααα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααααα‘ααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈα‘αααΈα α‘α±ααΈαα α±α»αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααααααααΈαααΈα αααΈααΌαα¬αΈ ααΌαααα α‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈαα αα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααααΈαα ααα αααα ααααα α‘ααα»αααα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααΌααα α‘ααΈααΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»αααααα αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ (pipe size) αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (Tee, Elbow, Flange, etc.,) αα αααα αααα¬α (joining method- welded, threaded, soldered, etc.,) αα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (steel, PVC, FRP, copper, etc.,) α α α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ(Pressure and Temperature rating or Class designation) α₯ααα¬ - 2β Class 3000 carbon steel (ASTM105) threaded straight tee 8β Flange SO RF 150# HDG FS ASTM A 105 ANSI B16.5 8βx6β Conc. Red. BWE HDG SCH STD CS ASTM A234 GR WPB ANSI B16.9 8β Pipe SMLS ANSI B36.10 BWE SCH STD HDG CS ASTM A106 GR. B
αααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α‘ααΈαααα‘α±αααααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα α‘αα α‘α ααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα ααα
- Elbow - Flange - Tee - Cross - Wye - Reducer - Coupling - Nipple - Union - Plug - End Cap - Ferrule - Adapter
αααααααα αααααααα α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ (Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow) (Elbow)
Elbow α‘ααΈααΈαααα‘αα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ elbowαα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα ααα
- 45 deg Elbow - 90 deg Elbow - Reducing Elbow - 180 deg Elbow
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αα‘ααα 15 , 30 , 22.5 , 60 α αα elbow αα¬αΈαα« αααααα αα¬ααααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα 45Β° Elbows ((((αα αα αα αα αααααααααααα α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ)))) 45Β° elbow αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα LR(Long Radius) αα¬αΈ α‘α»αα αα¬ αααααα«ααα αα‘ααα SR(Short Radius) elbow αα¬αΈααααΈ αα¬ααααα«ααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ α‘ααΈααΈα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα»αα ααααααα α‘ααΈααα αααααΈ α‘ααΈααΈαααα‘αα α‘αααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«αα α»αα ααα
Water supply facilities Food Industrial Pipeline networks Chemical industrial pipeline networks Electronic industrial pipeline networks Air conditioning facility pipeline Agriculture and garden production transporting system αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα 90909090Β° Elbows ((((αααααααα αααααααααααα α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ)))) 90Β° elbow αα¬αΈα LR(Long Radius) αα SR(Short Radius) elbow αα¬αΈ α‘α»αα ααααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ α‘ααΈααΈα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα»αα ααααααα αα αα«ααααΌα 90Β° Elbow
α β90Β° Ellβ ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ βquarter bendβ α αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αααα«α±ααΈααα
45Β° Elbow αα 90Β° Elbow αα¬αΈα end to centre dimension (H) α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
NPS x 85 elbow radius long deg 45
NPS x 1 elbow radiusshort deg 90
NPS x 21 1 elbow radius long deg 90
=
=
=
45Β° Elbow
90Β° Short Elbow
90Β° Long Elbow
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α₯ααα¬ - α αααΌ 90Β° long radius Elbow α‘ααΌα - H = 1.5 x 6 = α αααΌ α»αα αα«ααα α αααΌ 90Β° short radius Elbow α‘ααΌα - H = 1 x 6 = α αααΌ α»αα αα«ααα α αααΌ 45Β° long radius Elbow α‘ααΌα - H = 5/8 x 6 = α.αα αααΌ α»αα αα«ααα Elbow Table αα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα α¬αααα¬ααΌα αΎαααα«α αααααααα αααααααα Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges ( Flanges (ααααΈαα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αΈ)))) ααααΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ α»αα»αααααΈαααΈααα»αααα‘ααΌα α»ααααΌαα ααααΌααα»αααΈαα α»αα αααααααΈαα ααα αα αα αΎαα¬αΈααΌα ααα αα (Gasket) αα αα (bolt and nuts) αα¬αΈα»αα αΎααααα ααααααααΈαααα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα
- Slip On Flange - Welding Neck Flange - Threaded Flange - Lap Joint Flange - Reducing Flange - Socket Weld Flange - Orifice Flange - Blind Flange - Spectacle Blinds
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αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Slip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On FlangeSlip On Flange
Slip On Flange αα¬ αααααααα¬ααΌα ααα ααΌα αααα ααααΈαααα αα αα α‘ααΌααΈα±αα¬α‘α»αα αα αα ααΈααΌα fillet weld α»αααα±α α±αα¬α±ααΈαααααα ααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα ααααΈαααα¬α»αα αα ααα‘α αΌααΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα‘α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ α‘αααΈ αα¬αΈα±ααααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
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αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Welding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck FlangeWelding Neck Flange α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααααΈα αααα αααα¬ααΌα Butt welding αα αα±αα±αα¬αα«ααα α‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα αα αα‘α¬αΈααα‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈααΌαα αΌα¬ααΈααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Threaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded FlangeThreaded Flange
α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααααΈα αααααααα¬ααΌα ααα‘αα αα αααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααΌαα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α±ααΈαα α±αα¬αααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα α±αΎααΈ αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈα±ααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)Lap Joint Flange (Van Stone Flange)
α€ααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌα αα αααΈαα«ααα Stub End αα Flange ααα»αα ααα αααΌα ααααΈαα αααααααααααα stub end ααα¬ αααα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ ααααα ααααΈαα stub end α‘ααΌααΈαααΌααΈαα¬ ααα αααααα»αα alignment ααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααααα ααααΈαα ααα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘αααα ααααααα
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ααα‘ααΌα ααα±α αΈαααα¬α±αα¬ αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬ stub end αα¬α αααααααααΈααα αααα
αααααααα αααααααα α αα αα αα α Reducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing FlangeReducing Flange
α€ααααΈα ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌα αα αααα ααα (α₯ααα¬ α αααΌααα α αααΌ αααα) α±α»αα¬ααΈαα¬ααΌα reducer ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αα ααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα αα±αα¬α‘αα«ααΌαα α€ααααΈααΈα αααΈαααα«α ααααΈαααα¬ αα αα ααΈ α»αα αα»αα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα αΈαα αααααα¬αΈ ααα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Socket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld FlangeSocket Weld Flange
α€ααααΈα αααααααα¬ααΌα socket joint α»αα ααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Orifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice FlangeOrifice Flange
αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αα α αΈαααΈαααααΈα αααΈαα α€ααααΈ ααΈα ααΈααα α€ααααΈααΈα α‘α ααααΈα±ααααα ααααΈ αα ααΎαα¬αΈα orifice plate αα«ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαα αα¬ ααα¬ααααα‘ααΌα ααααΈ ααααΈααΌα α‘αα αα«α±αα¬ α‘α±αα«α α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αα ααααΈ ααααΈααΌα α‘α±αα«αα±αα¬αααα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αα
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αα α welding neck ααΈααα αα αα«αα α ααΌαα slip on αα threaded type αα¬αΈααΈααααααΈ α±ααΌαααα α±ααΈααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Blind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind FlangeBlind Flange
Blind Flange ααΌα α‘α±αα«αααα«α ααΈαα‘ααα»αα αΏααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈ ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ ααΌα ααααΈαα ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±αα«ααα¬αΈ α ααααα‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈ ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Spectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle BlindsSpectacle Blinds
Spectacle Blind αα¬αΈααΌα αααα ααα α‘αααΈαα ααα«ααα α‘αααΈαα ααα¬ α‘αα α»αα αΏααΈ ααα‘αααΈαα ααα¬ α‘ααΌαα»αα ααα Spectacle Blind α ααααΈαα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα ααααααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα ααααααα¬αΈ ααα«α α‘αααααα¬αΈα ααααααα (αα Iso Drawing ααΌα NC β Normally Close α α±αα¬α»αααα) α‘ααα ααα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα±α ααα«α α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈα αα ααααα (αα Iso Drawing ααΌα NO β Normally Open α α±αα¬α»αααα)
Spectacle Blind
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αααααααα αααααααα TeeTeeTeeTee ( ( ( (ααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ))))
Tee αα±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααααααααΈ (header) α α₯αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬α»ααΏααΈ αααΈααΌ (branch) α α±αα¬αα α±αα¬α»αα±ααααα α₯ααα¬ α ααα ααααααΈα α ααααααΈ ααΌααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα 6 x 6 x 6 α αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α ααα ααααααΈα α ααααααΈ ααΌααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα 6 x 6 x 4 α αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαα Tee αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«αα α»αα αΎαααα
- Equal Tee - Reducing Tee
- Bullhead Tee - Lateral Tee
- Standard Wye - Reducing Wye
- Cross / 4 Way
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Equal TeeEqual TeeEqual TeeEqual Tee
Equal Tee ααΌα ααααααααΈ (header) αα αααΈααΌ
(branch) αα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαααΎα ααα α₯ααα¬ - 6β x 6β x 6β Tee
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Reducing TeeReducing TeeReducing TeeReducing Tee
Reducing Tee ααΌα ααααααααΈ (header) αα αααΈααΌ
(branch) α αα α±ααΈααααα α₯ααα¬ - 6β x 6β x 4β Tee
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αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Bullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead TeeBullhead Tee
Bullhead Tee ααΌα ααααααααΈ (header) αα αααΈααΌ (branch) α ααααΈααα α₯ααα¬ - 4β x 4β x 6β Tee αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Lateral TeeLateral TeeLateral TeeLateral Tee
Lateral Tee ααΌα αααΈααΌ (branch) αα ααααααααΈ (header) α αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ ααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα
αααααααα αααααααα α αα αα αα α Standard WyeStandard WyeStandard WyeStandard Wye
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling
Flexible Coupling α ααααααααα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα αα¬αα¬ααα α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα ααΌααΈαα αα ααααΈαΏααΈ ααααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Rigid Rigid Rigid Rigid CouplingCouplingCouplingCoupling
Rigid coupling αα¬αΈαα Flexible coupling αα¬αΈαα ααα αα αααα¬ α±αα¬ααααΈ ααα alignment αααα αα‘αα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα α‘ααΈααααα α»αααα αααααΌαααα α‘α αα‘αααΈ αα ααααΈαα«αα αα¬ααααα α‘α αα‘αααΈ αα ααα«αα αα¬ααα α αααα α‘α α α‘αααΈαα ααα« αα¬αααα αααΏααΈ ααααααΌααααα
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αααααααα α αα αα αα α NippleNippleNippleNipple
Nipple ααααα¬ αααα ααα ααΈ α‘αα α±αα¬αα¬αΈ α±αα¬ ααα‘ααα±ααΈ (αα ααα αααα±αα¬) αα ααα α»αα ααα α‘ααΌααΈαα αα«α±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα αα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα αα αααα¬αΈα αααα PVC, CPVC α αα»αα α±ααΌααααα Male Pipe αα Male Pipe αααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα αα αα¬αΈαα¬ -
Nippple close - NC Nipple hex - NH Reducing hex nipple - RHN (Male NPT Threads) Long hex nipple - LHN (Male NPT Threads) - - ααα»αα ααα
αααααααα αααααααα UnionUnionUnionUnion
αααααααα¬ αααα αααα αααα±α α αααα α»ααααα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈ αα αα»αα ααα ααααα α ααΌα α‘α αα‘αααΈ ααΈααα«ααα αααα¬αΈαα αααα female end α‘α αα α α‘ααααΌα αα (nut) αα ααα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα PlugPlugPlugPlug
α‘αα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α±αα«ααα«αα blind flange αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ α αααα plug α ααΈααα αααααααα αααααααα End CapEnd CapEnd CapEnd Cap
End Cap ααα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα ααα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈαααα α₯ααΈ α»αα ααα α±αα¬αα‘αα¬ααααΌα ααααααα±αα¬α±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ α‘α±α ααα±αα¬αααΈ αααΏααΈααΈαα αα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α‘αα α±αα¬αΏααΈ ααα±ααααα α€ααΌα αααα α‘α»αααα (Male) α»αα αΏααΈ cap αα¬ α‘ααΌααΈαα (Female) α»αα ααα α‘αα¬ααααΌαααΈααΏααΈ αα±ααα¬αΈα»αααααΈ ααααα«α ααα αααα αα¬αΈααααα
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αααααααα αααααααα Pipe Ferrule
Pipe Ferrule ααααα¬ αααα αααα¬α αα«αα¬α αα α ααααα ααΌααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈαα«αα ααα α±α‘α¬αα α±αα¬αααΌα α±α‘α¬αα αααα αΈα±α‘α¬α αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈα±αα¬ α ααααΈαααΌααΈ ααααα α‘ααΈ α»αα ααα Pipe Ferrule α αα¬αΈα heat exchangerα α α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααααΈα αααα¬ααΈ α ααααα¬α ααα α αααααΈ α αα»αα αααααΈα±αα«ααΈα ααΌα ααΌαααΌααααα ααΈααα Pipe Ferrule αα¬ ααα ααα αααα αα α ααΌαααα αα α αααα α»αα ααααα αααααααα αααααααααααα Adapter
Adapter αα¬αΈα αα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αααΈααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈααα α₯ααα¬ - ααααα ααα α αα ααα±αα¬αα¬αΈ αααα¬ααΌα ααααα α‘αα αα« α±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαα α‘αα ααα«α±αα¬ αααα¬αΈ αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα Adapter αα¬αΈα α‘αααααα α±αΎααΈαα α±αΎααΈαα«α αααα αααα αα α ααααα»αα ααααααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ Adapter αα¬αΈαα¬ Female Adapters, Male Adapters, Terminal Adapters, Hi Low converter Adapters, Twist to lock Y cord Adapters, Auto Converter Adapters, Conduit Box Adapters, Reduce Drive Adapters, Red Adapters ααα»αα ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα End Bell
αα«αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαααα ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌααΈ αααααα±αα¬ α‘αα« ααα α‘αα/α‘ααΌααα¬αΈααΌα End Bell αα¬αΈααααα±ααΈαα α»αααΈα»αα αα«αα¬αα¬αΈ ααΌααΈα α¬αΈ αααα¬α±α ααα End bell αα¬αΈαα αα¬αα αα±αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα αααααααΌααααα αα¬αα αααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α αα α αα αα α»ααααα αΌα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααααα αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααΈαα α»αααΈα α‘αααα»αααΈ α ααα»ααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααα α±α»ααααΈα±ααΈααααα End Bell αα¬αΈαα‘ααα¬ ααα‘αααααΏααΈ αααα ααα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααΌαα±αα¬α±ααΌαα±α»αα»αα ααα αααα«αααα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ααααα»αα αααααΈ
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αα¬αΈ αααααΈα αααα±α ααα αααααααα αααααααααααα Expansion Joint
Expansion coupling αα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααΈααΈ bellow αα α ααααα airtight chamber αα α αα«ααα α bellow αα chamber αα¬αΈα ααα αα«αα±ααα±α αα αα ααα‘ααΌααΈ α»αα α±ααα±α αα ααααα¬αΈααα αααα«ααα αααααα¬αΈα α αα α±αα¬ααα α±ααΈααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα¬αα¬α αααα αα αα¬αΈα»αα α»ααααΏααΈ αα‘ααα α»ααΌαα αα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈ α‘αααΈ ααααα±ααΈααα αααα«αααα¬αΈαα αααα α‘αα±αα¬αα α α±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααα αΈα±α αα expansion bellow αα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈααααα±α αααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ expension joint αα¬αΈαα¬ -
οΏ½ Metal Expansion Joint οΏ½ Fabric Expansion Joint οΏ½ Rubber Expansion Joint αα α»αα ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα ααΌααΈαααΌααΈαααΌααΈαααΌααΈα (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) (Cast Iron) αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
ααΌααΈααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α»αα±α‘α¬α αα αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα α±αααΈααα α±α ααα α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈ α ααααααΌα α‘ααΈ αα¬αΈααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααΌααΈα αα α±αα¬ααα α±α»ααααΈα αα α‘ααα αααααα ααΌααΈα α¬αΈαααα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα»αα ααα ααΌααΈααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαHub and Spigot αα No Hub or Hubless α αα ααΈ ααααααα Hub and Spigot (αααα ααααααΈαα«) α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα ααα‘α αα ααΈ αααααΌααααα Service (SV) αα Extra Heavy (XH) α α»αα ααα Hubless (ααααααΈ ααα«) α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααααα‘αα«α αα±αα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘αα α»ααα±αα¬αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈ ααααα«α αααα Hubless coupling α»αααα¬ ααααα ααα‘ααΌα αα ααα
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ααΌα αα αααα ααααααα Hubless coupling αα¬αΈα elbow, tee α αα αααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα αααααααα αααααααααααα α‘αααααααααα‘αααααααααα‘αααααααααα‘ααααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
α‘ααααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯ ααααΌααααΈ α»αααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘αα« α‘ααΈα»ααα¬α±ααΎααΏα α»αα ααα α±αα«αα«αΈα»αααΈαα α‘α α¬αΈαααα»αααΈ ααα±αΎαα¬α αααααα¬αΈααα ααα±αα¬ α‘αααααααΈααααα tensile strength αααΈ αα»αα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ ααΌαα ααααΌαα αααΈαααΈα α αααααα α±αα¬α αα‘ααΈα»α ααα α±αα‘ααααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈα αααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α ααα¬αΈα ααΈαααα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααααΈ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌα αααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ α ααααααΌα α‘ααααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈα±ααααα αααααααα αα ααα ααα ααα α α± α± α± α±αΎααΈαΎααΈαΎααΈαΎααΈααααα«ααααα«ααααα«ααααα«αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
α±αΎααΈαα«αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈ ααΌαααΌααααα ααΈαΎαααα α±αα¬αααα±ααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΌαααα±αΎααΈαα α±αα¬αα¬ α±αΎααΈαα«α‘α»αα ααΈαΎαααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯ αα α ααααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αΎααΈαα«αααααααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα ααΈα±αα¬ααα α±αα¬αα«αα±ααΌαα ααΈαααα (sprinkler system)α αα«αα±ααΈαα α α±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈαΎαααα αα±ααΈ αααα»αααΈα α αα α¬αΈααααΌαα»αααΈα ααα α¬αΈαααα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααα»αααΈααα±αΎαα¬α α±αΎααΈαα«αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαΎαααα αααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αΎααΈααααααΎααΈααααααΎααΈααααααΎααΈααααα αααααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
α±αΎααΈααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬ αα¬αΈα±ααα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα±ααΈα αα α α ααααααααΈ α±ααα±ααΈα αα αα¬αΈα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα αα α αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈ ααΈααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α‘α α¬αΈααααααα α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααΈα αα α‘ααΈαα αααααα
α±α αΈααΌαααΌα α±αΎααΈαα‘α±αα¬αα α‘αα¬α αα ααΈ αααααα α±αΎααΈαα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα ααα αα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααΈαΏααΈ α±αΎααΈαα‘αα¬αααα¬αΈα α±ααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααΈααα α±αΎααΈαααα flare
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connection (αα±αα¬α), compression connection (αα‘α¬αΈααΈαα) and solder connection(αα±αα±αα¬) αααΈαα¬αΈ ααΈαΏααΈααααα
α±αΎααΈααααααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈααΈαααααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ - 45Β° Elbowα 90Β° Elbow Female Pipe Adapters Male Pipe Adapters Pipe Cap Pipe Coupling Pipe Tee Pipe Union Reducer Couplings ααα»αα ααα αααααααα αααααααααααα αααα αα αααααα αα αααααα αα αααααα αα αα αααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα‘αα« αααα αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα±αααααααΌα ααΌαααα αΌα¬ α±ααα¬ααα¬αα α»αα αα¬ αα‘αααΌα ααα α αα αααα¬αΈαααΈ α‘αα«α‘αα α»αα ααα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα¬ PVC, CPVC αα ABS αα αα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬ αααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈααα α±α αΈαααα¬ααα ααααααα ααααα ααΌααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα PVC αααα¬αΈα α±αα±α‘αΈα αα α CPVC αααα¬αΈα α±ααα αα ααΌα ααΈααα αααα αα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈ α‘αααα α‘ααΈααΈαα αααααα α₯ααα¬ - α±αα¬ααα ααα»αααΈα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα α‘αα α»ααααα»αααΈα
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α‘αααΈ (α)
ααααα αα αα¬αΈ ααααα αα αα¬αΈααααα αα αα¬αΈααααα αα αα¬αΈααααα αα αα¬αΈ (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) (Pipe Joining Systems) ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαααα ααααααααααΈαααΈ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α±ααα α‘α¬αΈα»αα αΏααΎαααα ααααα αα αα ααΈ α±ααΌααααα«ααα
οΏ½ αααααα¬αΈα ααααα αα οΏ½ αααα αα αααα¬αΈα ααααα αα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈα ααααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα αααααα¬ααΌα αααααα ααα»αααΈα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα ααα»αααΈαα αα«ααααα αααααΈαα αααΈαα αααααα αααα¬ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααα αααα αα α₯ααΈα αααα¬ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘αααααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα±α»αα±α αα αααααα αααΈ αα ααΈαααΈααα¬ ααΈα±αααΎαααα
αααα α±αΎααΈααα αααα α α±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααΈ (welding, soldering, brazing) α»αα ααααα ααα»αα ααα (Union) α αα¬ααα (coupling) αα¬αΈααΈααααΈ ααα±ααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ (welding) α αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ(Welding) α‘αααΈααΌα αΎαααα«α
ααα (Union) ααΌα α‘αα αα«αΏααΈ ααΌααα αΌα¬ααααααα ααααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘α αΌααΈα‘αααΈα αααα α±αΎααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα
αα¬ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα¬ - β’ Socket Type Coupling (α±αα¬αααα¬ααα) β’ Dresser Coupling (ααααα¬αα¬ααα) ααα»αα ααα
ααα α‘ααΈααΈ
76
Socket Coupling α αα±αα»ααααααα Dresser Coupling αα¬ ααΈααα αα (bolt) αα ααα±αα«ααΈ (nut) αα¬αΈαα«ααα
α±α‘α¬αααΌα coupling αα¬αΈα αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Flexible Couplings (Dresser Coupling) αα α‘αααΈαα ααΌα±α α±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈ ααααα α(Steel), αα (Aluminum), ααΌααΈα(Cast Iron) ααα»αα ααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααα αα αααα¬αΈααααα αα αααα¬αΈααααα αα αααα¬αΈααααα αα αααα¬αΈα ααααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα ααααα αα
αααα αα αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααααα β’ α±αα¬αααααα»αααΈ (Solvent Cementing Joints) β’ α‘αα α»ααααα»αααΈ (Threaded Joints) β’ α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α ααα»αααΈ (Grooved Joints) β’ ααααΈα»αα ααα»αααΈ (Flanged Joints) β’ ααα α α»αα α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα»αααΈ (Electric Fusion)
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR PVC, CPVC, PB, PE, PPR αααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα α± α± α± α±αα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈ αα αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬α αααΈαα¬α»ααα±αα¬ααΏααΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα
α»αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα»αααα¬ααΌα αααα‘αα¬αΈαα α»αααααααααα¬α»αααα α±αα¬ααα αα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα
αα α»αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα α‘α α‘ααα¬αΈ αααΈαααΈαα αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα»αα α±α α¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈαα«α
αα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααα αααα‘αα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα«α αα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα αα αα α α±αα¬ α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααααααΈαα
Rigid Coupling Socket Coupling
77
α±α»αα¬αα±αααΌα±αα¬ α‘ααα αααααααα αααα«α αα α±αα±αα±αα¬ααα»αα ααααα±ααα¬ α αααααα¬α»ααα ααααα
α α αααα ααα α‘α»αααααααα¬α»αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα α‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬α»αα ααα α±ααΈαα (primer) α»αα αααα«α
αα αααα ααα α‘α»αααααααα¬α»αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα α‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬α»αα ααα PVC α±αα¬α»αα αααα«αΈαα«αΈ αααα«α ααα‘α»αααααα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα αααα¬α»ααααα α±αα¬ααα±αα¬α‘αα« α±αα¬αα¬αΈ ααα±αα±α αα αααα¬αΈαα«α
αα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΈαααΏααΈ α±ααΈααα ααααα«α ααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΌααΈαααααα‘α α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ ααΈααααα«ααα αα αααααααααα α₯ααΈ α±αααααααα α α αα«α αα α‘αααα ααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααΈαα αα«α ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα±α»αα¬αααΌα¬αΈααα αΏααααα αΌα¬αα¬αΈαα«α α‘αααΈααΈ αα ααα α αα¬αααα ααα‘ααα αααα«α±α ααα ααααα α αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈ (Hydro-test) α»αααααα αααααΏααΈ αα αα¬αα±αα¬α ααααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ABS ABS ABS ABS αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈαα¬αααααα»αααΈ (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints) (Solvent Cementing Joints)
αα αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬α αααΈαα¬α»ααα±αα¬ααΏααΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα α»αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα»αααα¬ααΌα αααα‘αα¬αΈαα α»αααααααααα¬α»αααα α±αα¬ααα αα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα
αα α»αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα α‘α α‘ααα¬αΈ αααΈαααΈαα αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα»αα α±α α¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈαα«α αα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα αα αα α α±αα¬ α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααααααΈαα
α±α»αα¬αα±αααΌα±αα¬ α‘ααα αααααααα αααα«α αα α±αα±αα±αα¬ααα»αα ααααα±ααα¬ α αααααα¬α»ααα ααααα
αα αααα ααα α‘α»αααααααα¬α»αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα α‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬α»αα ααα ABS α±αα¬α»αα αααα«αΈαα«αΈ αααα«α α α αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΈαααΏααΈ α±ααΈααα ααααα«α αα αααααααααα α₯ααΈ α±αααααααα α α αα«α αα α‘αααα ααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααΈαα αα«α αα α±αα¬ααΈαα±α»αα¬αααΌα¬αΈααα αΏααααα αΌα¬αα¬αΈαα«α ααααα α ABS ααααΌα primer α±ααΈαα ααΈαα αααα«α ααααααα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬ PVC αααα α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα
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α±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯αα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈ
αα ααΈααΌα¬αααΌα ααααα‘αα«α ααααα»αααΈαα α₯ αα»ααα«ααα αα αα ααα±αα±αα¬α αα αΌααΈα±αα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈα α‘ααα αα¬αΈ αααΈαα«ααα αα PVC α±αα¬α ABS ααΌα αααΈαα«ααα ABS α±αα¬ααααΈ PVC ααΌα αααΈαα«ααα αα PVC α±αα¬αααΏααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα ABS ααΌα αααΈαα«ααα ABS α±αα¬αααΏααΈαα¬αΈ
ααααααααΈ PVC ααΌα αααΈαα«ααα α α α±αα¬ (cement) α α±ααΈαα (MEK cleaner) αα αα±αα¬αα«ααα αα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΈααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα α±αα¬αααΏααΈ ααα±αα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΈαααΌααΈαα α±ααΈαααα±αα¬ααα ααΈαα»αα αα αα ααααα‘αα«α α±ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈααΌααΈααΌα α±αα¬αααΏααΈ ααα»αααΈ α‘αα ααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααα‘αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα α±αα¬α ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint) (Threaded Joint)
αα ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααααα¬αΈααα±α ααααα ααα«α ααα‘αα αα¬αΈ ααα±ααα±α α α α±ααΈαα«α ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα αα ααα»ααα»αα αα α‘α ααΈαα¬αα¬αΈααα±ααα αα±ααα¬αα±αα α±αααα ααα
αα ααα ααα‘αα α αα - Teflon Tape (Sealing Tape) α»αα α‘αααΈααΈ α αα αα¬αα αα αα«α
αα ααα»αααΎαααα«α ααΌα»αααΎαααα ααΌαααα»αα α‘αα αααΌαα±α αα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα»αααΎαααΏααΈα±αα¬α ααΌα»αααααΎαααα αα αααα ααααα«α±α ααα α±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯ααα±αα¬ααΎαα₯αα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈ
αα αα«αΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα ααα‘αα α±αα¬α αααα ααααα«α αα ααααα ααΈα αααΈαα«ααα ααααΌααααα αα α‘αα α»ααααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα ααααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints) (Grooved Joints)
αα αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬α αααΈαα¬α»ααα±αα¬ααΏααΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα α»αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα»αααα¬ααΌα ααα α‘αα¬αΈαα α»αααααααααα¬α»αααα α±αα¬ααα αα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα
αα α»αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα α‘α α‘ααα¬αΈ αααΈαααΈαα αα α±αα¬ααα‘αα»αα α±α α¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈαα«α
79
αα ααα±αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αααα¬α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα«α αααΌαα»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααα
αα ααααα(compression nut) α ααααααΌααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα¬αΈα±α(seal) α α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α ααα ααΌααΈαα«α
α α ααα±αα¬α ααα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααα«α α±αα¬α ααα»αααΎαααΏααΈ αααα αα ααΌ α»αα αα ααα α±ααΈααα α αααΎαααα«α ααα‘αα α‘αααΈααΎααααα«α±α ααα αααααααα αααααααα α αα αα αα α ααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»αα ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints (Flanged Joints)))) αα ααααΈα»αααααα¬ααΌα αα(bolt), ααα±αα«ααΈ(nut), αα«αα¬(washer), ααα αα(gasket), ααΌ (spanner), α±ααα(water level), ααααΌα(square) α αααα ααα«ααα αααααα ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ α αα α α α α±ααΈαα«α αα ααααΈαααα¬α»αααα¬αΈα αααα αΈα±α αα ααα ααα«α ααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααααα α α α±ααΈαα«α ααα ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα α‘ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααααα α α α±ααΈαα«α
80
αα ααα‘ααΌααΈ αα ααα±αααα¬αΈ α α α±ααΈα ααααααΈα±ααΈαααα«α ααααΈαααα¬α»ααααααΈ ααααααΈαα«α αα α‘α¬αΈααΈα α α±ααΈαΏααΈαα ααααΈαα ααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα αααααΏααΈ αααα¬αΈαααα¬ αααα αααΈααΎαααα«α α α αα‘ααα«α αααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα αααα«α αα αααα¬αΈαΎαααα¬ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈα‘α¬αΈα ααα Torque Wrench ααΈαΏααΈ αΎαααα«α ααΎααα αΎααααα Torque Value ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα
ααααΈαΎααααα α‘α α‘α α₯α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα αΎαααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αααα ααα±αα«ααΈα‘α»αααα ααΈαα ααΌαα±αααα«ααα
81
αααΎαααα¬ααΌα αααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Imperial)
SAE 5 SAE 8 Socket Head
Cap Screws
Steel Grade
Minimum
Tensile
1/4-1/2"
180,000
Strength PSI 120,000 150,000 5/8-1" 170,000
Nominal Dia.
And Bolt Torque Specs in Foot Pounds or (Inch lbs)
Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed
1/4-20 (101) (76) (143) (107) (168) (120)
1/4-28 (116) (87) (147) (123) (192) (144)
5/16-18 (209) (157) (295) (221) (348) (264)
5/16-24 (231) (174) (327) (245) (384) (288)
3/8-16 (372) (276) 44 33 51 38
3/8-24 (420) (312) 49 37 58 43
7/16-14 49 37 70 52 81 61
7/16-20 55 41 78 58 91 68
1/2-13 75 57 106 80 124 93
1/2-20 85 64 120 90 140 105
5/8-11 150 113 212 159 238 179
5/8-18 170 127 240 180 270 202
3/4-10 267 200 376 282 423 317
3/4-16 297 223 420 315 472 354
7/8-9 429 322 606 455 682 511
7/8-14 474 355 669 502 752 564
1-8 644 483 909 681 1022 767
1-12 722 542 1020 765 1147 860
Dry = αα¬α αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα Lubed = α‘αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα
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αααΎαααα¬ααΌα αααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Bolt Torque Values for Steel Pipes) (Metric Unit)
Property
8.8
10.9
12.9 Socket
Head
Class Cap Screw
Minimum
Tensile
M6
M16: 800
Strength MPa
M20 -
M30: 830 1040 1220
Nominal Size
and Bolt Torque Specs in Newton Meters - Nm
Thread Pitch Dry Lubed Dry Lubed Dry Lubed
M5 x 0.80 6.1 4.6 8.8 6.7 10.3 7.7
M6 x 1.00 10.4 7.8 15 11.2 17.6 13.1
M7 x 1.00 17.6 13.1 25.1 18.9 29.4 22
M8 x 1.25 25.4 19.1 37.6 27.3 42.6 32.1
M10 x 1.50 50 38 72 54 84 64
M12 x 1.75 88 66 126 94 146 110
M14 x 2.00 141 106 201 150 235 176
M16 x 2.00 218 164 312 233 365 274
M18 x 2.50 301 226 431 323 504 378
M20 x 2.50 426 319 609 457 712 534
M22 x 2.50 580 435 831 624 971 728
M24 x 3.00 736 552 1052 789 1231 923
M27 x 3.00 1079 809 1544 1158 1805 1353
M30 x 3.50 1463 1097 2092 1570 2446 1834
M33 x 3.50 1990 1493 2849 2137 3328 2497
M36 x 4.00 2557 1918 3659 2744 4276 3208
Dry = αα¬α αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα Lubed = α‘αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα
83
Torque Wrench α‘ααΈααΈ
FRP αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΎαααα ααααΈαα¬αΈ (Bolt Torque Values for FRP Pipes)
αααΎαααααααΎαααααααΎαααααααΎαααα α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯ αααΎαααα¬ααΌα αααα¬αααΈαα α‘α±αα«ααα¬αΈα α‘α α₯αααΎαααααα αΎαααα¬ ααΌααααΈ αα αα«αααΈ ααΎαααα α‘αααΈααΈ ααΈαααΎαααααα ααα α‘α±ααααα¬αΈααΌα α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααα αα α±αα¬α ααΈααα αα α±αα¬αααΈα α‘α¬αΈα‘α»αα αΎαααααα
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α±αα¬α»ααα«α‘α α‘α α₯α‘αααΈααΎααα α»αα αααΎαααααα ααα αααα¬αΈα»αα α»αααΈα α±ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±ααΌααααααα ααααΎααα ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα« ααα«α α α₯α‘αααΈ α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααα«αα α₯α‘αααΈ αΎααααΌα¬αΈααα«ααα
85
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααα α α»ααααα α α»ααααα α α»ααααα α α»αα α‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈα‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈα‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈα‘αα±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion) (Electric Fusion)
αα ααα α α‘αα±ααΈαααα¬ αα αααααα α₯ααΈα nut αα»αααΏααΈ α‘ααα±αα¬α±α αα fusion coil α αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααα«α
αα αααααα α₯ααΈααΌα nut α α»αααααΏααΈ αα ααα‘ααα ααα»αα αααα¬αΈαα«α αα‘αα αααααΎαααα«α ααααΌααΈα±α αααα αα«αα¬α αα αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘αα (socket) αα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα α±ααΌαΈαααα«α α αα ααα»αα ααα
α α ααα»αααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα α±αα¬α αα Nut α ααΌα»αα αα α α ααααα αα αα ααα ααα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΎαααα«α ααΈαααα«α
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αα αα«αα¬α αα¬αΈα αα±αααα αα¬αΈα»αα αα αα ααα±αα¬α ααααααΏααΈ α αα α‘αα±ααΈαα«α ααΌααα«α αα±ααα«αα¬αα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αα αα±αα±αα¬α‘αΏααΈ α‘α±α‘αΈααα¬αΈα α₯αα¬α α‘ααα ααααα±α αα ααα»ααα«α α‘ααΌααΈ ααα‘ααα αααααα«α±α ααα Electric Fusion αααααααΈα PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride), PP (Poly-propylene), PE (Polyethylene) αα HDPE (High density Poly-ethylene) αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα Fusion Welding α»αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘ααα ααα±α‘αΈααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈα±αα¬α αα αα¬αα±αα¬ααα¬ pressure testing (αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈ) α»ααααααα«ααα α‘ααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα α₯ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈα»ααααΌα¬αΈαα«α electrofusion socket (fusion coil) (αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ) α α»αααααΈααα«α α‘αα αααα«ααα
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α‘αααΈ (α )
αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ αααααΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ αααααΈααΌα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαααααΈ α‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬
α‘αααΈααα αα«ααααα αα±ααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈααα α¬αα α‘ααα±α»α α»αααα αΏααΈ αααα¬α ααααα»αα αααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈα»αα αααΎα ααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααααααΈααΌα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈααααΈ αααα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈααα¬αααα¬ α‘ααΌαααα»ααααα«ααα α€ααΌα αα±α α±αα¬α»αααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα α‘αα₯αΈααΈα αααααααααα¬αΈααα¬ α±αα¬α»αααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
α‘αΎαααΈαα₯αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ ααααα¬ αααα±αα¬ ααααΈ αααα α‘α»αααααα α‘αα±ααΈ α‘ααα±αα¬α±α αΏααΈα ααααα αααα±αα¬ααααΈααα α‘αα±ααΈ α‘ααα±αα¬α±α αΏααΈ αααα αα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α»αα ααα αα α‘ααα±αα¬ αα±α αααααΈ (Fusion Welding) α α±ααααα ααααΈα‘α»αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αα±αα±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α₯ααα¬ - αα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα±αα¬ Pressure Welding αα Explosion Welding αα¬αΈαααΈ αα±ααΈααα ααα‘αα« αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈα±αα«ααΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα‘αα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈ αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ OFW (Oxyfuel Gas Welding), AW (Arc Welding) αα RW (Resistance Welding) αα α»αα αΎαααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα ααΌα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαααα¬ α‘αααα αααΈα αα αα α»αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα‘ααααα¬αααααΈ α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈααααα α α¬αααααα ααααα α α¬α±ααΌααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααααΈ αα¬αΈααα ααα±ααΌααααΈ α ααααααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α±αααα ααααααΈ ααααα¬ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα»αααα±αα¬ welder α±αα¬ααΈαα α₯αΈ α»αα αα¬ ααα±αααα
α€α‘αααΈααΌα welder, welding supervisor, QC αα αα±ααααααΈαα αααα ααα¬αΈ ααααααα¬αΈα α‘αα₯αΈααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
α αα αα αα α αααααααα α‘αα‘αα‘αα‘α αα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαα αααααααααααα (Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First) (Safety First) αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ αααααΈα α₯ααΌα ααα α αααΈαα¬ ααα α‘ααα±αα¬α±α ααα ααΈαααΈαΏααΈ αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈα±αααα αα αα«αα α α‘ααααΈαααΈααα α»αα ααααα ααα‘ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα±ααΈα α‘ααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈ α±ααΈα±ααΈαα»αααΈ α»αα α±αααα αα±αα±αα¬α α₯αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ αααα αααα α‘αααα¬αααΈαα«αΈαααα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα¬αα¬αΈ αααΈααααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα
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α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα ααα±ααα ααα±ααα ααα±ααα ααα±α αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα₯ααΈαα¬αΈα₯ααΈαα¬αΈα₯ααΈαα¬αΈ (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment) (Personal Protective Equipment)
αα±αα±αα¬α±ααα αααα¬αΈα αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α»αααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααα α α α±ααΈα α αα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααααΈαα ααααα±ααα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα α₯ ααΌαα ααα¬α±αα¬ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬α α»αα¬ααΌααα¬α±αα¬ α±αα¬αα»αααα¬αΈα αααΌααΈα±αα¬αα α»αααα¬α±αα¬ α‘αααΈ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈ α αααααα ααααΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈαα»αα αα‘αααΈα±αα¬ααα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌααα ααααα±αα¬ αααα(Goggles) αα αααα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ(Face Shields) αααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
αα±αααΈαα ααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα»ααααααΈ ααααααα»αα αα±αα¬αα»ααα‘α¬αΈ αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬ α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈαααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααααΈ α±ααΌαΈαααααα ααα« ααα αα±ααααααα αααα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααΌα A αα B αα
welding goggle α»αα αΏααΈ C αα D αα¬ welding helmet ααα»αα αα«ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ A (Flash Goggle) α αα±αα±αα¬α±ααα αααααΈααααΌα α‘ααααα±αααα αααααα α»αα αα« ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ B (Eyecup or Cover type of Goggle) α Fuel Gas Welding αα αα
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ααααα αα»αα¬αΈα»ααα»αααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααααααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ Arc Welding α‘ααΌα αααα±αα¬αα«α Arc Welding α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ C αα D α αααααααα«ααα Type C α flip up filter lens 2 inches by 4 ΒΌ inches α α±αααα«ααα Type D αα 4 Β½ inch by 5 ΒΌ inch window α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αααα«ααα Welding Helmet ααΌα αααααα protective colored filter αα clear cover lens α αα ααΈααα«ααα αα ααΈααΈα ααα αααααααα«ααα αααααΈα‘αα αααα ααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α€ααα¬αΈα αΎααα»αααΈα»αα αααααααΌα¬αΈα±α α‘α±αα¬ααααΈα±αα ααααααΈα±α αααα¬α±α ααα¬ α±ααΌαααα«ααααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαα α‘ααΌααααΈαα¬ ααα»ααααΌααΏααΈ ααΈααΈα αΎαααα«α ααΈααΈαα±ααΌαα±ααα±ααΈαα αααααααΈαα¬α±ααΌαΈαα«α α€αααααα ααααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬αααΈ ααΈααΈα ααΈααα»αααα±αα¬α αααααααα«α
αααααα»ααααα»ααααα»ααααα»ααααααα αααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα±αα¬ ααΈα αα¬α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα ααα«α ααΎαααα«ααα ααααΈ ααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα α»αα ααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα ααΈαααααΈαααααΈαααααΈααα ααα‘αααα‘αααα‘αααα‘α (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves) (Welding Handgloves)
90
αα±αα±αα¬α α₯ ααααα αα»αα¬αΈα»ααα α₯ ααΈαααα‘ααα¬αΈα ααααααα α»αα αα« ααα Gas welding αα α»ααα α₯ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ A ααα‘αα αααααα Electric Arc welding α‘ααΌαα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ B ααα‘αα ααΈααα«ααα α€ααα‘ααα¬αΈαα α‘α αα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈαααα«ααα αα±αααα‘ααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±α α»αα α»ααααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αααααααααααααααααααα α‘ααα‘ααα‘ααα‘αα (Welderβs Protective Clothing) (Welderβs Protective Clothing) (Welderβs Protective Clothing) (Welderβs Protective Clothing)
αα±αααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααα‘αα α±αα¬ααΈαα‘ααα¬αΈαα‘ααααα±αα«α αα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαααΏααΈ ααΈα±αα«ααα αα»αα α‘ααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααααΌααα α‘αααα±ααΌααα α‘αα α±αα¬αΏααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα αααααα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα ααααΌαα‘αα α ααΈαααααααα«α αα αααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘αα ααααα α±αα¬ααΈααααα¬αΈααα¬ ααααα αα«ααα α‘ααααα α±αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈα
α±αα«αααααα¬αΈααα«α α‘ααα‘ααα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ α‘ααΈαα«ααα«ααα αα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα ααα αα αα¬αΈα±αα‘α±ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes Safety Shoes
ααααα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ αααα Safety Boots αα¬αΈα ααααααα«ααα ααα Safety Shoes αα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬ααΈαα±α‘α¬αα α αααααΈα±α‘α¬α α‘ααα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααααα α±α»αα±αα¬α α‘ααΌααΈαα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααααααααΈ αΎαα¬αΈαα±αα αααααα«ααα
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α αα αα αα α αααααααα α αα αα αα α αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αααα¬ααααααα¬ααααααα¬ααααααα¬ααα α‘ααα¬ααααΈα±α α±ααΈα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±α α±ααΈα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±α α±ααΈα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±α α±ααΈ α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ((((Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)Safety Regulations for Hot Work)
αα αα±αα±αα¬αααα‘α¬αΈ αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαααααΈαα α α‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈ αααααΈ (Safety Course for Welding Work / Hot Work) αααααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα αα αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘ααΈαααααΈααααΌα ααΈα±αα¬αα±α ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈααα«α αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααα«ααα αα α‘ααΈα»αααα±αα¬ ααΈααααΈααααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααα‘ααΈααΌα αα¬αΈααα«ααα α α αα±αα±αα¬αα¬α ααΌααα¬αα α‘αααα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈ α αΏααα±αα±α αα αα±αα±αα¬αα
αααααΈααα α±ααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ α±αα±ααΈα αα ααα α‘ααα α‘αααΈααΌααΈααΌα αα±ααα±αα¬αααα«α ααα α α»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌααα¬α±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα αΎαα¬ ααα αΌα¬ ααααααααα α‘αααααα¬α»αα ααααα αααα ααΌαααα ααααα α‘ααα±ααΌααα¬αΈαα α±ααΌαΈααααααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα«α α±αα¬αααααα αΈα»αααΈααα α»αα α±α αα αα«ααα
αα αα±αα±αα¬α±ααα α‘ααΈαααααΈααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα»αααΈα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α₯α»αααΈααα αα¬ααΌααα ααΈαα‘αα (fire blanket) α»αα α‘αα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα α‘ααα α‘α»ααααΌα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ α»αα αα«α αα±αα±αα¬αα α±α‘α¬αααα ααΈαα‘ααα»αα α»ααααα¬αα¬αΈα±ααΈ ααα«ααα
αα αα±αα±αα¬α αα αα¬αΈααααααΌ ααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α αααααα ααααΌα ααΈα αΌα±α α»αααΈ αα»αααα«α αα α‘ααα αα±αα±αα¬αααααααΈααααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ (α₯ααα¬ - α±ααΈααα»αααΈ)
ααα«α ααΈαααΈα±α α¬ααα α±αα¬αα ααΈααααΈααα‘α αα¬αΈααα«ααα αα αα±αα αααααααα α±α»αα ααααΈααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα αα±αα±αα¬αααα»αα¬αΈααααΈ α±α»αα ααααΈ αααα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααα¬αΈ α»αααΈα α±αα¬αα±αα¬α αα«αα¬αα αααα¬αΈα»αααΈααΈα α±αα¬ααΎαα₯αα«α ααα αα±αα αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬α αααΈααααααΌααααα αα±ααα«αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααα¬ ααΌααααΈααα«ααα αααααΌααααΈαα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα«α αααα¬αΈαα αααα»αα αα«α αα«αα¬αααΈαα αααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα αα α‘α αΌα α αΌααα¬αΈαα«α αα«αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α±α»αα»ααα±ααααΏααΈ ααΌααααΈα»αααΈ ααΈαααααα«ααα ααα α αΌαα α±αα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αα±ααα±αα¬αα αα«ααααΏααΈ α±ααααα«ααα ααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈ ααααα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααα ααα«α αα‘αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈα±αα¬αα±α ααα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈ ααα α‘ααα₯αΈα αΌα¬ α α α±ααΈααα«ααα ααΈα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααα¬α αα±αα ααα±αα¬ααα«ααα ααα αααΈα±αα¬α‘αα«ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααα¬αα¬αΈα α ααα»αααα¬αΈαα«α αα α αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααα¬ α αΌαααα αα«α
92
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα±αα¬ α‘αα‘αα‘αα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ααααΈα±ααΈααΈααΈααΈ α ααΈαα ααΈαα ααΈαα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈαα¬αΈα₯αΈαα¬αΈ (A(A(A(Additional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informationsdditional Safety Informations for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work) for Hot Work)
οΏ½ αα±ααα«αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα αα α‘αααα¬αΈ αα±αα±α‘α¬α ααα ααα«α οΏ½ α±αα«αα»αα±αα±αα¬ αα«αα¬αα¬αΈα αααΈαα«ααα οΏ½ α±α‘α¬ααα‘ααααααΈ (Oxy-Acetylene) αα«αα±ααΌαααΈα α»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα¬αΈ
α‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααα ααα ααα«ααα αα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈ (gas cylinders) αα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
οΏ½ αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (valves) αα¬αΈα ααΈααααα¬αΈαα«α οΏ½ αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈαααΈα»αααα¬ αααα«α αααααα»αααΈ ααΈα
ααααα«ααα οΏ½ ααααΌααΈαααΈα±αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈα»αα αααα¬α αΌα¬
ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α οΏ½ αα«αα±ααΌααα±αα±αα¬α‘αΈαα¬αΈα ααααα‘αα«α αααα¬αΈαα α‘α»α α±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα«ααα
α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα«ααΌααααΈ αααα±α‘α¬α ααααΈα»αα ααα»αα αΌα¬ ααα±αα¬α αα¬αΈαα«α
αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (valves)α ααα¬αα¬αΈ (regulators)α αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈ (hoses) αα α αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈ α‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α»αα αααα αα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈα»ααα‘ααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααα¬αΈααα«α αα αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈα ααΌ αααα±αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα»αααΈα α±ααΈαα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α α α αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈα αααΌα¬αΈαααΈα αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααΏααΈ ααΌααααΈα»αααΈ ααααα«ααα αα αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα«αα‘α»ααα¬αΈααα α‘α»α α α α±ααΈαα«α αα«αα±αααΌαα α‘α±αα«ααα¬αΈα ααα»αα αα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈ ααΈαααααα α αα αααα¬ α»ααααααα«ααα αα α‘ααααααΈα‘ααΌα α‘αα±αα¬αα α±α‘α¬ααααα‘ααΌα α‘α»αα¬α±αα¬ααααα¬αΈααα¬ ααΈαα«α ααα¬αΈαα«α±α ααα αα αα«αα±αααΌαααα ααααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ Flashback Arrester α ααααααα«ααα
αα α‘αααα¬αΈαααα ααα»αα¬ααα»αα α α α±ααΈαα«α ααα α‘αααα¬αΈαααα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα α±α‘α¬ααααα‘αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααααααΈα‘αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘αααΈααΈ α ααα¬ (α αα) ααΌα¬αα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα α‘αΈα‘ααΌααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α‘ααΈ (cap) ααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα
ααα α‘αΈα‘ααΌααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘α»αααα±αα¬α‘αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αααα¬αΈαα
93
ααα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα βα±ααΈαααα±αα¬ααα ααΈαααα ααΈαααααβ α αα α α¬ αα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈααα«ααα αα α αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααα α‘αααα¬αΈ α±αααα±αα±α ααα«α α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα»ααααα‘α»αα¬αΈααα»ααααα‘α»αα¬αΈααα»ααααα‘α»αα¬αΈααα»αααα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈ
αα αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααΌα Permit To Work (ααΌαα»αααα) αα αα±αα±αα¬αα«α αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα»αααΈα ααα‘ααααα ααααα«ααα αα αα±αααααα α‘α»ααα±α‘αΈα±α αα α±αα αα»αααΈ αα»ααα«ααα αα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈα αααααα»αααΈα ααΌααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈ αα»αα α±α‘α¬α α‘α»α ααα ααα«α α α αα«αα±ααΌαα±αα«ααΈ (tip) αα¬αΈα αααα±αα±α‘α¬α α‘α»αααααααΈα±ααΈααα±ααΈαα«α αα αα«αα±ααΌαα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα‘αα«αααΈ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα«α αα αα«αα±ααΌαααα α±αα«αα»αααΈα»αα αα«αα±ααΌαα αααααα ααααΈα α¬αΈαα«ααα αα¬αΈααα¬αααα«α αα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈααααΌα¬αΈαα αα«αα±ααΌαα»ααα»αααΈα αααα¬αα¬αααα ααααΈα α¬αΈαα«α±αααα αα α±α‘α¬ααααα‘αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘ααααααΈα‘αΈααΌα ααα»αααΈα α‘ααααααΈα‘αΈα
α±α‘α¬αα-α‘αα ααααΈαα«αα±ααΌαα»αα α»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ αααααΈα α₯ααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ
94
αααα¬αα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααααα‘αΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααα»αααΈ ααΈααααααα«α±α ααα ααα ααα±αα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αΈαα¬αΈα βα‘ααΌβ α α α¬αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα αα±ααα±αα¬αα«ααα αα α α αΌαα±αα±αα¬ α±ααα¬ αα ααΈααΌα¬αααΌαα ααααα αααΈαα¬αΈαααα±ααα αα α±αα‘ααΌαααα±ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα±αα€ααα±αα€ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols)(Welding Symbols) αα±αα±αα¬αα α»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααααα α αα±αα€ααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααα αααΌαα»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ ααααα αΌα¬ αα±αα±αα¬αααα α»αα ααα ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈα American Welding Society (AWS) α α α»α αααΏααΈ αα ααα»α¬ααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α»αα ααΈα αΌαΎααα«ααα ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααααΈαααΈ (reference line), αα¬αΈ (an arrow) αα α‘αΏααΈ (tail) α ααΈαααΈ αα«ααα«ααα α‘ααααΈαααΈαα αα±ααα±αα€αα α‘αα α‘α αα‘αααΈ α»αα ααα ααααΈααΌα ααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αααα ααΌααΈα»ααα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈαα αααα α±ααα¬ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αααα α‘ααΌααΈαααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬αααα±ααα¬α ααααΌαα±αα¬α»α α±ααΈααα α‘αΏααΈαααΈαα α‘α±ααΈα ααααα»ααααα¬αΈ αααα‘αααα‘αα«ααα¬ ααα±αααα
α‘α±α»αα αα±ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈ (Basic weld symbols)
αα¬αΈααα α±α α¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈα αααα»ααα(Arrowhead indicates bevelled plate)
95
α‘ααααΈαααΈααα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αα±ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈ (Weld symbols applied to reference line)
αα±αα±αα¬ααα α±ααα¬α αααα»αα»αααΈ (Specifying weld location)
Fillet Weld Bevel
Corner Flange
J Groove
Flare Bevel
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α‘αααα« αα±αα€ααα¬αΈα ααα ααΎαααα«α α±αα«ααααα₯αΈαα α‘α»ααααΈ αααααα¬αα¬ α±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααΌααααα
α‘αααα«αα ααα ααΎαααα«α α‘ααα α±α‘α¬αααααΌαα±ααα αα¬αΈα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααα α»αα αΏααΈ α‘ααα α‘α±ααααΌαα±ααα αα¬αΈα»ααα¬αΈααα αααααααααΌα αα±αα±αα¬ααα αααα αααααα αα₯αΈα α‘α±ααα±αα¬α±α‘α¬αααααΌααα« α»αα¬αΈα»ααα¬αΈ αα«α αα ααααΈα±αα¬ααα α»αα αα«ααα αα αα«αα αααΌα ααααααα±αα±αα¬αααα ααα‘α±ααΈα αα αΌα¬ αααα»ααα ααα« ααα αααααΈααΌααα±αα¬ααα α‘ααα»αα ααα αα±ααα¬αΈααα ααααα α‘α±α α¬ααΈα±αα¬α ααα ααΈαααα αα αααα α±αα¬αααα αα±ααα¬αΈ αααααααα±αα¬ααα α αααα α αα αααα«αα»αα α±αα¬α»αααααα αα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬α»αααΈαααΈαα¬α»αααΈαααΈαα¬α»αααΈαααΈαα¬α»αααΈ
αα αααα«αααΎααα»αααΈα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈα α‘α (size)α α‘αα (length) α pitch (centre-to-centre spacing) α ααααα α‘αα‘α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααΌααααα«ααα
97
αα±ααα±αα€αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ αααα¬αα
(Dimensions applied to weld symbols)
αα±ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα»αααΈ (Dimensioning of Welds)
α€αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααααα¬ α (Drawing) ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±ααα±αα€ααα¬αΈα αααΏααΈ αα±ααα¬αΈ α‘ααααα α‘ααααα α±αα¬αααα α±α α¬ααΈααα ααΈαααα ααααα
((((αα±αα€ααα±αα€ααα±αα€ααα±αα€α))))
((((ααα±ααΌαααΌαα±αα¬ααααααα±ααΌαααΌαα±αα¬ααααααα±ααΌαααΌαα±αα¬ααααααα±ααΌαααΌαα±αα¬αααα))))
98
αα¬αΈαααααα«ααα αα±ααα¬αΈαα‘αα ααααααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα fillet weld αα‘αααα pitch
αα¬αα ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα ααα»ααα«α α‘α±ααααΈαααΌα αα±ααα¬αΈα‘α α/α ααα α±αα¬αααα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘αααααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ 2 - 5 ααααα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈ α‘αα α ααα αα αα±ααα¬αΈ αα ααααα α αααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ α ααα α»αα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΈαααΌα 1/2 ααααα¬ α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα αααααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α»αααΏααΈ 60 ααα α±α‘α¬αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα‘α±α α¬ααΈα±αα¬αα‘ααα 45 ααααα¬ α‘α±αααα α±α»αα¬ααΈαα‘α±α α¬ααΈ α±αα¬α α‘ααα»αα αα«ααα α‘ααα±α‘α¬α ααα¬αΈαα«α±α ααα α€αααααα¬ α‘α±α»αα αα±ααα±αα€α α±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈα»αα αΏααΈ ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α»α αααα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«α±ααΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα αΎαααα«α
ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈ (Supplementary symbols)
Finishing symbol α αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈα±αα¬α αα¬αααααααα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα G α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα grinding (α±αα¬αα ααα) α±ααΈααα«ααα C αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα Chipping (αα±ααα»ααα±αα«α) α±ααΈααα«ααα M αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα Machining (α αα α¬αΈ) α±ααΈααα«ααα α‘αΏααΈαααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ SMAW ααααα¬ αααααα±α α‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααααααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌα SMAW ααααα¬
αα±ααα¬αΈαααα¬α»αα α‘ααΌα
αα±ααα¬αΈαααα¬α»αα α‘ααΈ
αα±ααα¬αΈαααα¬α»αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ
αα αααα αα±αα±αα¬αα«α
αααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα α±αα¬αα«α
99
Shielded Metal Arc Welding α»αα αΏααΈ α€α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααααΈααΌα α‘α±ααΈα α α±αα¬α»ααα« ααα See detail A ααααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααα α‘α±ααΈα αα α A ααΌα αΎαααα«α ααααα Back Gouge ααααα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααΌα gauging ααΈα±ααΈαα«α αααα«ααα
Representing Multiple Welds Example of welding symbol in use.
αα αα«αα α α‘αααα ααααΌααα αα±ααα ααΈ α±αα¬αααααα αα multiple weld αα±ααααα αα‘αα« α‘αααα«αααΌα α»ααα¬αΈαααα αα±αα€αα α±ααΌαααα ααα α€αααΌα α»αα¬αΈαα ααα bevel groove weld α±αα¬α fillet weld ααα« α»ααα¬αΈααα α±αααΌαααα α€αααα»ααα¬αΈαα bevel groove weld α α‘ααα±αα¬ααΏααΈ fillet weld α α±αα¬αα α±αα¬αααα
G ααααα¬ Grinding α αααα«ααα
Finishing Symbol
100
ααααααΌα α‘ααα αααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα α±αα¬αααα αα±ααα¬αΈ ααααα ααΏααΈ ααααααααα α±αα¬αααα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ α±αα¬αα αα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα ααα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈααΈα±ααΈααα α αααααα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬αΎαααα«α α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±ααααααΈαα±ααααααΈαα±ααααααΈαα±ααααααΈ α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±α‘α±ααα‘α±ααααααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ (Welding Terminology)
αα±αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈαα α₯αΈα»αα α±α ααα ααααα welding inspector αα α₯αΈα‘α±α αα αα±αααααααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααα‘α±αααα¬αΈαα αααΈααΈα±ααα ααα«ααα α α¬ααα±ααΈα»αα»αααΈ αα α‘α αα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αααα»αααα»αααΈα ααΏααΈ α»αααα¬αααα¬ ααα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα αα±αα‘α±ααα‘α±ααα‘αα¬αΈα α ααααα¬ α»ααααα«ααα αααΎααααα»αααΈα»αα αααΈα»αα±αα αα¬ ααααα±αα¬α α‘αααα¬αΈαα αα±αα¬α±αα«ααααα«ααα Filler Metal β αα±αα±αα¬αα αα»αα¬αΈαα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α»ααα±ααΈαα ααα±αα¬ααΈα»αα ααα ααα Welding rod ααααα welding electrode ααα»αα ααααα Welding Rod β αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α»αααααα±αα¬ααΈα»αα ααα Electrode αα αααα α‘αααα¬ ααα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα α₯α‘ααΌααΈ ααα α α αΈα»αααΈααααα«α αα Gas Welding αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα Welding Electrode β Electric arc welding ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααα electrode holder (αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααα) α‘αΎαα¬αΈ αα«αααΈα±ααΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα»αα ααα α€αα αα«αααΈααα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααΌαααα¬αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα±αα¬αα¬ αααα αα ααα±α ααα
101
102
103
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯ α» α» α» α»ααα¬ααΈααααα¬ααΈααααα¬ααΈααααα¬ααΈαα ( ( ( (Welding Procedure Specification - WPS) αα α₯ααΈαα αα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αααααααα±αα¬αααα ααααα»ααα¬ααΈα±ααΈ αα¬αΈαα«ααα αααααααααα Welding Procedure Specification αα±αααα«ααα αααΌα αααααα±αα¬ααα ααααα‘α αα‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα±αα±αα¬αααΈα ααΈαΏααΈ ααααα±αα¬αααα αααααα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΈαααα Bevel α±αα¬α α‘αααααα root α‘αααααα α‘αααα¬αααα αααααα travel speed ααα α αα ααα α‘α»ααα‘α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αα±αα±αα¬ααααα αα α¬ααΌααα« α‘ααα‘αα α‘α¬αΈααΈα α±ααα¬αΏααΈα ααααΎαα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααα α»αα αα«ααα αααα±αα¬αα αα αααα αα±αα¬ααα«α
Welding Procedure Specification αααα¬ - α
104
Welding Procedure Specification αααα¬ - α
105
WPS ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈααααα«α αααααα¬ α‘αααααα¬α αα ααα αα±ααααΈαΎααα (Welding Supervisor) α α±ααΈα»αααΈααα α»αα αα«ααα
α±α‘α¬αααΌα WPS αααα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α αα αα αα α α αα αα αα α αα±ααααα±ααααα±ααααα±ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Welding Joints)
Weld Joint ααα αα α ααααα αααααα±αα¬ ααα»αα¬αΈ ααααα αα αα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα±ααααα α‘α±α»αα αα±αααα‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈ α ααΈαααα ααααα¬ αα α±ααα (Butt Joint), αα α±αα¬αααΈ (Corner Joint), αα ααα (T Joint - α‘αα€ααα‘αα‘αα¬ T αα α‘αα), αα αααα (Lap Joint), α α α‘αα¬αΈ αα (Edge) ααα»αα ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα αΎαααα«α
Basic Weld Joints
Butt Joint - αααα¬α»αααα±α»ααΈαααΈαα±ααα αα»αα¬αΈα αα α ααααα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα α€αααΈααΌα α‘αααα α±ααΈα±αα¬ααα (square) ααααα α±α»αα¬ααΈ (groove) α»αα ααααα
106
Corner αα Tee Joint - αα ααααα α α±αα¬ααααα±αα±αα¬ αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα Lap Joint - αα»αα¬αΈαα ααααα α αααΏααΈαααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα α€ααααα»αααΈα»αα α‘αα α αααααα¬α±α ααα torch brazing (α±αΎααΈαα±α)α spot welding αα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα αα αααα¬ααΌα ααααα‘αα¬αΈαα αα«αΈα±αα¬ααα»αα¬αΈα α‘ααα ααΈα α‘αααΈααΈ ααααα»αα ααα Edge Joint - αααα¬α»αααα±α»ααΈαααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ αα α ααααα αααααα±αα¬ αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α ααααααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα ααα±αα¬ αα‘αααα α±ααΈαα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα αααα±αα¬α α‘αα¬αΈααΈ ααααα α αααα¬ αα±αα¬ αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈαα ααα
Root of joints
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±ααααα±ααααα±ααααα±ααα ααααΈααααΈααααΈααααΈ (Weld Joint Design)
αα±αααα αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααΎαα±ααα ααα¬αΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈ α α α±αα¬ααα αα±αααααααΈ (Weld joint design) α α±ααααα αααα α‘ααααΈ αααΈααα ααΈα»αααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα αααα¬αααα α‘ααα¬ααααΈαα α αα α‘αααα¬αΈα±αα αααααα α‘α±α»ααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ - αα α‘ααα±ααααα±αα¬ααα ααα‘α¬αΈαα αα‘α¬αΈ (compression) ααααα αααα‘α¬αΈ (tension) α»αα ααα¬αΈα ααα»αα α‘ααα±ααααΌα ααΌαα‘α¬αΈ (bending)α α±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈ (fatique) ααααα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ (impact stresses) αα ααα±αα¬αα±αααα¬αΈα
107
The Groove Face, Root Face, and Root Edge of joints.
Bevel angle, groove angle, groove radius, and root opening of joints for welding
108
αα ααα‘α¬αΈαα α‘ααα±αα αααααααΈα αααααΈ αα±αααα¬αΈα ααααα α±αα¬ααΏααΈ αα±αααα¬αΈα ααααα αααΈαααα¬αΈαα αα±αααα¬αΈα αα αααα α‘ααα±ααααααα±ααα¬α αα±αααααΈα αααααα±αααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈ αα αα±αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα±αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬αααΈα»αα αα±αααααΈα αα ααααα αααα αα - α ααααα»αα ααα
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αααα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ( ( ( (Welding Positions) αα±αα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΈααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααααα αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ αααα 1G, 2G, 3G ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα 1F, 2F α ααα»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±ααααα α€ααΌα G ααααα¬ Groove Weld α»αα αΏααΈ F αα¬ Fillet Weld α»αα ααα 1 ααααα¬ Flat (α±αα»ααα) α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα 1G ααααα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬α±αα¬ groove (α±α»αα¬ααΈ) welding α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ ααα ααααααα¬α±αα¬ααα 5G ααΌαα ααααααααα α‘α±ααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα¬αααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αα«α
αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ α ααΈαααα 1 β Flat, 2 β Horizontal, 3 β Vertical, 4 β Overhead ααα»αα ααα α‘αααα«αααΌα 6G ααα αα αααα±α α¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα α±αα¬α»αααΈα»αα ααα α€α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα αΎαααααα«α αααΌα α±αα»αααα α±αα«αααα overhead α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα«ααα±αααα»αα αα¬ αα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααα¬ α±αα¬αααα«α α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ (position) α»ααα»αα α±α α±αα¬ααααΌα¬αΈαΏα α»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα 6G welder α α‘ααΌ ααΈααααΈ αα±αααα¬αΈα‘α»αα αααααα«α ααα¬αΈααα±αα ααααα α αααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα±αααΌα 3G αα 4G αααα«α
α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα ααααα±ααα¬αΎαααα«α
109
Welding Position - Groove Welds - Plate
Welding Position - Fillet Welds - Plate
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αα±ααααα¬ααα α αα±ααααα¬ααα α αα±ααααα¬ααα α αα±ααααα¬ααα α (Basic Welding Electricity)
αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬α‘αα ααα α αααα»αααΈα»αα αα»αα αα±ααα αααααΈααΌαααΈα±αα¬ ααα α α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈααααα α‘αα₯αΈαα±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα αα±αααα αΈαααααΈααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬α‘αα¬αα ααα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈ (voltage) αα ααα αΈ (current) α»αα αα«ααα ααα‘α¬αΈα αααααα»αα¬αΈαα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα α αααααα ααΌααα‘ααα±α»αα±α αα αα ααα‘ααα±αα¬αααΈα αααΈα±ααΈααα ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±α α‘ααα»αα αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα±α α»αα ααα ααα αΈα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α¬αΈαααα α±αα¬αααΌααΈαααα (penetration) α αααΈα±ααΈααα ααα αΈα»ααα±α αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα penetration α±αα¬ααΈα±α α»αα ααα
110
Direct Current (DC) αα Alternating Current (AC) α ααα αΈαα ααΈααα¬ αα±α α±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αα ααΈααΈ ααΈαα«ααα ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα¬ AC ααΌα α‘α±αα«ααΈα α‘αααααα αααΈαα α α ααααα ααααααα ααα±αα¬ DC ααΌαα α‘α±αα«ααΈ (positive + ) αα α‘ααα (negative -- ) α αααα
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αααααααααααααααααααααααα ( ( ( (Duty Cycle)
αα±αα±αα¬α ααααααα ααααααα αα αα«αααΈ ααααα±ααΈαα ααα αααααα ααααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬α ααα ααΈαα α‘α¬αΈα‘α»αααα (full capacity) ααααα α‘α±αα¬α‘ααΌααΈ ααα±αα¬ααΎαα¬αΎαα¬ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈ ααααα α»αα ααα αα±αα ααα ααΈαα αα% αααααα αααααΎααα«α αα αα ααα αα ααα α‘α±αα¬α‘ααΌααΈ αα ααα αΎαα¬αα¬ α‘α¬αΈα‘α»ααααα±αα¬ααΈαααα α ααααα αα αααΈ α‘α¬αΈα»αααααα αα αα αα ααα α±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈααααα ααΈααα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈ α‘α»ααα αα αα¬αααααΈααα¬ ααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααα α ααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬α ααα±αα±αα¬α ααα±αα±αα¬α ααα±αα±αα¬α α (Welding Machine)
αα±αα±αα¬α ααα¬αΈαα AC ααααα DC α»αα ααααα α‘ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈαα αααΈααα¬α±αα¬ ααα α α ααΈαααΏααΈ αα (Stationary Power Source) α α±ααααα αααααΈααΌαα‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ αα±αα ααα¬αΈ (Rotating Power Source) α ααΈααα DC α ααα¬αΈααΌα Constant Current (CC) αα Constant Voltage (CV) α αα ααΈαααα CC α GTAW αα SMAW αα αα«αα αααΌα SAW αα FCAW αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα CV α GMAW, FCAW αα SAW αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα αααααΈαααα α‘αααα¬ α‘αααΈααα α±αα¬αα±αα¬α α α‘αααα»αα αα¬ ααα±αα¬αααααααΈα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬αα αα±αα αα α±ααΌαΈαααααα ααα«ααα α‘αααα‘ααΌααΈααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααααα«α AC Transformer α ααΈαααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ AC αα ααΈαα¬ααααΏααΈ DC α ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈαααα«α Duty Cycle αα¬αααΈ αα% ααα¬ ααα«ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ α±α αΈαααα¬αΏααΈ α»αα»αα αααΈαααΈαα ααααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα AC to DC Rectifier αα¬αΈαα¬ αααααΈα±α αΈαααΈααα α»αα»αααααΈαααΈαααΌαααα AC, DCRP, DCSP α‘α¬αΈααΈααΈααααα αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααα ααΈααααα Duty Cycle αα¬αααΈ αα α ααα ααααααα Inverter αα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ αααααΈα±α αΈαα α»αα»αα αααΈαααΈα ααα±αα¬ αααΈααα ααα±αα¬ αα αα ααα α±αα«αα«αΈααα AC, DCRP, DCSP α‘α¬αΈααΈααΈααααα αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααα ααΈααααα Duty Cycle αα¬αααΈ αα α ααα ααααααα ααΈαΏααααα ααα α α±αα¬ α‘αααα αα¬ααΌααα αααα αα±αα αααα α±α»αα ααααΈ (earth grounded) ααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
111
α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα±ααα±ααα±ααα±αααααα«αα¬αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα«αα¬αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα«αα¬αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα«αα¬αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (Selection of the Welding Cables)
Welding Cable Size Numbers
smallest << ===============================>> LARGEST 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0
α‘ααα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααΌαΈααααα αα±ααααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ αα±αα±αα¬α αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬αα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ (α±α) Amps
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 100 2 2 2 2 1 1/0 1/0 2/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 150 2 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 200 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 4/0 250 2 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 300 1 2/0 3/0 4/0 350 1/0 2/0 4/0 400 1/0 3/0 4/0 450 2/0 3/0 500 2/0 4/0 550 3/0 600 3/0
αα«αα¬αααΈααΈαααα ααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα ααα αΈαααΈαααΈαα¬ ααα±αα¬αααααα αα«αα¬αααΈαα ααααα‘α¬αΈαααΈααα ααα αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααα αα±αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬αα α±ααα¬ α±ααΈα±αα±α αααΈααΏααΈ αααΈα±ααΈαα±αα±α α»αα ααα α‘αααα«ααα¬αΈα‘α αα«αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα α±ααΌαΈαααααα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα±αα¬ααΈ (Welding Electrode) α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈ
α‘α±αααα αα±αα‘ααΌα (American Welding Society β AWS) α ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααααααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
E-XXXX - ααΌα E ααααα¬ Electrode α αααα«ααα XXXX - ααΌα αααααααΈαα ααΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα Minimum Tensile Strength (Thousands of pound per square inch) α»αα αα«ααα ααα ααααΈαα ααΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ α»αα ααα α±αα¬αααΈ ααααΈαα¬α ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα«ααα α₯ααΈαα«αααα (Chemical composition of
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coating) α»αα αα«ααα ααα»αα ααΈααα polarity ααααΈ ααααΈαα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - E6027 αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααα«α αα ααα±αα±αα¬ααΈα Minimum Tensile Strength αα¬ 60000 psi α»αα αα αααααααΈα»αα α±αα¬ 2 α flat and horizontal position (α‘α»αα¬αΈααα α±αα»ααα) α±αα¬αααα ααααΈαα«ααα α±αα¬αααΈααααΈ 7 α αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα iron oxide α»αα ααΈαα¬αΈααα AC, DCRP,
DCSP α»ααα±αα¬ααααα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
αααααααΈ ααααααΈαααα¬αΈ
1 β all position (α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ) 2 β flat and horizontal (α‘α»αα¬αΈααα α±αα»ααα α±αα¬αααα) 3 β flat position only (α‘α»αα¬αΈαααααα¬ α±αα¬ααααα) 4 β vertical down, flat, horizontal and overhead (α±αα«αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα α±αα«ααΈα±αα)
α±αα¬αααΈααααΈα‘ααΌα ααααααΈααα α±αα¬αα α¬αααα¬ααΌα αΎαααα«α
ααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈαααΈαααΈαααΈ (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode) (Selection of Correct Electrode)
α±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±αα¬ αα±ααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα α₯ααΈα‘αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ α ααααααααα±ααΌαΈαααααα ααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααααΈαααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ -
αα αααα α₯ααΈα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬αα ααα¬αΈα ααααα αααα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα
α±αα¬αααΈααααΈ ααααΌααΈαααα¬αΈ
Identification of Electrodes for SMAW Electrode Coating Polarity AWS designation E-XXX0 Cellulose/sodium DC+ E-6010,E-7010 E-XXX1 Cellulose/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6011,E-7011 E-XXX2 Rutile DC-,AC E-6012 E-XXX3 Rutile/potassium DC+,DC-,AC E-6013 E-XXX4 Rutile/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-7014,E-7024 E-XXX5 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+ E-7015 E-XXX6 Lime/calcium carbonate DC+,AC E-7016 E-XXX7 iron oxide/iron powder DC+,DC-,AC E-6027,E-7027 E-XXX8 Lime/iron oxide DC+,AC E-7018,E-8018
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Remarks: DCRP = DC+ , DCSP = DC-
αα αα±αα±αα¬α αα α₯ααΈαα¬ αααααααα ααα±αα¬ααααα αα«αΈααα¬αΈα α‘αααααΈ α±αα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈα αα αααα ααα α α AC αα¬αΈα DC αα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα αα αααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬ααα¬αα
α»ααααα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα«ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈα α α α‘ααα αααα»αααα¬αΈαα (What type of fit up?), gap α αααΈααα¬αΈα αα α±αα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈα penetration ααα±αα¬αα αααα αα αα±αα±αα¬αααα αα«αα±ααα±αα«ααΈα ααα (chemical composition) α ααααα α ααα
ααααα±ααΌ (Mechanical properties β high tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance) ααααααα
αα WPS ααα¬ αα code (ASME code) αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α‘αα«αα αααααα¬αΈα αα αα±αα±αα¬αααα¬ ααΌ ααΈαααααα¬αΈα α‘αααααα¬αΈα αα αα±αα±αα¬αα‘ααα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬α αα α₯ααΈαααα¬α±ααΌαααα¬αΈα
ααααα α αα»αα¬αΈα‘ααα α‘αααΈααααΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα ααααα‘αα«α αααΈααα«α
α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα α α ααΌααααα αα Mild Steel αα High-carbon steel αα Special alloy steel αα Cast Iron α α Nonferrous
αα‘αα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα¬ mild steel α‘αα αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αα«ααα α±αα¬α‘α αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα α±αα¬αα‘ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα αα ααΈαααα‘αα αα α±ααα¬ααα ααΈαα«ααα α±αα¬α‘ααα»αααΈααααΌααααα¬ ααΌααα αΌα¬α αααα±αα±αα¬ααααα αααΏααα±αα¬ αα±αααΈαα±α ααα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα α₯α»αααΈα α±αα¬αααΈα±α ααα αα±ααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α ααα αα±ααα¬αΈ αα±ααΈαααα±α αααα α»αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα α±α αΈαααΈαα αα±αααΌαα±α αα ααα αααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α α αααΈα α α αα¬αααααΈαα ααα±αα¬ α±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαααα±ααα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈααα«ααα α±αα±ααΌα αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααα αΈα±α ααα α‘ααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα low-hydrogen α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌα α»αα ααα ααααΈ α‘αααα αααααΏααΈαααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααα ααΈααααααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα αα α α ααα ααα αα¬ααααα α‘αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈαα¬αΈ
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α‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΌααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αα¬αΈ αααΌα¬ααΌαα±α αα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα α αα αα αα α αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±αα«ααΈαα‘α±αα«ααΈαα‘α±αα«ααΈαα‘α±αα«ααΈα α‘αααα‘αααα‘αααα‘ααα ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Polarity)
Straight Polarity ( ( ( (α‘ααα‘ααα‘ααα‘αα)))) αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ (electrode) α α‘ααααααΈαα αααα¬αΈαα αα Electrode
Negative (Straight Polarity) α α±ααααα α‘αα±αα¬α DCSP αα±ααααα α±ααα α‘α¬αΈα»αα mild steelα α±αα¬αα«αΈα±αα¬α ααααα α±αα¬ααα«α±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα Straight Polarity ααΈα α±αα¬ααα αα±ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα αα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌααααΈ Straight Polarity α ααΈααα Reverse Polarity ( ( ( (α±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αα))))
αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ (electrode) α α‘α±αα«ααΈαααΈαα αααα¬αΈαα αα Electrode Positive (Reverse Polarity - α±α»αα¬ααΈα»αα) α α±ααααα α‘αα±αα¬α DCRP αα±ααααα Vertical αα Overhead welding αα¬αΈααΌα αα±ααααα¬αΈα±α‘α¬αα»ααααα±α αα α‘α»ααααα αααα α α‘αα«ααΈααΌα Reverse Polarity α ααΈαααα ααΌααΈα (Cast Iron) α αα±α α±αα¬αα¬ααΌααααΈ ααα±αα α‘αααΌαααααα»αα α±α αα Reverse Polarity αααΈααα α‘ααααα α±αΎααΈαα«α αα αα α α±αα¬ αααααα αααα¬αΈα Reverse Polarity α»αα α±αα¬ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα Arc Welding
Arc Welding ααααα¬ ααα αΈα α±αα¬αααΏααΈ αααα¬αΈαααα¬ααΌα ααΈα±αα¬ αααΈα»αα ααα Arc Welding α Gas Welding αααα¬α±αα¬α‘αααα¬ α‘αα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±ααα¬ αα¬αΈαα αα»αααα±α α αα α±ααα¬αααΌα α αα±ααΈααα»αααΈα»αα ααα Gas Welding (αα«αα±ααΌααααΈααα αΏααΈ α‘αααα»αααΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈ) ααΌα ααΈααα ααα‘αα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαααα« α»ααα ααΌα¬αΈαα»αα αα αα«αα α α‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ (heat distortion) αα«α»αα ααααα Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding (EGW), Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) α αα»αα arc welding α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ αα±αα¬αααΈ αααα arc welding αα αα ααα‘ααααΈααα¬ -
οΏ½ α‘αααααα±ααα¬ (heat source) οΏ½ α‘α»ααααα (filler metal) αα οΏ½ αα±ααα¬αΈα αα¬α±ααΈα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααΌα (shielding gas) ααα»αα ααα
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αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα α‘ααα±ααΈαααα¬ -
οΏ½ welding current (α‘αααα¬), οΏ½ voltage (ααα‘α¬αΈ), οΏ½ speed of arc travel (αα±αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΈ-αα ααα αααααα α±αα α±αα¬α»ααα) οΏ½ wire electrode extension ( stick-out ααααΈ α±αααα«ααα ααα¬ ααα
(electrical contact tip) α αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΈ (end of the wire electrode) ααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ α»αα αα«ααα)
αα±ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈααΌαααααΌα ααααα ααααααααααΈ ααααα¬αααΈ αα αα α‘αα«α‘ααα»αα αα«ααα α€αααααα¬ααΌα backhand αα forehand α αα αααΈαααα backhand ααααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈαααααα α±α»αα¬ααΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΌ αΈα±ααΈ α»αααΈα»αα ααα forehand ααααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈααααα‘αααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΌ αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα αααααααα Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
α€αααΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬αααααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα α α±αα¬αααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα±αα¬α±α αΏααΈ αααααααΈ α»αα ααα α‘ααΈαααΈααΈα α±α αΈα‘αααα¬ ααΈ αα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαααΈα»αα αΏααΈ αα Stick Welding ααααΈ α±ααα±ααΈααα αα±α α±αα¬α ααΌαααααα α±ααα¬αα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ααααα αα αααα αα αα αα αααα ααα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααααα ααΈα±αα¬ααα α αα¬ AC ααααα DC (CC) α»αα ααα SMAW ααΌα α‘ααα»αα αααΈααα¬αα¬αΈααα«α ααα±αα¬ αα±αααα±αα¬ααΈαα αααα αα±αααα¬αΈα ααΌααΈαααα α‘αααα‘αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα¬αΈ core wire α filler metal α‘α»αα ααΈαα¬αΈααα α±ααΌαααααα
αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα α‘ααα±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα α±ααα±α‘α¬ααααααα±ααΌααΏααΈ αα±ααΈαααα±α αα αα±αα±αα¬α±αααα±ααα¬α αα«αα±ααΌααα αα»αα ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα α ααα ααα«αα±ααΌαα Shielding Gas α α±ααααα SMAW ααΌα ααα«αα±ααΌαα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ ααΌαα‘ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬α ααΈα±αα¬αα±α α»αααΈα»αααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα«αα±ααΌααα¬
αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααα (CO2) α»αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬α ααα±αα±αα¬ααΈ (ferrous
electrode) α»αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααααα αα»αα¬αΈαα«αΈαα ααα αΈ (amp, α‘αααα¬) αααΈαααΈαα¬ αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααΈααα αα»αα¬αΈααα ααα αΈ (α‘αααα¬) αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααα¬ααααααα αα αααα« ααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
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SMAW αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα»αα α α₯
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SMAW αα±αα±αα¬α αα ααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α αααα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα αααα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα αααα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα αααα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ
αα±αα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α α α±ααΈαα«α αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬αα α‘αααααααα¬αΈ ααΈααααΈα αα±ααααα αα αα α‘ααα±ααα±ααα ααα‘αα α‘ααα αααα ααΈααααΈαα«ααα αα αα«αα¬αα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ αααααααα αααααα¬αΈαααα αα αα±αα±αα¬α ααα α±α»αα ααααΈ αααα ααα¬αΈαααα α α α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααα«α ααΈαα‘ααα»αα α‘ααα¬αΈαααα αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬ααΌα (α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬) ααΈααααΈ ααααα αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬α α±ααΈα αα±ααΈα αααα¬αΈαααΈα±α‘α¬α αααα¬αΈαααα
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αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘αα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααα αΈ (α‘αααα¬) α»α ααα¬αΈ
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α ααααΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈααα»αααΈα ααααΈααα»αααΈ (Starting the Arc)
αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα αα»αα¬αΈα±αα α ααααα»αααΈ (Starting the Arc)
αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα αα»αα¬αΈα±αα αααααΏααΈ ααα»ααα αΌα¬ α»αααΎααΌαααα«α αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ αα αα»αα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααΈα αα ααΈαα«ααααα ααα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα ααααΌα¬ααΌααΈααΌα¬αΈαα«α ααΈα»ααα»ααααΌα¬αΈααααα ααααΌααΈαα«ααααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα αα»αα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αααααα αα‘αα« αααααΌα¬αα«α ααα ααΌα¬ααααα ααααα α»αααααααΏααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α»αααα«α αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαααα»αα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ α α‘αααΈ (α ααααα¬) αα αααα αα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα ααααΏααΈ ααΈαα±α‘α¬αααααα«ααα ααΈα±αα¬α ααααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα±αααα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα«α ααΈααααααΌααΈαα αααααα¬αΈ αα±ααΏααΈ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α α₯ααααα αα»αα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αα±αα¬α ααΈαααΈααΎαα¬ααα»ααααααα ααΈαααααΌααΈαααααΈ αα±α α±αα¬ααΈαα αα»αα¬αΈααΌα ααΎαα¬αα ααΌα¬αΈααα±ααααΏααΈ ααααα±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα α±α ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα ααα αΈαααΈααΌααΈααα αα¬αΈααΌααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬αααΈα±ααΈααΌααΈααα α»ααααΌααΈααα ααΈαααΌααΈααα ααααΌααΈαα α»αα ααα±αα¬ α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α»ααα¬αΈ αα«ααα
αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαααααΈ αααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα αα»αα¬αΈα αααα¬α»ααα α±αα¬ααααα±αααα α»αα αΏααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αααΈ αα α αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈα±αααα α»αα αα«ααα αα ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα αΎαααα«α
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αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα ααααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ
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αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈααΌα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬α±αααα αααΈα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα»αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ ααα¬αΈαα α₯αΈα‘α±ααα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αα±ααααααΈ α‘α¬αΈααΈα±αα¬ααΈα±αα±α αα αα αα αα±αα¬αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±αα¬ αα±ααα αα¬αΈαααα αα±αααα¬αΈαααΈ αααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈα»αα α±αααα
αα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬α αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααΈαα«α αα ααα±αα¬αα ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ ααα¬αΈαααα αα ααααα ααααα αα±αα±αα¬αααΈααα¬ α±ααΌαΈαααα αα ααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα WPS α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αα¬αΈαααΏααΈ αααα¬αααα α α ααααα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΌαΈααΈαααα αα α‘ααα α‘αααα±ααΈαα (Preheating) ααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αααα αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘αααα±αα¬αα α±αα¬ααα«ααα αα αα±αα±αα¬αααααα αα α‘αααα αα α‘ααα α±αα±ααΌαα α±ααΈα α±αα¬ α ααααα αααΈα α α±ααααα αα αα±ααα α±αΎαα¬ααΈαΏααΈαααΈ α±αα¬ααα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα αα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ααΌα¬αααα αααα αα α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈα ααΈαΏααΈ αα±ααα±αα¬αα αααα α‘αα₯α₯αΈα αΌα¬αααΈαααΏααΈα αα±αα±αα¬αααα ααα αααααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ αααα α α±αα¬αα ααα«ααα ααα Groove weld (α±α»αα¬ααΈ) ααΌα gap (α ααΎαα¬αΈ) αα αααααΈα±ααα«α ααααααΈαα ααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬α αα₯αΈα±α‘α¬ααααΏααΈα αα α»αααΈα αα±αα¬ααα«ααα ααα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα α‘α»αα»ααα α αΎαααα«α αααα αα ααααα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬α±ααΌααα ααα»αααΈα»αααα«α ααα ααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘αααΈ ααα α α α±ααΈαΎαααα«α ααα α±αα¬αααΈααα¬α±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈαα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα α±αα¬α±ααΌαααα α α α±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα±α α±αα¬ (overlap) ααααα α»αααα¬ (undercut) αα¬αΈα±ααΌααα ααα»αααΈα»αααα«α
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α α α α αααα αααααααααααα Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) αααααααααααααααααααα TIG (T TIG (T TIG (T TIG (Tungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inungsten Inert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas) ert Gas)
SMAW αα GTAW α α‘αα
ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα¬ shielding gas α αααα»αααΈ
α»αα ααα GTAW (TIG) ααΌα shielding gas α
ααΈααααααα ααα«αα±ααΌαα»αα α‘ααα±αα¬α±α
α±αα¬ αααα ααΈααα« ααΈα‘αα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα
ααα±αΎαα¬α α±ααα α±αα«ααΈααα«αα»αα»αααΈ αα»ααα
α±αα¬αα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α ααα
α€ αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα α‘α¬ααΌαα αα¬ααΌααα
α±α‘α¬ααααα α»αα ααααα ααααα ααα«α
α±ααΌααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αααΈα»αα ααααα α‘αα‘ααΈααΈ
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ααα α ααααα ααααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬αααα»αα ααααΈαα¬ α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααααα SMAW ααΌα filler metal αα electrode α»αα αα ααα±αα¬ GTAW ααΌα filler rod α ααααα electrode α αααα α»αα ααα GTAW αα α‘α 1/8 αααα‘α ααα αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααΌααΏααΈ αααα ααα±αα¬ αα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα Filler rod (αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ) αα α±αΎααΈαα‘ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα±αα¬ααΈα»αα αΏααΈ ααααααΈα±αΎααΌαΈαααα Filler rod α ααα‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬αα ααα±αααααααα
GTAW αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ αααααΈα α₯ααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ GTAW α‘ααΌα filler metal α AWS α αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααααααα
ERXXS-X - α€ααΌα E αα Electrode, R αα Rod, XX αα minimum tensile strength α»αα ααα S ααα Solid (αααΈαα) α αααΏααΈ α±αα¬αααΈ X αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈ α chemical composition (αα«αα±αα α±αα«ααΈα ααα) α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ - ER70S-6
SMAW αα¬ααααα GTAW ααααΈ AC ααααα DC Constant Current (CC) ααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬ααααα DC ααΌα DCSP (electrode negative) ααα¬ ααΈα±ααααα GTAW ααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα±ααα¬αΈαα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαααα αααα‘ααα‘α ααα¬ - α‘ααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα α±ααα¬αααα¬ααα»αα α‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΈ α‘ααΌα αααΈα»αααΈα α‘ααΌααα«αΈα±αα¬ ααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈ α±αα¬ααα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααα«α αα±α ααα±αααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααΈαα ααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα±αααααααααΈα»αααΈα ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα α₯αααααΈα»αααΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα±ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα₯αα ααΈααΈααΌαα‘ααΌααααΈα»αααΈ ααα»αα ααα
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ααα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ αα±αααα¬αΈαα ααΌααΈαααααααα αα±αα±αα¬αααΈα±ααΈααα
GTAW Torches (TIG ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ))))
TIG ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαααααααα±ααα¬α ααα±ααΈααα α±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα α‘α α¬αΈαα¬ ααΈαα α‘αααα¬(current) α±ααααααΏααΈ α‘αααΈα‘α±ααΈ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα αα ααΈ α±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈαα« αααααα ααα±αα«ααΈ (electrode) α ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬ ααα αα ααααα ααα ααααα α α»αα ααααα α ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαααα TIG α±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα»αα ααΌαα¬αΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα αΎαααα«α
Tungsten Identification AWS Listing (Type) Colour
EWP, (Pure Tungsten) Green EWCe-2, (+/- 2% Cerium Oxide) Orange EWLa-1, (1% Lanthanum Oxide) Black EWLa-2, (2% Lanthanum Oxide) Back EWTh-1, (1% Thorium Oxide) Red EWTh-2, (2% Thorium Oxide) Yellow EWZr-1, (+/- 2% Zirconium Oxide) Brown EWG, (unspecified alloys) Grey
GTAW ααΈα±αα«ααΈ α‘ααΈααΈ
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Electrodeα αααα¬αΈα ααΈαα ααα α α±ααααααΏααΈ α»ααααα AC α‘ααΌα α±αα«ααΈααΈαα¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ DC α‘ααΌα ααααΌ ααα¬αΈααΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΎαααα«α
ααααΈαα ααα αΈ (current - α‘αααα¬) α±ααααααΏααΈ electrode α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα
α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α±ααΌαΈαααααα«ααα
Electrode Diameter (in) Current (Amp) for Standard Tungsten Electrodes 0.04 10 β 60 1/16 40 β 120 3/32 100 β 160 1/8 150 β 210 5/32 190 β 275 3/16 250 β 350 1/4 300 β 490 5/16 450 β 600
α±αα»αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα±αα¬ GTAW ααΈα±αα«ααΈ
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α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) αααααααααααααααααααα M M M MIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal IIG (Metal Inert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)nert Gas)
MIG αα TIG αα αα ααα ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα¬ TIG ααΌα electrode αααααα filler rod α αααα α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ MIG ααΌα electrode αα filler metal α»αα αα α filler rod αα α±αΎααΈαααα α αααΈαααα«αα¬ (copper coated solid wire) α»αα ααα ααα«αα¬α α±αΎααΌαΈα α(wire feeding machine) α αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α»αααααΈα»αα ααΈα±ααΈ ααα αα»αα¬αΈαααα«α TIG ααα α¬αα MIG α αα±αα¬ααΈααα αα»ααααα MIG α α‘α¬αΈ αα¬αααα¬ α‘αααααα±αα¬ α§ααα¬αα₯αΈααα α‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ αααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬αααΈα»ααααα α±αα¬αααα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈ αααααα αααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈ (any position) ααΈαα α±αα¬ααααα ααΈααΈαααΈα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα±ααα¬αΈα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ α»αααα αα»αα αα±αα±αα¬α α‘ααα±α»αααα MIG αα±αα±αα¬αααΈααΌα ααΈα α (power supply), αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈα α (wire feeding mechanism), αα±ααααα (welding gun) αα αα«αα±ααΌααααΈ (gas supply) α α‘α α α‘αααΈα±ααΈα αα«αααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
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αα±αα±αα¬αααα‘αα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬ αα±αα±αα¬αα αα»αα¬αΈαααα¬α»αααα αα±α α±αα¬ααΈαα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα±αααααααα ααα‘ααΌα ααα¬α±αα¬αα±ααα¬αΈααα αα‘ααΌα¬ α‘α±ααΈαα ααα‘α¬αΈα αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈαααααα ααα αΈ (current β amp) αα‘ααααα¬ αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈαααΈαα ααααα‘ααΈαααα αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈαααΈα»ααα±α ααα αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα±αα αα«αα¬α α¬αΈαααΈα±ααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα ααα αΈ α‘αααα¬αααΈ αααΌα¬αΈααα αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααα¬ ααα α αα α α αα¬αΈα±ααααα MIG ααΌα DCRP ααΈαα ααααα±αα¬
ααα MIG ααΈ gun αα α‘ααΈααΈαααα αααΌα ααααα«αΏααΈ αα«αα¬α‘α±ααΈα‘α»ααα αααΈαααα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αΈααα« αα αα«αααΈααα±ααΈααα MIG gun αα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬ αα±ααα«αα¬α α±αΎααΌαΈααα ααα αΈαα αα«αα±ααΌαα ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈααα αα«αα±ααΌαα ααα¬α±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α ααα±ααΈαα ααα»αα ααα α‘α α gun αα¬αΈααΌα αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈα α (wire feeder) αα« αα αα«αααΈ αα«αααα
α±α αΈαααα¬αα»αα CO2 α shielding gas
α‘α»αα ααΈααα α‘α¬ααΌααα αααααα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈαααΈ MIG α‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αα±αα±αα¬αα ααα»αα¬αΈα‘ααααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα»αα α±ααΌαΈααααα
αααα±αα±αα¬αα ααα»αα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±αααααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΌαΈααα α»αα αα«ααα Mild steel αα»αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα mild steel αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααααα»αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααααα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΌαΈαααα αα«αΈα±αα¬ααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈ 0.020, 0.030 αα 0.035 αααα‘ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα‘αααα±αα¬ ααα»αα¬αΈ
MIG ααΈ gun αα¬αΈ
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αα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα 0.045 ααααα 1/16 αααα‘ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα ααααΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈααααα«ααα αα«αα¬αα α‘αααα‘ααααα¬αΈα αα±ααΈα α‘αααααα α‘αα α αααααααΈααα«ααα αα«αα¬α±ααΌα ααΏααΈα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα αα±αα¬αααα«ααα α»αα αααα α‘ααΈααΈαα¬αΈαα«α α‘ααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αΎαα¬α αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα αααΎαα¬αΎαα¬αααα¬αΈαααααα«αα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα α»αααΏααΈ α±ααα¬α‘ααΌααΈ αααα α»αααααααΈαα¬αΈααα ααα«ααα MIG αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα ααα»αααααα«ααα
οΏ½ αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈαα αα αα»αααΈαααα ααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈαααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±ααα¬ααα αΌα¬ αααα¬αΈαα«α
οΏ½ α±αα¬ααα±αα«ααΈαα α±ααΈαα¬αΈαααα±αα ααααααΈα±αααα«ααα οΏ½ αα±ααα«αα¬αα αα±αα±αα¬ααααα»αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬α‘ααΌα
α»αα αααα οΏ½ αα«αα¬α αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα¬ααα αΌα¬αααα¬αΈαααα οΏ½ αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈαααΈα ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ αααα¬αΈαααα οΏ½ αα±αα±αα¬α±αα α₯ α‘αα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαΎαααΏααΈ αα«αα¬α±αΎααΌαΈαααΈα α»αααα
αα αααααα οΏ½ ααα α‘αΈαα α‘α»αααααααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα¬αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈα
αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α α α±ααΈαααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈα»αααΈααα α α α±ααΈαα«α
Fillet Weld αα Groove Weld ααα‘ααΌα MIG αααΈ α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
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AWS ααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ MIG α‘ααΌα filler metal α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»αααααα
EXXS-X α€ααΌα E αα Electrode α»αα αα ααα XX αα ααΈαα¬ minimum tensile stength α»αα αα S αα solid (αααΈαα) α»αα αΏααΈ α±αα¬αααΈ X α filler metal α αα«αα±αα α±αα«ααΈα ααα (chemical composition) αα±αα¬α»αααα MIG α Carbon Steel, Aluminum, Stainless Steel ααααΌα α±αα¬αααα«ααα MIG α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ (weld defects) αα¬ - Surface Porosity, Crater Porosity, Lack of Penetration, Burn Through, Whiskers αα α»αα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α‘α±ααΈα ααααΈα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α‘αααα« αα±αα±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW), Carbon Arc Welding (CAW), Electrogas Welding α ααα»αα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬αααΈ α€α±ααα¬ααΌα ααααα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αΈα α α α±ααΈαΎααα»αααΈα α α±ααΈαΎααα»αααΈα α α±ααΈαΎααα»αααΈα α α±ααΈαΎααα»αααΈ αα±ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈ αααΈαα αααΈα»αα α α α±ααΈααααα αα αααΈαα¬ NDT (Non Destructive Testing) α»αα αΏααΈ α±αα¬ααα αααΈαα¬ Destructive Testing α»αα αα«ααα NDT αααΈαα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα αααα αΈα±α α α α α±ααΈα±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«αααΈαα¬αΈαα NDT αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα αα
οΏ½ Visual Inspection οΏ½ Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) οΏ½ Liquid Penetrant Inspection οΏ½ Radiographic Inspection (X Ray) οΏ½ Ultrasonic Inspection οΏ½ Eddy Current Testing
Destructive Testing ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααααα οΏ½ Free Bend Test οΏ½ Guided Bend Test οΏ½ Nick Break Test οΏ½ Impact Test οΏ½ Fillet Welded Joint Test οΏ½ Etching Test οΏ½ Tensile Strength Test
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α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±ααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα NDT αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααααααα Surface and subsurface cracks
οΏ½ Porosity οΏ½ Tears οΏ½ Machining, rolling & plating defects οΏ½ Laminations οΏ½ Lack of fusion οΏ½ Inclusions οΏ½ Segregation οΏ½ Lack of Weld penetration οΏ½ Fatigue defects οΏ½ Seams οΏ½ Blowholes οΏ½ Flakes οΏ½ Pitting οΏ½ Laps οΏ½ Undercut οΏ½ Dimensional tolerance (e.g. Thickness)
α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αααααααα Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (Visual Inspection (ααα»ααααα»ααααα»ααααα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈ))))
α‘α±ααΈαααΈαΏααΈ α‘ααΈααα±αα¬αααΈαα¬ ααα»ααα α α±ααΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα ααα±αα¬ ααα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈα ααααααααα α ααααα αααΈαα¬αα α αααΈ αααααα ααα ααα±ααΌαααΌα ααα»ααα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα αα±αα±αα¬ααααααα α»ααα ααα±αααα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈα±αα¬α αα±αααα¬αΈαα ααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αααα±αα¬ααΈ αα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬ ααα α‘α»αα α α±ααΈαααα«ααα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬ααα«ααααΈ α»αααααα ααα»αααΈ α»αα»ααααααα ααΈα α‘α¬αΈα»αα welder inspector αα α₯αΈαα αα±α α±αα¬αΏααΈα±αα¬α α‘α»αα¬αΈα ααΈαααααα¬αΈαα»αα ααα»ααα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α₯αΈα αΌα¬α»αααα
α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αααααααα Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic Particle Inspection ( ( ( (α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααα«αα»ααααααα«αα»ααααααα«αα»ααααααα«αα»αα α ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈ))))
αα»αα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±αααααα¬α»αααα α‘α±αααααα¬α»ααα±α‘α¬ααα¬αΈ (αααα¬ α»ααα±α‘α¬α αααααα‘ααΌααΈ) α α‘α»αα αα α α€αααΈα»αα α α α±ααΈααααα
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Circular Magnetization (Prod Method)
Longitudinal Magnetization (Coil Method)
α α α±ααΈαα ααααα‘ααα ααααα«αααααΏααΈ αααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«αα α±ααΈααα α»αααΈα±ααΈααα±αα¬α‘αα« ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα α‘αααΌαα¬ α α±αα¬ α‘α»αα α‘αα¬ α‘αα¬αααααα«α αααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα αααααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈααα ααα¬α αΌα¬ α»αααααΌα¬αΈααα α‘ααα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌα ααΌα‘ααα¬αα±ααα«α αααα αααΌααΈαα α±α»αα¬αα»ααΈα»αααΈαα α±αα¬αα»αα αααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈ αα‘αααΌα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα αα α α±αααα α‘ααΌα ααα»ααααα±αααα
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αααααα¬αΈα α‘α αα α‘α±α»αα¬αα αα ααΈαααααα ααααα‘α±α»αα¬αα α‘α±αα¬α
α‘ααΈααΈαα αααααα ααααα‘α αα ααΈα ααΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαα»αα α‘ααα±αα¬ααααΌα α‘ααΌαα±ααΈααα±αα¬ α‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααα α»ααααα±αααα
αααα αααΌααΈα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬ ααΈαα ααα αΈααα¬α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αΈα±ααααα ααα α‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ ααα αΈα ααΈαα α ααΈαααα ααα α α‘ααα¬ααα»αα α±α αα ααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬α±ααΈαααα Prod spacing αα αα»αα¬αΈα‘αα±ααααααΏααΈ ααα αΈα 600 to 2000 amps ( ααα α αααα α‘αααα¬α) ααΈααα α ααΈαααα αα»αα¬αΈ ααααα ααα αααα»αα α±α‘α¬ααααα¬ααΌα ααα αααααΈαα ααΈα α‘αααα«αα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€αα αααΈα‘αα ααααααΈ (Prod Method) αα¬ α±αα«αα«αΈαΏααΈ ααΈαααΌααα»αα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα ααα»ααααα¬ DC ααΈαΏααΈ ααα α αααΌααΈα α»αα α±α αα αααα»ααα±α»αα±ααΈαααα α‘ααΈαα»αα High carbon steel αα¬αΈααΌα α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ AC ααΈααα α»ααα±α»αα±ααΈαα αααα«α α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αααααααα Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid Penetrant Inspection ( ( ( (α‘ααα¬αα‘ααα¬αα‘ααα¬αα‘ααα¬α αα«αα±ααΈααα»αααα«αα±ααΈααα»αααα«αα±ααΈααα»αααα«αα±ααΈααα»αα α ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈα ααΈα»αααΈ)))) αααα¬α»αα α‘αααΌα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α ααΈαααα Liquid Penetrant Test α ααΈ ααα Liquid Penetrant Test α‘αα α±ααΈααΈαααα α‘αα αα Dye Penetrant β Non Water Washable (α±αα±ααΈαααα±αα¬ α±ααΈαα) α‘αα αα Dye Penetrant β Water Washable (α±αα±ααΈα αα±αα¬α±ααΈαα) α‘αα α αα αα Fluorescent Penetrants (ααΈα αΈαα«αα±ααΈαα)
MPI α ααΈαααα αααα¬
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αααα¬α»ααα α±ααΈαααα αα ααΈα α ααΈαααα αααα¬α»ααα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα αα α‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα±αααΌαα¬αΈ αααΈα αα±αα±α‘α¬α ααααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααααααα«ααα αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα αααα»αααΈ α αα (finishing) ααα±ααΈα αα¬αααα«α α‘ααα finishing αααα ααα«α Penetrant Test α finishing αααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬αααα ααα«ααα
αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α ααααααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααα« α€αααΈααΈα α ααΈαα ααααα ααα±αα¬ αΎαααΈααΌααΈα±αα¬αααα¬α»ααα αα ααα±αα±αα¬ αααα¬α»αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα αααα±αα¬αα«α α€αααΈα»αα α‘ααΌαα±ααΈααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈ ( 150 nanometer = αα ααααα¬α α‘ααα αααΈα αα αα αα) α α ααΈααααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α ααΈαα α ααΈααα‘ααα‘ααΌα ααΈα ααΈαα«αα±ααΈαα (fluorescent penetrants) αα¬αΈα ααΈααα α±ααΈαααα¬αΈα αα¬αα α‘αααΈα±αα¬αα»αα»αα α»ααααααα±ααΈααα ααααα ααααΈ ααΌαα±αα¬αα»ααα»αααΎααααα¬ α»ααααα ααΈα ααα«αα±ααΈαα α αα»αα αααααΈα‘αα ααα±αα¬αα¬α ααΈααα
ααα»αααααα¬ αα ααΈαααααααα α±ααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααΈα±αα¬αααΌαααα ααα‘ααΌα ααΈαα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αααα»ααα±ααα αααααα¬α»αααα¬αΈααΌα α ααΈααα»αααΈ αα»ααα«ααα ααα»αα α‘α±αα»αα¬αΈα αα±ααΈαααααα«α α±αα¬αααααα αα±ααΈααα ααΌα α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌααα¬αΈαα α‘ααααααααα ααα‘ααΌα αα ααΈαααα αΏααΈαααΏααΈαααΈ αα±ααΈ αααα αα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααΈα»αααα αααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈααα α»αα αα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αααααααα αα«ααααααα«ααααααα«ααααααα«ααααα α ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈ ( ( ( (RT RT RT RT ---- Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing))))
αα±αααααΌα αααα±αα¬ α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα αα«ααααα α α α±ααΈαααα« ααα ααααα‘αα¬αΈααΈαα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈααΈαααΈ αα αααΈαααΈ α»αα ααα α α α±ααΈαα αααααΈα αααα±ααααΌα α‘α±ααααα¬αΈαααα»αα α‘ααα α»ααααα α α±ααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααΌαα‘ααΈααααα
αα«ααααααα¬ααΌα X-Ray αα Gamma Ray αα ααΈααΈ ααΈαα«ααα X-Ray α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ -
οΏ½ αα«αα±αα¬αα»αααΎααΌααΈ α‘ααα¬αααα αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬αα»αααααΈ ααα»αα ααΌα¬αΈαα
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οΏ½ Penetrating power (α±αα¬αα»ααααΈα±αα¬αααααα‘αα) α ααα‘α¬αΈα‘ααα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈ α±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα αααΈααααα
οΏ½ αααααααα (α‘αααααα‘αα«α‘αα) ααΈααααα οΏ½ αααα±ααααΌα αααα α»αααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ α»αααααα οΏ½ ααα‘αα‘αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα ααααα¬α±ααΌαΈααααα
X-Ray α α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ - οΏ½ αααααΈα±α αΈαααΈααα οΏ½ α‘ααΈα»ααα ααα α αααα οΏ½ ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααΈααα»αα αα«αααααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬ααααα οΏ½ αααα¬αα¬ α±ααΈαΏααΈ ααΌαααααα οΏ½ α±αα¬αα»αααααα±αα«ααΈαα¬ α‘αααααααΈαα»αα αα₯αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα
αααΈααα Gamma Ray α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ -
οΏ½ αααααΈα±α αΈαααα¬αα α»αααααααΈαααΈα αααααΈ αααΈααα οΏ½ αααα¬αα αααα¬α±αα¬ααααΈαα»αα α±αα¬αααα±ααΈαα α ααααααααΈαα¬αΈ
α‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα οΏ½ ααα α αα«ααααα»αα αα«ααααα¬αααΈ αα±αΎαα¬ααα±αα¬α±αα οΏ½ α±αα¬αα»ααααΈα±αα¬ααα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬ααΈααα οΏ½ αααα¬αα¬α±ααΈαααα»αα α±ααΈαααα₯αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌααα ααΈαα
ααα
Gamma Ray ααΈ α‘αααα ααααα¬
Gamma Ray α α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ - οΏ½ αα«αα±αα¬αα»ααα αα ααααΈαααα±ααα»αα α±αα¬αα»ααααααα α‘ααα¬α α
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ααα οΏ½ αα«αα±αα¬αα»αααΈ ααΈα±αα¬αααααα‘ααα αααΈαααα οΏ½ αααα¬ααΌαααΈαα α±αααα‘αααααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααα‘α αααααΈααα
α±ααα»αα α»ααααααααα»αααΈα α‘α α¬αΈααΈαααα»αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±ααΈαααα οΏ½ αα«αααα±ααα αααα±αααααα¬ X-Ray α±αα¬α α»αααα¬αΈααααα οΏ½ αααααΈα‘ααΌα (α₯ααα¬ - α‘ααααα) ααΈααααα«α
α€αα«αα±αα¬αα»αααα¬αΈαα ααααα α‘ααα¬αα»αα α±α αααα α‘ααΌα
αα±ααααα¬αΈ αα«ααααααα α§ααα¬α‘ααΌααΈ α‘α»ααααααααα α»αααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬ααΌα αα»ααα«α αα«ααα ααα»αααΈααααΈ αααααα¬ααα ααΌαα»αααα»αααα¬ ααααΌαα»ααα«ααα αα±αααα‘α¬αΈααΈαα αα«ααααααα αααα«α α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααα αα¬αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ αα«ααααααααα α‘αααααα¬αα¬αα ααΈα»ααα±ααΈαα«ααα αα«αααααα»αααΈ α»αα ααα α»αα αα»ααααα±αα¬ αα±ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ (porosity, slag inclusion, inadequate penetration, incomplete fusion, under cutting, cracking, voids, pin holes, misalignment) α α±αα¬αααααα»αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα αα«αααααα α α±ααΈα±α ααα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α αΎαααααΈα»ααα‘αααααΈα»αααΎαααααΈα»ααα‘αααααΈα»αααΎαααααΈα»ααα‘αααααΈα»αααΎαααααΈα»ααα‘αααααΈα»αα α ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈα ααΈααα»αααΈ ( ( ( (UT UT UT UT ---- Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Ultrasonic TestingTestingTestingTesting)))) α€αααΈα αααΌαα±αα¬α αααααα αααα¬αΈααΌααα« ααΈααααα αα«ααα ααα»αααΈααα α¬αα ααΏααΈα‘αα α α±αα¬α»αααααα ααα±αα¬ α€αααΈαααΈαα α‘ααΈ ααΌ ααΈααα±αα¬ ααα¬αααα¬αΈαααα α€αααΈααΌα ααααΈαα ααααααΈα»αα α‘αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααααα¬α ααααααααΏααΈ α ααΈαααα±αα¬ αα±αααα α»αααα¬α±αα¬ α‘αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααα¬α ααααΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα α±αα¬α»αα±ααΈααα ααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααααα±ααΌαΈααα»αα ααΌααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬ ααααααααΈαα α‘ααα¬α»αα ααα ααααααααΈαα α±αα¬α‘α±αα¬ α»αα αα α ααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬α»αααα±αααα ααα±αα¬ αα α±ααααΌαα ααΌαα»ααα¬α αααααα¬αα¬α»ααα±ααΈααα‘ααΌα α‘α±α»αααα ααααα α»ααααα αΌα¬ ααα±ααΈααα±ααΏαα α€αααΈααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ -
β’ Pulse Echo β’ Transmission β’ Resonance β’ Frequency Modulation ααα»αα ααα
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α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αααααααα Eddy Current Testing
α ααΈααααααα αααα¬α»ααα‘ααΈ α»αα αααα¬αΈαα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααΈα α‘αα αα¬α±ααΌαα¬ααΌα Eddy Current Testing αα α‘ααΌααα±αα¬αααα αα±αα¬ααΈ αα αα ααα α α αΈα±αα±αα¬ αα«αα¬αα¬αΈα»αα αααααα ααα α αααα αααΌααΈ (electromagnetic field) α»αα αα¬ααα αα±αα¬ααΈα αα»αα¬αΈαα αα α ααα α ααα α αααΌααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα¬αΈαααα«α ααα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α¬αΈαααΈα±αα¬ ααα α αα α α»ααα αΈ ααΌα¬αΈααα αα eddy current α α±ααααα α ααα αΈαα ααααα α ααα α αααΌααΈαα ααααααα ααα α αααα αααΌααΈαα α α ααα±ααΈααα αα»αα¬αΈαα αα¬α»αααα α‘α»αα α‘αα¬α‘αα¬αααΈαα«α ααα αΈαα αααα»αα α±ααΏααΈ ααΌαα¬α αα αα ααα±ααΌα αα«α ααα αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈααα αα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα αααα¬α»αα αααΈαα¬ααααα
αα ααα αΈααΌαα inspection probe αα±αααΏααΈ eddy current α ααα±ααΈααα±αα¬ ααα α αααα αααΌααΈα αααΈααα αααα¬α eddyscope α α±ααααα α eddyscope ααΌα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα α αααα αααΌααΈα α±αα¬α»α ααα α α α±ααΈαα αααΎαααΏααΈ ααααα»αα ααα αα¬αα¬α»ααααα Eddy current test α α ααΈααααα±αα¬α‘αα (penetration depth or skin depth) αα¬ αααααα±αα¬ ααα αΈα ααααααΈ (frequency), ααα αΈααα αΌααΈ (conductivity) αα permeability ααα±αααααααα ααααααΈααα±α ααααααΌα¬αΈααα±α α»αα αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈ
α»αα ααΈα±αα¬ ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ 1kHz α 3MHz α α»αα ααα α‘αααα¬ 5Β΅m α 1mm α α»αα ααα Eddy current testing α αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα (ααααα±αα¬) αααααα
Nuclear power plant α heat exchanger αα¬αΈα eddy current αααα¬ααΈαΏααΈ α α α±ααΈα±αα α₯
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αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα αα±ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα±ααααα¬αΈ (weld cap) αα α‘αααααα±αα¬ α±ααα¬(heat affected zone) αα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬α ααΌαα¬αα¬αΈα α ααΈααααααΈααα
Destructive Testing αα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααααα«ααα α αα αα αα α αααααααααααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααΈαααΈαα (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) (Welding Quality Control) αα±ααααα¬αΈα ααααΈα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈαα α αα αα αααααΈαααα¬αΈα ααα»αα αα«ααα ααα¬αΈ QA/QC ααα α‘ααααα»αα α±αα¬ααα
αααα₯αΈααΈ α α α±ααΈααααα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααααα ααα±αα¬αα αα±αα‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααααα±αα±αα¬α ααααα αα α»αα αα«ααα ααα ααααααααα« ααααΌαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬αααααααΈααΌα αα±α α±αα¬αα αααααα«ααααΌααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα
ααα±αα¬α α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) α»αα αα«ααα αααα‘αααα ααααααα αααααα±αα±αα¬αααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααα α α»ααα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬α»αααα»αα ααα (α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα«ααα) αα±αα±αα¬ ααα αααααΎαα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ α‘αα‘α αααα¬αα ααα«ααα
αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌα ααΈαα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααααααΈ αααααΈααααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα¬αΈ ααααΈ ααααΌαα¬αΈαααα αα±αααα ααααα±ααααααΌα αααα fitting ααααα ααααα±ααααΌα αααα αα±αα±αα¬ααα αααα WPS αααα ααααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ααα ααα±αααα ααααα±ααα αααα»αα αααα NDT α α α±ααΈαα α ααααα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α α α±ααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααααΈαααα¬αΈαααα αα‘αααΌα αα«ααααααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α α α±ααΈαα αααααα¬αΈ α αααα αα«ααααα α‘αα α αα‘αααα αα±αα¬ααΈαα»αα α»ααα»αααα±αα¬ α‘ααα»αα αα«α ααααα±ααααααΌα αααα»ααααα ααααα±ααααΌα α»ααα α ααα αα α αα α±α‘α¬ααα±α‘α¬α α ααααα αααααΈαααα¬αΈααα α»αα αα«ααα αα Traceability Record αα±αααα«ααα α±α‘α¬α ααΌα Traceability Record αααα¬αα α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα (α α¬ααΌααααααα»αα αααΈαααΈαααΈ αααΈ α»ααααα±α αα ααΈαααα¬ααΌαα¬αΈαα«ααα)
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α‘αααΈ α
αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Valves) αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αααΈαααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈααααα»αααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα»ααα»ααα α αααα±α αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα« ααααΌααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα ααΌαα±ααΈααα αααααααα αα‘α¬αΈ α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα αααΈα±ααΈααα α‘ααα αα‘ααα αα αααααα¬ α αΈα±α ααα αααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈ ααα‘αα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα αα»αα α±ααα±α αα α ααααααΌααααα¬αΈα»αα αααα ααα ααααααα ααααΌαααα±αααααα ααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααα αα ααα«ααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααΈααΌα ααααα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α ααΈ αααα
οΏ½ Gate Valve οΏ½ Globe Valve οΏ½ Check Valve οΏ½ Diaphragm Valve οΏ½ Ball Valve οΏ½ Butterfly Valve οΏ½ Plug Valve οΏ½ Relief Valve
αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααΌα Safety Valve, Storm Valve, Control Valve, Needle Valve αααααΈ α‘αα«α‘ααα»αα ααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘ααΌααααα αα‘α¬αΈα ααα α α α±αα α‘α¬αΈα ααα±α»αα¬αα α αααααααΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααααααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα (Mechanical motion) α±αααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌααααα
1. Linear Motion Valves 2. Rotary Motion Valves 3. Quarter Turn Valves
Linear motion valves αα¬αΈαααΌα Gate valve, Globe valve, Lift check valve, In-line check valve, Pinch valve, Diaphragm valve, Safety valve, Relief valve αα αα«ααααα Rotary motion valves αα¬αΈαααΌα Swing check valve, Tilting disc check valve, Folding disc check valve, Stop check valve, Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve αα
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αα«ααααα Quarter turn valve αα¬αΈαα¬ Ball valve, Butterfly valve, Plug valve αα¬αΈα»αα ααα (Quarter turn valve ααα αα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα/ααΌα αααα ααααα α ααααΈ αα α α - αα ααααα¬ αααααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±ααααα) αα¬αΈαα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ (valve size) α ααααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ α‘αααΈ α±ααα±ααααα α₯ααα¬ - α ααααααααΈααΌα αααααα αα¬αΈα α ααααα¬αΈ α α±ααααα αααααΈααΌαααααααα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα±αααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘αα ααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα¬αααα«αα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα¬ααααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα αααα¬αΈαα αααααααα αααααΈ αα ααα±αα¬αα α‘αααα α α±ααΌαΈαααααα α₯ααα¬ - αααααααΈα αα¬αΈααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αα αα±αα«α ααααΈα»αα α±ααα«α αα¬αΈαααααΈ αα αα±αα«α ααααΈααα αα¬αΈα»αα αααα ααααααααααααΌα α‘αα αα ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α αααααααα¬αΈαααααΈ αα‘αα ααααα±αα¬α‘αα (NPT thread α αα) αα«αααα¬αΈ α»αα αααα ααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈα ID (α‘ααΌααΈααα‘αααΈ) αα ααα ID ααααα αααα«α ααααααΈαα ααααΌαααα αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα¬αΈααΌααααα αααααα ααΌααα¬ααα ααα ααα»αααα±αα¬ Rising stem αα¬αΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα αα¬αΈααΌαα±αα¬αααΈ ααααααααΌααα¬ααα ααα αααα»ααααα Non-rising stem αα¬αΈ αα αα ααΈ α ααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααΌα (open), α‘αα (close) α ααα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αα αα ααΌααααααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαααααααα ααααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈαααααααα α‘α±ααα‘α±αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα α±ααα¬αααα«ααα αααΌα 250 psig steam service α‘ααΌα ααΈα±αα¬ Gate valve αα ααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α‘ααΈαααα±αααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα α±ααΈα ααΌααααα αα ααΌαα αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ - Stop (Isolation) Valves αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα ααΌαα±ααΈααα αααααααα α‘ααα»αααααα α‘ααΌα ααΈααα α‘ααΌαααΌααα¬αΈααααΌα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα ααααα‘α¬αΈα‘αααΈααΈα»αα α±α αα αα ααΈααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα ααΈααααα αααααα ααααΈαααα¬αΈ ααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαααΌα gate valve, globe valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, diaphragm valve αααα«ααααα
αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αααΈααα±ααΈα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ - Regulating Valves αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααΈα α‘ααα αα αα‘α¬αΈααα αα‘α αα ααααααα α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ Glove valve α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ butterfly valve, needle valve, ball valve, plug valve αα diaphragm valve αα¬αΈααααΈ ααΈααα±ααΈααα αααααα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ ααΈαααα αααα¬αα¬ ααΈ α»αααααα αα¬αΈαααααα α‘αααα¬αα±αα¬ααΈααα«α αα±αα¬ααΈααα
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αα α‘ααα±αα¬αα»ααα αΈααα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαααα¬αΈ - Backflow Prevention Valves αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααααα αααα¬α αΈα±α αα±αα¬α‘αα« αα±αα¬αα α‘αα α±αα¬αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα»ααα αΈαααΈααα αα¬ααΌαααααα«ααα αα‘αα«ααΈααΌα α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααΈ αααΈααα ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα Non-return valve ααααα Check Valve α α±ααααα ααα¬αΈ αα¬αΈαα α‘αα‘α±αα¬α α‘ααααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα αααα‘α±α α‘αα¬αΈααΌα ααΌαα±ααΏααΈ α‘ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα αΈαααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ α‘αα‘α±αα¬α ααααΌα¬αΈ ααα α‘α αα‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααααααα»ααααα±α αα α±ααα‘α¬αΈααα« ααΈααΌ ααΈ α±αααα«ααα
αα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα¬αΈ - Pressure Relief Devices αααααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈααααα¬αα«α αααααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬ αα¬αΈ ααα αΈαααα α‘ααα¬ααααα ααα‘ααΌα αα±αα¬ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααα¬ααα αα¬ααΌααα α‘αα‘α±αα¬α αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααα±ααΈαααα α αααα¬α Pressure relief valve α α±ααααα
α‘ααα±αα¬α‘αααα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα»αααααα¬αα α α±αα¬ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αα¬ααα‘αααααααα‘α¬αΈαα αα‘α¬αΈαα»αααα¬ααααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αα α‘αααααα αα‘α¬αΈ (normal working pressure) αα α‘αααΈαα αα»αααα¬αΈαααα ααα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈ αα¬αΈαα¬ design pressure α‘ααΌααΈααα¬ αααα αααααΈαα αα design pressure α working pressure α αα αααΌ αα¬αΈα±ααααα α₯ααα¬ working pressure αα 10 bar
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α»αα αα«α design pressure αα¬ 15 bar α»αα ααα Pressure relief valve α αααααΈααΌα ααααα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘αα‘α±αα¬α
ααΌααααα‘α¬αΈ (set point pressure) α αααα±ααΈαααα ααα‘α¬αΈαα α‘α»ααααΈ α‘αα αααααα‘α¬αΈ (MAWP β Maximum Allowable Working Pressure) αα αααααα ααααα α±αα¬αααΈααα α»αα ααα
αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈαααα¬αΈααααα Design Pressure αα MAWP α ααααΈααα MAWP αα Set point pressure α ααααΈααα Set point pressure αα working pressure α ααααΈααα
αααααααα αααααααα Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valve Gate Valvessss
Gate Valve α ααααΌααααα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα α‘ααΌαα α‘αα ααα±ααΈαα α»αα ααα α‘α»ααααΌααα ααααα α‘α»αααααα ααααΈαααα¬αΈααα
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αααΌααααΌα ααααα αα αααα αααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌααααα« αα»αα Gate Valve ααΌαα‘ααα αΈαααΈα αα¬αΈαα αααα ααααΌαα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈαααα«α α±α αΈααΌαααΌα gate valve α solid wedge, flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc α αα»αα ααααα«ααα ααα»ααααα¬ split wedge αα double disc αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααααα αα¬αΈ ααααα ααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα αα¬αΈααα±αα¬α‘αα« disc ααα±α α»αααΈα αααΈα±ααΈαα α»αα αα«ααα Gate valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα ααΈαααΏαα±α‘α¬α αααα¬αΈ ααααα ααααααααα»αα α±α ααααααααα αα¬αΈα α»ααααΌα¬αΈα α₯ αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬α α»αααΈ (pressure loss) αααΈααα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αΈ disc α‘ααα α»αα»ααααααα αααΌααα α‘α±ααΈαααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ ααααΌαα ααα α‘ααΌααααΈαα»αα α»αα»αααααααα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα αααα¬ ααΌα α±ααΈα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α ααΈααααα«ααΈααΌα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα»ααααα»αα disc αα α‘αααα¬αΈα α α¬αΈα±α ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα»αααααα¬αα αααα α‘αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααα α ααΌααααα¬αΈα»αα α±ααααααα Gate valve αα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααα‘α αα‘αααΈ ααΈααα«ααα αα¬αΈαααα (Body), ααααα‘α±ααααΈ (bonnet) αα α‘ααα‘ααΌα ααα (trim) ααα»αα ααα Trim ααΌα stem, gate, wedge of disc, seat ring αα αα«ααααα
αααααααα αααααααα Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valve Globe Valvessss
Gate Valve ααααααα Globe Valve α ααΎαα¬αα ααΌααααααα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα αα¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα αααΈααα‘ααΌα ααααααα Globe valve ααΌα disc (α‘ααα‘ααΌαα»ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ) α ααΌααΈα α¬αΈααα‘αααΈααΈα»αα α±α αα ααααΈ αααα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈαα ααααΌααΏααΈ α‘ααα αΈααααααΏαααα disc αα α‘ααα ααΈα
T Pattern Globe Valve
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ααΌαα±αα±α‘α¬α α»ααααα¬αΈαα»αα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬αααΌααΈα α¬αΈαα αααα¬α±α ααα T pattern body, Y pattern body αα Angle body α globe valve ααααΈ ααΈααΈαααα
ααα±αα¬ααα‘α Y pattern globe valve αα T pattern body αα ααΏααΈα‘ααα αΈαααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα ααα‘ααΌα αααα±αα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α±αα¬α±αα α»αα α±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα±αα¬ααα Angle body globe valve αα¬ T pattern ααααΏααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααΈα α‘ααα α‘αα¬αΈ α»αα α±α αααααΈααα α‘ααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααααΈααα»αααΈα»αα α±ααα¬α‘α α¬αΈαααα¬ ααα T pattern αα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα (pressure drop) α‘αα¬αΈααΈ α»αα αα»αα αα‘α¬αΈ α±αα¬αααα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα αα¬ααα α‘ααα αΈααααααΈααααΈααΈαα¬ααα α±ααα¬ αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα
Globe valve αααα±αα¬ααααα¬ gate valve αα α‘ααΌααααα«ααα Globe valve α conventional disc, plug disc, composition disc, needle valve α ααΈα±αα¬ disc αα α‘αααααα α‘ααΈααΈααααα«ααα Globe valve α αααααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα αΈααααα αααα»ααα α»αα¬αΈ α‘α¬αΈ αα α ααα ααα«ααα αααα α‘ααα αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬α ααα¬αΈααααΏααΈ αα¬αΈα αα₯αΈαααα α‘αααΈ ααα¬αΈαααΌααΈ ααααααα«ααα αα¬αΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈαα»ααααΌα¬αΈα α₯ α»αα α±αααα¬ αα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬αααα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα αααα
Globe valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ααααααα ααααα±αα¬α α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα α αααααααΈααααα Gate valve αα αα₯αααα ααΌααααααα αα»ααααα α»αααααααΈαααΈαα ααΌααααα Globe valve αα‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα αα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈααααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈαααα
Angle Body Globe Valve
Y Pattern Globe Valve
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αααααααα αααααααα Check Valves (Non-Return Valves)
α‘ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα αΈα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌααα Check Valve α ααΈ ααα Check Valve αα¬αΈαα one way valve (αα ααα αΈ) αα¬αΈ α»αα αα Check valve αα ααΈ αααα Swing Check Valve αα Lift Check Valve αα α»αα ααα
Check valve αααααα¬ααΌα direction (α₯αΈααααα αα¬αΈαα¬) α α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α α α±ααΈαα ααα«ααα α±αα¬αααααααααα check valve αα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«ααα Check valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ ααααΈα±ααΈα αα¬ααα α‘α α‘α±αα¬α α‘ααααααα α‘αα α±α»αα¬ααΈα»αα α αΈαα¬αα«α ααα»ααα αΌα¬ ααα±ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ αα¬αΈ ααα±αα ααΌαα±ααααΈα
Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Wafer Check Valve
Ball Check Valve
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α‘α»ααα ααααα αα αα«αα α αα¬αΈααααΌαααα‘α±α α‘αα¬αΈααΌα ααΌα¬αΈααα±ααα»αα α»αααααα α»αα α±αααααα
αααααααα αααααααα Diaphragm Valves
Diaphragm valve α‘α¬αΈααΈαα αα ααααΌα¬αΈα»αα αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αααΈαα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα‘ααΌαααααα‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈααααα αα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααααααα αα‘α¬αΈαααΈ αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααα α‘ααΈα»αααα»αααΈ α»αα ααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα α±αα¬α±ααΌαααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααΈααα α αΈαααΈ α±αα±αα¬ α‘αααα αα¬αΈα α‘ααααα±αα¬ α‘α αα‘αααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΌααα αααα»αα α‘αα α±αΎαα¬α αα¬αΈα α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬ αα αΈαααα αα¬αΈα‘α αα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα ααα¬ αααα±αα αα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα¬ αααΌα ααΈααααΌαααα±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈ α‘αααα (diaphragm) αα«ααΏααΈ αα‘α»αα¬αΈααΈ/ααΌααα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα±α»αα¬αα α α±ααα‘α¬αΈ ααα»αα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα
Weir type diaphragm valve αα Straight through diaphragm valve α αα ααΈ αααα Diaphragm valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αααΈαα αα αα/ααΌα αα αα ααΈααΈ ααΈααααα α‘ααα¬ααα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααααα αα¬αΈα αα αααααΈαααα α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αα¬αΈαααα¬ αα αΈαααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈααααα αααα»αα ααααααΈααααα α±ααΈαααααααΈα α‘α α¬αΈα‘α±αα¬α αααααααααααΈ α ααααααΌα ααΈααααα Diaphragm valve α α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ α‘ααααα»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈα±ααααααΏααΈ α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ ααααααααααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα‘α¬αΈ 200 psi (1380 kPa) αα α‘ααα 400ΛF (204ΛC) ααα¬ αααααα α αΈαααΈα±αα¬α‘ααα ααΌααΈ α α¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬αα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘αααααΌααα«αα¬αα α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘ααααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ α α¬αΈααααα Diaphragm valve α α‘ααΌα ααα ααα αα αααααα¬ αααααα
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αααααααα α αα αα αα α Ball Valves
Ball valve αα quarter turn valve α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα αΏααΈ α‘α»ααααΌαααααααααα α‘ααΌαα‘ααααα±αα¬ α±αα¬α α ααΈααααα‘α¬αΈ (sealing ability) α±αα¬ααΈαα ααααΌα (nylon), ααααα¬αα¬ (synthetic rubber), delrin, fluorinated polymer αα¬αΈ ααΈααα α‘αααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘α αα‘αααΈαα¬ αα¬αΈααααα α‘ααα‘ααΌααααα α±αα¬αα α‘αααα α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬αααα¬ plug valve αα αααααα Ball valve α αα ααααΌα¬αΈα αα ααααΌα¬αΈα ααΈααααΌα¬αΈα α±ααΈααααΌα¬αΈ α αα»αα αααααα
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Ball valve α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ Split Body ball valve, Top Entry ball valve, End Entry ball valve, Three Piece Body ball valve, Double Trunnion ball valve ααα»αα ααα α‘ααααα±ααΈαα±αα¬ ball valve αα α‘ααααα αα¬ααα±αα¬ ball valve ααααΈ α α±ααΈααα Ball valve αα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ α‘αα α‘α»αα ααααααΌαααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα±ααΈααααα α±αα«αα«αΈααα ααααα ααααΈα αα¬αααααααα
ααααααΈαααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα ααααα‘αααα¬αΈ α αΈαα αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±ααα¬αα±ααΌαΈααΈααααα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα ball valve αα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααΏααΈ α‘αααα»ααα αα‘α¬αΈα»αααααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααααα αα¬αΈα‘ααα‘ααΌααααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈα αα¬ααα α‘ααΌααα ααΌααααααα ααα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ αα‘ααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααααα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ααααΈααα»αααΈαα ααααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααα‘ααΌααΈαα«αα¬αα«α α±αα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈααααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α αα¬αΈ ααα αΈααα»αααΈα»αα ααα αααααααα αααααααα Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valve αα¬αΈα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααααΈααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα‘ααΌα ααααα‘ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈααααα αα¬αΈα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ α‘ααα‘ααΌααααα ααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα αααΈααα Quarter turn αα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα ααα αα‘α¬αΈα α±αα α‘α¬αΈα ααα±α»αα¬αα α ααα α α ααααααΈα ααΌαααααααααα α‘αααααα αα‘α¬αΈαααααΈ αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈαααααα α‘αααα»ααα αα‘α¬αΈα»αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈ ααΈααααα ααααΈαα (flanged end)α wafer and lug α αα ααΈαα¬ααα
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Butterfly valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ αααααα α±ααα¬αα₯αΈαα₯αΈαα¬αααα α±αα«αα«αΈααα ααα»ααα αΌα¬ ααΌα/ααααααα α‘ααΌααα¬αααΈ αα αααααΌα ααα ααα α αααααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααΈααα ααΏαα αΌα¬ααααααα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα α‘αααα‘αααααα¬ αααΈααααα α±αα»ααα αΈ ααΌα¬αΈαα ααα»αα¬α±αα¬α (disc) αααααΈααααΌα αααααα¬αΈαααααα ααα‘ααΌα butter fly valve α αααααα±αα¬ α±α‘α¬ααααΈα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααααααααααα«α α₯ααα¬ - α±ααααα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈ (elbow) α±α‘α¬ααα¬αΈα control valve α‘ααΈα Tee α‘ααΈ α ααα α‘ααα αα»αα αα±αααααα ααα αα±ααα¬ααα α‘αααΈααΈ ααα‘αααΈα α±ααΈ αα α±α»αα¬αα α‘ααΌα¬ααΌα ααααααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα Plug Valves
Plug valve α cock ααααΈα±ααα±ααΈααα Quarter turn valve α»αα αΏααΈ α‘αα ααααα α‘α±ααΌα α αΈαααΈααα α‘ααΌαα‘αααααα ααΈααα Plug valve α α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα αααΈαα ααααΈααααα¬αΈαα«α α‘α»ααααααα‘ααΌααα¬ αααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαα α±αα αα αα«αα±ααΌαα αα«αα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααααα Plug valve α α»αααααα ααααα ααααααΈα±ααΈααααα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈα αααααΈα α»αααααααα«α Plug valve αα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈ 0 bar α 10000 psi αα α‘ααα -50ΛF α 1500ΛF α αααααα
Ball valve αα Plug valve αα¬ ααα±αα¬ααα»αααΈ αααα Ball valve αα‘ααα‘ααΌααα¬ α±αα¬ααΈα α»αα αΏααΈ plug valve α α‘ααα‘ααΌααα¬ αααΈααα α»αα ααα
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α plug α α‘ααΌα α§ααα¬αα¬ ααα‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈα αα α α α αα¬αααααΈα α‘α ααααΈ αα α ααα αα¬αααΈααα αααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ Plug valve ααααΈ α‘ααΈααΈαααα
Lubricated plug valve αα Non-lubricated plug valve α αα ααΈααΌααααα Plug valve α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬ ααα±αα¬ααααΈα ααΈααα α‘α»ααααΌαααααααααα α»αααααααΈαααΈα ααΌααααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα ααααα‘αααΈααΈα»αα ααα Two way, three way, four way α ααααααα»αα αααααΈα₯αΈαααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααα«α α‘ααΌααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααααα
α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬ ααΌαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα»αα ααΌα/αααα α‘α¬αΈα ααααα αααΈα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα ααΌα/αααα α ααααα¬αααα Ball valve αα¬αΈαα ααΏααΈα±α αΈαααΈααα
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αααααααα αααααααα Pressure Relief Valve (Safety Valve)
αααααΈαααΌα αααααα¬αΈαα αα‘α¬αΈααααα¬αα«α αααααΈαα αααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα¬αΈααα αΈαα α‘ααα¬αααα¬ααΌααα αααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈ αααααα¬αΈαα αα‘α¬αΈαααα»αααα¬αα«α α‘αα‘α±αα¬α αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα αα αααα¬αα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈααα αααα Pressure Relief Devices or Safety Valves αα¬αΈα α±ααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα«αα±ααΌαα α±ααΌαααα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌα α ααα αα αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα
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αααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈα αα¬αΈααΌααααααα¬αΈαα α ααα αα¬αΈα ααΌααΈααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα»αααααα¬αα«α ααα‘α¬αΈ αα α ααααα‘α¬αΈα ααΌααΈαα¬αα¬αΈαααΌααΏααΈ α»αααα±ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα Safety valve αα αα ααα±αα¬ααααα αααααααΈα α‘α»ααααΈα‘αααα αα αα‘α¬αΈα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ α αααααααα¬αΈαααα ααα ααααααΈαα ααα±αα¬αα αα¬αΈ α α±ααΌαΈααααααα α‘ααααΌα safety valve α set pressure α ααααα αααααα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈα»αα ααα αααααααα αααααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) (Selection of Valve) Valve Types and Typical Applications
Notes:
1. Only angle-globe valves can be used for a 90 deg change in direction of flow.
2. Check valves (other than the stop-check valves) stop flow only in one (reverse) direction.
Stop check valves can be and are used as stop, block, or isolation valves, in addition to
being used as a check valve.
3. Some designs of ball valves are suitable for throttling service.
4. Multiport ball and plug valves are used for changing the direction of flow and mixing
flows.
αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα ααααΈαααα¬α‘ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα αα¬αΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬α α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘α±α»αα α‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα
155
αα ααααααααΌαααα»αα αααα¬αΈαααααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααααΈα (α‘ααΌαα α‘ααααααα αα‘α¬αΈαααΈααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααΈα αααΈαα α αα) αα αααααΈα Classification (ASME B31.1, ASME Sec. III, etc.,) αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααααα‘αα (ααααα) α‘α±ααΌαα αΈαααΈα±αααααΈα αα ααααααΈα α‘ααααααα‘α¬αΈαα αααα»αα ααααΈα α α αααααΈα α‘α»ααααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈα αααααΈα ααααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α αααα αα‘α¬αΈα αα αααααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα ααα α‘αα ααααααααΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈ
α‘α α¬αΈ α ααα αα αα¬αΈα ααααΈααααααααα ααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (ANSI, DIN, JIS, etc.), (Class #150, 300, etc.,) αααααααα αααααααααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααααααααααααααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα¬α»αα±αα¬ α± α± α± α±ααααα«αα¬ααα¬αΈα«αα¬ααα¬αΈα«αα¬ααα¬αΈα«αα¬ααα¬αΈ (Definition relative to seat/tightness)
1. Drop Tight : αα ααα α‘ααΌααΈ α‘αα¬αΈααΈααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα ααα (α‘α αα»αα
α±αα¬α»ααα)α (αα ααα αα αααα α αα αααΌαα»αααα ααααα αα α αα αα αααΌααα»αα)
2. Bubble Tight : αα«αα±ααΌααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα αα ααα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαααα¬α (αααα¬ααα¬ αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααΈ 1/8β α»αα αα) ααα αα±αα«ααΈ αααααΈ ααΌαααα ααααα α±ααα±αα«ααΈ ααΈα αααΌαα 3. No visible leakage: ααα»αα αα αααααα»αααΈ a. For Liquid (α‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα)α α α‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααα ααα¬ ααΌα αα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα ααΈαααα¬ααΌα (hydrostatic test) α‘αααα¬αΈ αα α αα ααα αα±αα»αααΈααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα»αααΈα»αααΈ αα αααΌα αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααα α»αα αα»αααα»αααΈα αααα«ααα b. For Gas (αα«αα±ααΌαα‘ααΌα)α α αα«αα±ααΌαα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααα ααα ααα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈα α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α ααΈααα±αα α₯α‘α±αα¬α‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα¬α»αααΈα ααα α»αα αα»αααα»αααΈα αααα«ααα c. Zero Leakage (ααΈααα ααα ααα»αααΈ)α α α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α zero leakage α αααααα«ααα zero leakage ααααα¬
αα α ααααα αα ααα 1x10-8 cm3 αα¬α αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα αα αα
0.3 cm3 αα¬ αα αααΌαα»αα»αααΈα αααα«ααα
α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«α±ααΈααα αααα Standard API 598 αα MSS.SP-61 ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
156
αααααααα αααααααααααα αα¬αΈααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααααα»αααΈ (Valve Installation)
αα αα¬αΈαααααα ααααΎαα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αααααα«α (αα¬αΈαααααα αααΈααααα
α α¬α‘ααααα αα¬αΈααααααΈα αα αα«αααΈ αα«ααα α»αα αα«ααα)
αα αα¬αΈααΌααα«αα¬α±αα¬ valve specification ααααΏααΈ αααααααΈαα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ αα¬αΈ
ααααα (ααααα αααα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα¬αΈ ααααα) α α α±ααΈαα«α
αα αα¬αΈαααααα αα¬αΈααααα±ααα¬α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα α‘ααααα¬αΈααα α α α±ααΈαΏααΈ
ααα αα α‘αααα αα±αα±αα¬α α αααααα±ααα«α ααα»αααΈ αααΈαααΈαα«α
αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈααα‘ααααΌα α‘αααα‘ααααα¬αΈαα«αα¬αααα«α αα¬αΈαα‘αααααΈ
α±αα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα(upstream) ααΌα α‘αααα α αααα¬ (strainer) αααααα«α
α α αααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬α‘αααα ααα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α α α±ααΈαα«α ααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα
α‘α¬αΈααΈααα αα±α‘α¬α ααΌα¬αα«α
αα ααα ααα ααα αα (bolt, nut, gasket) α αααα α‘αα±αα¬αααα α α α±ααΈαα«α
αα ααα±αα¬αα αα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΌα αααααα«α αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘αα αααα
αα α‘α»α α±αα¬ααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΌα αααααααα αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααααΈ
(vertical pipe line) ααΌα ααααααα¬ αα¬αΈααααα α±αα»αααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα
αα«ααα αααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΈααΌαα αα¬αΈααααα α±α‘α¬ααα (α±α α¬αααΈ) ααΌα
αα¬αΈα ααααα«ααα
αα Check valve αα¬αΈαααααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αα (flow direction) α
α‘α»ααααα¬αΈααα«ααα swing check valve αα¬αΈαααααα α‘ααΌααΈα disc αα
α±αα¬ααα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα±α αα ααα»ααα«α
αα flow direction αα«α±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈαα¬αααααααα αααααα ααα»ααα«α
ααα αα¬αΈαααΌααα αΌα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘ααααααα±α αα αα¬αΈαααααΈααααΌα ααα α±αα¬α
α±ααα¬αα α±ααα¬αααα¬αΈααα«ααα α‘ααα αα¬αΈααααα¬ α±ααα¬αα ααα αααα
α»ααα±ααα«α αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘αααααα α α (platform) αα α α±αα¬αααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααα
ααα αα¬αΈαααααα¬ααΌα αααααΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααααααααΈ α»αα αα±αα±α αα
ααα»ααα«α αααααα¬ αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈααα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα‘α±αα αα«αααα±αα¬α
α»αααΈ αα»αα α±α αα αα¬αΈααααα±ααα¬αα ααααααααα±ααα»αα αα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈα»αα
α‘αααΈααΌ αΎααα»αααΈ ααααα αααααΈαα ααααα α αααα»αα (misalignment)
αα¬αΈα»αα α‘αααΈααΌ ααααΈαα
ααα ααααΈαα«α±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈα
ααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα class αααΈ αααα«ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαΎαααα¬ααΌααααΈ
α α¬αααα¬ αα α αα αα α ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ α αα αα αΎααααα«ααα
157
ααα αα‘ααα«α αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈααααααΈαα αα¬αΈα±α‘α¬αααΌα α‘αα (Valve support) αααα
α±ααΈαααα Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα pipe support α‘αααΈ
α±αα¬αα α‘α±ααΈα α α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
158
α‘αααΈ α
ααα¬αΈα ααα»αααΈ ( Interpreting the Drawings) αααααααΈα‘ααΌα ααααα»αα αααα¬αΈααα ααα¬αα ααα¬ ααα¬αΈαααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α (Drawing) αα¬αΈα αααααα α‘αααααα¬ααα¬ α‘α±α»αααα α»αα ααααα ααααα α‘α±αα¬αααΌαααα«α ααα±αα¬ αααααααααα¬αΈα ααααΎαα±α αα αααααΈαα ααααααααα¬αΈα αααααααααα αααααα¬αΈαααααα α‘αα₯αΈαα α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈ (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) (Lines in Piping Drawing) ααα¬αΈααΌα αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααα»αα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈ α α₯αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα
αααααΈα‘αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαα¬ααΌα α α±ααΈαααααΌα±αα¬α αααΈαααααΌαα α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα (αααααΈα‘ααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα«α)
α ααααΈα αααααΈ α αα ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ ααα¬α αα¬αΈα α‘αααα₯αΈα α»ααα¬ααΌαααΈααα
αα α₯ααΈαα αα αΎαααα¬ααΌα αα»αααα±αα¬αααΈ αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα
Seen Line αα α₯ααΈαα αααΎαααα¬ααΌα ααα±α ααα»αααα±αα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα
α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα
Long Break Line
Centre Line
Hidden Line
Dimension Line
159
αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααααΈαα»ααα»ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα α€αααΌα αααα αα α‘αααα»αααΏααΈ ααααααααΎααα α»ααααα α»ααα¬αΈααα
α€αααΌα Weldneck Flange αα ααα section αα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααααα¬ ααααΈα α‘ααα ααα»αααΈα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα α»αααααα α»αα αα«ααα
αα αα«αα α Iso Drawing αα¬αΈααΌα α€ααααα αααααΈαα¬αΈ α α±ααΌααααααα αα±α‘α¬αααΌα α€αα±αα€ααα isulation αααααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααααα
αααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα αα αα«αα α αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααΏααΈ αα αα«αα α -
αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈαααΈα»αααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα α α α α ααααααααΈαα±αα€ααα¬αΈααααΈαα±αα€ααα¬αΈααααΈαα±αα€ααα¬αΈααααΈαα±αα€ααα¬αΈ (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) (Standard Piping Symbols) αααααΈααα¬αΈααΌα αααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€αα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αααα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€α α ααα»αα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα«ααα αααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα€αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αα¬αΈααααα¬ ααα±ααΌααααα¬ααΌα ααααααααααα αα±αααααα
Section Line
160
Fitting Type Flanged Screwed
Bell &
Spigot Welded Soldered
45 Deg
Elbow
90 Deg
Elbow
Fitting
Type Flanged Screwed
Bell &
Spigot Welded Soldered
Elbow Turn
Down
Elbow Turn
Up
Tee
ααααΈαα αα±αα€α
ααα‘αα αα αα±αα€α
α‘αα‘αα±αα«ααΈαα αα±αα€α
αα±ααα αα±αα€α
α±αΎααΈαα±αα ααα±ααα αα±αα€α
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Tee Down
Tee Up
Cross
Lateral
Union
Concentric
Reducer
Eccentric
Reducer
Bushing
Sleeve
Reducing
Flange
Cap
Y Strainer
Plug
Spectacle Blind
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αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα αα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α α¬αααα¬ααα α€ααΌα ααααΈαααα αααα¬ α»ααα«ααα
Valve Type Symbol Valve Type Symbol
Gate Valve
Check Valve or
Non Return
valve
Angle Gate
Valve
Angle Check
Valve
Gate Valve
Motor
operated
Float operated
valve
Globe Valve
Butterfly
Valve
Angle Globe
Valve
Stop Cock
Globe Valve
Motor
operated
Diaphragm
valve
Quick opening
valve
Control valve
Safety Valve
Plug valve or
Cock Valve
Angle Safety
Valve
Solenoid valve
αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±α‘αΈαΏαααΈα‘αΈαΏαααΈα‘αΈαΏαααΈα‘αΈαΏαααΈ((((α±ααΈαααα¬α±ααΈαααα¬α±ααΈαααα¬α±ααΈαααα¬))))
163
αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈαααΌααααααΈαααΌααααααΈαααΌααααααΈαααΌα α± α± α± α±αα¬α»ααααα¬α»ααααα¬α»ααααα¬α»ααα α‘αα±αα¬ααααααααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααααααααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααααααααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ααααααααα¬αΈ ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations) ( Piping Abbreviations)
αααααΈααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααααα α±ααα¬α α¬αΈαααα¬α±α αα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αα±αα¬α αα¬αΈα ααΈα±αααα«ααα
α‘αα±αα¬α α‘α»ααα‘α
AFC Approved For Construction (α±αα¬ααααα α‘ααα»ααΏααΈ) AG Above Ground (α±α»αα±αα) ANSI American National Standard Institute API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society of Testing Materials AWS American Welding Society AWWA American Water Works Association Appd. Approved (α‘ααα»ααΏααΈ) atm Atmospheric BCD Bolt Circle Diameter BFV Butterfly Valve B/L Base Line (α‘α±α»ααα₯αΈ) BOP Bottom of Pipe (ααααΈα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αα/α‘α±α»α) BWE Butt Weld End Ctr Centre (αα) CL Centre Line (αααα₯αΈ) C to C Centre to Centre (ααα αααα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ) Con. Red. Concentric Reducer (αααααα α₯ααΈ) cfm Cubic Feet per Miniute (αα ααα αα α αΈαααΈαα ααα±α) dia. Diameter (α‘αααΈ) dim. Dimension (α‘αααΈα‘αα¬) dir. Direction (α₯αΈαααα) DIN Deutsches Institute fuer Normung DN Diameter Nominal (Nominal Diameter) (ααα‘ααΌα) Dwg Drawing (α) DWV Drain, Waste & Vent (α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα α±αααΈααααα α±ααα) ea. Each (αα αα ) Ecc. Red. Eccentric Reducer (αααααα α₯ααΈ) ell. elbow (αααααα α₯ααΈ)
164
elev. elevation (α‘α»αα) Fab. Fabricate (ααααα»αααΈ) Flg Flange (αααααα α₯ααΈ) FF Flat Face FW Field Weld (αααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα αα±αα±αα¬ααα α‘αα) galv. Galvanized (ααΌαααα ααα¬αΈαα) gskt. Gasket HV Heating and ventilation (α‘αααα±αα±ααΈα αα ) HVAC Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning hex. Hexagon (α±α»αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααα ααα) horiz. Horizontal (α±αα»ααα) HP High Pressure (αα‘α¬αΈα»αα) ID Inside Diameter (α‘ααΌααΈα‘αααΈ) instr. Instrument insul. Insulation (ααΈαα¬) IPS Iron Pipe Size (αααα‘ααΌα) iso Isometric Drawing IFA Issued for Approval (α‘ααα»ααα ααα±ααΈαΏααΈα) IFC Issued for Construction (α±αα¬ααααα ααα±ααΈαΏααΈα) IFR Issued for Review (α»ααααα α α αα ααα±ααΈαΏααΈα) JIS Japanese Industrial Standards jt. Joint (α‘αα) lat. Lateral (αααααα α₯ααΈ) LP Low Pressure (αα‘α¬αΈαα) matl. Material max. Maximum (α‘α»ααααΈ) min. Minimum (α‘ααααΈ) MS Mild Steel NC Normally Closed (αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα±ααααα) NPS Nominal Pipe Size NPT National Pipe Thread NO Normally Opened NRS Non Rising Stem NTS Not To Scale no. number OD Outside Diameter
165
PE Plain End PI Pressure Indicator (Pressure Gauge α αααα«ααα) prefab. Prefabricated prelim. Preliminary PRV Pressure Reducing Valve proj. Project PO Purchase Order PSI Pound per Square in PW Potable Water QO Quick Opening qty. Quantity rad. Radius ref. Reference Rev. Revised, Revision RF Raised Face RJ Ring Joint RS Rising Stem RW Raw Water sch. Schedule SMLS Seamless Steel (αα±ααα±αα¬α αααααα¬αΈαααα) spec. Specification SO Flg Slip On Flange (αααααα α₯ααΈ) SS Stainless Steel std. Standard SWE Socket Weld End temp. Temperature thk. Thickness TOC Top of Concrete (ααΌαααα αααα α‘α±αααααααα¬α»αα) TOP Top of Pipe (ααααΈα α‘α±αααααααα¬α»αα) TOS Top of Steel (ααααα α‘α±αααααααα¬α»αα) typ. Typical (α ) UG Under Ground (α±α»αα±α‘α¬α) vac. vacuum WN Flg Weld Neck Flange (αααααα α₯ααΈ) WOG Water, Oil & Gas (Working Pressure) XH Extra Heavy
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XS Extra Strong (pipe schedule) XXH Double Extra Heavy XXS Double Extra Strong (pipe schedule) αααααααα αααααααα α α±ααΈααααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α α±ααΈααααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α α±ααΈααααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α α±ααΈααααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings) (Reading the Scale Drawings)
αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αααα«ααα α‘αααΈ α‘αα¬α αααα ααααα±αα¬αα α±αα¬αααΈααα¬ α α±ααΈα»ααααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α α»αα αα«α α α±ααΈα±αα (Scale Ruler) α»αα αα±ααααΌαα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α αααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αααα α α±ααΈα±ααα ααααααααα α»αα ααα±αα¬ααα«ααα
ααΈα±α»αα¬αα α α±ααΈα±αα (Triangle Ruler) ααΌα α α±ααΈα±αα«ααΈ α ααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α€ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα α±ααααΌαα ααα¬α α±ααΈ αα¬αΈα α α α α±ααΈ α ααΈα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α₯ααα¬ - 1:5 αα 1:50, 1:10 αα 1:100, 1:20 αα 1:200, 1: 500 αα 1:1000 α αααα α»αα αα«ααα
Fan Shape Scale Ruler
167
ααα±αα¬αα α α±ααΈα±αα (Fan Shape Scale Ruler) ααΌαα 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:200 α αα»αα α α±ααΈα±αα«ααΈ αα ααΈα αα ααΈααα«ααα αααΌα ααααα α±ααΈα»ααααΌαα¬αΈααα αα Title Block ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α α±ααΈαααα¬ααΌααααΈ α α±ααΈαα ααΈαααΈ αααααααααα αα‘αα α‘αααΈααα»αα αα¬ αα¬αΈααα α α±ααΈ αα ααΈα ααΈααΈ α αα»αα α±αα¬α»ααααα«α±ααΈααα αααα¬ααΌα Title Block ααΌα α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α α±ααΈαα¬ αααα α±ααΈα»αα α α‘α±ααΈα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α α±ααΈαα ααααΌα ααα»αα±αααα«ααα ααααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα Iso Drawing α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌα αααααααα« ααα α α±ααΈααααααααΈα α‘αααΈααα±α»αα¬α»αααα 1:10 α α±ααΈα»αα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α ααα«α αα αα¬ααα±ααα»αα αα±ααααΌα 10mm αααΈααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα α‘α»ααααΌα 10x10=100 mm α»αα ααα αα¬ααα±ααα»αα αα±ααααΌα 50mm αααΈααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ αα α‘α»ααααΌα 50x10=500 mm α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ α α±ααΈα±ααα»αα αααΈααα«α ααα
α α±ααΈα±ααα 1:10 αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα»αα αααΈααα«ααα αα‘αα« αααα α±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬ α‘α»ααααΌααααα α‘αα ααααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααααα¬ α α±ααΈ α±ααα»αααααΈα 100 ααα α‘α»ααααΌα ααααααΈααα ααααΈαα¬αααΈ 100 αα α»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ Title Block ααΌα NTS α α»αα α±α α α α±ααΈα±ααα¬ααΌα ααααα α±αα¬α»α ααα¬αΈαα α»αα α±α αααα α α±ααΈαα
ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα α α±ααΈα±ααα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααΈααΈα±ααα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααΈαα¬ααα α αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα«ααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα Iso Drawing α‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬ α α±ααΈ αα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ ααααα«α αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααΈαααα¬αααααααΈαααα¬αααααααΈαααα¬αααααααΈαααα¬ ααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) (Piping Drawings) Piping Drawing αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αα Schematic Diagram αα Flow Diagram αα P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument Diagram) αα GA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) α α Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing) αα Spool Drawings
168
αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram Schematic Diagram
αααααΈαα αα α ααα±α»ααΈααα‘ααΌα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα αααα¬ αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααααΌααΈααα αααααΈα αααααα±α»ααΈαα α ααα»αα α‘αΎαααΈαα₯αΈ α αα αα¬αα¬αΈαα αα‘ααααα¬ αααααΈα αα α»αα αα«ααα α α±ααΈαααααα αα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα»αααα¬ α‘αα ααααα±ααα¬α ααααα±ααα¬αα α αΈααα αααα α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘αααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααα α ααααα α‘αααΈα α±ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬α»αααα ααααααΈα‘ααααα αα αα αα α‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌααΈαα αααα αααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααα¬α±ααα¬α α±αα¬α»αααα
Schematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic DrawingSchematic Drawing
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αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (Flow Diagram (αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα‘ααα αΈαααΈα‘ααα αΈαααΈα‘ααα αΈαααΈαα»ααα»ααα»ααα»α α αα αα αα αα αα αα αα α))))
αααααααΈ Schematic Diagram ααα ααααα±ααα¬α ααααα±ααα¬αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα α»αα±αα¬ α αα αα»αα ααα ααα‘α±ααΈα ααΏααΈ αα«αααα αα α₯ααΈαααα¬ αα¬αΈα αααα α±αα¬α»αααα ααααα αΈαααΈαα α αα αααΈαα αααΈα αΏααα±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα α‘αααααα¬αα¬αΈα αααααΈα α±αα¬ααΈααα±ααΈαα±αα¬ α±α‘α¬αα±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α‘αααααα¬ααΌα ααααααΈαα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα drawing αα ααααΈ α»αα ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα Flow Diagram αα αα αααα¬α‘α»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Flow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow DiagramFlow Diagram
αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing P & ID Drawing (Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrument(Piping and Instrumentationationationation Diagram) Diagram) Diagram) Diagram)
αα αα«αα α Process and Instrumentation Diagram ααααΈ α±αααα«α±ααΈααα Schematic Diagram αααααα»αα αΏααΈ αααΌα ααα‘α±ααΈα ααα«ααααα αα α α±ααΈαα αααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈ αααααΈα±α»ααΈααα¬αΈαα α‘α»ααααΌα α±α»ααΈααα‘αααΈ α‘ααΈα αααΈα α±α‘α¬α ααΌαα¬αΈαα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - α‘α»ααααΌα αααααΈα α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬α α±α»ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α ααααΌααααΈ α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬α α±α»ααΈαα«ααα α‘ααα ααααααααΈα αααΈααΌαα α ααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα«ααααΈ αααΌααΌαααΌα¬αΈαααααΈα α‘ααΈα αααΈα±ααα¬ααΌα α»ααα«ααα
170
P & ID Drawing αα αααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα αα«ααααα οΏ½ α‘ααα ααααααα¬ αα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ αα ααΌααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Major equipment and need valves) οΏ½ αααααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα¬ααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ αα α αΈαααΈαααα (System of all process lines, pipe size and Flow direction)
P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram P & ID Diagram α‘α αα‘αααΈαα αα‘α αα‘αααΈαα αα‘α αα‘αααΈαα αα‘α αα‘αααΈαα α
171
οΏ½ αααααΈαα α±αα¬α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα αααααΈα‘ααα‘αα¬αΈ (Line Numbers and Codes along the line) οΏ½ αααααα¬αΈαα ααα¬αα¬αΈαα αααΈαααααα¬αα¬αΈ (Instrumentation and controlled devices)
αααααΈαα α αααααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« ααααααΈααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααααα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈ α»αααΈαααα Check Valve αα¬αΈα pump αα¬αΈα flow meter αα¬αΈα instrument αα¬αΈα flow direction αααααα α±ααα±αα«α (air vent)α α±αααα±αα«α (drain) αα¬αΈ αααααα±ααα¬ ααΌα ααα α ααααα α α α±αα¬α‘αα« P & ID αα αααα»αα αα‘αααα P&ID ααΌα αααα¬ (instrumentation) α α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα α‘αα±αα¬α α‘αα‘αα¬ αα ααΈα»αα α±αα¬α»αααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬αΎαααα«α
α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα‘ααΌα Flow α α‘αα±αα¬α F α»αα α±αα¬α»αααα ααα‘α α±ααα (Level) α‘ααΌα L α α‘ααα (Temperature) α‘ααΌα T α αα‘α¬αΈ (Pressure) α‘ααΌα P α»αα α±αα¬α»α ααα
α‘ααααΈ (Indicator) α‘ααΌα I, αααααΈααα α (Recorder) α‘ααΌα R, αααΈααα»αααΈ (Controller) α‘ααΌα C, α±α»αα¬ααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ (Transmitter) α‘ααΌα T α»αα α±αα¬α»αααα
α₯ααα¬ FLOW α‘ααΌα - Temperature α‘ααΌα - FI Flow Indicator TI Temperature Indicator FR Flow Recorder TR Temperature Recorder FC Flow Controller TC Temperature Controller FT Flow Transmitter TT Temperature Transmitter
αααα Level, Pressure αααααΈ α‘ααααα»αα αα«ααα P & ID diagram ααΌα α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα« ααα α±ααα¬α±αααααα α‘αααΈαα ααΌααΌαα ααααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α€αα±αα€ααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αααα P & ID αααα ααααααΈαααααα«ααα
αααααα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα€αα Heat Exchanger, Pump, Tank, Compressor, Valve Actuator αα¬αΈα αα±αα€ααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
172
173
174
αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα GA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General AGA Drawing (General Arrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan)rrangement Drawing) (Piping Plan) αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈα±ααααΌα αα±αα€α¬α‘ααΌααα‘αα±αα¬ ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬α αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα±αααΈα±α αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬αααα¬αΈα α‘αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ αααααα¬ααΌα α»αα α±α α αααΈααΌαα±ααααΈα αααΌα α±ααααΈα α αααα αααα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα¬ααΌαα»αα α±α α α±αααα αα«αα±αα α αααα¬αΈααΌα α±ααααααΈα ααααααΈα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααααΈα αα«αα±αα α±ααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα¬ ααΌαα»αα α±α α α±αα‘ααααα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αα±αα ααΈα±ααααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬αααα¬αΈα ααΈαααααα¬αΈα ααα αααα¬αΈ αααααα¬ααΌα α»αα α±α α α αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααααα αα«αα±ααΌαααα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαααα αααα α±αααα αααα αααααα¬ααΌα α»αα α±α ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααααααααΈααα αααααα¬ααΌα α αααααΈα±α»ααΈαα α αα α (α‘α±ααα α αΈαΎααα α»αααααα) (Plan View) α»αα α±αα¬α»αα±α αααα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαα¬ααΌα α€ααα α‘αα α»αα ααα ααα General Arrangement Drawing ααααα Piping Plan α α±ααααα α‘αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα»αα GA Drawing α α±ααααα
GA Drawing ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯α α ααα α±αα‘ααααα¬α αα±αα€α¬ α ααααα ααα±ααα¬α ααΌαα ααΈαα α‘αααααα¬α α‘α»ααα α‘ααα‘αααΈ α αα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα αααΌ α‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α±α»ααΈαααααααΈα αα‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯α‘ααΌααΈ αααα α±ααα¬α αααααα±α»ααΈααα α‘ααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΌ α‘αα‘α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
175
αααααΈα‘
ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ - Pipe Size
Iso Drawing No.
αααααΈα
αααα¬ α‘
α»αα - Elevation
αααααΈα
α ααα αα αα‘
αΎαα¬αΈ α‘
ααΌα¬α‘
α±ααΈ
ααα±ααα¬ α‘ααααΈαα - α€ααΌα S ααααα¬ α±αα¬ααα α»αα αΏααΈ S 199000 ααα ααα‘ααα α±αα¬ααααα ααα ααα¬α‘ααΌα¬ α αααα«ααα
GA Drawing α±ααα α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
176
GA Drawing αα αα αα α ααα αααΈαα α±ααΌααα α₯
177
αααααΈ α ααααα±ααα¬α α‘α»αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬α α‘αα α‘αααΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα pipe support αα¬αΈα flow meter, pressure gauge, Temperature Indicator α ααα ααααα¬αΈααααααα±ααα¬α α±αα¬αααΈ αααααΈααΈααα±ααα¬α αααααΈα‘ααα αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΌ αααααΈα‘α»ααα‘α α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα GA Drawing ααΌα αα±ααα¬α αααα±αα¬ αααααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα‘ααΈααΌα αααααααα¬αΈ αα±ααΈααααααΈ αααααα α‘αααα« αα αΎααα»αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα GA Drawing ααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαααα α α±ααΈ αα ααΌαα¬αΈααα α±ααΌαααααα αααα¬αΈααααα¬ GA Drawing αα α‘α±ααα α αΈαΎαααααα»αα α α‘αα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααα αα»ααααα α‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα Elevation α±α»αα¬ααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬α»α ααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααααΈ ααααΌα¬αΈαα ααααα αααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α α‘ααΈαααα¬αΈαΎαααα±αααα α±αα»αααα‘αααΈ α±ααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα ααα¬αααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ α»ααααααα
αααααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα αααΈααΌα¬αΈαα
αααααΈ α‘αααα αααα¬αα
αααααΈ α±αααααα α±ααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα
178
αααααααα α αα αα αα α α αα αα αα α Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)Iso Drawing (Isometric Drawing)
GA Drawing α αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα±α»ααΈααα α±αα¬α»αααα ααα‘ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈααααα±αα¬αα ααα ααα±ααα¬α‘ααα ααα GA Drawing αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈααα ααα±αα¬ GA Drawing α αααααΈα±α»ααΈαα α‘ααΌααα α»αααααααΌαα ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΌααα α»αααααα ααΈααα»αα αα»ααα±αα¬α»αααα αα Isometric Drawing (α‘αα±αα¬α Iso Drawing) α α±ααααα
Iso Drawing α ααααΈααΈα (axis) α»αα ααΌααα αααααΈαααα¬ X axis, Y axis αα Z axis α α±ααααα α±αα»ααα αααα¬α»αααα¬αΈα X αα Y ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α¬αΈα»αααΌαΏααΈ α‘α»αααα Z ααααΈα‘αααΈ ααΌααα αααΌα α‘αααααα¬α‘ααααΈαα«ααΏααΈ αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α»αα¬αα‘ααα ααααΈα±ααααα ααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα ααΎααααα αα (Coordinate system) α ααΈααα αααααΈα‘α»ααα elevation ααα±αα¬α»αααα α‘αααα α α₯ααα¬ - αααα α±ααααα¬α»ααααα α‘α»ααα±α ααα‘α»αα αααα αα‘ααααα»αααα + (α‘α±αα«ααΈ ααα‘αα¬) α»ααα±αα¬α»ααΏααΈ αα‘αααααααα - (α‘αααααα‘αα¬) α»αα α±αα¬α»αααα
ααΎααααααΎααααααΎααααααΎαααα α αα α αα α αα α αα ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System) ( Coordinate System)
α‘αααααα¬αααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα
ααΎααααα αα α αα¬αΈαααα ααα±ααα
ααα ααα‘ααΌα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΎαααα
α αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αα₯αΈα αααΈαααΈα»ααα«ααα
α‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα±α‘α¬αα±α»αα¬ααα
ααΎααααα αα ααΌα α‘α±ααα‘α±αα¬ααααΈ
α±αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ (αααΌα X Axis β X
ααααΈα‘α»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα)α α±αα¬α
α±α»αα¬α αααΈα±αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ
(αααΌα Y Axis β Y ααααΈ α‘α»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα)α α‘ααα±α‘α¬ααααΈα±αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ (αααΌα Z Axis β Z ααααΈα‘α»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα) α ααααΈααΈαα αα₯αΈααΈ α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα«ααα ααΏααΈ ααΌαααΌααα ααααα α±ααα¬αα ααΈαα ααα ααα«ααα
α±ααα¬α α‘ααΈαα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αααα xy αααα¬α»ααα»αα αΏααΈ α±ααα¬α α‘ααα¬ z α»αα ααα α€ααααΈαααααααα¬ ααααααααα α€α‘αααΈαα αααα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α αα±ααααα¬αΈααααα
179
ααα₯αΈααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα ααα¬α‘ααα αααα (Origin) α α±αααΏααΈ αα‘ααα ααααΈ αα¬αΈα x ααααΈ - ααα y ααααΈ - ααα z ααααΈ - αα α ααααααα α€ααα α α¬α»αα (x,y,z) ααααΈ (0,0,0) α α±ααΈααα αα‘ααα X ααααΈα‘αααΈ α‘α±αα αααα αααΈαα¬α αα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα + (α‘α±αα«ααΈ) α»αα
αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±αα¬ααααα αααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα - (α‘ααα) α»αα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα Y ααααΈ α‘αααΈ α‘α±αααααα αααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα + (α‘α±αα«ααΈ) α»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α±α‘α¬ααααα αααΈαα¬α αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈα - (α‘ααα) α»αα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα Z ααααΈα‘αααΈ α±αα¬ααααα αααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα + (α‘α±αα«ααΈ) α»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α±α»αα¬ααααα αααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα - (α‘ααα) α»αα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα αααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
180
ααΎααααα αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα¬αΈααααα Drawing α αααααΏαα αααααα«α
α€α α¬α‘ααα¬ ααα€α¬α α¬α‘αααααα»αα ααΎααααα αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘ααααα αααΈαααΈ αα»αα±αα¬αα«α ααα¬αααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬ ααΎααααα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Iso Drawing αα»αα αα«ααα α€ααα αΎαααΏααΈ αααααααΈαα ααααα‘ααααΌααααα ααααα«ααα
αααΌα W396197 , S288303, EL -180 α ααα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααααα¬ αααααα αΌααΈααααα¬α±ααα¬αα ααααα±αα¬ααα αααα ααααα¬α α‘α±αα¬α (W) αααα αααααα ααααα¬ α‘ααΌα¬α α±αα¬α (S) αααα αααααα ααααα¬ α‘ααΌα¬α ααααα α±α‘α¬α ααα ααααα¬ α‘ααααΌα αααααα αααα«ααα ααααα»αα αα±αα¬αααααΈα ααααααα¬α αααα¬αΏααΈ αα‘αααα±αα α±ααααΈ α»ααααΌαα¬ αααΈαα¬αααα ααααα«α αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯ αα¬αΈααΌα α ααΎαααα α‘αααα¬αΈ ααα«ααα ααααα‘ααΈααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯ ααααα αα(column) α αα¬αα¬ αααα αααΈααα α»αα αα«ααα ααα±ααΌαααΌα αααα αααα α±ααα¬ααΌααααα ααααααααα«α
181
Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing Iso Drawing αααα¬ααααα¬ααααα¬ααααα¬α
Iso Drawing αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α»ααα»ααα α αααΈαααΈα»ααα«ααα
αααααΈα
Title Block
Bill of Material
182
Iso Drawing ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈαααΈαα«ααα αα αααααΈα αα Title Block (αα α±αα«ααΈα αΈα α¬αααΈα‘ααΌα) αα Bill of Material (αα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈ)
αααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα
αααΌα αααααΈα ααΈααα»ααα»αα ααΌαα¬αΈααα αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααΈαα α‘α±αα»αα αα ααααααααΈααΌα α±α»αα¬ααα (N) α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αααααΈα αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα αααααα αααα¬αα ααααα αααααααΈαα αααα¬αΈααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈ ααα
α€αααααΈαα Iso Drawing No. W158015-E-15800-PI-2343-0409-0610 αα ααααα
α€α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα αα α αααα (Centre to Centre) αααΈαα¬ α»αααΈα»αα ααα αααα Iso Drawing αα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α€αααΈα‘αααΈ Centre to Centre α»αα α±αα¬α»αααα
183
αααααΈααααα±αα¬ααα Revision 0 (αα¬α αα»αα»ααα αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα±ααΈ) α»αα ααα αααααΈααΌαααΌα ααα±ααΌααα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈα‘α αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα α»αααα α»αααααα αααααα α€αα α»ααααα»αααααΏααΈ αααααααα Revision 1 α α±ααααα α€ααα»αα α±αα¬αααα α±αα¬αααα»αααΏααΈ αααααα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈα Revision 2, Revision 3 α αα»αα ααααααΌα¬αΈααα α‘αα±αα¬α Rev 0, Rev 1, Rev 2 α αα»αα α±ααΈαΎαααα αααα α»ααααααα±ααα¬α αα±ααααΌα cloud ααααΈααΌαααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααααΈααΌαααα¬αΈα‘ααΈααΌα αααα‘ααΌααΈ 1, 2 α αα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α ααα α‘ααΌααΈα ααααα¬αΈαα Rev ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα
Pipe support α ααααα»ααααααα α‘α±ααΈα α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα ααα
α€αα¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα¬ ααα α»αααα
α€ααααα¬αΈα»αα αααα ααα»αα ααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α»αα ααα α»αααα αααααα α₯ααΈα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈααΌα αΎαααα«α
184
Revision No.
α±α»αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α€ααα ααααΈααΌααα»αα α±αα¬α»αααα
ααααα ααααα±ααα¬αα ααααα α€ααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α€ααα α±αα¬α»αααα
elevation ααΎααα»αααΈα»αα α€αααα α±α»αα»ααα αα α ααααα¬ ( ααααΌ) ααα α‘α»ααααΌα αααα αααααα
185
αααααααα Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block ( Title Block (αααααααα α± α± α± α±αα«ααΈαα«ααΈαα«ααΈαα«ααΈα αΈα α¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα αΈα α¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα αΈα α¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα αΈα α¬αααΈα‘ααΌα))))
Piping Class α ααΈααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αα¬α»αα±ααΈααα
αααααααΈα αααΈαααααααΈ ααα¬αΈαααααα
Iso Drawing No. α GA Drawing ααΌααα¬αΏααΈ αααααΈα ααα±ααα¬α αα¬ααααα
αααααΌααα±αα¬ ααα α±αα¬αααΈαα Revision α»αα αααα
ααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ P&ID Diagram ααα αα Piping Plan (GA) αααααα ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα α GA Drawing ααΌα αααααααΈ ααα±ααα¬α αααααα
186
αααααΈααααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααααααααα¬αΈα α€ααα α±αα¬α»αα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα
αααααΈα ααααΈ α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ ααα Iso Drawing ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
Iso Drawing ααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα ααααα ααααΌααΈααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα αΎααααααα
187
αααααααα Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material Bill of Material or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) or Material Take Off (BOM or MTO) ((((αα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈαα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈαα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈαα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈ) ) ) ) Iso Drawing α αα¬ααα±αα¬αααΌα α€ααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα α¬αααΈα α±αα¬ α»ααα¬αΈααα
Workshop α fabricate αααα αα±αα¬αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
αααααΈααΌαααΌα install αααα αα±αα¬αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ
ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αααααΈαααΌα ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α€ααααα¬αΈ α αΎαααΏααΈ ααα α‘αααΈ α αα»αααααααα
αααααα α₯ααΈ αααα α‘α±ααΈα α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ(ααα)
α‘α±αα‘ααΌα
α€αααΌα ααααααΌ elbow αα ααΈ ααΈαα¬αΈααα
188
α€α α¬αααΈααΎαααα αααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΈαααα α‘α±ααΈ α α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααΌαααααα α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααααα α‘α¬αΈααΈ αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬α±αα«ααα αααΈα α¬αΈααα«ααα ααα ααΈααααα α₯ααΈα αααααααα α±ααΌαΈαα ααααα
αααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈ (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications) (Notes and Specifications)
αααααΈαα αααααα α‘α±ααΌα±ααΌααα α Notes and Specifications ααΌα αΎαααααα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - αααααΈα α‘αααααα α‘ααααααα‘α¬αΈ (Operating Temperature and Pressure)α α ααΈααααα α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ (Testing Temperature and Pressure)α ααΈααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (Type of Valves)α αααααΈα α‘ααα¬ (insulation) αααααα αα ααα Pipe support α‘ααΌα αααααααΌα αΎααααα α ααα αααααΈαα αα α αααααα Iso Drawing α α‘α±ααΈα ααα¬αΈαααα α±αα±α αα¬αα¬ α±ααα¬ααααα«ααα ααα α‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαααΈα αΌα¬αα α»ααα»αααααα ααααααα αα αααα αααΌααα¬αααα¬αΈαααΈ αααα«α ααα±ααΈα±αααααα αααααΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈ αΎααα αΎαα¬α±ααα α»αα ααα
αααααΈαααΌα 3 αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα 90 deg Elbow α»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααα
GRE ααα»αα ααα Pressure rating αα¬ 10 bar α»αα ααα
αααααΈαααΌα 4 αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα Flange α»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααα
Bell End, FF Flange α»αα ααα
Pressure rating αα¬ 10 bar α»αα ααα Class #150 , GRE Flg α»αα ααα
189
αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααααα Spool DrawingsSpool DrawingsSpool DrawingsSpool Drawings GA Drawing α site αααΌα αααααΈ αααααα±α»ααΈαααα α±αα¬α»αα±ααΈααα Iso Drawing α ααα±ααΌαα±α»ααΈααα αααααΈαα ααΈααα»ααα»αα α±αα¬α»αααα αααα¬ααΌα αααααΈαααΈαα αααΈα α‘αααα»αα α±αα¬αα±αα¬αααααΌα¬αΈαα ααα±ααΌαααΌα αα»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈα ααα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α»ααα±αα¬ααα¬ αααΈα‘α αα±ααΈαα¬αΈ α₯αΈα αΌα¬αααααα ααααΈααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα site α ααααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈα αααααα α workshop αααΌα αααα±αα¬ αααΈααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα αα spool drawing α α±ααααα spool drawing ααααα¬ Iso Drawing α α‘α αα‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα ααα Spool Drawing αααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ Iso Drawing ααΌα site αα ααααα α‘αα (Field Weld or Field Joint) αα¬αΈ α₯αΈα αΌα¬αααααααα ααΌααΈαααα pipe fitter ααααα piping supervisor αα α₯αΈα»αα αα«α αααα joint (α‘αα) α FW (Field Weld) αααααα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααα αααα αα±α‘α¬αα±ααα¬ααααα«ααα FW αααα αα¬ α±ααα¬ααΌαα site αααααα¬ααΌα α»ααα¬ααααααα ααααα‘ααα FW αααααααα αα±αα±α»αα¬αα ααα₯αΈαα«ααα α€αααα¬ αααααΈα‘α±ααΌαα‘αααα α‘αα¬αΈ αααΈααααα±αααα α₯ααα¬α‘α±ααα α‘αααα« Iso Drawing α αΎαααα«α FW joint αα¬αΈα αα±αα€αα»αα α±αα¬α»αααα αααα¬αα‘ααΌα α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌα FW joint αα¬αΈ α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααααα ααα‘ααΌα spool drawing αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
Spool # 1
Spool # 2
190
Spool # 1
Spool # 2
Spool # 3
Spool # 4
Spool # 5
191
Spool Drawing αα¬αΈααΌα Spool No. αα¬αΈ α±ααΈα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα Spool No. ααΌα αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αααΈαααα αααΈαααα α±ααα¬ αα Iso no. αα αα«ααααα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - α‘αααα« spool αα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααΈ spool no. α±ααΈααααα Line No. - W158194, Location β 0409, Iso Drawing No. β 2071, Pipe Size β 1.5β α»αα αα»αα -
Spool No. 1 α‘ααΌα βW158194-0409-2071-1.5-1β Spool No. 2 α‘ααΌα βW158194-0409-2071-1.5-2β Spool No. 3 α‘ααΌα βW158194-0409-2071-1.5-3β α ααα»αα α±ααΈααΌα¬αΈααααα
α‘ααα αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα αα«α Project No., Location, System Name, Iso Drawing No. αα Spool No. α±ααΈααααα α₯ααα¬ -
Project No. β P201 Location β Block 13P System β Vent and Sounding System (VS) Drawing Page No. 6 Spool No. 1 α»αα αα -
Spool No. α β P201 β 13P β VS β PG6 β 1β α α±ααΈαααα«ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α ααΌ ααΈααα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈαα α₯αΈαα Spool αα αα αΎααααα α»αα α€ spool αα αααα system α‘ααΌαα»αα ααα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααααα αααααααα ααααα α ααααα α‘αααα¬αΈαααΏααΈ α»αα α±αα±αα¬ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α ααααααΌα±αα¬α‘αα« α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ spool no. αα¬αΈααα±ααΈα ααα
Spool # 3 Spool # 4
Spool # 5
192
W158194-0409-2071-1.5-1
W158194-0409-2071-1.5-2
W158194-0409-2071-1.5-3
W158194-0409-2071-1.5-4
W158194-0409-2071-1.5-5
193
Spool Drawing αα¬αΈααΌα Joint No. αα¬αΈαααΈ ααα±ααΈαα αααα Spool No. 1 ααΌα Joint No. ααααααααΈα αααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα site αα±αα¬αα ααααα joint α FW α ααααΌααΈα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα ααα‘ααΌα pipe fitter α α€α‘ααα site αα±αα¬αα ααααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΏααΈ αα‘ααα fit up αααα ααααα α»αα αα«ααα α€ spool drawing α‘αααΈ workshop ααΌα αααααΈααα¬αΈ ααααΌα¬αΈαα α»αα αα α€αααααααααα»αααΈα prefabrication ααααα α‘αα±αα¬α prefab ααααα α±αααα«ααα
194
α‘αααΈ α
αααααΈααα»αααΈ (Fabrication and Installation) αααααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬ααΌα workshop α‘ααΌααΈα ααα»αααΈαα αααααΈααΌα αααα»αααΈ α αα αααΈααΌαααα«ααα ααα workshop ααααα pipeshop ααΌα αααααΈ ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαααααα«ααα αα prefabrication αα±ααααα ααααααΈ α‘α αα¬αΈα αααααΈα±α»ααΈααα±ααα¬αα αααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα±αα¬αααααΈαα αααΈαα±α‘α¬α ααααα« ααα αα installation α α±αααα«ααα αααααΈαααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα«αααα« ααα αααααΈααα»αααΈαααααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα»αα α€α‘αααΈααΌα αααααα α»ααα»ααα α ααα»ααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα ααααα»ααααα»αααΈααααα»ααααα»αααΈααααα»ααααα»αααΈααααα»ααααα»αααΈ (Preparation) (Preparation) (Preparation) (Preparation)
αααααΈαα αα α ααααα±αα¬αα ααααα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααααα»αααααα αα¬αΈ α‘ααα»αααααα«ααα ααααα»αααααα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈ αα«αααα«ααα
αα αα‘αα±αα¬ Drawing αα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) αα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬ αααααααααα α₯ααΈ α‘α±αα‘ααΌαα ααΌααα α»αααΈ αα αα¬αα»αααΈ (Calculation of BOM, pipe and fittings requirement) αα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬ α ααααα¬α αααααααα¬αα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα αααα«α αααααα¬αα»αααΈ (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and installation) αα αααααΈαααα¬ααΌαααΈαα αααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα αααα αααα‘ααα αα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈ (Consumables and PPE) α α αααααΈαααα¬ααΌα αα«αααα α αα«αααα¬ αα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αα‘ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα ααααα α α₯α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈ (Send supervisors and workers to necessary trainings) αα αα‘αα±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ αα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬ α α α₯α»αααΈα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα« αα¬αΈαα»αααΈ αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ Drawing Drawing Drawing Drawing αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) (GA, P&ID, Iso Drawing) αααααΈαα α ααα±αα¬ααααα α‘α±α»αααα‘ααααα¬ drawing αα¬αΈ α»αα αα«αα
195
αααααΈαααααααα ααααα‘α»ααααΌα α±α»ααΈαα¬αΈααα αααααα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ ααΈαα¬αΈαα α ααααα drawing αααα¬ αααααα αααααΈα‘αα α‘ααα ααα‘αααΈ α‘α±ααΈα αααααΈαααα±ααΌαΈααααα ααα±αααααα αα α₯ααΈα‘αα‘α¬αΈα αα‘αα‘α¬αΈα αααα¬ αααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα‘ααα α ααααα ααΌααααααα α»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ GA Drawing (Piping Plan), P&ID Drawing, Isometric Drawing α αααα α ααααα α α±αα¬ααΈαα αααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ ααα¬α±αα¬ drawing αα¬αΈαα update drawing α±αα¬αααΈ αα drawing αα¬αΈ α»αα ααα Latest Revision α»αα αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα αααααΈαα α ααα¬ α±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαα revision 0 α»αα ααααα ααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα‘αααα‘α αααα¬αΈαα¬ α±ααα α₯ααα‘α α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α ααααα¬ ααα αα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα ααα±α»α αα»αα ααα±ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααααα«α αααααΈαααΏααΈα αααααΌα α»ααα»ααααα α‘ααααα ααααΈ α»αα αααα«ααα ααα¬α±αα¬ drawing αα¬αΈα αααααα±αα¬ ααα αΌααΈααΏααΈ register αααα¬αΈαα«α Register αααα¬ααΌα GA Drawing αα¬αΈα ααααα P&ID Drawing αα¬αΈα ααααα Iso Drawing αα¬αΈα ααααααΌαΏααΈ αααα«α αα±αα¬αα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα Iso Drawing αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ Drawing Register ααααααααΈαααα¬α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα GA, P&ID α αααααα¬αααΈ α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα αααα¬α±αα¬ drawing αα¬αΈα ααα αΌαααααΌ αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬ ααα±ααΈα α drawing αα¬αΈα αα α₯ααΈ αααα material controller αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈαααα production group αα ααα±ααΈαααα α‘αα«αα¬αΈααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααα ααα±ααΈααααα ααα αΌαα αααΌ αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα production group αα αααα drawing α αααΏααΈ α‘ααααα±αααα ααααα«ααα Drawing revision α‘αα ααα¬αααΈ material controller αα production αα ααα±ααΈαα αα±ααα«ααα
Revision α‘αα ααα¬α±αα¬αααΈ Rev. α‘α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα αα«ααα ααα α‘αα αα α‘α±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈαΎαααααα α»αα ααα αααααα±αα±αα¬ project αΏααΈααΌα¬αΈ αααα drawing αα¬αΈαα α‘αααΈααΈ αα αα ααα αααααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα Drawing αα¬αΈα αααααα¬ system α‘αα αααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ αααΈαα¬αΈαα«α Master copy αα α αα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααα‘αα« copy ααΈα±ααΈαααα«α ααααα‘αα«α master copy α ααααα«ααα
196
Issue to
Material
Controller
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
Issue to
Production
1, 1
8/10/2008
1, 1
8/10/2009
1, 1
8/10/2010
1, 1
8/10/2011
1, 1
8/10/2012
1, 1
8/10/2012
Rev & Re
civing
Date
Rev & Re
civing
Date
1, 15/10/2008
1, 15/10/2008
Rev & Re
civing
Date
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
0, 2
3/9/2008
Iso. Drawing No
.
E15800-PI2343-0409-0601
E15800-PI2343-0409-0381
E15800-PI2343-0409-0219
E15800-PI2343-0409-0337
E15800-PI2343-0409-1516
E15800-PI2343-0409-0306
Line No.
W158015
W158016
W158017
W158018
W158019
W158020
Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
197
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬ αααααααααα α₯ααΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈ α‘α±αα‘ααΌααα‘α±αα‘ααΌααα‘α±αα‘ααΌααα‘α±αα‘ααΌαα ααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈ αααααααα αα¬αα»αααΈαα¬αα»αααΈαα¬αα»αααΈαα¬αα»αααΈ (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM (Calculation of BOM ) ) ) )
Drawing αα¬αΈααα¬αΏαααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ααααααα¬ αααααΈααΌαααΈαα αα‘ααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘α±αα‘ααΌαα ααΌαααα»αααΈ α»αα ααα ααα‘ααα ααΌααα¬ ααΌα α‘α»ααααΈ wastage (α‘α±αα‘ααΌα) αα ααααα αα % ααααΌααΈααΌαααααα«ααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα Iso Drawing α αααααα¬αΈαΏααΈ ααΌααα«ααα Iso Drawing ααΌα BOM αα αα«αααΈ αα«αΏααΈα»αα αα»αα ααΌααααΌααα«ααα αααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα Material Description α α±ααα¬α αΌα¬αααα ααα« ααα ααααα sch 40 or sch 80 α»αα ααα ααααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, FRP, PVC, UPVC, ABS α αα) α»αα ααα 90 deg Elbow α»αα αα LR ααααα SR α»αα ααα Flange ααα 150 lb Flange ααααα 300 Lb Flange α»αα ααα Gasket ααα αααα ααα αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα Bolt & Nut ααα Galvanized α±αα¬α Cadmium coated α±αα¬α αααα±αα¬ α ααα ααα±αα¬α ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααααΌαααα α α α±ααΈαΏααΈ αααα ααααα‘ααα α‘ααααααα±α αα αααααααα αα¬ααα¬αΈααα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα‘αα±αα¬ α ααααα¬αα ααααα¬αα ααααα¬αα ααααα¬α αααααααα¬αα¬αΈαααααααα¬αα¬αΈαααααααα¬αα¬αΈαααααααα¬αα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα αααα«ααααα«ααααα«ααααα«α αααααα¬αα»αααΈαααααα¬αα»αααΈαααααα¬αα»αααΈαααααα¬αα»αααΈ (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and (Tools and Equipments for pipe fabrication and installation) installation) installation) installation)
αααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±αααααα αα‘αα±αα¬ α ααααα¬αΈαα αααααααα¬ αα¬αΈ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααααΈαα ααααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α»αα ααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ααα¬αΈααα«ααα α‘ααα αααααΈαα Carbon Steel ααα»αα αα«α αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α - αα ααααΈα α±αα¬αααα α ααααααα«ααα ααα‘α α - αα¬ααΌαααΈ αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα«αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈαα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ α αααααααα αα±α α±αα¬αα αα±αα±αα¬ α ααααα αα±ααα«αα¬αααΈα αα±αααααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈααααααΈ α αααααααα ααα αααΈαα α»ααα vice αα¬αΈαααα
αααα»αααα α±α‘α¬ααααααΈα α‘ααααααΈααΈα αα«αα±ααΌααααα¬αΈα ααα»αα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ α αααααααα αααΈααΈααα αααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααα α ααα α Generator αααα α±αα¬αα ααααα wheel grinder αα¬αΈα Die grinder αα¬αΈαααα α‘α±αα«αα±αα¬ααα drilling machine αα¬αΈαααα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααααααα α±αα±ααΈααα‘ααΌα Blower αα¬αΈα Exhaust Fan αα¬αΈα 230V, 110V ααΈααΈα ααΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα
ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα‘α±ααα α±ααααΈα ααα‘αα α‘α±αα«ααΈα α‘αααα α±αααα ααααΌαα α αα ααα αα ααα¬αα¬α αα«αΈααα ααα±αΎααΈα allen key αα¬αΈα αα«αααΈα αααααΈ α αααα αααα ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬αα«α±αα¬ Tool Box α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααα
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α‘ααα αααααΈαα fibreglass αααααΈα»αα α±ααα«α fibreglass αααααΈα fabricate ααααααα α ααααααααααα¬αα¬αΈα α₯ααα¬ - Shaving Tool, Mallet, come along, Jorgenson Clamp α αααααααα ααααα¬αΈα Fitting αααα pipe stand αα¬αΈαααα ααα α±α»ααααΈα ααααααΈα ααααα‘α±αα αααααα ααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααα αα αα¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈαααα ααα α‘αα±ααΈααααα«α α±ααΈαααα heater αα¬αΈαααΈ αα±αα¬ααΈαααα
ααα α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααα‘αααΈααΈαααα ααααα ααα α αααα¬αΈ (LEW- Licensed Electrical Worker) α α α α±ααΈαΏααΈ ααααααα±ααΈααα¬ ααΈααΌαααα»αα LEW α α±αααΏααΈ ααα α αα α₯ααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα α α α±ααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αααα
ααα‘α α - αα αααα¬αααα¬ααα¬αα¬αΈ (Lifting gears and belts) α‘α¬αΈαααΈ α α α±ααΈαΏααΈα ααΈααΌαααα»αα ααααα α α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ αααααα αααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα‘αααα αααα¬αΈαααα αααα«α ααααααα α α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααααΌα ααα αα α₯ααΈαα α ααααα¬α‘α¬αΈααΈα α α¬αααΈαα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα»αα ααα α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα lifting gear αα¬αΈ ααααααααΌα αααα α α±ααΈααα ααααΈ αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«α±ααΈααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈαααα¬ααΌαααΈααααα¬ααΌαααΈααααα¬ααΌαααΈααααα¬ααΌαααΈαα αααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘ααα¬ααααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα αααααααααααααααα αααα‘ααααααα‘ααααααα‘ααααααα‘ααα αα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈ (Consumables and (Consumables and (Consumables and (Consumables and PPE)PPE)PPE)PPE)
α±αα¬αα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ (consumable) αα αα ααα±ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬α (Personal Protective Equipment β PPE) αα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααΌα welding electrode αα¬αΈα gas αα¬αΈα grinding disc αα¬αΈα sanding disc αα¬αΈα Chillie grinding stone αα¬αΈα fibre cutting disc αα¬αΈα Masking Tapeαα¬αΈα Marker αα¬αΈα ααααα Chalk αα¬αΈα α‘αααα‘αα αααααα«αααΈαα αα«αααα¬αΈ αα«ααααα αααααΈααΌα α‘ααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈ (Safety) α‘ααΌα ααααααα αα ααα±α αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α±αα¬α (PPE) αα¬αΈαααΌα αα±αα¬α (Helmet) αα¬αΈα ααΌαααα (Safety Shoe) αα¬αΈα ααα‘ααα¬αΈ (cotton glove, jean glove, rubber glove, welding glove)α αααα (Safety glass) αα¬αΈα Ear Plug / Ear Muff αα¬αΈα Dust Mask αα¬αΈα Respirator αα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααΌαα‘αααααα ααα«α αααααΈαααΈ (Full Body Harness) αα¬αΈα α±α»αα±α‘α¬α ααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααααα«α Rescue Equipment αα¬αΈ α αααα αα‘ααα« ααα αααααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α±ααα¬αααα αααα PPE αα¬αΈαααα ααα¬αΈ αα ααα«ααα ααα»αα αααααΈαα α ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈααΌαααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬αααΌααα αααα¬αΈα₯αΈα±αα‘ααΌα αα±αα¬αααα±αα¬αααααΈ α α α±ααΈαα ααα«ααα
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αααααααα αααααααα α αα αα αα α αααααΈαααα¬ααΌααααααΈαααα¬ααΌααααααΈαααα¬ααΌααααααΈαααα¬ααΌα αα«αα«αα«αα«αααααααααααααααα α αα«αααα¬α αα«αααα¬α αα«αααα¬α αα«αααα¬ αααααααα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬αααααααα±αα¬αααααααα±αα¬αααααααα±αα¬ααααα ααααα α α₯α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈααααα α α₯α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈααααα α α₯α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈααααα α α₯α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈ (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and (Send supervisors and workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings) workers to necessary trainings)
αααααΈαα α ααααα»ααααααα α‘αααα¬αΈαααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈ α±αα¬ α‘αααα ααα¬ αααααΈααΌαααΌα αα«αααααααααα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααααΈααΌαα‘ααα¬α αααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα ααααα‘ααα¬α αα¬αΈ αα±αα¬αααααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα ααααααα αααααα ααααααα αααα¬αΈααα α ααααα ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αα»αα αααα αα±αα¬αααααα¬αΈ αα»αα α±α‘α¬α αααααα¬ααΌααααα α»αα αα«ααα (ααΌ αα±αα¬αα αααα α ααα¬αααΌα ααααα±αααα»αα α α ααα¬αααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αααααΈααΌα α‘ααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αα»αααΈ α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α»αααα¬α»ααααΌα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘ααΈααααααα αα±α ααα α‘ααα¬αααααα¬αΈ α±ααα¬α±αααα±ααΌαΈα α‘αααα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα αααΈαα±ααΌαΈα αα¬αα¬αα±ααΌαΈα α‘ααα‘αααΈα‘α»αα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈα αα¬ααΈαααΈαααα±ααΌαΈα α‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα αα¬αΈα αα±ααΌαΈ αα¬αα α±ααΌαΈαα±αα αα±αα¬αααααα»αα αα¬ αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αααααΈ α€ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈαα α‘α¬αΈααΈα‘ααΌα ααααααα αααααα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - αα αα¬αΈαα ααΈααα±ααΌααα α±αα¬αααααα α‘α»αααααααα α±ααααα α ααα α€αα¬αΈ α αα¬αΈααα) ααα±αα¬ααα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ - αα α‘α»ααααΌα α‘ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Working at Height Safety Course αα ααΈαα α‘ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Hot Work Safety Course αα α±α»ααααΈααΈααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Excavation Safety Course αα ααα α αααααααα α‘ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Electrical Safety Course α α αααα»αααΈ αααααΈααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Lifting and Rigging Safety Course αα ααααα¬αΈα α‘αααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Confined Space Safety Course αα ααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - Hearing Protection Course αα αα‘α¬αΈα»αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα‘ααΌα - Manual Handling Safety Course αα αααααΈαα αααΈαααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα - Environmental Awarness Course
ααα»αα αααααΈααααααααααΈ αααααα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - fibreglass pipe αααΈα±α»ααΈα±αα¬αα ααα αααααα¬ αααΈαα ααααα αααααΈααα¬αα¬αΈα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααα¬ ααααα αα αααα¬ααααααα¬ αααααααα αααααααα α ααααα αααα ααα αα«ααα ααα αΌα‘ααΈ ααααΈ (Flange) αα¬αΈα αααα (Bolt & Nuts) αΎαααα¬α±αα¬α αΏααΈαΏααΈ
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α±αα¬ α±ααΌαααα¬αα ααΌαΏααΈαΎαααααΈααααα ααα‘α α‘α α₯α‘αααΈ αααα αΎααααα±α αα αααααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααα αα±αα±αα¬αααααΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬ ααΌααΈααα ααααα αα±αα±αα¬α α‘αα‘α±αα¬α ααααα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα αααΈααα (Rigger) α α‘ααα»αα (Signaler)α αααα‘ααΌαα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬α (Lifting Supervisor) αα¬αΈααααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αααααα αααααααααααΈα‘ααΌα αααααααααΈαα¬αΈ α±ααΈα ααα ααα¬αΈαα¬ αααααΈαα αααααΈα ααααααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα ααααα α α₯ αα¬αΈααα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ
(α€α‘αααΈαα α»αααα¬α»ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααααα αααα α»αα α±αα¬αααΈ ααααα‘αααα¬ ααααΌααΈα±αα¬α»αααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα)
α ααα¬αααΌαα±αα¬ Quality Control α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα±ααΌαααΌα αααααΈαααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α‘α»ααα‘α αααα»ααααα«α αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈ α»αααααΈ Paper work (α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα α₯αα¬αΈ) ααΏααΈα»αααα«α α‘αααΏααΈααα αα±αααα«α αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αααααΈ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌα α±ααΌα‘α»αααα±αα¬ααΈααααα«α ααα‘ααΌα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα α‘α αα‘αααΈαα α α»αα αα«ααα αααααΈαα αααααααΈα ααααα‘ααα ααααααααα αα‘αααα αα ααααα‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈ α»αα ααααα α€αααα»αα α±α‘α¬α ααααα‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈ αα αα¬αΈαα α αα αααααΈα‘α α‘α α₯ (Method Statement) α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα»ααααα αααααΈ ααΌαααΌα α‘ααα¬ααααΈα αΌα¬ α‘ααααααα±ααΈα‘ααΌααααΈ αααααΈααΌαα‘ααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈ α ααααααΌααα αα (Safety Management System)α α‘ααα¬ααααΈα αΌα¬ α‘ααααα»αααΈ α‘α α‘α α₯ αα¬αΈ (Safework Procedure)α αααααΈαα αααΈαααΈα±ααΈ α αα (Environmental Control Plan) α αααα α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα»ααααα α€α ααααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα¬αα¬αααα¬ αααα¬αα α±ααΈααααααααα α‘α±ααΈα αα±αα¬α»ααα»αααΈα»αα αα»αα α α¬α‘ααα α‘αα α¬α±αα¬α αααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα αααααα¬αΈαααΈ α‘αα«α‘αα α»αα αα« ααα ααααααα¬αΈααΌα - ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
οΏ½ αα±ααα αααα (Welder Certificate) οΏ½ αααα αααα (Bonder Certificate) οΏ½ ααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααα (Crane Operator Certificate) οΏ½ αααα‘ααΌαα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬α αααα (Lifting Supervisor Certificate) οΏ½ αααΈααα αααα (Rigger Certificate) οΏ½ α‘ααα»αα αααα (Signaler Certificate) οΏ½ α»αααΈααα αααα (Scaffolder Certificate) α αααα αα«αααα«ααα
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α ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - οΏ½ ααααΈ αααα (Lifting Machine Certificate) οΏ½ ααααααΈαα¬αΈαααα (Lifting Sling and Belts Certificate) οΏ½ αααΈαα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ αααα (Chain Blocks Certificate) οΏ½ ααα α‘αΈαα¬αΈ αααα (Gas Cylinderβs Certificate)
αααααΈααΌαααΈαα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα - οΏ½ αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ αααα (Pipe and Fittings Certificate) οΏ½ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααα (Welding Electrodes Certificate) οΏ½ αααα¬αΈα ααΌαααα ααα ααΌαααα ααααα (Galvanization Certificate) οΏ½ αααααα¬αΈα αααα (Bolt & Nuts Certificate) οΏ½ αα‘α¬αΈα»αααα¬ αααα (Pressure Gauge Certificate) οΏ½ ααααααα¬α‘ααΌααα αααααα¬αΈ (α₯ααα¬ - Flow Meter) οΏ½ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈ (Valves Certificate)
αααααΈααΌα α‘ααα¬ααααΈαααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα - οΏ½ αα«αα±αααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα«αα«α ααα α₯ααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα MSDS (Material Safety Data
Sheet) ααααα±ααΈα αα«αα±ααα αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααααα α‘αααααα ααΌαα»αααα (Permit
To Work) α ααααΈα±αα¬ααα ααααααα ααααα (Certificate Holder) ααα¬ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα»αα α‘αααααααα±α αα ααα‘αα supervisor αα α₯αΈα₯αΈα ααααααΈ αα αααααΈαα¬αΈααα«α±ααΈααα αα αα α ααΌαα±αα¬α»αααα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα±αα¬ Safety αααααΈαααα αα¬αΈααααΈ α α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα α±αα¬αα±ααΈαΎααααΎαα¬αα ααα αααααΈ α αααααα α»αα αα«ααα α€αααααα¬ αααααΈαα αααααααΈα ααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααα α α¬ααΌα α α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα αα«ααα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα»ααα αα»αα αααααΈα αααα α±αα¬αα±ααΈαΎααααΎαα¬α±α αα«α αα‘αα‘α¬αΈα α‘ααα α±ααΌ α αααα α‘ααΌααα αα¬αα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬ α α α₯α»αααΈα α α₯α»αααΈα α α₯α»αααΈα α α₯α»αααΈαααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα±αα¬ααααααα±αα¬ααααααα±αα¬ααααααα±αα¬α α» α» α» α»αααΈααααΈααααΈααααΈα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α± α± α± α±αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα«αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα«αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα«αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬α‘αα« αα¬αΈαα»αααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈ
αααααΈαααα¬ααΌα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα±α αα αααα¬αΈα αααα α ααααΌαααα«ααα αααα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα αααααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα αα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α‘ααα‘α αΈα α‘ααΌα‘α ααα±α αα αααα¬αΈααα« ααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααα ααααΌααααααΌααααΈ ααΌααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΌααΌαα±αα¬ αααα¬αααα ααα αααα¬αα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααΈ α€αααΈα‘αααΈ αααα¬αΈ ααααΌαα αα±αα¬ααααΎααα«ααα
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οΏ½ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα‘α±α»αα‘α±α α‘ααα‘αα«ααΈαα¬α αα αα»αααΈα ααααα»αααΈ αα»αααα«α
οΏ½ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±α»ααααΈα±ααα α‘ααΈαα»αα α±αα¬αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈα±ααααΌα αα¬αααα αααα¬αΈααα«α α‘ααααααα«αα α±α‘α¬αα αα αα¬αΈ ααΈαα ααα¬αΈααα«ααα
οΏ½ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα αααααα¬ααΌα α αα αα ααααΈαΏααΈα ααααα«ααα
οΏ½ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα α, α ααα«α οΏ½ αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈα α ααα‘αα« α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαααα«α α±αα¬αααα αα
ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈααα, α»αααΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα«ααα α±αα¬αααα αα α,ααα‘αα« αα α‘α±ααΌαΈααΌαα»αααΈ αα»αα α±α αααααΈ ααα»ααααα
οΏ½ αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈα αααα‘αα« αααα αααααα±αα αααα»αα αααΏααΈ αα»αααΈ ααΈααα»αααα«α
οΏ½ ααααα¬αΈα α,αα¬ααΌα ααα ααααΌαααα»αα α»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ lifting belt/ sling αα¬αΈα»αααα¬ α,ααα«ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α,αααα«α
οΏ½ Fibre glass ααα PVC αα ABS αααα¬αΈα α±α»ααααΈα±αα αΎαααΈα»ααα±αααα¬αΈααΌα αααΌα αα ααΌααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈ αα»αααα«α
ααα αΌα¬ αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα±αααααα¬ααΌα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α±ααΌααα α₯ ααα±αα¬ααααα
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α€αααα±αα¬ pipe rack αα¬αΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα ααΌααα αΌα¬ ααα±αα¬αααααα
α αα αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈαα±ααΌααα α₯α
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οΏ½ αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬ α αΈααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα»αα αα±α αα ααα»ααα«α ααα»αα αααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααΏααΈαα¬α±αα¬ α‘αα¬αααα¬αΈαα αααα»αααΈα α‘α±αααα»αααα»αααΈ ααα±α αα ααα»ααα«α
οΏ½ ααα‘ααΌααΈαα αα αα αα α»ααα αα ααΌαα α±αα αααα ααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα ααα αΎααΌα α αα α‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈ αααααα±α αα ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα»αα α±α α α»αααΏααΈαα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈ αα»αα α±α α αααΏααΈαα¬αΈ spool αα¬αΈαα»αα α±α ααααα‘αα«α α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈααα¬αΈααα«α ααα αα αααα αα α ααΈαααα¬αΈ α ααααα»αα α‘α»ααααα¬αΈααα«ααα
οΏ½ Flange αααα¬α»αααα¬αΈα α»αα αα αααα αα«ααα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌααα ααα αα ααΈαααα¬αΈα αααα αα α ααααα»αα ααΈα‘ααα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈααα«ααα
οΏ½ α‘αα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈα αααααα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌααα α‘αα αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααΈα‘ααα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα«ααα
οΏ½ Fibre glass αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα PVC, ABS αααα αααααα α₯ααΈ αα¬αΈα αααααα α‘ααΈα‘αα¬α±α‘α¬αααΌα αα¬αΈαα«α ααααααα«ααααΈ αααΈααα αα ααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α α±αα±αα¬αααα±ααΌαα±αα¬α‘αα« ααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα»αα α±αΎαα¬α ααααααααα¬αΈ αααΌα¬αΈααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αααΈαααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈα ααΌα¬αΈααα
οΏ½ α‘ααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααα α αααΈααα ααΌααα¬ αα±αα¬αααα«ααα α±αα±αα¬ααα αααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬α αααΌααΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬α α±αα±ααΌααα¬αΈααΌααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααα¬αΈααα«α αααΌααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬ (α₯ααα¬ -
αααα¬αΈαα±αα¬αα±αα¬ pipe rack (ααα α) αα αα ααΈ
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ααΌαααΈαα ααΈααΌααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬) ααΌααα¬αΈαα«α α±αα¬ααααααΈαα αααααα ααΏααΈ αα±αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - αα αα ααααα±αα¬αα α ααααααΏααΈ ααΈααα»αα ααΌα¬αΈαααα»αα α‘ααΈααα»ααα ααα«ααα
οΏ½ ααααααα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌαα ααΈααα (Carbon Steel Pipes) αα¬αΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬αΏααΈ αα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα«α α±α»αα±ααααΌαααα¬αΈααα«α αα αα¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα«ααα αααα¬αΈα ααααααΈαΏααΈα±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±αα¬ α±ααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααααα¬αΈα α, αα¬ααΌα ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαααα αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα αααα ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααα αα¬αΈα»αα α, α ααα«α
οΏ½ αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬ααα α±ααΈα±αααααΏααΈ α‘α αΌααΈααΌα αα±αα±α ααα«α
Material controller αα α±αα¬ααα¬ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααΏααΈ αα α₯ααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ α α αα αα α α¬αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈααα«ααα α α¬αααΈα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααααΌαΏααΈ ααααα ααα±ααα α‘α±αα‘ααΌαα αααα drawing α‘ααΌαα αααα system α‘ααΌα α αα»αα Log book αααα¬ ααααααα¬αΈ (register) ααα«ααα ααα‘ααα αα α₯ααΈααα±ααΈααα‘αα«ααααΈ ααααα ααααα±ααα ααα±ααΈ ααααα αααααα α₯ααΈα α‘α±αα‘ααΌαα ααααα αα α‘ααΌαα αααα drawing α‘ααΌα ααα±ααΈααα α drawing ααΌα ααα α₯ααΈ αααααα±ααΈααα ααααα‘αα α‘ααΌα αααααα α₯ααΈααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬α α ααααα ααΌααααααα α‘ααα drawing αααΌααα«αα α‘α±αα‘ααΌααα ααααααααα α₯ααΈ α‘α±αα‘ααΌα αααα αα«α Main Warehouse αα α₯ααΈαααα¬ αα±αα¬ααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαΎαα¬αΈαααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααα»αααΈαααααΈααα»αααΈαααααΈααα»αααΈαααααΈααα»αααΈ (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication) (Prefabrication)
αααααΈαα¬αΈααααα»αααΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα αα¬αΈαααα αα¬αΈαααααα αααΏααΈ αα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααα»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα αα‘ααα αα α₯ααΈα‘αα αα¬αα»αααΈα α»αααα α ααΈαααα»αααΈ α α±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈααα¬ααα»αα α α‘ααααα ααα‘α¬αΈ ααα α±ααΌααααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα αα α ααααααα±αα¬αα αααααΈα α‘α α α‘αα¬αα¬ α±ααα¬α±α‘α¬α α»ααααααα α±ααα¬αα αααα αααααα»αα ααααααα¬αΈα α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈαΏαα α€ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘ααααα¬ α»ααααα±αα¬α»α αα«α±αα¬ααα αααααΈααα»αααΈα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα‘αα¬αα¬ drawing α»αα ααα αα drawing ααΎαααΏααΈ ααααα α»αα ααα‘ααΌα drawing αα αα¬αΈαααα ααα‘ααΌα αα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ drawing αα ααααα±αα¬ drawing ααααα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α α α±ααΈαα ααα ααα±αα¬α ααααααααααΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α ααα αΌα¬ αααα ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααααα α α α±ααΈαααα ααα±αα¬α αααααααααΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα α ααα¬αΈ α α ααααααα α α α±ααΈαααα ααα±αα¬αα αααααααααΈα α αααααα«ααα
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αααααΈαααα¬ααΌα Iso Drawing α αααααα¬αΈαΏααΈααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα ααΌαααα»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααΌαααα»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααΌαααα»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααΌαααα»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe) (Cutting the required length of pipe)
αααα¬αΈα α»ααα±αα¬ααα ααΌααααα¬α ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααααα α αααα α±ααααααΏααΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααααααααΈα±αα ααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα«ααα
αα Butt Joint αα Socket Joint αα Bell and Spigot Joint αα Threaded Joint α α Fillet Weld Joint
αααααααα Butt Joint Butt Joint Butt Joint Butt Joint ((((α±αααα±αααα±αααα±ααα))))
αα α α ααααΌααααΈα»αααΈαααα¬ ααα€α¬ααΌα 90 Elbow, 45 Elbow αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌααααΌααααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»αααα«ααα α€αααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ fitting αα¬αΈαα¬ Weld β neck flange, 90deg long radius Elbow ααα»αα ααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬ Flange αααα¬ α»ααα Elbow centre αα Elbow centre α Tee centre α α αα»αα α»αα αα«ααα
αααΌα Flange αααα¬α»ααα 90deg LR Elbow centre α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬ 2373 mm α»αα αα αααααΈαα¬ α ααα αααααΈα»αα ααα
α€α α¬α‘α α α¬αααα¬ αα α ααααΈααα¬αΈααααΏααΈ α ααα Weld Neck Flange
α α‘ααα¬ ααααΌ (ααα ααααα¬) α»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααα«ααα α ααα 90deg LR elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α€α α¬α‘α α α¬αααα¬ α α ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα
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α‘αααΈ αα αααΌ (ααα ααααα¬) α»αα αα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα αα±α α±αα¬αα α ααααα¬ αααα¬αΈαααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααΈα‘ααΌα α»ααα±αα¬αααα ααα‘ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
8β Weld Neck Flange α α‘α, Y = 102 mm 8β 90deg LR elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ, A = 304 mm αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈα gap = 3 mm Iso Drawing α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ = 2373 mm
ααα‘αα = Iso dimension β (Y + A + 3mm + 3mm) = 2373 β ( 102+304+3+3) = 1961 mm α»αα αα«ααα
α€αααα¬ Butterfly Valve α α‘α α»αα αα«ααα
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ααα‘ααα ααα spool α 8β 90deg elbow centre α 8β Equal Tee centre α α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα 1228mm α α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα 8β Equal Tee ααα¬αΈααααα centre α face α α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α αααΌ ( 203mm) α»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα«ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α - 8β Equal Tee α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ, B = 203 mm ααα±αΎαα¬α α spool α‘ααΌα α»ααα±αα¬ααααααα‘αααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
ααα‘αα = Iso dimension β (A + B + 3mm + 3mm) = 1228 β ( 304+203+3+3) = 715 mm α»αα αα«ααα
α€αααΈα»αα αα spool αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα 45deg Elbow, Reducer α αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα αααααα¬ ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααααααα«ααα αααααααα Socket Joint Socket Joint Socket Joint Socket Joint
α‘ααα±αααααΏααΈ ααΌααααΌααααΈ α‘αααΈααααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈ αα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααα»αα αα«ααα Butt Joint fitting αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬ ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααααα»αα αα socket joint fitting αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααΈ αααααα¬ socket fitting αα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎααααα α»αα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααα« Iso Drawing αα GRP pipe, Marine GT250 α»αα αα ααα«α αα α€αααα socket joint α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα ααα Flange α α‘α 79mm α»αα αΏααΈ socket α‘αααα¬ 72mm α»αα ααα 90deg LR elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ αα¬ 394 mm α»αα αΏααΈ socket α‘αααα¬ 76mm α»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α spool α‘ααΌα ααα‘ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααα«ααα 8β Socket End Flange α α‘α, Y = 79 mm
Flange α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 72 mm
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ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ, y = 79 β 72 = 7 mm
8β 90deg LR elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ, A = 394 mm Elbow α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 76 mm ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ, a = 394 β 76 = 318 mm Iso Drawing α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ = 2373 mm
ααα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘αα = Iso dimension β ( y + a ) = 2373 β ( 7 + 318 ) = 2048 mm α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint Bell and Spigot Joint
Bell and Spigot Joint αα Socket Joint αα¬ ααααα«ααα Socket ααΌα αααααα ααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααΈαα¬ α‘α±α»αα¬αα‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
Socket αααα fitting αα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈαα α»ααααα α‘ααΌααΈαααΈα α»ααααα α»αααΈα»ααα¬αΈααα
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ααα±αα¬ Bell and Spigot ααΌαα αααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααΈαααΈααΌα αα₯αΈαΏααΈ α‘α αααα αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα ααα αααααα α₯ααΈααααααα±ααα¬α α α¬αΈαααα α‘αα«ααΌααααΈ α‘αα¬αΈαααΈαΏααΈ α α¬αΈαα (Taper shaving) ααα«ααα
socket joint ααΌαααΌααα Bell and Spigot Joint αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααΈ αααα αα¬ Bell fitting αα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎααααα α»αα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααα« Iso Drawing αα GRP Smith Fibreglass pipe, Green Thread α»αα αα ααα«α αα α€αααα Bell and spigot joint α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα ααα Flange α α‘α 102 mm α»αα αΏααΈ spigot α‘αααα¬ 60 mm α»αα ααα 90deg elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ αα¬ 295 mm α»αα αΏααΈ spigot α‘αααα¬ 76 mm α»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α spool α‘ααΌα ααα‘ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααα«ααα
8β Bell End Flange α α‘α, Y = 102 mm Flange α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 60 mm ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ, y = 102 β 60 = 42 mm
8β 90deg elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ, A = 295 mm Elbow α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 76 mm
Bell and Spigot αααα fitting αα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈα α α±ααΌααα α₯α α‘ααΌααΈαααΈα α»ααααα α»αααΈα»ααα¬αΈααα
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ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ, a = 295 β 76 = 219 mm Iso Drawing α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ = 2373 mm ααα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘αα = Iso dimension β ( y + a ) = 2373 β ( 42 + 219 ) = 2112 mm α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα Threaded Joint Threaded Joint Threaded Joint Threaded Joint ( ( ( (αααααα‘αα αα‘αα αα‘αα αα‘αα αααααααα))))
Threaded Joint α‘ααΌα α‘αα αα¬αΈαα¬ αα±αα»αα ααα α±αα¬ααααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααα«α α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α αααΌααα‘ααΌα ααΌααΎααα ααα«α αα
Flange α α‘α B αα¬ 33 mm α»αα αΏααΈ ααα‘ααα α‘αα α‘αα α‘ααααα»αα ααα ααααααα 90deg elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ αα¬ 114 mm α»αα αΏααΈ elbow ααα thread α‘αααα¬ 27 mm α»αα ααα ααα±ααααΌααα±αα¬ α‘αα α‘αααα¬ 32 mm α»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α spool α‘ααΌα ααα‘ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααα«ααα 4β Threaded Flange α α‘α, B = 33 mm
Flange α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 33 mm
α‘αα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα fitting αα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈαα α±ααΌααα α₯α α‘ααΌααΈαααΈα α»ααααα α»αααΈα»ααα¬αΈααα
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ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ Flange ααααΌα αααα«α 4β 90deg elbow α‘ααΌα centre α face α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ, A = 114 mm
Elbow α‘ααΌααΈαα ααα‘αα, x = 27 mm ααα‘ααΌα ααα»αααα ααααααααααΈ, a = 114 β 27 = 87 mm
Iso Drawing α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ = 2373 mm ααα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘αα = Iso dimension β ( a ) = 2373 β ( 87 )
= 2286 mm α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα α» α» α» α»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
αααα¬αΈα ααααΈααα‘ααα α»ααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬α‘αα« ααααΈααααΌα αααα¬αΈ α±αα¬α‘αααα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα α€ααα ααααααα α»ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α α¬ααα±ααΈααααα«ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ αααααααα α₯α α±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα«α (Heat No.) α»αα αα«ααα αααα«αα α»ααααα±αα¬ ααα‘αααΌα ααΈα±ααΈαααααα αα±ααααα«α ααα‘α α€ααα‘ααα αααα drawing α ααααα‘α αα‘αααΈ α»αα αα αααααααΈ αααα¬αΈααα«ααα αααααα α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈαα αααα¬αΈα α»αααααα«α ααα‘α αα ααΈα αα ααΈααα αα α₯ααα ααα‘ααα¬αΈ αα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬α‘αα« α±αα¬α±ααΌαΈαα ααα»αα αΏααΈ ααα‘αα¬αΈαααα«ααα ααα»αα α α»ααααα±αα¬ ααα‘ααααΈααΌα ααααΈααα Heat No. αα Spool No. α ααααααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα‘ααα«ααα α€ααα±ααΈαααα¬ααΌααααΈ ααααΌαα±αα¬ αα α»αα αα±ααΈαα Permanent Paint Marker α»ααα±ααΈααα«ααα αααα α±ααΈαααα α±ααΈααΌ α (blasting) αααααα«α αααα«ααα¬αΈα welding α±αα¬αΏααΈα±ααΈααα«ααα (ααααα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααα blasting ααααα¬ α±αα¬αααααα¬αΈα α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααααααΏααΈ αα±ααΈααΌ αα»αααΈ α»αα αα« ααα α‘ααΌαα»αααΈαα»αα ααααααΈαα±αα€α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα α‘ααΌααααα αΌα¬ ααα±αα±αα¬ αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌα¬αΈααααΌα¬ααα«ααα) αααα»αααα¬ααΌαα α»αααααΈααΈα ααα«ααα Grinder αα α»ααααααα ααα cutter αα α»ααααααα αααα»αααα¬ααΌααααΈ α±αα¬ααααα (square cutting) α»αααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα±ααΈαα αα α₯ααα αααααΈαα α»ααααααα ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα α»αααα¬ααΌαα α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈαααα α‘αααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌαα ααα αααα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα Fibre Cutter α ααΈααααα ααα‘α ααα ααα αααα¬αααα¬αΈααααΈ Fibre cutter ααΈα α»αααααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα ααα»ααα±αα¬ α ααα¬αΈα ααΈααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαααααΌ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
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ααα»ααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα»ααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα»ααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα»ααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Typ(Typ(Typ(Types ofes ofes ofes of cutting machines cutting machines cutting machines cutting machines)))) αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Wheel GrinderWheel GrinderWheel GrinderWheel Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder or Angle Grinder
α‘α±α»ααααα»αααααΈαα¬ α α¬αΈαα»ααα»αααΈ (Abrasive Cutting) α»αα ααα ααααΈ ααΌαααΈα±αα¬αα«αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬ αααα¬α»αα αα«ααα
Fibre cutting disc αα¬αΈα FRP αααα¬αΈαα±αα¬α ααααα¬αΈααα« α»αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααααα αααα¬ααΌα diamond cutter αα¬ αα¬αααααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα α»ααααα¬αΈαα»αα FRP αααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌααα¬ ααα±αα¬αα«ααα ααααααα¬αΈα α»ααααα Orbital Pipe Saw α ααΈα»αααΈα ααααα±αα¬αα«ααα ααααα¬ ααααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈααααα αααααΈ α‘ααΌαα»αα ααα α±α αΈααααΈαα αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α»ααααααα αααααα α»ααααα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααα αααΈαα¬ Portable Band Saw α»αα αα«ααα ααΈααΈααααααααα«ααα
Fibre cutting disc αα¬αΈ
Fibre cutting disc αα α ααα grinder
Diamond cutter αα α ααα grinder
Orbital Pipe Saw
Potable Band Saw
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αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα α‘αα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα‘α±αα¬α α» α» α» α»ααα αααα αααα αααα α (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter) (Auto Cutter)
α‘αα‘α±αα¬αα»ααα αα ααααα¬αΈα»αααα¬ααΌα ααΈααα ααααααΌα ααα α±αα«αα«αΈααα α αααα‘αα ααααα‘ααΌααααααααα α»ααααααα ααα‘α α ααα (100mm) α‘α α»ααααααα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈααΈ (45 degree bevel) ααααα αα αα ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ααΈααα»αααΈα»αα α αα«ααααα¬αααα αααααα α‘ααΈα»αα α‘ααΌαααΌαααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα αα (remote control) ααα»αα α‘ααΌαα‘ααα±α»αααα α»αααααααΈαααΈα αα¬ααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα»αα αα±ααΈαααα¬αααα ααααααα αα α±ααΈαα α»ααααααα»αα αα¬ α»ααααα α‘ααΌαααΌ ααΈαααα»αα α αα¬αααα»αα ααα¬αΈα αααα¬ααα α»ααααααα ααα‘ααΌα ααα»ααα»αααΈα‘ααΌα αααα‘ααα‘α αααα¬ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter Oxyfuel Cutter ((((α±α‘α¬ααα±α‘α¬ααα±α‘α¬ααα±α‘α¬αα α‘ααααααΈα‘ααααααΈα‘ααααααΈα‘ααααααΈ αα«αα±ααΌαααΈααα«αα±ααΌαααΈααα«αα±ααΌαααΈααα«αα±ααΌαααΈα α» α» α» α»ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ))))
ααα αααα¬ αααα Cutting Torch
ααα αααα¬ ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ Nozzles
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α€ ααα αααα¬ (Oxyfuel cutter) αα¬ ααααα¬αΈααα¬ α»ααααααα αααα αα α α±αα¬α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α»αααααα ααα±αα¬ cutting torch αα¬αΈαααΈααΌααΈα»αααΈα»αα α‘α α±ααΈα»αααΈα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα α±αα«αααααΈα»αααΈ (gouging)α α±αΎααΈαα±αα ααα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα¬αΈαα« α»ααααααα«ααα
ααα»ααα»αααΈααΌα abrasive cutting, band saw cutting, cold sawing, laser
ααα αααα¬ ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈα‘ααΈααΈα α±ααΌααα α₯
ααα α»ααα»ααα»αααΈα‘ααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ Portable Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting Equipment
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cutting, lathe cutting, shearing, oxyfuel cutting, waterjet cutting, plasma cutting α ααα»αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±αα«ααΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα‘αα α‘α¬αΈααΈα αα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ α ααα¬αΈαα¬αα¬ ααΌ αα±αα¬αααα ααααΈα αα‘ααΈαααα«ααααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααα αα ααα»αααααα αα ααα»αααααα αα ααα»αααααα αα ααα»αα αααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters) (PVC & PPR Pipe Cutters)
PVC Pipe Cutter PPR Pipe Cutter
ααααα¬ ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα»αα αΏααΈ ααΈαα‘ααΌαααΌαααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααααααααααααααααααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α» α» α» α»ααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈ ( ( ( (End End End End FFFFinishinginishinginishinginishing))))
αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘αα αααα»αααΏααΈαΏαααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα ααααα‘ααΌα α»αααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αααΈα αα‘ααα α»ααααααα«ααα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα α±α α¬ααΈααΈα±ααΈ (bevelling) ααα«ααα αααααΈα ααα WPS (Welding Procedure Specification) ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα«αα αα ααα ααΈαααα»αα αΏααΈ αα αα«αα α αα ααα ααΈααααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«αααΌα αΎαααα«α αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬ ααααααα α±αα¬α α αααα±ααΈααα (grinding) α»αα αα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬ααα‘αααααα αα±ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈααΌα α±αα¬αα αααααα α»αα αΏααΈ ααα»αααα±αα¬αα α‘ααα αα±ααααααΈα α±αα¬α α ααααα ααααα«α ααααΈααΌαααΈααΌα¬αΏααΈ α±αα¬αα ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈ αα±ααΈ ααααΌα¬αΈαα«α α»αααα±αα¬αα αααααααα α»αα αα«ααα α±αα¬αα ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬α αα ααα±αα±αα¬ ααα ααα‘ααα¬αΈα»ααααααα ααα¬αΈα α‘αα α‘α±αΎααΈαα¬αΈαα±α αα±α αα α‘ααααααα±α αα α±αα¬αα ααααΏααΈα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌαααα¬ αααα¬αΈαα αα±αα±αα¬αα ααααααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα ααΈααααα¬αΈαααα
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218
ααα (PVC)α α±α‘αα‘αα (ABS) αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α»αααΏααΈαα ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌα¬ααΌαα±αα±αα¬α‘α αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα‘αααα α¬αΈαΏααΈ ααααααΈα±ααΈααα«ααα FRP αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααααα α»αα»ααα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα
219
α‘ααα Butt and Wrap joint α»αα αα«α lamination ααααα±ααα¬α grinding α α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα Butt and Wrap joint ααααα¬ αααααΈα±ααααααΏααΈ α±αα¬αααα¬ αααα¬αααα ααα αα¬αΈα»αα αα αααα¬ααα»αααΈα α±αααα α€αααα±αα¬αααΏααΈ ααα αα¬αΈ α»αα αα ααα»αααΈα lamination ααααα α±αααα«ααα
ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααααΎαα¬αΈαα (gap) αα¬αΈαααα ααααααα grinding ααααα α αααααα¬ ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα±αααααΏααΈ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα αα αααα ααα‘ααΌααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααααααα lamination procedure α α±αα±α αα¬αα¬ αααα¬ααα«ααα
ααααα FRP αααα¬αΈααΌααα Socket Joint ααα«α±ααΈααα α‘α ααααα¬αΈαα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα αααα ααα α α¬αΈα αα¬ααα ααααα±ααα¬α αααααα¬α»ααα α±αα¬ααα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα¬ ααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α‘αααααα¬αΈαα¬α ααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα αααα α α¬αΈα±ααΈααα«ααα αα shaving ααααα scarfing ααααα α±αααα«ααα
Shaving ααααα scarfing ααααα‘ααΌα αααααα¬αααα¬αα¬αΈ ααα«ααα αααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘αα αααααα¬αααα¬α ααΈααα«ααα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬
GRP ααα lamination αααα α»αααααα¬αΈα GRP ααα lamination ααα±αα α₯
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ααααα«α α‘ααα α±αααααα«ααα ααααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααα α‘ααΌα ααα αααααααα¬αα ααΈαααα αααααα¬ αααααααααα α₯ααΈ αα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎααααα«ααα FRP αααα¬αΈααΌα Bell and Spigot α‘αααα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«ααα Socket Joint αα αααααα¬ Socket joint α α‘α±α»αα¬α (0 - ααααα) α»αα αΏααΈ Bell and Spigot joint α taper (1 - αα ααα) α»αα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα Smith Fiberglass Product α Scarfing Tool α»αα αααα α¬αΈα±ααα‘α¬αΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααα α¬αΈαΏααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬α ααα»αα ααα αααααα«α ααα‘α ααα αααα αα¬αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααααα α α¬αΈααα¬αΈααα«α ααααααα¬α α α¬αΈαα¬ α±αα¬ααΈαα«ααα
αααα αααααα α±αΎααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα αα (Threaded joint) αα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«ααα α€ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈα α‘αα αα ααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαααΈ αααα αααα»αα αα«ααα ααα‘αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα»αα α‘αα αααΈαααα αΎαααα ααα ααααα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«αααα¬ α‘ααα±αα¬ ααα‘αα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αα«ααα
α‘αα±αα¬α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ NPT American Standard Pipe Taper Thread NPSC American Standard Straight Coupling Pipe Thread NPTR American Standard Taper Railing Pipe Thread
GT Marine ααα scarfing ααα±αα α₯ Scarfing αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ Green Thread Marine αααα±ααΌααα α₯
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NPSM American Standard Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread NPSL American Standard Straight Locknut Pipe Thread NPTF American Standard Pipe Thread Tapered (Dryseal) BSPP British Standard Pipe Thread Parallel BSPT British Standard Pipe Thread Tapered
α‘αα¬αΈααΈααΈαΎαα±αα¬ α‘αα αα¬ NPT (National Pipe Taper) or (National Pipe Thread) α»αα αα«ααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααα¬αα¬ αα ααΌα α‘αα ααα«αααΈ αα«αα¬αα«α α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈααααα«α αα‘αα ααα α»αααΏααΈ αα¬αα¬α»αα α‘αα α±αα¬ααα αααααα αααααα α₯ααΈα
α‘αα α ααα¬αΈαααα ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα αα αααα«α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»αααααα
αααααααα α αα αα αα α Fabricating Fabricating Fabricating Fabricating αααααααααααααααα α» α» α» α»ααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈ
αααααααααΈα αα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα»ααααα α α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α
Pipe StandPipe StandPipe StandPipe Stand
ααααααΏααΈ αααα»ααα±αα¬αα αααααα pipe stand ααα«ααα α‘ααααΌα pipe stand αα ααΈαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ ααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ αααααααα¬α»αα αα ααα α‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈαα¬α ααααααα¬ααΌα ααα‘ααα±α»ααα«ααα
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Water LevelWater LevelWater LevelWater Level ( ( ( (α±αααα±αααα±αααα±ααα))))
ααα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααα‘ααα¬ ααα«ααα αααααΈαα¬ααα α±ααα α‘ααα αα‘ααα±α»ααα«ααα
Set Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri SquareSet Square or Tri Square
αααα¬αΈ alignment αααα 90 deg Elbow, 45 deg Elbow, Flange αα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααααα α α α±ααΈαα Tri- square ααα«ααα ααα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα Tri- square α‘ααααα±αα¬αααΈ αααααΈ αα¬ααα Tri- square α‘ααα αα‘ααα±α»ααα«ααα
α±ααααΈα±ααααΈα±ααααΈα±ααααΈ (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape) (Measuring Tape)
Welding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and ElectrodesWelding Machine and Electrodes
αααα»αα αα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα±αα ααα¬αΈαα« α‘ααααα»αα α±αααα«ααα ααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ α‘αα‘α±αα¬ααααα«ααα Welding Machine αα Electrodes αα¬αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα±ααααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈα»αα αα«ααα
Marker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / ChalksMarker / Punch / Marker Pen / Chalks
α»ααααα±ααα¬α Heat No., Spool No. αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα marker αα¬αΈααα«ααα α‘ααΌααααααααα±αα¬ Permanent Marker/ Paint Marker αα¬αΈααΈαα«α
αααΈαα¬αα αααα»αα αα±αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬ α±ααααΈα»αα αα α ααα¬α α ααα¬α α ααα¬ α αα»αα α±ααααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α¬αΈ αααα‘αα ααααααααα α±ααααΈα α±ααΌαΈαα«α
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Wrap AroundWrap AroundWrap AroundWrap Around
ααα α»αααααα±ααα¬ αααα¬αΈαα Wrap Around ααα«ααα Wrap Around α ααα square cut α±ααΈα±αα¬ααα α»αααααα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬α‘αα‘α α±ααΈαα«ααα α‘ααα α±α αΈααΌαααΌα α‘ααΌααα αααααα«α αααα¬αα¬ αααααα«ααα αα αα α±αα α‘α 3mm α 5mm α αα¬αα¬α»αα¬αΈα α‘αα α α±αααΌααα α±ααΈα±αα¬αααα»αααα¬ wrap around α‘α»αα ααΈαααα«ααα
Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (Hammer / Mallet (αα¬αα¬ααα¬αα¬ααα¬αα¬ααα¬αα¬α))))
ααα alignment αααα ααααα α±αααααα¬ααΌα ααααα αα αα¬αα¬ ααα¬αΈ ααα«ααα
αααααααααααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈααααααα α₯ααΈααααααα α₯ααΈααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈαα Clamp Clamp Clamp Clamp αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
ααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα¬ααΌα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα α±α αα αααα¬αΈ (clamps) α»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα α€ααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα clamp αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Hammer
Mallet
Bar Clamp C Clamp Jorgensen Canvas Band Clamp
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ααααα αααααα αααααα αααααα α (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alig (Pipe Alignment Equipment)nment Equipment)nment Equipment)nment Equipment)
ααα»ααα α αααααα α±ααα αααααααααα α₯ααΈ α±αααα ααα ααα±αα¬αααα¬ αα ααα±αα¬ αααα¬
ααα‘α»αα αα‘αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ (Iso Drawings)α αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘ααααα±αα¬α αα¬αΈααα ααΈααααΈα ααΈαα¬ αααα¬ α‘ααα α ααα‘ααα α±αα¬ααΈααα«αΈα α±ααα ααα ααα α α¬α‘αα α‘αΎαααΈα α¬ααΌαα ααααΈ α±αα«ααΈα αα αα‘ααα«α αα±ααααΌαα±αα¬ααααΈαα α α±ααΈ α±ααα ααα‘αα»αααα¬αΈ (Pipe Schedule Table), αααααα α₯ααΈ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα»α α α¬α±α α¬α (Fitting Bulletin)α αααα αααααα αααααα α‘ααααΈα α¬ααΌα (reference documents)α Masking Tape (α ααα)α α‘αααα‘αα αα»ααα ααΈα α‘αααααΈααααΌα α ααααααααΈ αα‘ααα α‘αααααααα±α αα α»αααααα¬αΈααα«ααα α‘α¬αΈααΈα αΏαααα αααααααααΈ α αααααα«αΏαα
Spool Drawing ααα Spool Drawing ααΎαααααα«α αααααα Iso Drawing α±ααααΌα FW (Field Weld) Joint αα¬αΈα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬αααα¬αΈαα«α αα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααααα«α±α ααα 90elb α ααα±αα¬ααααα SR ααααα LR α±αα±ααα¬αα¬α α αα«α Flange ααα ααααα #150 ααααα #300 α±αα±ααα¬αα¬α α αα«α Alignment ααα±α αα α±αα±ααα¬ αα¬ ααα ααα«α αααααααα αααααααα Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
αααα¬αΈα α±ααααα (alignment) αα¬ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈαα (horizontal / longitu-dinal)α α±αα«ααα (vertical)α α±ααΈαα (lateral) α αα»αα α‘ααααααα±α αα ααα αα«ααα Flange αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα bolt α±αα«ααα¬αΈ (Hole level for Flanges)α αααααα αααα¬ ααΌα αα₯αΈαα±α»ααΈαααΈαα±αα±α αα (alignment for pipe to pipe) ααα αααα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααααΌαααααΌαααααΌαααααΌα Flange Flange Flange Flange ααααααααααααααααααααα»αααΈα»αααΈα»αααΈα»αααΈ
ααααΈαααααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα±ααΈααα ααα»αααα«ααα
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αα ααααααααΈααα±ααα¬ααΌα ααα»αα (high β low) αα αααα ααααΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ αΎαα¬αΈαα (gap) αα ααα±αα«ααα¬αΈα α±ααα (level of bolt holes) αα ααααΈαααα¬α»αα α±αα¬αααααα (alignment of flange surface)
High β Low α‘ααΌα pipe alignment αααα¬α»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα tri β square α»αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααααα«ααα αααα‘ααΌα αααα ααααΈαΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α 3mm αα±αα¬ααΈαααΏααΈ αα¬αΈαααα«ααα ααΈα±αα«ααα¬αΈα α±ααααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«αα‘αααΈ αααααα«ααα
α±αα»αααα ααΈα±αα«ααα αα‘ααΌααΈ αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ ααΈαα αα α±αα¬ααΈ αααα«α ααα±αα¬α αααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα α±ααα αααα¬ αααααα«ααα
ααααΈαααα¬α»ααα α±αααα αα αα α±αα¬α»ααα« αα‘αααΈ α α αααα«ααα αααα¬ α»αααα αααααα¬αΈαααα α αα±α α¬ααΈαα ααααΈαααα¬α»αα α±α α¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα« α ααααΈααααααΈ ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα‘αα±ααΌααααα«ααα
α αααα αα αααα αααα¬αΈ ααΌα A αα α ααααα¬ αα αα ααα«α αα αααα‘αα αααααΈαα¬αΈ ααα α ααααα¬αα ααααα«α
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αααα¬α»αα α±α α¬ααΈα±αα±αα¬ αααα¬α»αα ααα±α‘α¬α ααααΈαααααα αααα¬ ααααΈα α±ααΌααα α₯ ααα±αα¬ααααΈα α±ααΌααα α₯
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow 90deg Elbow α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
90deg Elbow αα¬αΈα αα αα α±αα¬α»ααα« αα‘αααΈ ααααΌααα α±αα¬ααΈα»αααααααα«ααα ααααα αα«ααααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«αα‘αααΈ α±ααααα αα»αα ααααΌααααα«ααα
ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα¬ α»ααα¬ααα ααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬ ααααα‘α α±ααΈαα±αα¬ α‘αααΈ αααΈαα¬αΈα α,αΏααΈ ααααα¬ αααΌαα αα«α αααααα¬α»αααα α‘αααΈ αα αα¬α»αα high β low ααααα¬αΈ ααααα α»αα αα α‘αααΈαααΈα α±αααααααΈ αααα¬αΈααα«ααα
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α€α±ααα ααΌαααα ααααα αααα¬αα αααααα α‘αα¬αΈαααΈ ααΌααΌα¬αΈααααα
αα αααα α‘αααΈα αααα¬α»αα hi β low, gap α ααααα αααα«α αα αΏααΈαα α‘α±ααααααΌα tacking ααΌαα«α αα αΏααΈαα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»ααα gap α α»ααααα α±ααΈαααα¬α gap, alignment ααα αααα¬ α±α‘α¬αααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ tacking ααΌαα«α αα αΏααΈαα α±ααΈαααα¬α α»ααα α αΏααΈ α±ααΈαα αααα ααα ααΌα tacking ααΌαα«α
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Tacking Tacking Tacking Tacking ααΌαααααΌαααααΌαααααΌααα α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα 45454545deg Elbow deg Elbow deg Elbow deg Elbow α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
αα ααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αααα¬ααΌααααΈ αα ααα α‘αααΈαα α‘αααα α»αα αα« ααα α±αααααΌα αα ααα α±ααααααα«αα«ααα αα ααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αα ααα α±ααα ααα ααΈαα¬αα¬ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«αααΌα αΎαααα«α
αα ααα α±ααα
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αααααααα αααααααα α α α α αααα Tee Tee Tee Tee α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
αααα¬ααΌα hi β low, gap α αααααα α‘ααα±α‘α¬αα α±ααΈαααα¬ ααααΌα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ α α α±ααΈααααα«ααα Tacking ααΌααα¬ α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αα α»αα αα«ααα ααα»αααααα¬ tacking ααΌα α₯ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα±ααααα±α αα α»αα αα«ααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Pipe to PipePipe to PipePipe to PipePipe to Pipe α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα Alignment Alignment Alignment Alignment ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ
αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααΏααΈ (Fit-up αααΏααΈ) ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘α±ααΈαααΈ αααα¬ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ spool α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα α (drawing) ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα αααα αααααΌα±αααα α»ααα α α±ααΈαα α»αα αα«ααα αααααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ fit-up ααα»αααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘α±αα¬ α‘ααα»ααα ααΌα¬αΈαα«αΏαα αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα αα‘ααα±ααΈααΌα inspection checklist box
Joint No. α‘ααααα«α
Spool No. α ααΈα ααα«α
Fit - Up Date : αααααα
Fitter No. ααααα‘αα
Welding Date: αα±αα±αα¬αααα
Welder No. αα±αα±αα¬α
MPI Date:
α (Tee) α‘ααΌα αααα¬ααΌααααΈ αα ααα α‘αααΈαα α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα αααΌα α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ ααααΌααα α±αα¬ααΈααΈ αΏααΈ αααααα«ααα
αα αααααΈ αααα¬ααΌααααΈ α‘αααα« α‘αααΈααα»αα αα«ααα αααΌα α»ααα¬αΈαα α‘αααΈ ααααΌααα α±αα¬ααΈααΈαΏααΈ αααα αα«ααα
α αα ααααΌα α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ α±ααΈααααα«ααα αααααΈααΌα αα ααα αα α α±ααΈαα±ααΈαααΈ ααααααα«αα ααα ααα±αα¬ αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα α€α‘ααα ααααα ααααα±ααααα ααααα ααααα±ααααα αα±α α±αα¬ααα NDT test ααααα±ααα αααα α ααααα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
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α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ α ααΈα (spool) αα¬αΈα±ααααΌα α ααΈαααα«α (spool no.) αα¬αΈα αα±ααα±αα¬α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα αα«ααα ααααα±αα¬ spool αα¬αΈ αα¬αΈαα¬ααααα‘α α±αα¬α±ααΌαΈαααααα«ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα‘αααα¬ ααα±αα¬ααΌαααααα shop weld αα αααααΈααΌαα α±αα¬αα ααααα field weld (FW) α αα¬αΈααααα±α αα α»αα αα«ααα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα shop weld ααααα αααα α α±ααΈαα«α αααααααα αααααααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈαα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈ
Fit β up αααΏααΈαΏα ααααα α α α±ααΈααααααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα ααα»αα α α α±ααΈααα«ααα α α α±ααΈαΏααΈαααα αα±αα±αα¬αα αα±ααααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαΎαα¬αΈααα«ααα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘α»ααα‘α α α‘αααΈ ( α )ααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌα ααα αα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α αααααααα αααααααα Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes Bonding for PVC / ABS and FRP pipes
αααα αα αααα αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈααΌαα butt joint αα¬αΈαααΌα ααΈααα Fit-up ααα αα¬αααα«α Socket Joint ααααα Bell and Spigot joint αα¬αΈα»αα α Fit-up αα α»αααΈαα ααα»αααΈ (bonding) αα¬ αα αΏααααα»αα αα«ααα PVC, PE, PPR, Fibre Glass Pipe α αααα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈ (α) ααΌα α‘α»ααα‘α α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
230
αααααααα αααααααα αααααααααααα αα±αα¬ααααα±α‘α¬ααα±αα¬ααααα±α‘α¬ααα±αα¬ααααα±α‘α¬ααα±αα¬ααααα±α‘α¬α α» α» α» α»ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Cutting the Pipe at any angle)
α»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈα»ααααααΈ α‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘αααα αα α αα»αα±ααααΌα ααα OD α‘αααΈ α ααααΈα»αααΈαα αααΌαα«α α ααααΈα α α αα αααα ααα±αΎαα¬α αα α ααα αα ααα α αααα α ααααΈα ααα α»ααααΌα¬αΈαα αα ααα αα₯αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α αα α α ααααΈα»αααΈα α‘α±ααααΌα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈααα‘αΏαα αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α αα α‘αα α α ααα₯αΈα±αααα α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈααΌαα«α αααα±ααα¬ααΌα ααα ααα»ααα α±αα¬ αααα‘αααΈ αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α αααΌα Γ α»ααα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα α ααααΈα»αααΈααΌαααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ 45 αα₯αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α ααααΈαααα‘αααα¬αΈα α
α»αααα₯αΈα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α α α ααα±αα¬α C1, C2, C3, C4 αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈααα«α αα α αα‘α»αα±ααααΌα α ααααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬ααα αα₯αΈα±α»αα¬ααα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΌαα«α
α ααααΈαα‘αααΈα‘αα¬ = α.ααα x α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αα αα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α α ααα α¬αΈα αα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αα₯αΈα±ααααΌα
α‘αααα¬αΈαααα«α αα‘αααα¬αΈα 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1 α α‘ααα±ααΈααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
Γ = Angle of Cut (α»αααα±αα¬α±αα¬α) OD = Outside Diameter of the pipe R = Radius = OD / 2 RA = R x Cos 45 = R x 0.707 C1 = OD x tan Γ
C2 = (R + RA) x tan Γ C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan Γ
α»αααα±αα¬αα₯αΈ
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αα α α±ααα¬ααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ α»αααα₯αΈαααααα»αα α αα α»αα ααα α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ C4 α»αα ααα αααααΈα‘αααΈ α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα ααΌαα«α α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ C3 α»αα ααα αααααΈα‘αααΈ α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα ααΌαα«α α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ C2 α»αα ααα αααααΈα‘αααΈ α αα α α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα ααΌαα«α α α±ααα¬ααΌα αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ C1 α»αα ααα αααααΈα‘αααΈ α α±ααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α
αα ααα±αα¬α αααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααα αα¬αΈα αααααα ααα α»ααααα αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα ααα«αΏαα ααα ααα‘αααΈ α ααα»ααααα¬ α»αααα±αα¬ ααα±ααααΌααααΏααΈ αα₯αΈααΌαααα«α ααα»αααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα α»αααα₯αΈααααα α»αα αα«ααα
ααΌααααΈααΌααααΈααΌααααΈααΌααααΈ
α‘ααα±αα¬α»ααα«αααΈαα¬ α αα±ααααΌα αααΌααααααΈα»αα αα ααααΌααααα‘αα αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌααααααΈααα«ααα αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα« ααα
α₯ααα¬ααΌαα -
α ααααααα ααΈα αα ααα α»ααααα ααα«α αα α€α α¬α‘α α α¬αααα¬ αα αα«ααα¬αΈααΌα αααα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ (OD) α αααααα« ααα α€ααα¬αΈα‘α α αααααα OD αα¬ α.ααα ααα α»αα αα«ααα ααΌααααΌαα±α αα ααααα¬ α±α»αα¬ααΈααΌααα«ααα α.ααα ααα = α.ααα x αα .α = ααα ααααα¬ (OD = α ααααΈα α‘αααΈ)
ααα±αΎαα¬α α ααααΈααααΈ = α.ααα x ααα αα = ααα αα α»αα αα«ααα αα α αα α α¬αΈαα αα ααα«ααα α€αααα¬ α ααααΈα α α αα ααΏααΈ αα α ααααααΈ α»αα αα«ααα ααααα α ααααΈ = Circle, α ααααΈ = circumference, α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ = Outside
Diameter (OD), α.ααα αα¬ αα (Ο) ααααΈα»αα αα«ααα α‘αααα«αα±ααααΈα‘α -
R = 2219
= 109.5 (α ααααΈα α‘αααΈαα)
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RA = R x Cos 45 = 77.44 C1 = OD x tan Γ C2 = (R + RA) x tan Γ = 219 x tan 60 = (109.5+77.44) x tan 60 = 219 x 1.732 = 186.98 x 1.732 = 379.4 = 323.8
C3 = C1 / 2 C4 = (R - RA) x tan Γ = 379.4 / 2 = (109.5 β 77.44) x tan 60 = 189.72 = 55.6
α€αααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα α‘αααα α»ααα±αα¬ααααα«ααα α‘ααΈ αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα αααα αα.α αααα αα αααα αα αααα αα αααα αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα tan ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααααααα±α αα α±αα¬α»ααα αα«ααα
α±αα¬αα‘ααΈααΈα‘ααΌα tan (αααΈαα) ααααΈαα¬αΈ
α±αα¬α tan α±αα¬α tan α±αα¬α tan 7.5 0.132 22.5 0.414 60 1.732 10 0.176 30 0.577 70 2.747 15 0.268 45 1 75 3.732 20 0.364 50 1.192 80 5.671
ααα α α αα ααα α‘ααΌαααΈα±αα¬αααΈαα¬ ααααααα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α‘ααααα α αα‘ααΌααα ααΌααααα«α α αα»αα ααααααααΏααΈ αα αααα
ααα±ααα¬ααΌα α‘αααααα«α αα α α‘α ααααα‘ααΈααα αααΏααΈα±αα«ααααα
αα ααα α»αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα
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αα α αααααααΈαα α‘αααααα αα αα ααα±αα«ααααα«α ααα α±ααΈα αα α αα α‘αααα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬ααα ααα±αα«ααααα ααα α α αα ααα α±αα«αααΈ αα¬αα¬αΈ αααα αα±αα«αααΈαα¬αα¬αΈααα α αα ααα‘α¬αΈαααααΏααΈ αα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αααΈ ααα±ααααΌαααααΌα¬αΈαααα«α ααα α α αα ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα ααα«αΏαα
αα‘αααα¬αΈα αα αα αα α α αα»αα ααα«ααα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈ α α±ααα¬ααΌα ααα α α±ααα¬ααΌα C4 ααααΈα α α±ααα¬ααΌα C3 ααααΈ α αα»ααα±ααΈααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα‘αααα¬αΈα ααα»αααΈα»αα ααα»ααααααα₯αΈα ααα«ααα αααααααα αααααααααααα Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 6 (90, 45, 60, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)0, 30 etc) (2pcs, 3pcs)
α αααααα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈ αααα¬αα¬α»αααααααΈ ααα«ααα α€αααα»αααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈ α αααα¬αΈα αααα¬α‘αααΈ (Miter Elbow) α αα»αα α±αααα«ααα α€α‘αααΈααΌα α€αααα±αα¬ miter elbow, miter tee α αααα¬αΈ α»αααα α»ααα αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈααααα±α αα αααααα α‘α±ααΈα α α±αα¬α»αααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
Angle of cutAngle of cutAngle of cutAngle of cut ααα α‘αααΈαα α α»αααα±αα¬ααααα ααα»ααααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αααα»αααα ααα α»αα αα«ααα α‘αααΈαααα ααα α»ααααα Cut Angle α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
2 x Welds ofNumber Turn of Degree ofNumber Cut Angle =
αααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈ ααα (ααα αα α αα) α»ααααα±αα¬α = ----------------------------------------------------- αα±αα±αα¬αααα‘α±αα‘ααΌα x α
αα ααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΌα α»ααααα±αα¬ααα¬ αα ααα α»αα αα ααα‘α αα αααα‘αααΈα αα ααα α‘αααΈα αα αααα‘αααΈα αα.α α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααΈ ααΌαααααα«ααα
α‘αααΈ α»ααααα±αα¬α α‘αααΈ α»ααααα±αα¬α α‘αααΈ α»ααααα±αα¬α
αα αα αα αα.α αα.α αα.αα αα αα αα αα αα α.α
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α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈα α»αααααα‘ααα‘α α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ (cutback dimension) A α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα«ααα A α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
A = (Pipe OD / 2) x ( tan of Cut Angle) A = ααα α‘α»αααα α‘αααΈαα x α»ααααα±αα¬αα αααΈααααααΈ
α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ (OD) αα tangent αααΈααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα αααααα±α αα α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα ααα‘ααΌαα ααα αα α±αα¬α»ααΏααΈ OD ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα¬ααα»αα αα«ααα
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ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈ (Outside Diameter β OD) ααα‘ααΌα OD ααα‘ααΌα OD ααα‘ααΌα OD
α αα.α αα ααα αα ααα α αα αα αα α αα ααα α αα αα ααα αα ααα α ααα αα αα α αα ααα α ααα αα α αα αα ααα α ααα αα α α α αα αααα α ααα αα ααα αα ααα αα ααα
αααΈααααααΈαα¬αΈ (Tangent Values) ααα Tan ααα Tan ααα Tan 60 1.732 30 0.577 15 0.268 50 1.192 22.5 0.414 10 0.176 45 1 20 0.364 7.5 0.132
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααα¬ααΌαααααα¬ααΌαααααα¬ααΌαααααα¬ααΌαα ---- αααα αααααααααααααααα αα αα αα αα αααααααααααα Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow (2 pieces) (2 pieces) (2 pieces) (2 pieces) α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ
αα αα±ααα ααα¬α±αα¬α±αα¬ αα ααα α‘αααΈαα α α»ααααα«ααα αααα αα¬ ααα»ααααα αα ααα α‘αααΈααΌα ααααα αααΈαα¬ αα«ααα αααααα αααΈα αα±αα±αα¬α»αααΈα»αα αα‘αα±αα¬ αα ααα α‘αααΈα ααα«ααα
αα‘αα« α‘αααΈαααα ααα α»ααααα Cut Angle αα¬ -
22.5 2 x 1
45 Cut Angle ==
α»αα αα«ααα αα αααα«αααΌα αΎαα αα«α αα α ααααα α αα ααα α‘αααΈαα α αααΎαααα«ααα α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬
cutback dimension A α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌα ααααα«ααα
OD of 6β Pipe = 168 mm (α‘αααα« OD ααα¬αΈα) tan 22.5 = 0.414 (α‘αααα« tangent ααα¬αΈα) A = (Pipe OD/2) x (tan of Cut Angle)
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ααα±αΎαα¬α A = (168/2) x 0.414 = 35 mm α»αα αα«ααα ααα±ααααΌα α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α αααααα¬α»αα α‘α±αααα
ααααααΌα ααα₯αΈααα¬ααα αα ααααα¬α αααααα¬α»αα α±α‘α¬ααααααα ααΌα ααα₯αΈαααααα αα ααααα¬ α‘αα‘ααααα«α ααα ααα wrap around αααα αα α»αα¬αΈαααααααα«α α»ααααααα₯αΈαααα«ααα
ααααααα«ααααΈ α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌαα±αα¬α»αααα ααΌαα / ααΌααααα«ααα
α ααααΈ=168 x 3.142 = 528
2 pieces 45 degree miter elbow ααααα αααΈαα« αα ααα αααα¬α‘αααΈ
3 pieces 90 degree miter elbow αααααΈαααΈαα« αα ααα αααα¬α‘αααΈ
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αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αα±ααα αααααα±ααα αααααα±ααα αααααα±ααα αααα ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ αααααααα αααααααααααα Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow Miter Elbow αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow) ( 3 pcs and 4 pcs 90deg Miter Elbow)
α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α ααα‘ααΌα αα αααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα ααα αα α±αα¬ααΈαα‘α α¬αΈ αααααΈα (αα±ααα ααα±αα¬)α αααα±ααΈα (αα±αααΈααα±αα¬) α α α»αααααΈ α»ααααΎααα«ααα αα α€αααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
ααα αα±ααα αα±αα¬α±αα¬ αααααΈαααΈαα« αα ααα α‘αααΈαα α α»ααααα« ααα αα‘αα« Angle of cut (α»αααααα±αα¬α) ααααΈαα¬ -
22.5 2 x 2
90 Cut Angle == α»αα αα«ααα α‘α αΌααΈαα αααααααα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ A
α»αα αΏααΈ α‘αααααααα‘αααα¬ B α»αα αα«ααα
α₯ααα¬ - α αααααα α‘α αα‘αααΈααΈααα« ααααα αααα¬α‘αααΈ αααα ααΎααα«α αα α αααααα»αα αα»αα Miter Radius (R) αα¬ α x α.α = αα ααα α»αα ααα (ααα±αα¬ α‘α±αααααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααααααααααΈ ααααα«ααα) αα ααα = αα x αα .α = ααα ααααα¬ α»ααααα±αα¬α (Cut Angle) = 22.5 degree ααα±αΎαα¬α - A = ααα x tan 22.5 A = ααα x α.ααα A = ααα ααααα¬ B = A x 2 = ααα x α = αα α ααααα¬ α»αα ααα
ααααα α ααααα αααα¬α‘αααΈ αααα¬ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈ α‘α αα‘αααΈααΈα αα«ααα α»αα αα«ααα α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α αα‘αααΈαα αααα«αα αα ααααααα¬
A = Miter Radius x tan of Cut Angle A = R x tan 22.5 = R x 0.414 B = A x 2
ααα»αααα α»αααα₯αΈααΌαααΌαααΈ αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αα αα ααα α‘αααΈ ααα α₯ααααΈαα α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌααΎαααα«α
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α‘αααΈα αααααα«α αααα αα« α‘α αα‘αααΈα±ααΈααα« (αα±αααΈααα±αα¬) ααααα αααα¬α‘αααΈ
αααα«ααα αα‘αα« Angle of cut (α»αααααα±αα¬α) ααααΈαα¬ -
15 2 x 3
90 Cut Angle == α»αα αα«ααα α‘α αΌααΈαα αααααααα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ A
α»αα αΏααΈ α‘αααααααα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬ B α»αα αα αααΌααΎαααα«α
αα αααααα α‘α αα‘αααΈ α ααα« αααααα‘αααΈαα ααααα ααΎααα«α αα αα αααααα»αα α Miter Radius αα¬ αα x α.α = αα ααα (ααα ααααα¬) α»αα αα« ααα (ααααααΏααΈ ααα ααααα¬αααΈ α»αα αααα«ααα) ααα±αΎαα¬α A = 381 x 0.268 = 102 mm αα B = 102 x 2 = 204 α»αα αα«ααα Miter Bend Radius ααΌααααΌααααΈαα¬αΈα ASME Pressure Piping Code α»αα α±αα¬ ASME B31 α‘αα ASME B31.1, B31.3 and B31.8 ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα Internal Design Pressure, Angle of change in direction, Stress Value, Coefficient α αα αα¬ααα αα¬αΈ αα¬αΈααααααα α‘αααααα¬ α‘ααΈα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα α‘αααΈααΈαα αα±α‘α¬α αααααα Miter Radius α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
α‘αααΈααΈαααα Miter Bend Radius αα¬ 2D
tanA R +=
Ο α»αα αα«ααα
α€ααΌα - R = Radius of Miter Bend D = Outside Diameter of pipe
Ο = Cut Angle α»αα αα A ααααΈαα¬ -
T β c ααααΈ αα αααααα A = 25mm α»αα ααα
A = Miter Radius x tan of Cut Angle A = R x tan 15 = R x 0.268 B = A x 2
ααα»αααα α»αααα₯αΈααΌαααΌαααΈ αα¬αΈα α α¬αααα¬ αααα αααα ααα ααααΌα αΎαααα«α
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T β c ααααΈ αα αα αα αΎαα¬αΈααα A = 2 (T β c ) α»αα ααα
T β c ααααΈ 22 αααααΈαα 30 3c)-(T 2 A += α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα T αα ααα‘αα»αα αα c αα¬ mechanical allowance α»αα αα αα αααα¬ ααα α‘αα α±αα¬αααα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα±ααΈααα α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘αα»αα αα c α αααα 0.5mm α ααα«α
ASME B31 α α¬α‘αα ααααΈααΌαα
α‘αααα« αα αααααα miter radius α αααα¬ααΌααΎαααα«ααα ααα Sch 40 α αααα«ααα Outside Diameter of 10β Pipe = 10.75β (273mm) Thickness of Sch 40, 10β Pipe = 0.365β (9.27mm)
Ο = 22.5 for 3 pieces miter elbow
αα‘αα« T β c < 13 , ααα±αΎαα¬α A = 25
2D
tanA R +=
Ο ααΌα α‘α α¬αΈααΈαααα«α -
2273
tan25 R +=
5.22 α»αα ααα ααΌααααα R = 197 mm α ααα«ααα α€ααααΈ
αα¬ α‘αααΈααΈαααα ααααΈα»αα α αααααα¬ αα¬αΈαα«α±α α ααααΈαα«α±α ααα αααα«ααα α‘ααΌαααΈαα¬ ααΌ αα±αα¬ α‘ααααΌαααΌαα»αααα Miter Radius = Pipe Size x 1.5 ααα ααΌααααΈααΌαα αα¬αΈαααΈ ααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααΈ α»αα αα«αα ααα»αα α€α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬ standard long radius elbow αα αα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
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ααα±ααΈαα αα α₯ααα αααααΈαα α»ααααα¬αααΌαα αα‘αα« profile α α α¬αα αα¬ αααα αααα ααα ααααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα αααααΈα±α α αα αα α‘α αααα¬αΈα±αα»αα ααα
α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌα α αααααα‘ααΌα α ααααΈα α α αα α ααΌααα¬αΈαα« ααα α‘ααα αα αααααα»αα αα αα α αα αα αααααααα αα α αα αααα αααΈα±αα¬ααααα α‘α α ααα αα α α α αα»αα α αααΌα¬αΈααα«ααα
αααααα αα ααα αααα¬α‘αααΈαα¬αΈ ααααααααΈ α‘α±αα¬α‘αα α»ααα ααΌα¬αΈαΏα α»αα αα«ααα α α¬α±ααΌαααααα ααα±ααΌααααΎααα αα¬αΈαααααα«ααααα ααααααα ααα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αααααααα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα Branch Branch Branch Branch αα¬αΈααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα»αααΈ (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reduci (Equal, Reducing, Lateral) ng, Lateral) ng, Lateral) ng, Lateral)
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch ( Equal Tee, Equal Branch (α‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌαα ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ))))
αααα αα« ααααα (Header Pipe) α ααΌααΌαααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈααΌαα (Branch) αα¬αΈ α α»ααααααα₯αΈ ααΌαααΌαααΈ (profile) α αααΈα»ααα«ααα αααα₯αΈα αΌα¬ ααααααα αααΈααΌαα α‘ααΌααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±α»αα¬αα«ααα αα Equal Tee, Equal Branch α α±αααα
αααΈααΌαααΈααΌαααΈααΌαααΈααΌ (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) ααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘αααα
αα α α¬ααΌαα‘αααΈαααΈ (αααααα ααα‘ααΌααααα α α¬ααΌα A1 ααααα A0 size) α±αα ααΌα αααααα‘ααΌαα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈα α ααααΈαα αα α‘ααα±α‘α¬α ααΌαα«α
ααα α‘αααΈα αα α α α α αα¬αΈαα ααα‘α αα α αα αα α αα α‘α α αα αα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ α‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα
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α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌααΎαααα«α
αα α‘α±ααααα ααααΈα α‘αααΈα±ααααΌα αα α α (ααα±ααΈαα α α α) α ααα«α α α‘αααΈ α±αααα‘αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αααα αα¬ αα α α αα αα αα αα αα α α α αααα«ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αα αα‘αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈα±αααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α αα αααα‘αααΈα ααΌααα«α αααα‘αααΈ = ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ x α.ααα α»αα αα«ααα
α α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘αααΈ α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈα α‘αααα ααααααΌα αααα¬ααα αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α
α α ααα₯αΈα αα αααΈαααΈαΏααΈ αααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α αα±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα¬αΈα ααααααΈαα αα¬ αα α α αα αα αα αα αα α α αα α α αα αα αα αα αα α α α α ααα«α αα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α
αα α‘αα α ααΌα α‘α±ααααα ααααΈα α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈα±αα ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬α αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈ ααααα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈ αα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α
αα α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈααααα₯αΈα α‘α±αααα ααα‘αα αα αα‘ααΌα¬ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈαα
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αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα αα¬ααααααΌαα«α αα ααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αα α ααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈα
αΎαααα«α α‘α±ααα ααααΈ ααα α α αα¬αααα₯αΈαα αααα¬αα α‘αααΈα±αα¬ααα ααα α αα₯αΈαααααα±ααα¬α α‘ααα±ααΈαα«α ααα‘α α‘α±αααα ααα«α α ααα¬αα αα₯αΈαα αα¬αα ααα«α α α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈα α‘α±αααα ααα«α α ααα¬αα αα₯αΈαα αα¬αα ααα«α α α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ α αα»αα αα±αα¬α‘αααα¬αΈα αααα«α
αα αα‘αααα¬αΈααααααα αααΈααΌααα α»ααααααα₯αΈααα«αΏαα αααα¬αΈααααα¬ ααα«α α αα₯αΈααααα¬ααΌα α‘α±ααα ααααΈααα¬α±αα¬ ααα«α α αα₯αΈαααα αααα₯αΈ α‘α±αααα ααα‘ααα αα‘ααΌα¬ααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα αααα»αα αα«ααα ααα₯αΈα‘αααΈ αααΈααΌααα±αααααα¬ α»αααααα«α α»αααΏααΈαααΈααΌααα αααααα±αααα αΏααΈαααααα αααααα±ααααΌαα»ααααα α‘αααααα«ααα αααα¬ααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα αααΈααΌαααα¬ α‘ααΌαα±ααΈααααα»αα αα¬ αααααα±ααααΌαα»αααα αα₯αΈααααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα ααΌαααΌαααΈα α α¬αααα¬ αα α ααΌααΎαααα«α
ααΌαααΌαααΈαα¬ α‘ααααΌαααΌαααα‘αααΈ α»αα αα«αα αα α α¬ααΌαα‘αααΈαααΈ (αααααα ααα‘ααΌααααα α α¬ααΌα A1 ααααα A0 size) α±αα
ααΌα αααααα‘ααΌαα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈα α ααααΈαα ααααΌαα«α αα ααααΈα α‘αααΈα±ααααΌα αα α α (ααα±ααΈαα α α α) α ααα«α αα‘αααΈα±αααα‘αααα¬αΈα αααα αα¬ αα αα αα α α αα α α αα αα α αααα«ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αααΌααΎαααα«α
αα α‘α±ααααα ααααΈα α±α‘α¬αααααααααΌα αααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘αααΈ α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΌαα«α
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αα ααα₯αΈα αα αααΈαααΈαΏααΈ αααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα«α ααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααααΈαα αα¬ αα αα αα αα αα α α αα αα αα αα αα α α αα αα αα αα α α ααα«ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αα ααα«α α αα₯αΈα α±α‘α¬αααααα‘αα αα αα‘ααΌα¬ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈα
α±α‘α¬ααα ααα«α α αα₯αΈα α‘α±αααα ααα‘αααα αα‘ααΌα¬ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈ αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΌαα«α
α α α‘αα α αα αααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα±αααα α‘α±ααααα ααααΈα α ααααΈα±ααααΌα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα«α αα αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα ααα¬ααΌα α‘α±ααα ααααΈ ααα α ααα¬αααα₯αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα
α‘αααΈαα₯αΈαααΈ α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈααα«α α αα ααα¬ααΌα α‘αααααα«α ααα‘α α‘α±αα αα ααα«α α ααα¬αααα₯αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα ααα«α α α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈα α‘α±αααα ααα«α α ααα¬αααα₯αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα ααα«α α α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈ α αα»αα αα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα αααα«α
αα αα‘αααα¬αΈααααααα ααααααα»ααααααα₯αΈ ααα«αΏαα αααα¬αΈααααα¬ ααα«α α αα₯αΈααααα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬αααα α‘αα¬αΈαα ααα«α α αα₯αΈαααα α ααα«α α αα₯αΈ α±α‘α¬ααααα α‘α±ααααααααΌα ααα‘ααα αα‘ααΌα¬α ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα αααα»αα αα«ααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
ααα±αα¬α ααα¬α±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα α»ααααΏααΈ αααααααΈα±αααααα¬ αααα αα αααααα α»ααααα α»αααα₯αΈααα«αΏαα
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch ( Reducing Tee, Unequal Branch (α‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌααα ααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ))))
αααα αα« ααααα (Header Pipe) α αααΈαΏααΈ αααΈααΌαα (Branch) α α±ααΈαα α±αα¬ αααΈααΌαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α»ααααααα₯αΈ ααΌαααΌαααΈ (profile) α αααΈα»ααα«ααα αα Reducing Tee, Reducing Branch, Unequal Branch α α±αααα
αααΈααΌαααΈααΌαααΈααΌαααΈααΌ (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) (Branch Profile) ααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘ααααααΌαααΈα‘αααα
ααΌαααΌαααΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααα (Equal Tee) ααΌααα α‘ααααα»αα αα«ααα ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈ αααα¬ ααααα (header pipe) α‘ααΌααα αααΈααΌαααα ααααΈα»αααΈααα»αα αα«ααα αα α‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬αααα ααααΈα±ααα¬ααΌα ααααααα‘α»ααααα‘αααΈα α ααααΈα ααΌα±ααΈα αα«ααα α‘α±ααα ααααΈ (branch pipe - αααΈααΌαα) α αααΈαα¬α±αα¬ αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααααα α ααααΈα αααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαααα«ααα αααΈααΌααα»αααα₯αΈαααα αααΈααΌαααα»αααα¬ αααααα±ααααΌααα¬ αα αααα αααααα α»ααααα α»αααα₯αΈα ααα«ααα αααααα αααααα»αααα₯αΈααα« ααΌααααα‘αα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« αα‘αααΈααΌααααα«ααα α€ααΌα ααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα¬ ααα ααα α‘αααΈα±ααααΌα α αααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα αααΈααΌαααα αααααααα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α‘αααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΌα αΎαααα«α α αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α a, α αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α
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b, α αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬α c α αα»αα ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘α±αααα αααΈααΌααα ααααΈα αααΈαα¬αα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα α ααα ααα±ααα α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαααα αααααα«α αααααα±ααααΌα ααΌααα α»αα αα₯αΈα ααα«αΏαα
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αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌαα Lateral Lateral Lateral Lateral αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches) (Equal Lateral Branches)
αα αααα αα ααα α αα Lateral Tee αα¬αΈ α»αααααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα« ααα α€ααΌα α‘α±ααΈα‘αααΈααΈαααα¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬ αααααα αααα₯αΈ αα α±α α¬ααΈα±α α±αα¬ αααΈααΌααα αααα₯αΈααα α»αα αα«ααα ααααα αααα α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα ααΌα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬αααα«ααα
αααααα±ααααΌα α»αααα₯αΈααΌα
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αα α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααααα«ααα
23 tan x 2OD a = , ααα±αΎαα¬α 0.4245 x
2OD a = α»αα αα«ααα
68 tan x 2OD b = , ααα±αΎαα¬α 2.475 x
2OD b = α»αα αα«ααα
αα αααααα±ααααΌα wrap around ααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααΌαα«α ααα₯αΈα±αα ααΌα ααα‘αααΈα α±ααΈα αα ααΏααΈ α‘αααα«αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ 1, 2, 3, 4 α α‘αααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α α‘α±ααααα α‘αα α α α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈα αααααα a αααΈαΏααΈ α‘αααααα«α αααΌα A α α‘ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα αα‘αα α ααα αα¬αααα b αααΈαΏααΈ α‘αααααα«α αααΌα C α α‘ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈααα¬ α‘αα α αα α αα B α»αα αα
αα B α A αα C α‘αααα¬αΈαα αα₯αΈαα¬αΈαααααα αααααα±ααααΌαα»ααααα αα₯αΈ ααα«αΏαα
αα αααΈααΌααα±ααα α»αααα₯αΈαα α‘α±ααΌα‘ααΈ ααΌαα±αα αα¬ ααα±αα¬αα«α d = b α»αα αΏααΈ c = b β a α»αα αα«ααα α α αααΈααΌααα±ααααΌα ααααα αααα‘αααΈα α±ααΈα αα ααΏααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα α±αα¬α»α
αα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ 1, 2, 3, 4 α α‘αααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αααα±α‘α¬αααα‘αα α α αααα¬αααα d αααΈαα«α αα‘ααα E α α‘ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα αα±ααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈ ααΌαα«α
αα ααα‘α±αααα α‘αα α α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘αα α ααΌαααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααααα₯αΈα
αααααα±ααααΌα α»αααααα‘αααα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈα
αααΈααΌααα±ααααΌα α»αααααα‘αααα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈα
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αααααα c αααΈαα«α αα‘ααα αααΌα D α α‘ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα αα ααα±ααΈααα α‘αα α αα α α D αα E αα αα₯αΈαα¬αΈααααΌαααα αααΈααΌααα α»ααααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααα«αΏαα αα αααα»αααα¬ααΌα αα ααααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Fiber Cutter ααα ααααΈαααΈ ααααα
ααααΈαα Hack Saw α»ααα»αααααα«ααα α»αααα¬ααΌα αΎαα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αααΈαα¬αΈ αα»αα α±α αα αααα¬αα¬α αααα α α»ααααα«ααα
ααααα α α€αααΈαα¬ ααα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ α ααα α α αααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈ α ααα α‘ααα¬ ααα±αα¬αα«ααα αααααΈαα¬α±αα¬α‘αα«ααΌαα αααΌαΏααΈ ααα±ααααΌα α‘αααααα¬ α»ααα»αααΈααα¬ ααααα±αα¬ α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α»αααα₯αΈααΌαααΌαααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α₯ααα¬ααΌααααΈ -
α αααααα Lateral Tee αααα α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌααα ααΎααα«α αα α αααααα OD αα¬ α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ ααα ααααα¬ α»αα αα
αα‘αα« 0.4245 x 2OD a = α»αα αα»αα a = (ααα / α ) x α.αααα = αα .α ααααα¬
2.475 x 2OD b = α»αα αα»αα b = (ααα / α ) x α.ααα = ααα.α ααααα¬ ααα«ααα
α‘ααα αα.α αααα αα αααα αα αααα αα ααα α α±αα¬ lateral αα ααα lateral ααα α₯α ααΈαα±αα¬ αα αα αα ααααα¬αΈα±ααα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« α±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α‘α α¬αΈααΈααΈα αΌααα α»αα αα«ααα
Fiber Cutter
Hack Saw
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αααααΌαα±α αα 2OD
α R α α±αααΎααα«α αα αα‘αα« α±αα¬αα‘ααΈααΈαα±αα¬ lateral αα¬αΈ
α‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααΌαααααα«ααα
Angle a Angle b a b 22.5 Lateral 11 79 a = R x 0.1943 b = R x 5.1445 30 Lateral 15 75 a = R x 0.2679 b = R x 3.732 40 Lateral 20 70 a = R x 0.364 b = R x 2.747 50 Lateral 25 65 a = R x 0.4663 b = R x 2.1445 60 Lateral 30 60 a = R x 0.5773 b = R x 1.732 70 Lateral 35 55 a = R x 0.7 b = R x 1.428 80 Lateral 40 50 a = R x 0.839 b = R x 1.1917
ααααααα‘αα αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αααα₯αΈααΌααααα« ααα ααΌαααΌαααΈαα¬ αα ααα α ααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈ (Equal Tee) αα¬αΈ ααΌ αααΌαααΈα‘αααΈααα»αα αα«ααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌαα αααΈααΌαααα¬ αα ααα αααα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈα±ααα»αα αααΈααΌααα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈ (Circumference Line) α αααααα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈααΌαα¬αΈα»αααΈαα¬ ααΌα¬αα«ααα
250
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αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌααα Lateral Lateral Lateral Lateral αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches) (Reducing Lateral Branches)
Reducing Lateral Tee αα¬αΈ α»αααααα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα lateral αα¬αΈ ααααα αααΈ α‘αααΈααα»αα αα«ααα ααααα (Header) α±ααα¬ααΌα ααααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αα¬ ααΌα¬αα« ααα α€ααΌα αααααα±ααα α»ααααααα₯αΈαααΌαα αααΈααΌααα αααααα±αααα αα αα α‘αααΈα±α»αα¬ααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α a, b, c, d α α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α a, b, c, d αα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααΈααΌααα‘αααΈα αα α αα ααΏααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα ααα ααα±αααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα¬α αα±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα αααααα‘αααΈαα ααα α±ααα¬ααΌα αααααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ αααΈαα¬ααα±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααΌα αΎαααα«α ααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαααα±αα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα₯αΈα±α»αα¬αα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα αααΌα¬ αααα¬αΈ α‘ααα αααα¬α±αα¬ αα₯αΈαα α‘αα α α ααα¬α±αα¬ αα₯αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ α αααααα‘αααΈα±ααααΌα α‘α±α»αα¬αα‘αααΈ αααΈααααα«ααα ααα‘ααα α‘αα α αα α
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α‘αΎαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα α‘αα α αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα α‘αα α αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬ α‘α±ααΈααα αααΈααααα«ααα α€ααΌα αα ααα lateral α αααα¬αα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ α α αααα αα ααα α ααααα‘ααΌααααΈ α‘ααααα»αα αα«ααα α‘α±α α¬αα±αα¬ααα¬ ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α α‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌααα Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee Unequal Lateral Tee α» α» α» α»αααα₯αΈααααα₯αΈααααα₯αΈααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα¬αΈααΌαα¬αΈααΌαα¬αΈααΌα αααα¬αααα¬αααα¬αααα¬
αα ααααα αααααα±ααααΌα αααα αααΈααΌα αα αααα±α α¬ααΈαΏααΈ αααα α»αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα αααα¬ααΌα»ααα«ααα
αα αα αααααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ - αα.αα ααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α‘αααΈ αααα ααΈ ααΌαα«α αααα α±ααΈααΌααααΈ αα.αα αααα‘αααΈα α ααααΈαα αα ααΌαα«α₯αΈα ααααα ααα α‘α±ααααΌα αα αααα±α α¬ααΈαα ααααααααΌαα«α α αααΌααα α‘α»αααα α‘αααΈαα¬ α.αα αααα»αα ααα ααα‘α ααααα α ααααΈα α‘α±ααααααα αααα₯αΈ αα αααααΈααα α‘αααΈ α.αα αααΌα α ααααΈα»αααΈαα αα ααΌαα«α
αα αα αααα±α α¬ααΈααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααααααααααααααΌα αααα₯αΈαα αααααΈ ααα α‘αααΈ α.αα αααα α ααααΈα»αααΈαα α ααααΌαα«α α α αααα ααααΈα»αααΈαα¬αΈ α α α αα ααα«α αα α ααα αα ααα αααα α ααΏααΈαα αα αα αα αα α α αα»αα α‘αα αα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αα ααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα αα αααΌααα±αααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα«α
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αα αααα¬ααα α ααααΈααααα¬αΈα ααααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα α‘αα¬αΈ αααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α ααα±αα¬α αααα¬αα α‘ααα ααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα ααααα α‘αα α ααα¬α±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα±αα¬α‘ααα αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα‘α αααα¬ αα α‘αα α αααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα ααααα α‘αα α α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα±αα¬ α‘αα α αα»αα αααααα¬ααααα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα«α αααααα¬αΈα αααααα αα αα¬αΈα α»ααααα α»αααα₯αΈααα«αΏαα
αα αααΈααΌ α αααααα α»ααααααα₯αΈααΌαα α αααααα α‘αααΈα ααΌααα«α α‘αααΈ = α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ x α.ααα α»αα αα»αα α αααααα α‘αααΈ = α.αα x α.ααα = αα.αα ααα ααα«ααα αα αα α αα ααα αα α αα α.α ααα ααα«ααα αα ααα α±α α¬ααΈαααΈαα¬αα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα α±αα¬ααααααα±ααα¬ααΌα α αααααα α‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα αα₯αΈααΌαΏααΈ ααα₯αΈα±ααααΌα αα₯αΈαα α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α.α αααααα αα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΌαα«α ααα₯αΈαα¬αΈα αα αα αα αα αα α α αα αα αα αα αα α α αα αα αα αα α α ααα«ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α
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α α αα αααα±α α¬ααΈααΌαα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααααα±ααααΌα α»αααα₯αΈα‘α»αα ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈα α αααΌααα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα±αααα αα ααααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα«αααααα α αα ααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈ α ααααΌαααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αα₯αΈαααααα αααα¬αΈαα«α ααα‘α ααααα α‘αα α ααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈ α‘αα α ααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αα₯αΈαα αααα ααααα α‘αα α ααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈ α‘αα α ααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αα₯αΈαα αααα ααααα α‘αα α ααα¬α±αα¬αα₯αΈαα α‘αααΈαα₯αΈ α‘αα α ααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬αα₯αΈαα ααα αα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα«α αααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα αααααα αααα αααΈααΌααα±ααααΌα α»ααααα α»αααα₯αΈα ααα«αΏαα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα αΎαααα«α
αα αααααα±ααα α»αααα₯αΈαααΌαα α‘αα αααα¬ααααΌαααΌαα¬αΈαα ααααα αααΌ αααα αααΈααΌ α ααααα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα ααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈ αα ααα αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα αααΈαα«α α‘αααα¬ αα₯αΈα±ααΌαΈα‘αααΈαααΈαααα»αα α±αα¬αααΈ αα₯αΈα ααα‘ααΌα αα₯αΈα±α»αα¬αα‘αααΈ αααΈαααααΈ ααα«ααα α€ααΌα α αα α αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬ α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.ααα α αα α αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.α αα α αα α αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.αα α
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α αα α αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.αα α ααα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα αΎαααα«α
αα α‘αα αααααααΌαααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααα α±α‘α¬αααααααΌα α‘αα α α αααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα‘αααΈ α‘αααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαααα₯αΈαΏαααα¬αΈ ααΌαα«α ααα₯αΈαΏαααα¬αΈα±αααα α‘ααα»αααα₯αΈααα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα«α
α α
αα
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α‘ααααΌαααΌαααα‘αααΈ ααα¬ααα¬ ααααα¬αΈ (α‘αα ααα«α α αα₯αΈαα α±α‘α¬α ααα«α α αα₯αΈαααα α‘αα ααα«α α αα₯αΈααα±α‘α¬αααα«α α αα₯αΈ ααα) α αααα αα αααααα±ααααΌα α»ααααα α»αααα₯αΈα ααα«αΏαα α‘αααα« αα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬α±ααα¬αα«α
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌααα‘ααΌαα Wye Wye Wye Wye αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ (Wye Template Develompent)
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α€ Wye ααΌαα ααΌ αα±αα¬α‘α±ααΈα ααα±α»αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α α‘αααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈα ααΌα ααΌαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααΌαααΌααα Equal Tee, Reducing Lateral α αααααα αα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαααΈ α‘ααααα»αα αα«ααα α€αα±ααα¬αααα αα±αα¬α±αα«αα±αα¬ααΏαα αα αα«ααα ααΌαααΌαααΈαα¬αΈ α±ααα¬α αΌα¬α»ααααα±α αα ααααΈαα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααΈα α¬αΈααΌαΎαααΎα αα«ααα
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αααααααα αααααααααααα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααΈαα¬αΈα α± α± α± α±ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ αααΈααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα»αααΈααΌααα»αααΈααΌααα»αααΈααΌααα»αααΈ
αααα¬αα¬αΈ (Instruments), αα‘α¬αΈα»αααα¬ (Pressure Gauge), α‘αααα»αααα¬ (Temperature Indicator) α αααααααααα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα ααα‘α±ααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα α₯ααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Weldolet
αααα¬αα αααααα αααα αααα αααααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ ααααΌα¬αΈ αα±ααΈαα ααααααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα αααααααααα αΎαα¬αΈααΌα Weldolet α αΎαα¬αΈαααΈααα Weldolet αα¬ ααα
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αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Sockolet
Weldolet αα¬ αααΈααΌαααα±ααΈα±ααααΌα butt joint α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα»αα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ Sockolet αα¬ αααΈααΌααα±ααααΌα socket joint α»ααααααα αααα¬ααααΈ ααααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Threadolet
Weldolet αα¬ αααΈααΌαααα±ααΈα±ααααΌα αα±αα±αα¬ααα Sockolet αα¬ socket
joint α»αα ααααα Threadolet αα±αα¬ αααΈααΌααα ααα‘αα α»αα ααααα ααα α₯ααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬ αααα¬ααααΈ ααααΎαααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Nippolet
Nippolet α αααααα nipple outlet ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα Nippolet α αααααα±ααααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ ααααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
ααααααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈααΌαααα±ααΈααααΌααα« αα ααα ααΈ αα±αα±αα¬ααα
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αααααααα αααααααααααα α α α α αααα Elbolet
Elbow α‘αααΈααα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ outlet α αα±αα¬ elbolet α α±ααααα αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Sweepolet
Sweepolet outlet αα α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ weldolet, sockolet α αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααα α¬αα α±αααΌααα±αα¬ααΈααα ααΏααΈα±αα¬α±αα¬α±ααΌαα±ααΌα αααααααα αααααα α₯ααΈα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌαααΈαααααααα¬ αααααΈα ααααΈα±αα ααααα«ααα αααα¬αα¬αααΈα»ααα ααααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈαα¬ ααΈααα«ααα
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αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Half Coupling
ααα±ααΈααα¬αΈ ααααΈαα₯α±ααα¬α±α αααα Half coupling α α‘α»αα¬αΈ coupling, cap αα¬αΈαα αα₯ααΌα±αα¬α»α ααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ weldolet, sockolet, threadolet, nippolet, elbolet, sweepolet, half coupling αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΈααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘α¬αΈααΈα‘αααα α»αα αα«ααα ααΈααα αα αααα α‘ααα±α»ααα α‘αα¬α ααΈααα»αααΈαα¬α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Reducing Saddles
αα ααα α α αα ααα α α α±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα« ααα ααααα±αα¬ αααα¬αααα αα¬αΈαα±αα¬ Reducing Saddle α ααΈαα«ααα
Fiberglass αααα¬αΈααΌα Reducing Saddle α α±αα¬ααα αααα«ααα αααα¬
αααα ααΌααααΈ Reducing Saddle α Bell outlet, Threaded outlet, Socket Outlet α αα»αα α‘ααΈααΈααααα«ααα ααααααα α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααα αΌα¬αα¬ααα«ααα
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α‘αααΈ αα
ααα‘αααα¬αΈ (Pipe Supports)
αααααΈαα αααΈα±α»ααΈαα¬ααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈαααααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααα ααααΈα‘α±ααΈααα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈαα α‘ααα αα«αα±ααΌαααα α‘α±ααΈααα α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ ααα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαα¬αα α‘α±ααΈααα α±αα¬αα¬α ααα α ααα ααααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬αα ααααααα«ααα ααα‘ααΌααΈααα¬αα αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈα α ααα±ααααα α₯ ααα±ααΌαααα αααααΈα±ααααα±αα¬αααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ α αα αα«αααα ααααααα±α αα αααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈ (pipe supports)α α‘αααΈαα¬αΈ (guides)α α‘αααα¬αΈ (anchors) α ααααα ααααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α αα αα ααα±ααΈα αα«ααα ααα αααααΈα α‘α¬αααα¬αΈαα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αααααα α‘ααα‘α αΈ ααα ααΈα αΌααααα»αα αα«ααα
αααααΈα αααααααααΏααΈ αα±ααΌαΈααΌαα±α αα (excessive bending)α α‘αααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬αα αααααΈα ααααΌααα (thermal expansion)α α±ααα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ (water hammer) α ααααα αααααααα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈ ααααα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈααααα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα loop αα¬αΈ ααααα anchor αα¬αΈα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌαααααα α ααααα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ ααΌααααΏααΈα ααααα«ααα α€αααααΌαα»αααΈα α‘αααααα¬α‘α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα Stress Analysis α α±αααα«ααα
ααααα stress analysis α ααα»ααααΌαααα α‘ααΌααααααααα αα ααΌαα»ααα¬α±ααααΌαα αααααα¬αααααααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈ ααα±ααΈ αααα»αα support, guide, anchor, loop αααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααΌαα»ααα¬α ααΌαα±ααΈ ααΌα¬αΈααα
αααααΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ stress analysis program αα¬ CAESAR Program α»αα αα«ααα ααααααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααααΈαααΈααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
ααα‘αααΈααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈααααααα±αα¬ αααααααα αααααα αα¬αΈ (Specifications) α ANSI, ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31.1, Factory Mutual (FM) ααα α±αα¬ααααα±αα¬α»αααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα ααα‘ααααααααα‘ααααααααα‘ααααααααα‘αααααα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ
ααα‘ααα Structural steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, ductile iron α αα»αα αααααΈααααΈαααα αα α₯ααΈα‘α αΈα‘α α¬αΈ α‘ααΈααΈα»αα αααααα«ααα αα¬αα₯ααα«ααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα α¬αΈαααα«ααααααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈ α»αα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααα α±ααΈααα ααΏααΈ ααΈαααΎααα«ααα ααα±ααΈα αααα±ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα‘α»αα ααΌαααα αα»αααΈ (hot dip galvanizing) ααααΈ α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
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α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααααααΈαααα¬ααΌα ααα‘αααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, ASTM-A36, ASTM-A53, ASTM-A120, ASTM-A123, ASTM-A153, ASTM-307, AWS-D1.1, MSS-SP58, MSS-SP69, MSS-SP77, UL203, FM1551, MFMA-2 α ααααα αα»αααΈααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»αα±αααα«ααα ASME αα¬ American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASTM αα¬ American Society for Testing and Materials, MSS αα¬ Manufacturers Standardization Society, UL αα¬ Underwriters Laboratories α»αα αΏααΈ FM αα¬ Factory Mutual α αα»αα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα ααα‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ
ααα‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα«ααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α±αααα‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘αααα¬αΈααα¬ α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈα±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
ααα‘αα ααααΈααααα¬αΈααα»αα α±α α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌαααα - αα Pipe Shoe αα Pipe Support αα Pipe Guide αα Anchor α α Shock Absorber - α αα«αΈααΈααα«ααα
α»ααα±α»αα¬ααα ααα α±ααΈααα‘α±ααΌα (Lateral movement) α αααΈαα guide αα¬αΈα ααΈααα ααα α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌα (longitudinal movement) α αααΈαα anchor αα¬αΈ ααΈααα ααα support α±ααααΌααααα pipe shoe α ααΈααα Pipe support α αααα¬αΈ αααααΈαααΈαα αααΈα αααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈαα±ααααα αααααΈα αα αα«ααααααΈαα shock absorber αα¬αΈα ααΈααα
Pipe Support ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈαααΈαα«ααα
αα αααααΈα α‘α αα‘αααΈαα ααα±α»αα¬αααα pipe shoe, guide αα trunnion αα¬αΈα ααααα αααααααααα±ααΌαα±αααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααααααααΈααΈ αα¬αΈ (ααααα) αααΈαα¬αΈααα αααα α‘α±ααΈα αα Iso Drawing ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈ α±ααααα
αα α±αα¬ααα ααα¬ Pipe Support α»αα αΏααΈ αααααΈα α‘α±ααΈααα αααΈααΈαα¬αΈααα Pipe Support αα¬αΈα ααα α‘α±ααΈα αα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα pipe support drawing ααΈααα ααααΌαα¬ α±αα¬α»αα±αααα«ααα
αα α±αα¬ααα ααα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα±α»ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ Pipe Rack α»αα αΏααΈ αα pipe support α αααα±αααααα«α ααα steel structure αα αα»αα ααα α€α α¬α‘αααΌα pipe rack α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα ααααααα«ααα αα Pipe Support ααααΈ
αα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ pipe support ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ αααα‘ααΌα α‘α»ααα‘α α±αα¬α»ααα αα»αα αααα«α αααααα¬ αα±αα€α¬αααΈα‘ααα project
264
α‘αα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ pipe support design αα¬αΈα αααα¬ααααααα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FT β βTβ Post
Design guide for Type FT β βTβ Post support
Max Concentric Load (KN)
Height "A" Size of Steel
Section 600 800 1200 1500 1800 2000 2200 2400
100 x 100 x 12 L 12 8 6
152 x 152 x 23 UC 43 29 22 18 14 12 10 9
203 x 203 x 46 UC 115 83 63 51 43 39 35 32
Base Plate
Size of Steel
Section
Plate
SQ(A)
Plate Thk
(B)
Hole Ctrs
(C)
Hole Dia
(D)
100 x 100 x 12 L 200 12 140 14
152 x 152 x 23 UC 300 15 230 22
203 x 203 x 46 UC 400 20 320 27
Anchor Bolts
Hole
Dia (D)
Stud Dia
(A)
Stud
Length (B)
Hole Dia
(C)
Hole Depth
(D)
Torque (E)
(Nm)
14 M12 160 14 110 45
22 M20 240 24 145 200
27 M24 295 32 180 350
265
ααααα α L ααααα¬ Angle Bar α»αα αΏααΈ UC ααααα¬ C Channel ααααα U Channel ααααα«ααα Stud Dia M12 ααααα¬ ααααααα¬ α‘αααΈα α αααα α αααα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FU β βUβ Frame (Hanging)
Design guide for Type FU β βUβ Frame
Span 'A' (m) Size of Steel
Section 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0
80 x 80 x 8 L 2.6 2.1 1.6
100 x 100 x 12 UC 34 24 16 9.0
152 x 89 CH 52 40 30 24
152 x 152 x 23 UC 80 78 55 43 35 29
266
αααααααααααα α α α α αααα Pipe Support, Type FU β βUβ Frame (Bolted to Concrete)
Design guide for Type FU β βUβ Frame(Bolted to Concrete)
Max Vertical Load (KN) B β€ A
Span "A" Size of Steel Section
0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0
100 x 100 x 12 RSA 12 8 6
152 x 89 CH 43 29 22 18 14 12
152 x 152 x 23 UC 115 83 63 51 43 39
Base Plate
Size of Steel
Section
Plate
SQ(A)
Plate Thk
(B)
Hole Ctrs
(C)
Hole Dia
(D)
100 x 100 x 12 L 200 12 140 14
152 x 152 x 23 UC 300 15 230 22
Anchor Bolts
Hole
Dia (D)
Stud Dia
(A)
Stud
Length (B)
Hole
Dia (C)
Hole Depth
(D)
Torque (E)
(Nm)
14 M12 160 14 110 45
22 M20 240 24 145 200
267
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FC β Cantilever Bracket
Design guide for Type FC β Cantilever Bracket
Pipe Size
(in)
Size of Steel
Section
Dim
(B)
Dim
(C)
Hole Dia
(D)
Max Load
(KN)
2 80 x 80 x 8 L 60 71 12 1.1
3 80 x 80 x 8 L 75 103 14 1.1
4 100 x 100 x 12 L 90 128 14 2.2
6 100 x 100 x 12 L 120 187 18 2.2
8 152 x 152 x 23 UC 155 238 18 8.9
268
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FA β Angle Bracket
Design guide for Type FA β Angle Bracket
Size of Dim. Dim. Dim. Max. Load
Steel Section A B C KN
50 x 50 x 6 L 600 450 315 2.2
80 x 80 x 8 L 900 600 520 3.6
100 x 100 x 12 UC 1200 900 750 8.9
127 x 64 CH 1200 900 750 17
152 x 152 x 23 UC 1200 900 750 25
Refer to standard baseplate drawing if end plate required for bolting to steel/concrete.
269
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FL β βLβ Bracket
Design guide for Type FL β βLβ Bracket
Size of Max. Vertical D
Steel Section Load (KN) Dia
80 x 80 x 8 L 1.8 14
100 x 100 x 12 L 5.0 18
127 x 64 CH 9.0 22
152 x 152 x 23 UC 11.7 22
Drilling
Dia
(D)
Stud Dia
(A)
Stud
Length (B)
Hole
Dia (C)
Hole
Depth
(D)
Torque
(E) (Nm)
14 M12 160 14 110 45
22 M16 190 18 125 100
27 M20 240 24 145 200
270
αααααααααααα αααααααα Pipe Support, Type FB β Base Support (ααα‘αααΈααα‘αααΈααα‘αααΈααα‘αααΈ αααα αααΌα‘ααααΌα‘ααααΌα‘ααααΌα‘α))))
Design guide for Type FB β Base Support
Vertical Height 'A'
Member 300 450 600 750
50 x 50 x 6 L 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.7
80 x 80 x 8 L 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.4
100 x 100 x 12 L 5.5 4.2 3.4 2.9
Max. Vertical Load (KN)
Cross brace can be welded on site to suit vertical or horizontal pipe. A 30 x 30 x 10 shear lug may be welded to the pipe so that the bracket acts as a support, rather than a guide, for vertical pipes.
271
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support, Type FTG β Trunnion Guide
Design guide for Type FTG β Trunnion Guide
Trunnion
NB (in)
Trunnion
'B' Plate
SQ (Ref)
A' SQ Plate
Thk 'B' Guide Section
Weight
(kg)
1 1/2 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8
2 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8
3 150 300 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 9.8
272
Trunnion
NB (in)
Trunnion
'B' Plate
SQ (Ref)
A' SQ Plate
Thk 'B' Guide Section
Weight
(kg)
4 200 350 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 12.9
6 250 400 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 16.4
8 300 450 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 20.4
10 350 500 12 50 x 50 x 6L x 150LG 24.9
12 450 650 12 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 53.6
14 450 650 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 53.6
16 550 750 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 75.0
18 550 750 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 75.0
20 600 800 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 79.0
24 750 900 15 80 x 80 x 8L x 200LG 99.0
Anchor Bolts : Use 4-M12 Bolts
273
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support, Type FSW β Welded Pipe Shoe
274
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support, Type FSC β Clamped Pipe Shoe
275
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support, Type FVB β Vessel Mounted Bracket
Note: Use non-grip βUβ bolt configuration for guide.
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support, Type FVS β Vessel Mounted Support
α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα support α‘α±αααα±αα¬ guide α‘α±ααααα«ααΈααααα Guide α‘α±αααααΈαα«α αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ pipe shoe αα guide α αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα Support α‘α±αααααΈααααα α‘α stiffener α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα±ααΈαααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
α±αα¬αααα‘ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈαααα‘α¬αΈ - 54KN α‘αα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈαααα‘α¬αΈ - 15KN
276
277
αααααααααααα αα αα αα αα αααα α± α± α± α±ααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ (Small Bore) α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα ααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘αα
α αααααα±α‘α¬ααααα¬αΈ ααΌααααΈαα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα« ααα
ααααα α α‘ααα αααααΈαα α‘ααα¬(insulation) αααααα¬αΈαα 4.5kg/m ααα±αα«ααΈα±ααΈααα«ααα
278
Pipe
Size (in) Dimension 'A' (m) Dimension 'B' (m)
3/4 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.8 3.7 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.4
1 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 4.3 2.6 1.7 1.3 1.7
1 1/2 0.5 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.7 5.5 3.3 2.2 1.1 2.2
2 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 6.1 3.6 3.7 1.2 1.2
Column a b c d e a b c d e
279
Pipe
Size (in)
Dimension 'C' (m)
3/4 1.6 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.2
1 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9
1 1/2 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.0
2 2.4 1.8 0.9 1.5 1.4
Column a b c d e
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Hanger Arrangement
ααααα α ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈααΈα±αα¬ααα α ααααΌαα»αααΈα α ααα¬α‘αααα αα ααααα¬ α αααααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Note: To find permissible
overhangs: Match column for
Dimension βAβ with similar column
for Dimension βBβ and Dimension
βCβ.
280
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααα‘ααααααα»αααΈααα‘ααααααα»αααΈααα‘ααααααα»αααΈααα‘ααααααα»αααΈ ((((Pipe Shoe Arrangement)
ααααα α αααα ααΌαααα αααα αααα αα ααα αααα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα clamp shoe αα¬αΈααΈαα«α αα shoe α α‘αααα¬ ααα α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌαα±ααααααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Guide Support Bracket (Single Pipe)
281
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Suspended Bracket (Multi Pipes)
282
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Tee Bracket
283
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe to Pipe Bracket
284
α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈαα¬ α α¬αααα¬ ααα α αα‘ααΌα α»αα αα«ααα
285
Design Data for U-Bolt 'J' and 'H'
Supported
Line Size (in)
U Bolt Dia.
(mm)
Centre to Centre
Drilling (mm)
Dia. Of
Drilling (mm)
1/2 and 3/4 6 30/45 8
1 6 41 8
1 1/2 10 60 12
2 10 71 12
3 12 103 15
4 12 120 15
6 16 187 20
8 16 238 20
10 20 295 25
12 20 349 25
286
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Standard Pipe Support Components
287
α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Nominal Pipe Size ααααα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα αα ααα¬α»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααΌαααααα αα αα α»ααα α¬αΈαα«α α₯ααα¬ - Nominal Pipe Size 100 αα 100 / 25 = 4 αααΌ α»αα ααα 15 αα αααααα 20 αα αααααΈααα 40 αα α αααΌααΌα 80 αα α αααΌ α»αα αα
αα α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααα»αααα¬αααα¬αα±α αα ααΈααα»ααααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
I Beam α±ααααΌα support α clamp α»ααααΌαα¬ αααα¬αΈ α±α»ααΈαα¬αΈα
288
289
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Pipe Support Span
ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααα‘αα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈααα‘ααα α‘α αα α ααααα±ααααααα¬ ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα¬ α‘α±ααΈααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€ααΌααααααα¬αΈαα¬ ααα maximum bending stress α 6000 psi ααααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈααα±ααΌαΈααΌααα α.α αααΌα αααα¬ ααΌααααα¬αΈ α»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα (Ref: http://pipingdesigners.com)
Carbon Steel - Schedule Standard (Sch 40) αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
αααααα pipe support αα¬αΈα ααααα α»ααααααα α‘αΎαααΈ αα₯αΈαααααΏα α»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈ α α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα design ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα»αααα¬ αααααα«ααα αα ααα‘αααα ααα αα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈααααα¬αΈαααα ααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈ αααααΌ α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α€αα αααα¬ α‘αΎαααΈαα₯αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αααα¬ααα α‘α α‘ααα stress analysis ααΌααααααα¬αΈ α»αααα¬ ααααα«ααα αα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α αααΈ ααααΈαααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
290
Pipe + Liquid + Insulation Bare Pipe
(Water Filled)
Up To 175Β°C 176 To 315Β°C Up To 175Β°C
Span Weight Span Weight Span Weight
No
min
al P
ipe
Siz
e
Sch
ed
ule
(W
all
Th
ickn
ess
)
Co
rro
sio
n A
llo
wa
nce
M KG/M M KG/M M KG/M
3/4" 40 1.27 3.5 2.95 *
3.0 4.06 3.4 2.04
1" 40 1.27 4.0 4.08 3.5 5.36 4.0 3.06
1 1/2" 40 1.27 5.0 6.64 4.5 8.02 5.0 5.37
2" 40 2.54 5.0 9.45 4.5 12.07 5.5 7.60
2 1/2" 40 2.54 6.0 13.83 5.5 16.85 6.0 11.72
3" 40 2.54 6.5 18.50 6.0 21.86 6.5 16.06
4" 40 2.54 7.0 27.58 7.0 31.12 7.0 24.28
6" 40 2.54 9.0 51.22 8.0 58.60 8.5 46.91
8" 40 2.54 10.0 81.18 10.0 89.23 10.0 74.83
10" 40 2.54 11.0 118.87 10.5 128.44 11.5 111.20
12" STD 2.54 11.5 157.98 11.5 166.87 12.0 146.87
14" STD 2.54 12.0 182.78 12.0 192.30 12.5 170.28
16" STD 2.54 13.0 225.01 12.5 234.86 + 13.0 211.11
18" STD 2.54 13.5 271.44 13.0 283.05 + 13.5 255.80
20" STD 2.54 14.0 321.74 13.5 333.16 + 14.0 304.91
24" STD 2.54 14.5 434.54 14.0 449.57 + 15.0 415.39
Schedule extra strong αα double extra strong αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα« ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Pipe + Liquid + Insulation Bare Pipe
(Water Filled)
Up To 175Β°C 176 To 315Β°C Up To 175Β°C
Span Weight Span Weight Span Weight
No
min
al
Pip
e S
ize
Sch
ed
ule
(W
all
Th
ickn
ess
)
Co
rro
sio
n
All
ow
an
ce
M KG/M M KG/M M KG/M
3/4" 80 2.54 3.0 3.39 3.0 4.51 3.5 2.48
1" 80 2.54 4.0 4.72 3.5 6.16 4.0 3.70
1 1/2" 80 2.54 5.0 7.83 4.5 9.21 5.0 6.55
2" 80 2.54 5.5 11.24 5.0 14.00 6.0 9.40
291
2 1/2" 80 2.54 6.0 16.25 6.0 19.27 6.5 14.14
3" 80 2.54 7.0 21.98 6.5 25.34 7.0 19.50
4" 80 2.54 7.5 33.02 7.0 36.56 8.0 27.74
6" 80 2.54 9.5 64.00 9.0 71.37 9.5 59.38
8" 80 2.54 10.5 100.59 10.0 108.65 11.0 94.11
10" XS 2.54 11.5 137.57 11.0 147.11 12.0 129.74
12" XS 2.54 12.5 178.52 12.0 187.33 13.0 167.44
14" XS 2.54 13.0 205.00 12.5 214.36 13.5 193.02
16" XS 2.54 13.5 250.82 13.0 261.14 + 14.0 237.31
18" XS 2.54 14.0 300.77 14.0 312.38 + 14.5 285.45
20" XS 2.54 15.0 355.92 14.5 368.28 + 15.0 338.04
24" XS 2.54 16.0 474.62 15.0 489.20 + 15.5 455.58
1" XXS 6.35 4.0 6.80 3.5 7.93 4.0 5.63
1 1/2" XXS 6.35 5.0 11.42 4.5 12.81 5.0 10.18
2" XXS 6.35 5.5 16.44 5.0 19.21 6.0 14.60
2 1/2" 160 6.35 6.0 19.32 5.5 22.34 6.5 17.21
3" 160 6.35 7.0 27.25 6.5 30.61 7.0 24.84
4" 120 6.35 7.5 38.19 7.0 41.73 8.0 34.97
6" 80 6.35 8.5 64.00 8.0 71.37 9.0 59.38
8" 80 6.35 10.0 100.59 9.5 108.65 10.0 94.11
10" XS 6.35 11.0 137.57 10.5 147.11 11.0 129.74
12" XS 6.35 11.5 178.52 11.0 187.33 11.5 167.44
14" XS 6.35 12.0 205.00 11.5 214.36 12.0 193.02
16" XS 6.35 12.5 250.82 12.0 261.14 + 12.5 237.31
18" XS 6.35 13.0 300.77 12.5 312.38 + 13.0 285.45
20" XS 6.35 13.5 355.92 13.5 368.28 + 14.0 338.04
24" XS 6.35 14.0 474.02 14.0 489.20 + 14.5 455.58
Bondstrand Fiberglass pipes αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα (Ref: Bondstrand Design Manual)-
Recommended Maximum Support spacing for pipe at 100 F(38 C) and 150 F(66 C)
operating temperatures (Fluid specific gravity = 1.0)
292
Recommended Support Spacing for PVC pipe (Ref: PVC Design Guide) -
293
α±ααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ABS ααα PN15 α ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ - (Ref: http://www.epco-plastics.com/abs_technical.asp )
NOMINAL BORE 20 Β° C 50 Β° C 60 Β° C
SPACING GIVEN IN METRES
3/8" 0.80 0.50 0.40
1/2" 1.00 0.80 0.60
3/4" 1.10 0.80 0.70
1" 1.20 0.90 0.80
1.1/4" 1.30 1.00 0.80
1.1/2" 1.40 1.10 0.90
2" 1.60 1.20 0.90
2.1/2" 1.70 1.40 1.00
3" 1.80 1.50 1.00
4" 2.20 1.80 1.10
5" 2.30 1.90 1.20
6" 2.50 2.00 1.30
8"
ααα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ PN15 α‘ααΌαα»αα αα»αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα α±α‘α¬ααα« ααα¬αΈ α α±α»αα¬αα±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α‘αααα« α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα α±α»αα¬αα±ααΈααα«ααα
PRESSURE RATING PN 4.5 PN 6 PN 9 PN 12.0
CORRECTION FACTORS 0.63 0.71 0.88 0.92
αααααα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α±αα‘ααα ααααα α ααααα α»ααα±αα¬ααΈα±ααα α αααΌ α‘ααΌαα αα‘α¬αΈ PN15 α ABS ααα‘ααΌα ααα‘αααα ααααα α α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.α ααα¬ α»αα αα«ααα α‘ααα αα‘α¬αΈ PN4.5 α»αα αα«α ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬ α.α x α.αα = α.α α ααα¬ α»αα ααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
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ααααΌααααΈαα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈααα ααα‘αααα ααααα ααΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ (α±α)
ααα‘ααΌα (αααΌ)
ααα (Sch: Standard)
αααα¬αααα αα
ααα αα (Sch: 80)
α α αα α.α α.α α αα α α αα αα α α αα αα α α αα αα α.α α αα αα α.α α αα αα α.α
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααα‘αααΈααααα‘αααΈααααα‘αααΈααααα‘αααΈα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααααα±α‘α¬αααααα±α‘α¬αααααα±α‘α¬αααααα±α‘α¬α α» α» α» α»αααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈαααα»αααΈ
αα αα«αα αα±α αΈααΌαα‘ααΌααΈααΌα αααα±αα¬ αααααα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈ αα¬αααα α»αα ααααα αα‘αα«ααΈααΌα αα αααα‘αααΈα α‘αααα±αα¬α αααα α±α‘α¬ααα«
α‘αααΈ α»αααααααα
A = 1.5 x Dia of Elbow (DN) B = A β (OD/2) C = A + (OD/2) D = Degree of Fitting required K = Constant (αααΈα±α) = 0.01746 L1 = D x C x K L2 = D x A x K
L3 = D x B x K L4 = A x 2 x Sin (D/2)
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Dummy Support αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α» α» α» α»αααα»αααα»αααα»αααα»αααΈαααΈαααΈαααΈ
α±αα¬ααα αααα¬αΈααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα±αα¬αα‘α»αα ααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘αα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈααΌααααΈ α‘αααΈααααΈα±αα¬ αααα‘ααΈααΌα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααα‘α±ααΈααααααΈαα Dummy Support αα¬αΈ ααα±ααααα
295
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 1
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα αααα₯αΈ (Centre Line) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α αααα₯αΈαα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬ααααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) ααα αααΈαα¬αΈ αα ααΈααα
α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα -
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D β C3 3 = 2D β C1 6 = 1.5D α»αα αα
22
2114
22
2113
22
2112
22
2111
)(0.3827xR - )(R - R C
)(0.707xR - )(R - R C
)(0.9239xR - )(R - R C
)(R - )(R - R C
=
=
=
=
L1 = H5 β H1 L2 = H5 β H2 L3 = H5 β H3 L4 = H5 β H4 α»αα αΏααΈ H1, H2, H3, H4 αα H5 ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααααα
296
22
2 )R(1.5D - (2D) H1 += 2
2A2
3 )R(1.5D - )C-(2D H2 +=
221 (1.5D) - )C-(2D H3 =
22A
23 )R(1.5D - )C-(2D H4 β=
22
2)R(1.5D - (2D) H5 β=
α€ααΌα -
D = Outside Diameter of Elbow R1 = Outside Radius of Elbow = D / 2
R2 = Inside Radius of Support Pipe = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe / 2
R2A = R2 x Cos 45 = R2 x 0.707 α»αα ααα
αα α αα±ααααΌα αα αααα«α‘αααΈ αα±αα¬ααααα α αα±αα¬αΏααΈαα¬αΈ α αα ααα±αα ααΌααααα¬ α‘ααα±ααΈαΏααΈ α»ααααααα¬ α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 2
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αα (Bottom Surface) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α α±α‘α¬ααα αααα¬α»αααα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬α αααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα(αα) α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) ααα support pipe α‘α¬αΈ α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα α±α‘α¬αα±α»αααΌα support α αα¬αΈααα
297
D = Outside Diameter of Elbow size (N.P.S) d = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe t = Wall Thickness of Support Pipe
R1 = D / 2 R2 = d / 2 , R2A = 0.707 x R2
C1 = Cutback (First), 22
2111 )(R - )(R - R C =
C3 = Cutback (Third), 22A
2113 )(R - )(R - R C =
22t)-(2D - (2D) H1 =
222A
23 )R -Rt-(2D - )C-(2D H2 +=
22
21 )R -t-(2D - )C-(2D H3 =
22A2
23 )R -Rt-(2D - )C-(2D H4 β=
22d)t-(2D - (2D) H5 β=
Dummy Support
Type 2
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D β C3 3 = 2D β C1
L1 = H5 β H1 L2 = H5 β H2 L3 = H5 β H3 L4 = H5 β H4
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Fabrication of Dummy Support Type 3
Dummy Support Type 3
α Dummy Support α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααΌα αααααα α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αα (Bottom Surface) αα α±αα¬ααα (Support Pipe) α α±α‘α¬ααααααα¬α»αααα¬ αα₯αΈαα α±α»αα¬α αααΈ αα±αααα α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα (αα) α±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα (vertical pipe line) ααα support pipe α‘α¬αΈ α‘αα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈααα αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αα¬αααααα α‘α±ααααΈααΌα support α αα¬αΈααα
D = Outside Diameter of Elbow size (N.P.S) d = Inside Diameter of Support Pipe t = Wall Thickness of Support Pipe
R1 = D / 2 R2 = d / 2 , R2A = 0.707 x R2
C1 = Cutback (First), 22
2111 )(R - )(R - R C =
C3 = Cutback (Third), 22A
2113 )(R - )(R - R C =
1 = 5 = 2D 2 = 4 = 2D β C3 3 = 2D β C1
L1 = H5 β H1 L2 = H5 β H2 L3 = H5 β H3 L4 = H5 β H4
299
21
2 d)t R-(1.5D - (2D) H1 ++=
22A21
23 )R Rt R-(1.5D - )C-(2D H2 +++=
221
21 )R tR-(1.5D - )C-(2D H3 ++=
22A21
23 )R -Rt R-(1.5D - )C-(2D H4 ++=
21
2 t) R-(1.5D - (2D) H5 +=
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α‘αααΈ αα
α±αα‘αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ (Plumbing)
α±αα‘ααααα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ ααα αα αα¬α ααΈαααΈ ααΌαααα«ααα α±αα¬αα±αα ααΈα±αα α±αααΈααα αα α ααΈααααα ααΌααΏααΈαΏααΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈ ααΌα ααα αααααΈαα¬αΈ α ααααα±αα¬ααα¬ ααα«ααα α€α‘αααΈααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α»ααα α±αα‘αααΈ αααααΈα αα αα¬αΈαα¬ αααααα¬ α ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α αα αα α±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα‘ααααα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα α±ααααΈα ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααααΈ α αα αααααααα ααα«ααα ααααααα«α α±ααααα¬αΈα α±αααααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘αα α±αα±αα¬ααΈα±αααααα¬αΈ ααΈαααΈααα α±αα ααα¬α»ααα±ααΈα±αα¬αααα« α α‘αα±ααΌα±αΎααΈααααα α αααααα¬αΈα‘αα±αα¬ α»ααα¬αα¬αΈαα ααααααα«ααα αα αα¬αα ααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈα»αααΈααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈα±αα¬α αα«α αααΈαααΈααα ααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ ααΈαααΈαααα»αα αα«ααα ααα‘α ααΈαααΈ(ααα α ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈα»αααΈ)αα¬αΈ α αα ααα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈ α»αααα αΌα¬ ααααααα«ααααΈ ααΈααααα αααα±αα«ααα¬αΈααΎαα¬αα ααα αΈα»αααΈα αα«αα¬ α±αα¬α»αα α»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈ α αααααα ααααααα«ααα ααα»αα αα αα«ααα αα α‘ααα¬ααααααΈ ααα±ααΌαααααα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα α±αα‘αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌα α αα αααααααΈααΌαα»αααΈα α‘αα¬αΈ αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬α±αα«αα±α αααα ααα±ααΌαααα±αααα¬αΈαααΈ α αα αααααααα¬αα α±α ααα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈαα±α αα ααααΌαα α€α‘αααΈα ααααΌααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα« ααα α ααα¬ααααααΌαα α±αα‘αα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈαα αααααΈααΌααααΈαΏααΈ α±ααα¬αΈ αα¬α±ααααα αααα¬αα¬ ααΈαααααα«α αααααΈααΌααααΈαΏααΈαααα α€αααααΈα αα¬α±αα¬α±ααα αα‘αα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααα ααΈααααα±αα¬αα«ααα ααααα ααα»αα αααα¬αΈ (LP β Licensed Plumber) α ααααααΈα±ααΈαααα«α ααΈααααα«ααα αα αααα¬ α‘ααα« α‘αα αααααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααα¬α ααα α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α€ααα±αα¬ααααααα‘ααΌα ααααααΈααΌα α±αααα ααΈαααΏααΈ ααΌααα¬α±αα¬α±αα αα«αααΌαααΈαααααα¬ α α α±ααΈαα«ααα α±αα‘αα ααΈα α±α αΈα α‘αα¬αΈα»ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΈα α±ααΈαα α ααα α‘αααα α α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα α ααααα‘ααΌα αααααΈα αΏααα»αα ααααα¬αα¬α‘ααΌαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Plumbing Code, Sanitary Code αα¬αΈα‘α ααΌααααΈααα«ααα
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αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααααα‘αααααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬α‘αααααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬α‘αααααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬α‘αααααΌαα»αααΈαααα¬ αααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘ααα‘α αα‘ααα‘ααα‘α αα‘ααα‘ααα‘α αα‘ααα‘ααα‘α α αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±αααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ (Water Meters) (Water Meters) (Water Meters) (Water Meters)
ααΈα»αα±ααααααΈα α±ααΈα±αα¬α±αααα αΏααα±αα¬ α ααααα¬αα¬α±ααΈα±αα¬ααα α±ααΈα±αα±αα¬ α±ααααααΈ αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααΈα αΌαα±αα¬αααα α‘αααα±ααααααΈ α‘ααααΌα α±αααα¬αα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈαα«ααα α±αααα¬α αα α±αααα¬αααα ααΈα αΌααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα« ααα αααα¬αααααα±αα¬ αααΈααααΈα αα ααα ααΈα αΌαααα±α»αα¬ααα¬ α±αααΈαααα±ααΌα α±αα¬αααα« ααα α±αα‘ααΈα ααα±α α ααααα ααααα¬α»αα α»ααα«
ααα αα α₯ααΈα±ααααα¬ααα αααα€α¬ααΌααα¬ αα»ααααα±ααα«α α‘ααα±ααααααΈαα¬αΈ α±ααα±αα»αααΈ α»αα αααα»αα αααα α α±ααΈαααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ( ( ( (Master Valves)
αααααΈαααα¬αΈ ααααα¬ α ααααα¬αα¬α αααα±ααααααΈα α‘αααα‘αα α±ααα¬ααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα¬αΈα»αα αα«ααα α€αα¬αΈα αααααα αα α‘αααΈα±ααα¬ α±αα¬αα ααααα«α α‘ααα α‘αααΌα α‘αααΈα α¬αΈ α±ααααααΈα»αα»αααα ααα«α α€αα¬αΈα αααΏααΈ ααααααα«ααα ααΈα α‘α¬αΈα»αα α€αα¬αΈαα α±αααα¬αα ααααααΌα ααα«ααα α€αα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘ααΌααααααΌα α±α»ααΈαααΈα αΌα¬ αα/ααΌααα ααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααΌαααΌαααΌαααΌα////αααααααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
ααα±ααΈααααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α±αααΈαααΈααΌαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα¬ ααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΌα/αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααΈααααα¬αΈααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααα‘α¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈ (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) (Water Pressure) αααααααα α± α± α± α±αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer) (Water Hammer)
αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘αααΈα±ααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±ααα‘α¬αΈα 4 bar (45 to 60psi) α±αα«α αα ααααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€αα‘α¬αΈααααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααααααα α±αααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ α‘ααΌααα ααα αΈαααα«ααα αα αα«αα αααΌα α±αααα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈ α ααααα α₯α α‘αα»αααα¬ α±ααααααα«ααΌα¬αΈααα α±ααΌααααα«ααα α€ααα water hammer α α±αααα«ααα α±ααααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα αΈαααΈααααααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α ααΌα α»αα αααα«ααα α€ααα water hammer ααΎαα¬ααα»αα α»αααΈαααα±αα¬ααΈα α±ααααααΈα‘αα αα¬αΈα α±ααα»αααΈα α±αααα‘αα bracket αα¬αΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈα α»ααααΌαα»αααΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αααα«ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α±ααααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬ααα»ααΏαα αΌα¬ αααα¬αΈααααα«ααα
302
αααααααααααα αααααααα α αα αα αα α α± α± α± α±αα αα»αααΈααα αα»αααΈααα αα»αααΈααα αα»αααΈα α± α± α± α±ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Leaks) (Leaks) (Leaks) (Leaks)
α±αααααΌα α‘α±αα«αα±αα«ααΏααΈ α±αα αααΌαα±ααα«α α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α»αα¬αΈ ααΈαααΈαααα« ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘α±αα«αα‘αα₯αΈα‘ααα‘αα α±αααΈαααΈαααα ααα¬αα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα (ααα‘ααΌααΈα±ααα‘α¬αΈ = α±αα«α αα)
ααα‘α±αα«αα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ (ααα) αα αα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα«αα±αα«ααΈ
ΒΌβ αα ααα±αα«α ααα ααα
3/16β ααα ααα 1/8β ααα ααα 1/16β αα ααα 1/32β α ααα
α±αα αα±αααααααΈ αα±αα«αα«ααα α±ααα α αα ααα±ααα«ααααΈ α±αααΈαααΈααααα¬α αα±ααΈ αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααααα«ααα
αα ααα αα αα±αα¬ α±αα αα±αα«ααΈ
αα αα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα«αα±αα«ααΈ
αα»αα
αα ααα αα ααα ααα ααα
αα±αα¬ α±αα αα±αα«ααΈ αα αα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα«αα±αα«ααΈ
αα»αα
αα±αα¬α±αα αα‘αα α αααΌ
αααα
αα±αα¬α±αα αα‘αα α αααΌ
αααα
ααα‘ααΌα α±ααααααΈα α±αααΏαααα ααα»αααΈα»αααααα«ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαααα¬ α±αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα ααααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα¬αα¬αα«αα¬αα¬αΈα»αα αα«ααα ααα«αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬αΈα
303
α‘αα ααααα«ααα ααα‘α»αα α‘αα αα¬αΈααααΈ sealing tape (ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈ αα α‘α»αα±αα¬αααα ααααα αααααΌαααα ααααα PTFE Tape) α α±ααα¬α α α±αα¬αα αΌα¬ ααααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±αα±ααΈα±αα±ααΈα±αα±ααΈα±αα±ααΈα±ααααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈαα ααΌα±ααΌα±ααΌα±ααΌα±ααααααΈα αΌααα αα ααΈα αΌααα αα ααΈα αΌααα αα ααΈα αΌααα αα (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) (Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution System) αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection) (Pipe Selection)
α±αα±α‘αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα (Stainless Steel Pipe)α ααΌαααα α ααα (Galvanized Steel Pipe)α α±αΎααΈαα (Copper Tubing)α αααα αα αα (PVC, CPVC, ABS, PE, PP, PEX, PEX-AL-PEX)α ααα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌααΈα (Cast Iron Pipe), CPVC αααα¬αΈα ααΈααα α‘ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈααΌαα αααααα‘ααΌαα α±αΎααΈαααα¬αΈ α‘ααΈ αα¬αΈααα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα
αα α±αα±ααΈα±ααααααα¬α (Amount of water to be supplied) αα α±ααα‘α¬αΈ (Water Pressure) αα αααααΈααΌααΈα α¬αΈαα (Corrosion factor) αα α±α αΈαααΈα αααα αα (Cost) α α α±α αΈααΌαα‘ααΌααΈ αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌααα αααααα (Avalability)
α»αααα¬α»ααααΌαα±αα¬ α‘ααΌααα ααα αααα¬αΈ ααΈαα¬α±ααΌαααα«ααα αααα ααααα ααΌαααα α±α αΈαααα¬ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘α α¬αΈ α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (Pipe (Pipe (Pipe (Pipe Size Size Size Size Selection)Selection)Selection)Selection)
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±ααααααα αα α±ααα‘α¬αΈ αα ααα‘ααα±ααααααΏααΈ ααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈααΈαααΈαα
(Water Pressure and friction loss through the length of the pipe) αα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αα±αα«ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬α α±ααααΈα αα α‘α±αα‘ααΌα (Number and kinds of fixtures installed) αα ααΏαααααααΈααΈα αΌα±αα¬ α±αα±αα«ααΈααα¬α (α₯ααα¬ - ααα±ααΈααα α±αα±αα«ααΈαα α±αααΈ αααΈα α±αα±αα«ααΈα ααΏαααααααΈααΌαα»αααΈ) (Numbers of fixtures in use at a given time) αα α‘ααα¬α‘αΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α‘ααα±αα¬α α α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α αα
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααααα«ααα αα α±αα‘αααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈααΈα±αα‘ααΈα»αααααα¬α (α αααΈ) α α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααα«α (Ref: Plumbing, Pipe Fitting and Sewerage : FM 3-34.471, Aug, 2001)
304
αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α±αα‘ααΈα»αααααα¬α(αα«α / ααα ) α±αααΌα‘ααα¬ αα .α ααα±ααΈα±αΎααΌαα α.α α±αααΈαααΈααΈα±ααααΈ αα .α ααααα αΌααααΌα αα.α α‘αΈααΌαα αααΈααα±ααΈα±αΎααΌαα αα.α α‘ααα±αα¬ααα α‘ααα±αα¬α α αα .α αΎαααΈα»ααα±αα±ααΈα»αααΈ α.α
αα α±αα±ααΈααα‘αααΌααααααααα α₯ααΈα‘α±αα‘ααΌαα ααΌααα«α α₯ααα¬ - α±αα‘ααα αααΌα α‘ααα¬ α ααΈα α±αααΈαααΈ α αα ααα±ααΈαα α αα αααΈααα±ααΈαα α αα α‘ααα±αα¬α α α ααΈα αΎαααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ α α αααααα«α αα α‘ααα¬ α ααΈ α‘ααΌα αα x α = αα αα«α / ααα α±αααΈαααΈ α α α‘ααΌα αα x α = αα αα«α / ααα ααα±ααΈαα α α α‘ααΌα α.α x α = αα αα«α / ααα αααΈααα±ααΈαα α α α‘ααΌα αα.α x α = αα.α αα«α / ααα α‘ααα±αα¬α α α ααΈ α‘ααΌα αα x α = αα αα«α / ααα αΎαααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ α α α‘ααΌα α.α x α = α.α αα«α / ααα
αα αααα¬αα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±αα«ααΈαα«α
(α‘ααα¬ = αα αα«α + α±αααΈαααΈ = αα αα«α + ααα±ααΈαα = αα αα«α+ αααΈαα α±ααΈαα = αα.α αα«α + α‘ααα±αα¬α α = αα αα«α + αΎαααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ = α.α αα«α) α α α±αα«ααΈ = ααα αα«α / ααα
αα ααα±αα¬αααΈ αα‘αα¬α‘α¬αΈααΈα ααΏαααααααΈ ααΈαααααα ααα‘ααΌα ααΏαααα αααΈααΈααα‘ααααα« ααααΌααααα α€ααα simultaneous β Use Factor α α±αααα«ααα α€ factor α α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααα«ααα
Table of Simultaneous β Use Factor
Number of Fixtures Percent of Simultaneous use 1 β 5 (α αα α αα‘ααΌααΈ) 100 β ((αα α₯ααΈα‘α±αα‘ααΌα β α) x 12.75) 6 β 50 (α αα α‘α α α α‘ααΌααΈ) 50 β ((αα α₯ααΈα‘α±αα‘ααΌα β α) x 0.56) 51 or more α α αα α‘αα ααααααΈ αα αα¬αααααΈ
α‘ααα α‘αααα«ααα¬αΈααΈααααααα«α α α α±αα«ααΈαα«αα αα αα¬αααααΈα αααααα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα ααα‘αααΌα αα α₯ααΈα±αα«ααΈ α ααααα
α‘αααα«ααα¬αΈα‘α -
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50 β ((αα α₯ααΈα‘α±αα‘ααΌα β α) x 0.56) = 50 β ((8-1)x0.56) = 46.08 - α»αα αα 46.08 αα¬ αα¬αααααΈα»αα α ααααααΈα»ααα»ααα 0.46 α»αα αα«ααα αα‘αα« ααΏαααααααΈααΈααα±αααα¬ααα¬ - 165 x 0.46 = 75.9 αα«α / ααα α»αα αα«ααα
α α αα‘αααα±ααΈαα α±ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬ 45 psi α»αα αΏααΈ α±αααα α α±αα«ααΈα‘αα α±α αα α»αα αα ααα«α αα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈ α αα α ααΎαααΏααΈ ααα‘ααΌαα α±ααΌαΈαααα«ααα
αα α‘ααΈα»ααααααα ααα ααα»αα ααα αααα«α αα‘αα« ααα¬αΈ α α αΎαααα«α - αα«αΈααααα αα‘α¬αΈ αα ααΌαα±αααααααααα¬ααα¬ αα αα«α / ααα α»αα ααα α±ααΌαααα« ααααα ααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα αααΈα»αα α±αα¬ αααα‘ααΌα (αα«αΈαααα) αα±ααΌαΈααα«ααα
α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈαααΈα ααααααα«ααα ααααΈαααΈ α±ααα¬αααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααααΈααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈαααΈααΌα αααααααα«ααα α α¬αααα¬ ααα α ααα αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈαα¬ ααααΈααΌααα¬ααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Design (ααα¬αΈ α αα α αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αα»ααΏααΈ ααα¬αΈ α α α α‘α ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈααααα)
ααα¬αΈ - α (ααΌαα±αα αααα ααααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααααα ααα¬α) (αα«α / ααα = αα ααα ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα«α)
306
ααα¬αΈ - α α‘αα (ααΌαα±αα αααα ααααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααααα ααα¬α) (αα«α / ααα = αα ααα ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα«α)
307
ααα¬αΈ - α α‘αα (ααΌαα±αα αααα ααααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααααα ααα¬α) (αα«α / ααα = αα ααα ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα«α)
ααα¬αΈ - α (α±αΎααΈαααα¬αΈαα αααα αα αααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααααα ααα¬α) (αα«α / ααα = αα ααα ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα«α)
308
ααα¬αΈ - α α‘αα (α±αΎααΈαααα¬αΈαα αααα αα αααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααααα ααα¬α) (αα«α / ααα = αα ααα ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα«α)
309
ααα¬αΈ α (Allowance for Equivlent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss β Valve and Threaded Fittings)
310
ααα¬αΈ α (Allowance for Equivlent Length of Pipe for Friction Loss β Valve and Threaded Fittings) (α‘αα)
Friction Loss Using a Fairy Smooth Pipe (Example)
311
Friction Loss, Rough Pipe
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
312
Friction Loss, Fairy Rough Pipe
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
313
Friction Loss, Smooth Pipe
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
314
Friction Loss, Fairy Smooth Pipe
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
Head (in psi per 100 feet)
315
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈ (Installation) (Installation) (Installation) (Installation)
α ααααα¬αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬ αααα±ααααααΈα α‘αααααΌααα±αα¬α‘ααα±αααα α±α»αα¬αααααα±α»αα¬αα±α αα ααΌααααΈααα«ααα ααα‘ααααα±αα¬ααα»αα α±ααΌαΈααΌαα α±αα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΌαα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α α±αα¬αααααα»αα α±α α α‘αα¬αΈ ααααα»αα α±α ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααα‘αααα¬αΈααααα±ααΈαα«α ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα ααααΌαα±ααα¬ααα»αα αΌα¬ αααααα«α α‘ααΈα»ααααα α₯ααΈαα αα ααΌα αααα¬αΈ(Gate valve) αα¬αΈααααα±ααΈαα«α ααααα¬ αα‘α αα‘αααΈα α»αα»αααααΈαααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααα±α α α»αα»αααααα α»αα αα«ααα αααααΈα‘α»ααα‘α αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α±ααααα ααΈααααα«ααα α ααΈααα (Hydrotesting) αα±αα¬ααααΈααΌα α‘α»ααα‘α α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα αααααΈα α ααΈαααΏααΈαααα ααΏαααα ααΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααααααα¬αΈα αααααΈα±ααΈααα»αα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±ααΈααα«ααα (αα¬αΈα»αα α±α α αα α₯ααΈαα ααααααΌααΈαα»αα α±α αααααΈαα»αα»αααα α»α α»αααΏααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα«ααΌααααΈ ααα»αααΈαααΈα α±ααααΌααα¬ α‘ααΌααΈα α‘αααααααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΈαα α‘αΎααΌααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα αααααΈα±ααΈααα»αα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα ααα«ααα) ααΈααααααααΈααα¬αα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααααα«ααα
ααΈααα±ααα¬ α‘αααΈααΈααααα αααααΈααα¬α (ppm) αα α α (α±α 1 m3 ααΌα αααααΈ α α α α )
α±αα±αα¬ααα α α α±αα α ααα (α±α 1 m3 ααΌα αααααΈ ααα α α )
α±αααΌααΈ αα α (α±α 1 m3 ααΌα αααααΈ αα α α α )
ααααα α ppm ααα parts per million α»αα αα ααα±αΎαα¬α 100 ppm αα 0.01% α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα αααααΈα±ααΈααα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαααααΈα±ααΈααα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαααααΈα±ααΈααα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈαααααΈα±ααΈααα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯α‘α α‘α α₯
αα αααααΈαα αααΈααΈα α±ααααα»ααα±ααΈαα«α α±αα αΈαααΈαα α‘αααΈααΈ 3 ft/sec ααααα αα ααα±αα¬ααααααΈα α±ααααα»ααα»αααα«α α±ααα¬αΈα ααα αα±α‘α¬ααααα«α αα ααα±αα¬α α‘αααα«α‘ααΈα‘αα‘αααΈ α±αα¬αΏααΈαα¬αΈαααααΈα±ααΈααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααα‘α±αα«αα αααα«α αα α±αα¬αααΈα‘α±αα«αα αααααΈα±ααΈααααΌααα¬ααα ααααα»αααα«α α α ααα±αα¬αα‘α±αα«αα‘α¬αΈααΈααααΏααΈ α±ααααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΈα±ααΈαααα«α±αα¬α±αα αα αα¬αα αα αα¬αα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α αα ααα±αα¬α αα±ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±αα¬ααααα αΏααΈ α±ααααα»ααα»ααααα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα«α
316
αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±αααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααα ααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈ (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains) (Sanitary Sewer and Drains)
α€αααααΈαα α±αααΈαααΈα ααΈαα±αα¬αα ααα±ααΈααα α‘ααα¬α α‘αα±αα«αααΈα αα±αα¬ααΈα±α α ααααα α αΌααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈα α±αα‘αα αααα±αααΈαααααΈα α±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈα»αα ααα α€ααα‘ααΌα αααα Cast Iron Soil Pipe αα¬αΈα ααΌααααααα¬αΈα ααΈααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααα‘αα« CPVC αααα¬αΈα ABS αααα¬αΈα α‘α α¬αΈααΈααΈα αΌαα¬αΎαααα α±αααΈααα ααα¬αααα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬αααΈαα¬αΈαααα αα ααα α αΌααααααα±αα¬ α±ααααα«αα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααααααα ααα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα αααα α±α ααααα α±αααΈααα ααΌααααΈαα¬ααΌα α α±ααα αα αααααΈα»αα ααα±α»αα±αα¬ αααΈ α±ααΈαααα α±αααΈααα‘ααΌαα±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌα α±αα αΈαααΈ αα ααα αα α.α αα«α α αΈααα±α‘α¬α α±ααΌαΈα ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αααΈααα‘ααΌα α±ααΌαΈαααα ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα α±αααΈαααα±αααΈαααα±αααΈαααα±αααΈααα ααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ
αα ααα Drain Fixture Units (DFU) ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααα«α
Fixture DFU Unit Values ααα±ααΈαα 1 αΎαααΈα»ααα±αααα±αα«α 2 αααΈααα±ααΈαα 2 α‘ααα±αα¬α α 2 α±αααΈαααΈα±ααααΈ 2 α‘α±αα«ααΌα¬αΈα±αΎααΌααΌα 6 α‘ααα¬ 6
αα α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌαααΌααα±αα¬ α₯ααα¬α α»αααααα -
α‘ααα¬ α ααΈ α‘ααΌα α x α = αα α±αααΈαααΈ α α α‘ααΌα α x α = α ααα±ααΈαα α α α‘ααΌα α x α = α αααΈααα±ααΈαα α α α‘ααΌα α x α = α α‘ααα±αα¬α α α ααΈ α‘ααΌα α x α = α αΎαααΈα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ α α α‘ααΌα α x α = α
ααα±αα¬α αααα‘α¬αΈααΈα α±αα«ααΈαα«α αα ααα
Ref: Plumbing, pipe fitting and Sewerage
317
αα α€αααααΈα ααα±α»αα±αα¬ αα α±ααα αα αααααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈαα ααα«α αα
α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα ΒΌ" α±αα¬αααΌααΎαααα«α αα ααα‘ααΈααΈ (αα αααααΈαα) ααααΈαα¬
αα α»αα αα»αα α αα ααααΈααα αααα α±αα¬αααΎαααααα ααα‘ααΌα α ααα α»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααΌααααα«ααα
Horizontal Sanitary Drain Capacity (in DFUs)
Slope (inches per foot) Size of Pipe (inches) 1/8 1/4
1 ΒΌ 1 1
1 1/2 2 2
2 5 6 *
3 15 ** 18 *
4 84 96
5 162 216
6 300 450
8 990 1392
10 1800 2520
12 3084 4320
αα ααααα±αΎαα¬α αα‘αα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬αα α±αααΈααααα‘ααΌααα¬ α ααα α»αα αα« ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈ (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes) (Vent Pipes)
* No water closet will discharge into a pipe smaller than 3 inches.
** No more than two water closets will discharge into any 3 inch horizontal branch house drain of house sewer.
αα α₯ααΈαα ααααΈα‘αα α±αααααααααα
318
α‘αααα«αααΌα A αα αααα±αααααα B αα α±ααααααααΈααΌα C αα¬ α‘ααα¬α ααα±ααΈαα α ααααααα¬α±αα¬ α±ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα«ααα α‘ααα»αα α‘α±αα¬α α‘α₯αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααααααααααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘αα ααααα±ααΈααα α±ααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ
Fixture Minimum Size of Vent (inches) ααα±ααΈαα 1 ΒΌ α±αααΈαααΈα±ααααΈ 1 Β½ α‘ααα±αα¬α α 1 Β½ α‘α±αα«ααΌα¬αΈα±αΎααΌααΌα 1 Β½ α‘ααα¬ 2
319
α±αααααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αααααα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα ααααΈα‘αα α±α‘α¬ααα« ααα¬αΈα»αα α±ααΌαΈαααααα«ααα ααα α±αααααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈαα α αααα α ααα α αα»αα αα¬αΈαα«ααα α±αααααααααΈ ααα α α ααα α α±α‘αα‘αα αααα¬αΈα»αα α»ααα αα«ααα
Water Closet plumbing detail
α€αααα α±αα‘ααααα¬α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈααΌααααααα αααααΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘α±αα¬α‘αα α»ααα αΏαα αααααα«ααα ααΈααααα αα αα¬ αα¬αΈα±α»αα¬αααα α±ααΌαΈααα»αα α±αα¬ααα αααΈααααα»αα α±α α α¬α‘ααα α‘αα‘α±αααα»αα α±α ααΈαααα±αα¬α»α αα«ααα
320
α‘αααΈ αα
αα±αα€α¬α±ααααΌα ααααα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Marine Piping System)
αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα αα±αα€α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈααα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα αΌα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα αα αα¬αΈ ααα«ααα Fuel System, Lub Oil System, Fire Water System, Sea Water Cooling System, Vent and Sound System, Ballest System, Sewage System, Potable Water System, Bilge System, Compressed Air System, Heating, Ventilation and Air System, Halon System, CO2 System α ααααα»αα αα«ααα αα αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±α»ααΈαααα αααααααΈ ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα ααααα±α»ααΈαααααα αα±αα€α¬α‘α±ααα‘α±αα αα¬αΈααααΈ ααα¬αΈαα»αα ααα α€ααΌα αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘αα α‘α αα‘αααΈ αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα±αα€α¬ααΌααα±αα¬ Tank ααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘ααααααΈα ααααααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα±ααα¬ααΌαααα α ααααα αα±αα€α¬ Frame No.. αα¬αΈαααααΌ ααα¬αΈαα ααα« ααα ααα αααααααΈα±α»ααΈαααα±ααα¬α α‘ααα‘ααα αα¬ααααα»αα αα«ααα
α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±α»αα¬ααα αα‘α±ααΈαααααα¬ααΌααα«α αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈααΈ ααΌα αααααΈααα α±α»αα¬αα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α ααα¬αΈααα«α ααα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα₯αΈαα₯αΈααΌα αα αααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α α±α»ααΈαα»αααΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα ααααΌααα»αααΈααα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈ αααααα αααΌ ααΈαααα α‘ααα‘ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα αααααΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈαΎααααΎαα¬α»αααΈαα α»αα αα ααα αα±αα€α¬αααααααΈααΌαααααααα¬αΈα‘αα αααααααΈα ααΌααΈαααα¬αΈαααααα αααααΈα‘α±ααΌαα‘αααΎααΌααααα¬αΈα»αα αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
α αα-αα αα±αα€α¬α α‘αα α‘α αα‘αααΈ α‘α±ααα‘α±αααα¬αΈ
321
α αα - αα αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈα α‘ααα‘α αα‘αααΈ α‘α±ααα‘α±αααα¬αΈ (α‘α±αααα»αααα)
Key: A: AFT Diesel Generator room, Main switchboard room, Transformer room, Incinerator room, B: Forward Diesel Generator Room, Engine Room workshop C: Engine Casing D: PEM room, Converter rooms, Motor generator rooms E: Compressor Room F: Purifiers Room G: Engine control room H: Emergency diesel generator room
J: CO2 room
α αα - αα αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈα α‘ααα‘α αα‘αααΈ α‘α±ααα‘α±αααα¬αΈ (α±ααΈαα»αααα)
322
α αα - αα αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping Classification Societies, Statutory Bodies and Codes for Piping ( ( ( (α±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααααα αααααΈαααα¬αααααΈαααα¬αααααΈαααα¬αααααΈαααα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈα ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈ))))
αααααααααΌα αααααα±αα€α¬ααα ααα±αα¬αααα»αα α±α α αααα α±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ αααααα¬α‘α¬αα¬ααα α αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα α ααΈααα α α±ααΈααα»αααα¬ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈα‘αααΈ ααα±αα¬ααΎααααα αα‘α¬αα¬ααα‘ααΌα αα¬αΈαα¬ - (α) Classification Societies αα (α) Statutory Bodies α αα ααΈαααα
Classification Society αα¬αΈα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈ α±ααΈαααΈαΏααΈ ααΏαα αααα±α αα α α α±ααΈα±ααΈααα Classification Society αα¬αΈαα¬ -
Name Abbreviation Country of Origin
American Bureau of Shipping ABS USA
Lloydβs Register of Shipping LRS UK
Det Norske Veritas DNV Norway
Bureau Veritas BV France
Germanischer Lloyd GL Germany
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai NKK Japan
ααα‘α Statutory Bodies α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα αα±αα€α¬ααα±αα¬ααα¬ααααα ααΏα α ααααα (safety)α ααα±αα¬ααα (construction) αα ααααΈ (design) α ααα αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα±ααΈααα αα αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘α»ααα»αααααα¬α αααΈαα¬αΈααα αααααα¬ α‘α αΈααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ ααα«ααα
αα‘ααΌααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α₯ααα¬ - IMO α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα ααααα»ααα α‘ααα‘ααα¬ααααα¬ ααΏαα αααααα SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) α»αα αα¬ααΌα α±ααΈαα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααααΈαααααα¬ ααΏαα ααααααα MARPOL (Prevention of Marine Pollution) α»αα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα
323
Statutory Bodies α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα¬ -
Name Abbreviation Country of Origin
International Maritime Organisation IMO International
Norwegian Maritime Directorate NMD Norway
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate NPD Norway
Danish Maritime Authority DMA Denmark
Health and Safety Department HSE UK
Department of Energy UK Den UK
Department of Transport DOT UK
Canada Oil and Gas Drilling Regulation COGLA Canada
Danish Energy Agency DEA Denmark
US Coast Guard USCG USA
αααααααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα αααααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα αΌα¬α±αα¬ αα (Codes) (α ααΈαα₯αΈα₯αα±α) αα¬αΈαααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈ αα α‘ααα±αα¬ code αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα αα
Name Abbreviation Country of Origin
American Society for Testing and Material ASTM USA
American National Standard Institute ANSI USA
American Petroleum Institute API USA
American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME USA
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Japan
National Fire Protection Association NFPA USA
British Standard BS UK
Name Abbreviation Country of Origin
National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE USA
German Industrial Standards DIN Germany
International Standards Organisation ISO International
α€α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα α₯αα±αα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈ αα α₯αΈαααα α₯αΈααΌα±α αα¬αααααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα
324
αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααααααΈααΈααααααΈααΈααααααΈααΈααααααΈααΈ αααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems) (Marine Piping Systems)
α±ααααααΈααΈ αααααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈααΈααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα αα α±ααααα±αα€α¬ααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Common Marine System) αα αααΈααΌαααααα»ααααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Offshore System) αα α‘α±ααΈα±ααααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Emergency System)
αα α±ααααα±αα€α¬ααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈα αα ααΈααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα«ααα (α) αα±αα€α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈαα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Shipboard Utility Uses) αααααΌα αα±αα€α¬αααΈαα α αΈααΈ ααααααα±αα¬ααΈααααα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα«αααα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - ααααΈ (Fuel Oil System)α α±αα¬ααααΈ (Lube Oil System)α α‘αααα‘α±α‘αΈαα±ααααΈ (Engine Cooling System) α ααα
(α) αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (Domestic Uses) α€αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌααα‘αα±αα¬ ααα¬αα (Sewage System)α α±αα¬αα±αααΈα±ααα (Potable Water System) α αααα αα«αααα«ααα
αα αααΈααΌαααααα»ααααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα‘ααΌααΈα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬ α±ααααΈ α»αααΈ α α±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈαααα αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈαα α±ααααΈα ααα¬αΈααΌα ααααα±αα¬ αα αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα αα«ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα Mud Process System, Drilling Water System α αααα αα«αααα«ααα
αα α‘α±ααΈα±ααααΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈαααα (Firemain System), α±αα»αααΈαα (Sprinkler
System), αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααααααΈ (CO2 System), α±αα ααααααΈ (Bilge System)
α αααα αα«αααα«ααα
Design pipe pressure, choice of
material type, method of
manufacture, surface coating
Classification
Societies, Statutory
Bodies
Select appropriate
material, standard size
Codes
325
αααααααααααα αααααααα ααΈα±ααΈα±ααΈα±ααΈα±αα¬ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈ (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material) (Pipe Material)
αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα ααΈααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα - οΏ½ Carbon Steel α Engine Cooling System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ Stainless Steel α High Pressure Instrumentation System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ Alloy Steel α Chemical System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ Copper α Domestic Fresh Water System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ Copper Nickel α Seawater System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ Fiberglass Pipe α Ballast System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα οΏ½ High Pressure Rubber α Hydraulic System αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈααα
α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα (αα¬ααΌαα ααΈ) αα¬αΈα α»αα»αααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα»αα»αααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααΈααα αα»αα»αααααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ (Raw Pipes) α Black Pipe αα¬αΈα α±ααααα αα«αααα»αααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α₯ααα¬ - ααααα‘ααΌααΈ (inside fuel oil tanks) ααΌα black pipe αα¬αΈα ααΈααα α±ααΈααΌ ααΏααΈ α±ααΈαααα¬αΈα±αα¬αα (Blasted and Painted Pipes) αα¬αΈα αα«α α±ααααα»ααααααααα±ααα¬α‘α¬αΈααΈααΌα ααΈααααα ααΌαααα ααα (Galvanised pipe) αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα±αα±αΎαα¬α αα±ααΈαααα¬ α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α₯ααα¬ - Seawater System αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Bilge P Bilge P Bilge P Bilge Piping System iping System iping System iping System ((((α±αα ααααααΈα±αα ααααααΈα±αα ααααααΈα±αα ααααααΈ))))
αα±αα€α¬αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΈα±αΎαα¬α αααα¬α±αα¬ α±ααα¬αΈα α αααα±αα¬ α αα α»αα ααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα±ααα¬αΈαα¬ α ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α αααΌααα¬α±αα¬α±αα αα ααααα α ααα¬αΈαααα¬α±αα¬ α±αα«ααΈα±ααΌ αΈα α±ααααα¬αΈα α αααΌααα¬α±αα¬α±αα ααΈα±αα αα±αα€α¬αΎαααΈα»αααα¬αΈα±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα¬α ααα¬α±αα¬α±α α αααα α»αα αααα«ααα α€α αα ααΌα α±αα αααααα¬αΈα αααα±αααααα αααΈααΌ α±αααααα α ααα ααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααα¬ααα αα±αα€α¬α‘αααΈαα ααααΈα‘ααΌα α±αα α ααα¬αα¬αΈα α»αα ααα±ααα¬αΈ α αΈααααα¬α±α αα αα¬ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Check Valve αα¬αΈα αααα±ααααΌα±ααΈαα Oily Water Separator αα¬αΈα αααα αα«αααα«ααα α‘ααΈαα»αα α‘ααααααΈααΌα α±αα αα±αα«ααΈαα α αα¬αΈαααα αα ααααΈα ααΌα Non Return Valve αα αα αααα¬αΈαααα ααααααΌααΈαα α±ααα¬αΈαα αΌααααα α αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬αα«αα¬αα ααα¬αΈα Oily Water Separator α»αα ααΌαααα¬ αα±αα¬α αα¬αΈαααα ααα±αα¬αα αααα«α±αα¬α±αα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α αΌαααααααα
α αα - α αα α αα - α ααααΌααΎαααα«α
326
α αα - α α Bilge System
327
αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System Ballast Piping System
αα±αα€α¬αααΈαα αα αααΏαααα (trim and stability) ααα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α±αα αΈ (draft) ααα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α αα±αα€α¬αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα α αα αα¬α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α ααααα±αα»ααα±ααΈαααα α ααααα±ααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ αααα Ballast Tank α α±ααααα αααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα»ααα»αααΈα ααααα αααα ααα α±ααα¬αΈααα±α»αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ αα¬αΈα»ααααα Ballast piping system αα¬αΈαααα ααααααΈα αα ααΌα α±αα αααααααΈαα α (Ballast pump) αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα«αα ααα αααααααΈαα ααααα±ααα¬αΈα seachest α α αααΌααΈαααα ααααα αα αα α αα ααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈα±ααΈααααα αααα»ααααααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈα suction manifold αα¬αΈαααα αα¬αΈααα α αα - α αα α αα - α ααααΌααΎαααα«α Ballast pump αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬αα«α Bilge pump αα¬αΈα‘α»αα α‘ααΈαααααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting System System System System ( ( ( (ααΈααααΈααααΈααααΈααα αα α αα α αα α αα ))))
ααΈααα αα ααΌα ααΈααΈαααα Fire Main System, CO2 System αα Sprinkler
System ααα»αα ααα α αα - α αα α αα - αα ααααΌααΎαααα«α
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Fire Main System Fire Main System Fire Main System Fire Main System ( ( ( (ααΈαααααααΈααΈαααααααΈααΈαααααααΈααΈαααααααΈ))))
α€α αα αα α‘ααααΈααα αα α»αα αΏααΈ ααΈαααα ααααα±αα ααΈααα α α αα ααΌα ααΈααααααα ααΈαα«αααΏααΈ αα ααΈαααα ααΈ ααΈα»αα¬αΈα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααα ααα‘ααΌα αα ααΈα‘αααααααα±αα¬αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααΈα α±αα¬ααΈααα±ααΈααα ααΈααααααα¬αΈαα ααααα±αα seachest α α αααα¬ α‘ααα±αα±ααΈαα ααααααααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈα±ααΈααα αααααΈα α»αα»αααααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈα»ααααααα α‘ααα»αααα¬αΈ (Isolation Valve) αα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα COCOCOCO2222 System System System System ( ( ( (αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααααα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααααα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααααα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααα αααααΈαααααΈαααααΈαααααΈ))))
ααΈα±αα¬αα±α»ααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α₯ααα¬ - α‘ααααααΈα αααα±ααα¬αααΈα ααΈααααΈα ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬α‘αααΈ α αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±α»αα¬αααΈααα αα α»αα ααα α€α αα ααΌα ααΈαααα αα¬ααΌαααα±α‘α¬ααααα«αα±ααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈααα ααΈα±αα¬ααα α‘αααΈααΌααΈα ααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαααααα α‘α»ααααΈααΌαα±ααΈ αα α±ααΈααα±α αα ααΌααΈαα¬αΈα ααα»ααααΎαα¬αΈα‘ααα±ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈαα«ααα α±αα±ααΈ αααα¬αα¬αΈα fire damper αα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαααααα αααααα
328
α αα - αα Bilge System (Schematic)
329
α αα - αα Ballast System
Connect to other Ballast Tank
330
α αα - αα Ballast System (Schematic)
331
α αα - αα Fire Main System
332
α αα - ααα Fire Main System (Schematic)
333
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Sprinkler Sprinkler Sprinkler Sprinkler SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (ααΈααα±αα»αααΈαααααΈααΈααα±αα»αααΈαααααΈααΈααα±αα»αααΈαααααΈααΈααα±αα»αααΈαααααΈ))))
αα±αα€α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα±αα¬ αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α€α αα αααΈααα α€α αα ααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααα α±αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α α±α αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈααα α€α αα α Fire Main α»αααααα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα¬ααααΈαα‘α α±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈα fire main α ααα±ααΈααα α±ααααΈα±αα«ααΈαααΈααΌα α±αα αΈααα (flow switch) αα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈααα α€ αααα α±αα»ααα αΈααΌα¬αΈαα αααΈαααααΈ (control panel) α α‘ααα±ααΈαααα¬α ααααααΈ ααα»αααΈα»αα ααααα‘αααΈααΌα ααΈα±αα¬αα±αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα»αααΈαααα±αααα Sprinkler system αα fire main system α alarm check valve α»αα α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα Sprinkler system ααΌα αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαααα ααΏαααα fire main system α αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±ααα¬αΈαα alarm check valve α ααΌααΈααΌααα¬ Sprinkler system α‘ααΌααΈαα ααΈ ααα αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Vent and Sound Vent and Sound Vent and Sound Vent and Sound SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (α±αααααααα±αααααααα±αααααααα±ααααααα α‘αααααα¬α»ααα‘α»αααααΈα‘αααααα¬α»ααα‘α»αααααΈα‘αααααα¬α»ααα‘α»αααααΈα‘αααααα¬α»ααα‘α»αααααΈ αααααααα))))
αααα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα¬αΈα»ααα α₯α ααααα ααα α₯ααΌα α‘αααΈααΌααΈα αα«αα±ααΌα ααααα α±ααα¬αΈ α»αααααααΌαααα αΌα¬ ααααΌααααα α‘αααα‘αααΈαααα α±ααα αααααα α€ααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα αα±αα€α¬αααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈαα¬αα ααΌαααα αΌα¬ααα±αα±αα¬ daily service tank αα¬αΈααα ααααα¬αΈαααΈαα«ααα α±αααααα α»αααααΈαααα¬α»αα α§ααα¬ (cross sectional area) αα α‘αα α»αααα (filling pipe) α»αααααΈαααα¬α»ααα§ααα¬αα α.αα α ααααΈαααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα»αααααα α αααα‘αααΈααα ααα«α αα α αααααα α‘ααΌααΈααα‘αααΈαα¬ α‘α»ααα‘αααΈ - (α x ααα‘α) = α.α - (α x α.ααα) = α.ααα αααα»αα ααα αα‘αα« α‘ααα»ααααα α»αααααΈαααα¬α»αα α§ααα¬αα¬ -
2r pipe filling of area sectional Cross Ο=
= α.ααα x α.ααα α
α‘ααα»ααααα α»αααααΈαααα¬α»αα α§ααα¬ = αα.αα α ααααΈααα α»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α±αααααα α»αααααΈαααα¬α»αα α§ααα¬ = αα.αα x α.αα = αα .αα α ααααΈααα α»αα αααα αα α‘αααΈα»ααααΌααααα«α -
2.25" 15.91 r
area sectional Cross r
r area sectional Cross 2
==
=
=
Ο
Ο
Ο
ααα±αΎαα¬α α±αααααα α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈαα¬ α.αα x α = α.α ααα α»αα αα α‘ααΈα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααΌααΈααα‘αααΈ α .αα ααααα±αα¬ α αααααα α±αααααα‘α»αα α±ααΌαΈαααα»αα ααα
334
α±αααααα±αα«ααΈ vent head αα αΎαααΈα»ααα α‘αααΈααΈ α α±α α‘α»ααααΌα αα ααα
Sound Pipe αα¬αΈαα¬ αααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα αααα¬α»ααα‘α»ααα α±ααααΈα»αααααΈ αα αααααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααααααα αααΈαα¬αααααα α‘α±αααααΎαααΈα»αα ααααααΌα ααααα free board deck α±ααααΌααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α±α‘α¬αα±α»ααα αααα αΎαααΈα»ααα α ααααααα‘ααΌα¬ααΌα αα¬αΈααα αααααα ααα‘αα αα« α‘ααΈα»αα α‘α»ααα αα¬αΈαααααα ααα α±α‘α¬αα±α»αααααααΌα ααα»αα¬αΈ (striking plate) α αΎαααΈα»αα ααΌα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬αΈααα
α‘αααααα¬α»ααα αααΈααα»αα ααα‘ααΌα ααα α±α»αα¬αααααα±α»αα¬αα±α»αα¬α ααΌααααΈαααα αααααα¬αΈααΌαα αααααααΌα α‘αα‘α±αα¬α α‘α»ααα»αααααα α±αα¬ quick acting self closing valve αα¬αΈααααα±ααΈαααα ααα¬αΈαααΌααααα α‘ααααα¬αΈ α‘α»ααααααααααα¬α±α αα ααα¬ (small test clock) αααΏααΈ α ααΈαααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Sanitary Sanitary Sanitary Sanitary SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (α‘ααα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬ααΈ α± α± α± α±ααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈ))))
α€αααΈαα¬ α‘ααα¬αα α‘α±αα«ααΌα¬αΈα±αΎααΌααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα±αα¬ααΈααα α»αα ααα α€αααΈα‘ααΌαα±αα ααααα±αα»αα α±α α α±αα (fresh water) α»αα α±α ααΈααα α±αα αααα‘ααΌααΈαα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αααα αα‘α¬αΈααΈα±ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα¬ααΈααααα ααα‘α¬αΈ α αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±α (compressed air) α»ααααααα α‘ααα¬ ααααα ααΈα‘αΈαααΈααΌα α±α α‘ααΌαα α‘ααα αααΈαα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (flushing control valves) αααααα¬αΈααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Deck Drainage Deck Drainage Deck Drainage Deck Drainage SySySySystemstemstemstem ( ( ( (α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈ))))
α€αααΈαα¬ αα±αα€α¬αΎαααΈαααΈα±ααα αΎαααΈα±ααΈααα±αα ααΈα±αα ααααα bilge holding tank ααα»αα α±α α ααααα‘ααΌααΈααα»αα α±α ααΌααα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈα»αα ααα
MARPOL α ααΈαα₯αΈα‘α αα±αα€α¬αΎαααΈα±ααα α α±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈα bilge holding tank αα α‘αααααα¬ αααα±αααΌαααααα αααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α αΌαααα ααΌαα»αααα ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα αααα¬α±αα¬ α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααα α α‘ααΌααΈ ααΏααΈαααα¬αα«α ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα check valve αα¬αΈααααα±ααΈαααα ααα ααααα‘αααΈα α αΈαα¬α±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈ αααα‘αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΌα¬αΈαα¬α»αα ααα αα¬ααα±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΈααΌα¬αΈααα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα«αα±ααΌαα»ααααΈαααα α α αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈα±ααα«α ααΈαααα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈ α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα‘ααΌααΈ ααααα¬α±α αα isolation valve αα¬αΈ αααα¬αΈαααα Isolation Valve ααα ααααα‘αααΈαα α ααα α±αα αα«αα±ααΌαα αααα αααααα±α αα α ααΈα»αα¬αΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα¬αΈα»αα ααα
α αα - αα αα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α
335
α αα - ααα Vent and Sound System (Schematic)
336
α αα - ααα Sanitary System (Schematic)
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α αα - ααα Deck and Drain System αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage Sanitary Drainage SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (α±αααΈααααα±αααΈααααα±αααΈααααα±αααΈαααα))))
α€α αα αα¬ ααΈαΏααΈαα¬αΈα±ααα¬αΈα sewage holding tank ααα»αα α±α ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α»αα α±α α αΌααααα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααΈα»αα ααα ααα±ααΈααα α±αααΈαααΈα α±αα¬αα±αα α‘ααα±αα¬α α α ααααα α αΌααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα»αα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ αα ααα αΌααααααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬α ααΈααΌαα α±ααΈαααΈ α ααααα α αΌααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬αΈαα αααα αααααα»αα sewage holding tank ααα₯αΈα αΌα¬ αααααα αα±ααα¬αΈα αααα ααΏααΈα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α αΌαααα αααα ααΈαα±αα¬αα α αΌααααα±ααα¬αΈα grease interceptor α»αα α αα¬αΈα α‘ααα α αα αααα ααααααα«α αααααα ααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α±αααΈα±ααα αα¬αΈα αα±αα€α¬α±ααΈαααα¬α MARPOL Discharge station αα±αα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα±αα€α¬αα α αΈαα ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα±ααΈααααα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α
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α αα - ααα Deck and Drain System (Schematic)
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge Draft and Tank Gauge SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (α±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα±α»αα¬ααΈ))))
α€α αα αα¬ αα±αα€α¬α±αα αΈαα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘αααααα¬α»ααα αααΈαααααΈ α‘ααΌααΈα αααΈαΎααα±αα¬ α αα α»αα ααα α€α αα ααΌα α±ααα‘α¬αΈα α‘αααα±αα¬αα α αα αα¬αΈααΈααα ααααα±αα¬ ααα ααααα αα±αα€α¬ααα α±αααααααΌααΈαα¬ αα±ααα¬ α hydrostatic pressure (αααΏααα‘αααα‘α¬αΈ) ααΎαααΏααΈ α‘αααααα¬α»αα α‘α»ααα αααΈαα¬α»αααΈα»αα ααα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Engine Cooling Engine Cooling Engine Cooling Engine Cooling SystemSystemSystemSystem ( ( ( (α‘αααα‘αααα‘αααα‘ααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα ))))
α€α αα αα¬ αα±αα€α¬α α‘ααα±αα¬ααΈααα±ααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘ααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α»αα αα«ααα α€α αα ααΌα αα αααΈαα«αα«ααα ααααα±ααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα α±αααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
αααααααα ααααα±αααααααα±αααααααα±αααααααα±ααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System) (Sea Water Cooling System)
α€α αα αα α‘αααααα‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α»αα ααα α€α‘αααΈαα α‘ααΌαα αα α»αα αΏααΈ ααααα±αα αααα α αΈααα α α αααΏααΈ α‘αααα‘αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα (engine heat exchanger) αα ααα±ααΈααα α€ααα (heat exchanger) ααΌα α‘αααααα¬α±αα¬ α‘αααα»ααα±ααα α‘ααα¬αΈα ααααα±ααα αααα¬ ααα¬α±αα¬ ααααα±ααα¬αΈα ααααα‘ααΌααΈ α αΌαααα ααα αααααΈα±α αα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α αααααααα α± α± α± α±αααααααααααααααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α‘α±α‘αΈαα αα ( ( ( (FreshFreshFreshFresh Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System) Water Cooling System)
α€α αα αα α‘αααα»ααα‘α±α‘αΈαα αα α»αα ααα α€α‘αααΈαα α‘ααα αα α»αα αΏααΈ α±αααα‘ααα‘ααΌαααα α‘ααααα ααααΌααα¬ ααααα αΈαααΈα±αααα α‘αααααΌα α‘α±ααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααααααα α±αααααα‘ααΌααΈα α±ααα¬αΈαα αααα¬ α‘ααα αααα ααααα αΈα±α ααα αααααα¬α±αα¬ α±ααα ααα αα‘α±α‘αΈαα αα (oil cooler) α‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΏααΈ αα α‘αααα‘ααΌααΈαααα¬ α‘αααα±αα«ααΈ (engine head), α‘αααααΈ (engine block) α‘ααΌααΈαα¬αΈαααααα¬ α‘ααααα‘αα α ααααα α‘αααα»αα α±αααα α‘αα±α»αα¬ααΈααα (heat exchanger) ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α‘αα« ααααα±αα ααα α‘ααα¬αΈα α ααααα»αααΈα»αα α‘ααααααΌα¬αΈααα α‘ααααα±α‘αΈ ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±αααα α‘αααα‘ααΌααΈα»αααα¬αα¬ α‘ααααα‘ααα¬αΈα α ααα αα±αα¬α α‘α α±α»αα¬ααΈααα ααΌα ααααα±ααα α‘ααα¬αΈααα±ααΈ α αα»αα α‘αααα α‘α±α‘αΈαα±ααΈααα α€α αα α‘ααΌααΈ water maker (distiller) αααααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα α±ααα ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα‘α αα»αα distiller α α±αααα¬αΈα αα±α ααα
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α αα - αα α Sanitary Drainage Piping System
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α αα - ααα Tank and Draft Gauging System
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α αα - ααα Engine Cooling Piping System
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α‘ααααα±ααΈα α‘ααααα±ααΈα α‘ααααα±ααΈα α‘ααααα±ααΈα αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (Fuel OilFuel OilFuel OilFuel Oil System) System) System) System)
α€α αα αα αα±αα€α¬α‘ααα‘ααα (main engine)α α‘αα‘ααα (auxiliary engine) αα αααααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α αα±αα¬ααΈαα ααα±ααΈααα αααα α±ααααΈαα¬ααΌαααΈα±αα¬ αααααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααα αααα αα±αα€α¬α α±ααΈ αα (port), αα¬ (starboard) α αα»ααα±αα¬ filling station α αα αα αααα (Fuel Oil Tank) αα¬αΈ α‘ααΌααΈ α»ααααα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α ααααααααΈαα¬αΈααα αα αααααα (fuel oil transfer pump) αα¬αΈα α±ααα α₯ααΈ daily service tank, fuel oil setting tank α ααααα ααα±ααΈααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α‘αααα‘αααα‘αααα‘ααααααααααα ( ( ( (α±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬αα±αα¬α)))) α± α± α± α±ααΈα ααΈα ααΈα ααΈα αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (Lubrication OilLubrication OilLubrication OilLubrication Oil System) System) System) System)
α€α αα α α±αα¬αααα αα (Lube oil supply system) αα α±αα¬αααα αα (Dirty oil drain system) α αα αααΈααΌααααα α±αα¬αααα (Lube Oil Tank) α α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα (Lube oil transfer pump) α αα±αα€α¬α‘ααα‘αααα α‘αα‘αααα αααα±ααα¬α ααα¬α‘α α‘α»αα¬αΈα αααα‘α α α‘αααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α±ααΌαα αΌα¬ααααα±α αα ααα±ααΈααα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α α‘αααα αααα±ααα¬α ααα¬α±αα¬αα αα¬αΈα α αΌαααααααα αα ααα±αα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααα ααα (Dirty Oil Tank) ααΌααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ αα±αα€α¬αα αααΈααα±αα¬α‘αα« αααΈααα±ααα MARPOL station α αα αα αααΈα±αααα ααα±ααΈααα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬α‘αα«αα ααΈααΈα±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈ α±αα¬αααααα»αα αα«ααα αααααααααααα αα αα αα αα αααα α‘αααα‘αα±αα¬α‘αααα‘αα±αα¬α‘αααα‘αα±αα¬α‘αααα‘αα±αα¬ α α α α αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (Engine ExhaustEngine ExhaustEngine ExhaustEngine Exhaust System) System) System) System)
α€α αα αα¬ α‘ααααααααα±αα¬ α‘αα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα€α¬α‘α»αααα α αΌαα ααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α αα α»αα ααα α αΌααααααα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈαα α±ααααα αα α αα±αα¬α αααΈα α±ααααΈα αα αα¬αΈαα αααΈα±α αα αα αα ααΌα α‘αααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘α αα‘αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααΈααΌα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααααα¬ (spark arrester), α‘ααααΈαααα¬ (silencer) αα α ααααΌααα¬αα¬ (expansion bellow) ααα»αα ααα α‘αα±αα¬α αα ααΌαααΈα±αα¬ ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ α ααααΌα α»αααΈα ααααα»αααΈαα«αααααα±α‘α¬ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααααα«αα α‘ααΈααα‘αααα¬αΈ α»αα αααα α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α
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α αα - ααα Fuel Oil Piping System
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α αα - ααα Lube Oil Piping System
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α αα - ααα Engine Exhaust Piping System
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±α α α α α αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (Compressed AirCompressed AirCompressed AirCompressed Air System) System) System) System)
α€α αα α ααΈα ααΌααααα
αα Service Air (α‘αααααα ααΈα±αα¬α±α) αα Control Air (αααΈααα αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈα±αα¬α±α) αα Starting Air (α αα αααααα ααΈα±αα¬α±α) α αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α Service Air αα α‘α±ααΈα±ααααααα α‘α»ααααααΌα
α‘ααΈα»ααααααα‘αα« ααΈαααα α‘ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα αα«αα α α‘ααΈα»αααααα α ααααα¬ αα ααααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα¬αΈα±ααΈααα
Control Air αα¬ fire damper, tank gauging system αα instrument control α‘ααΌα ααΈααα α₯ααα¬ - α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα¬ααΈαααα αααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα α€α±αα ααΈ ααα Starting Air αα¬ αα±αα€α¬α α‘ααα‘ααααααΈα α ααα±αα¬ααΈααααα‘ααΌα α»αα ααα
α±ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα α (Air Compressor) αα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα α±αα α αααα¬αα α‘α±α»αα¬αααααα¬ (air filter and air dryer) αα»αααΏααΈ α±αα±αα¬ααα (air receiver) αα ααα±ααΈααα αα±αα±αα¬αααα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα α‘ααα±αα¬α»ααα« service air α αααααΈ αα¬αΈαα ααα±ααΈααα
α‘α±ααΈα±ααααΈ αααα±ααα¬ (emergency generator) α‘ααΌα air compressor αα emergency air receiver α ααΈααααα¬αΈαααα αααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΌα α emergency αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααα±ααααααΈα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααα±αα»αα α‘α»αα»ααα±ααΈα±αααα α‘α±ααΈα±ααα‘α±α»α α‘α±αααΌαααα¬ α‘α±ααΈα±ααααΈαααα±ααα¬α α±αα¬ααΈααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα¬αα±αααα¬αα±αααα¬αα±αααα¬αα±αα ααΈα±αα±ααΈααΈα±αα±ααΈααΈα±αα±ααΈααΈα±αα±ααΈ α α α α αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (Potable WaterPotable WaterPotable WaterPotable Water System) System) System) System)
α€α αα αα¬ αα±αα€α¬α±ααα α±αα¬αα±αα ααΈα±αα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬α±αα α ααααααααΈααΈα±α αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα±ααΈα±αααα»αα ααα α - αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α α€α αα α‘ααΌαα±ααααα αα±αα¬αααααΌα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαΏααΈ αα αααα»αα αα‘α¬αΈα»ααααα (pressure set tank) αααα α±ααΈααα ααααααα αα α±αα U.V. Sterilizer α α»ααα±α αα¬ αα‘αα±αα¬ αα±ααααΈ αα¬αΈα ααΈαα±αα¬αα α±ααα αα α α ααααααααΈ α ααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα±ααΈααα αα‘αα±αα¬ α±ααααα αα±αα€α¬αααΈααααα‘αα« αααΈα±αααα»αααααα ααα»αα Water Maker (distiller) α±αα«ααΈαα αα α±αααααΈ ααα±ααΈααα
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α αα - ααα Compressed Air System
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α αα - ααα Potable Water System
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααα±α»αα¬αα ααα±α»αα¬αα ααα±α»αα¬αα ααα±α»αα¬αα α α α α αα αα αα αα ( ( ( (HydraulicHydraulicHydraulicHydraulic System) System) System) System)
α€α αα αα¬ ααα±α»αα¬αα αα α±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ α ααααα¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α‘αααααα αα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααα±α»αα¬αα αα αααα»αα ααααα αα‘αα±αα¬α ααα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α α±αα¬ααΈααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α αα α»αα ααα α - αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α α€α αα ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±α‘α¬α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αα‘α¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (pressure control valve) α»αααααΈα±ααΈααα αα±αα¬ααααα αα αΈαααΈααααα‘ααΌαα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (flow control valve) α αααΈα±ααΈααα Actuator αα¬αΈα ααα±α»αα¬ αα α αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα α αααα αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈα±ααΈααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈαα±α‘αΈα±ααΈαα±α‘αΈα±ααΈαα±α‘αΈα±ααΈ α α α α αα αα αα αα ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System) ( Refrigerant System)
α€α αα α αα±αα€α¬α±ααα αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈαααΈ α αααααα α‘α±α‘αΈαααΈ (freezer room) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α±αα±α‘αΈαα¬αΈααα±ααΈααα
Air Handling Unit α α±αα±α‘αΈαα¬αΈα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ (Air cond ducts) αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬α±ααα¬α±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈααα Air handling unit ααΌα α±αα±α‘αΈα αα α αα‘αα±αα¬α±αα±α‘αΈαα¬αΈαα±α‘α¬α ααα±ααΈααα α- αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααα α‘αα±ααΈα‘αα±ααΈα‘αα±ααΈα‘αα±ααΈ α α α α αα αα αα αα (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System) (Steam Heating System)
α€α αα α α‘ααΌαα±α‘αΈα±αα¬αα¬αα₯ααα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα α ααααα¬αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α‘αα±ααΈααα α- αα - αα ααΌααΎαααα«α
α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαα ααΌ ααα¬ (boiler) αα¬αΈαααααΏααΈ space heater ααααα equip β ment heating coil αα¬αΈααα αα αα‘αα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααα±ααΈααα α±αα±ααΌαΈ α±ααΌααααα¬α±αα¬ α±αα«ααΈα±ααΌ αΈαα¬αΈ (steam condensate) α ααΌ ααα¬αα¬αΈα α»ααααα±ααΈααα
α€αααα αα±αα€α¬αα α αΈααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ αααααΈα αα αα¬αΈ α αααα α»ααα
ααΌα¬αΈαΏαα»αα αα«ααα αα±αα€α¬α±ααααΌα α‘αααΈ ααααα ααα (Tank) ααααα αΎαααΈα»αα (deck) αα¬αΈαα ααα»αααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬ααΌα ααα»ααα‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα«ααα ααα αα¬αΈα α±αααα±αα¬αα (water tight bulkhead ) αα α±ααα αα¬ααα±αα¬αα (non-water tight bulkhead ) α αα ααΈααα ααααα¬αΈα α»ααα±αα¬α‘αα« α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα« ααα
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α αα - ααα Hydraulic System
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α αα - ααα Refrigerant System
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α αα - αα α Steam Heating System
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααα»ααααα»ααααα»ααααα»αα α‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈ ( ( ( (Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)Penetration Pieces)
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈ ( ( ( (Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead) α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα
α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ penetration piece αα ααα ααααΈαα ααααα ααα α»αααα αααααααα αααααα¬α αα α‘αα ααα»ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααααα¬αα¬αα α‘αααΈ α‘αα¬α‘αα‘ααα ααα¬αΈ ααα±ααΈααα α€ααα¬αΈ α‘αααΈααααααα»αα αα«ααα α€α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬ penetration piece αα ααα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈ α‘α±ααα αα¬αΈαα»αα ααα α»αααα αααα αααα«α α»αα»αααααΈαααΈ αα ααα α»ααα ααααα α»ααααα αααα»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌα ααα»ααα‘αααΈαα±ααΈ αα¬αΈ (penetration piece) α αα α‘ααΈααΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα« ααα
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αα αααΈαααα αααΈ α±αα»αα ααΌα¬αΈααα±αα¬ αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±ααα αα¬ ααα±αα¬ non-watertight bulkhead αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα« penetration piece αα¬αΈ ααΈαα«ααα α‘αα α±αα¬ penetration piece αα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈααα« α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα α‘ααΌαααα¬ α»αα αΏααΈ ααα±ααΌα αα α±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα α‘αααααα¬
αα¬αα ααα¬αΈα‘αααΈ α»αααααα α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±ααααααααα αα¬ααα±α αα¬ααα±α αα¬ααα±α αα¬ααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈ ( ( ( (NonNonNonNon----Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead)Water Tight Bulkhead) α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌα
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα¬αΈααααααΈαα¬αΈα α± α± α± α±ααΈααα»αααΈααΈααα»αααΈααΈααα»αααΈααΈααα»αααΈ (Painting) (Painting) (Painting) (Painting)
αα±αα€α¬ ααααα α±ααααΈα αααα ααααα»ααααΌαα±ααααα»αα αα¬ αααα αα¬αΈαα±αα±αΎαα¬α ααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα±ααΈααααα α‘ααΈα‘α±ααΈα±ααΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α»αα αα¬ αα‘αααΌα αααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ αα«ααα±αααα αααααΈαα¬αΈ α±ααΈααα»αααΈα‘ααΌα ααααααα ααααα α±ααΈαααααα ααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
ααα±αα¬α±ααΈαα αα¬αα₯ααα«αα ααα α¬αΈαααα«αα α‘ααα«αα αααα ααα αααα α‘α ααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈααααααΏααΈ α‘αααααα¬αΈα ααΌαααα α (hot dip galvanised) ααααα«ααα ααΌαααα αα»αααΈααΌα αααΌ αα»αααΈ (de-greasing)α α‘αα α α»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ (acid pickling) α ααΌαααα αα»αααΈ (galvanising) α ααΈαααΈαα«αα«ααα αααα¬αΈα α‘ααα ααα α αα α αααα ααααααα±αα¬ ααΌααααααΌα αα αΏααΈ α αααα«ααα
ααΌαααα αα»αααΈα αααα¬αΈ (α‘αα)αααΏααΈα (pre-fabrication in workshop) αα¬ ααααα«ααα αα±αα€α¬α±ααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈ (field joints) α αα±αα±αα¬αα α±αα¬α‘αα« ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈααααΌα¬αΈαα»αα αα±ααα¬αα¬αΈα cold galvanise α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α»ααααα α±ααΈαα ααα«ααα
α€α±ααα¬ααΌαα α±ααΈααα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΈα ααα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬α ααααααα αααα α‘α±αα¬αααααα±αα¬ααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα α‘ααΌαααα»αααα¬αααα¬αα±α αα αααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬ααααααΌα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α±ααα α‘α¬αΈα»αα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«α αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌααα‘α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αα αααααα«ααα
System Colour System Colour Steam Silver Compressed Air Salmon Pink Condensate Orange Bilge Black Heavy Fuel Oil Dark Brown CO2 Fire Fighting Red Diesel Oil Light Brown Refrigeration White Lubricating Oil Canary Yellow Fire Fighting Full Red Feed Water Orange Deck Wash Full Red Cooling Water Green Hydraulic Line Brown Ballast Sea Water Grass Green Vent and Sound Brown Fresh Water Oxford Blue
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Penetration Piece of Steel Pipe For Deck and Bulkhead (JIS)
Note: 1) The material of double plate shall be the same grade as hull structure, except general part. 2) The thickness of Doubler Plate (T1) must not be less than the thickness of hull structure (T), T) (T1 β₯
3) Doubler Plate shall be marked with N.P *N.D*.
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Sleeve for Steel Pipe (#80)
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Sleeve for Steel Pipe (#60)
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Sleeve for Stainless Steel
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α‘αααΈ αα
α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈ (Quality Control)
αααααΈα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαααα¬ ααααα α±αα¬ααΈααα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈ (α) αααααΈααα»αααΈ α ααααα»ααααα»αααΈ α±αα«ααΈα α₯α±α‘α¬αααΌα α‘α±αα¬α‘αα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααααΈαα αα αααα¬ααΌα αααααΈα»αα αΏααΈα±αα¬ ααα»αααΈαααα αααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈααα‘α αααααα¬αΈα»αααΈααα ααααα¬αααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα« ααα α€αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αααα¬αΈαα αααα α α±ααΈαα QC (Quality Control) ααααα QA / QC Engineering αα¬α αα¬αΈααα«ααα α€αααααΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααΈαα¬αΈααα αα±αα±αα¬αα¬ααΌααααΈ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈ αα¬αΈα‘αααΈα±αα¬ααα αα±αααα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α»αα αα α αα»αα ααα±αα»ααα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈ αααα αααααΈααΌα ααΈαααα α₯ααΈαααΈα ααααααΌααααα α‘αααα‘α αααααααα ααα‘α αα αααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈ αααααα¬αΈαα ααααα αααααααα¬αΈα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αΈα ααα»ααααααα QC αα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘αααα¬ ααααααα¬αΈα α α±αα¬ααΈααα»αααα Inspection and Test Plan α»ααααααα Owner αα Contractor α‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα αααΈαα¬αΈα α α α±ααΈαα α±αααα»αααΈα αααααΈα»αααΈ α ααααα»ααααα α»αα αα«ααα QC αα α₯αΈ αα αααααΈααΌααα ααα±ααα α‘αααααΈααα±ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα αααααα±α αα¬ ααααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαΏαα ααα‘αααΏααΈαα αα¬αααααα α ααααα ααα¬αΈααα«ααα αααααααΈαα αααΏα αααααΈα QC ααααα αααα αααααΈαα αααααα α αααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα ααα»αα αααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα±αααα αα±αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α±αααααααΈ ααα±α»ααα»αα α±α α¬ααΎααα±ααα ααα«ααα ααααα¬ αααααα±ααα¬ ααααα αααααα α‘ααα ααα αααα¬ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα±ααα α αα«αααα¬αα αααΌααα α‘ααα ααααΈαααααα αΏααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααααΈααΌααααΈ αααααα¬α α±αααα α α±ααΈα±α αα¬ α α α±ααΈαΏααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα QC αααααΈαα αααα α±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈαααααΌ α‘αααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
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αααααααααααα αααααααα QC QC QC QC αα α₯αΈααα α₯αΈααα α₯αΈααα α₯αΈα αα¬αα¬αα¬αα¬ααααααααααααααααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC) (Duties and Responsibilities of a QC)
αα αααα¬αααααα αααααΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααααα Piping Specification α αααα¬αΈαααα αα¬αΈααααα ααααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈαααα αα αααααΈα α αααααα (fabricating) ααααΈα GA Drawing, P&ID Drawing αα
α‘ααΈαα»αα Iso Drawing αα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαααα αα αααααΈααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα αα
αα¬αΈα pressure gauge αα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬αα α‘α α‘α α₯ (Welding Procedure Specification) α αα±αα±αα¬αααα αααααααα αααΎαα ααα α αα αααααα α‘αααααααααααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα α α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα
αα ITR (Inspection And Test Record) ααααα ITP (Inspection and Test Plan) ααααα Inspection Report α»αααααααα α α α‘ααΈα»ααα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα Pipe Spec. αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬
αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα α α α±ααΈαααα ααααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα heat no. αα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαααα
αα Spool αα¬αΈ Fit Up αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α spool αα¬αΈαα Iso Drawing α‘αααΈ αααα¬αΈα»αααΈ αααααα Dimension αα¬αΈααααα α α α±ααΈαα¬ Fit Up Inspection α‘ααΌα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα»αααααα¬ Fit-up inspection α±αααααα
αα Joint αα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αα±ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈ α α α±ααΈαΏααΈ αα‘αα±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα»αααααα¬ visual inspection α±αααααα αα αα±αα±αα¬αΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ spool αα¬αΈα NDT Test ααααααα«α αα‘αα±αα¬ NDT Test (MPI, Ultra Sound, Penetrant Test, X-Ray etc.) αααααα αα Galvanise (ααΌαααα αα»αααΈ) ααααααα«α α spool αα¬αΈα galvanise αααααααααα α galvanise ααααααααΈ αααΈαα¬αΈαααα ααα ααα±αα¬α α spool αα¬αΈα hydro test αααα α α α₯αααα αα‘αα±αα¬ Test Package α»αααααα Inspector αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαΎαα¬αΈαααα ααα Hydro Test αααα¬ααΌα ααΈαα Torque Wrench Cert. αα¬αΈα Pressure Gauge αα¬αΈα calibration certificate αα¬αΈα blind flange αα¬αΈα certificate αα¬αΈ α ααααα ααΈααΌ ααα»ααααα Pressure Recorder ααΈαααααΈ α recorder α calibration cert. ααααΈ test package ααΌα ααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααα ααα Hydro Test αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αα¬α±αα¬αα α α±ααΈαα witness α ααααα αααα¬αΈαααα Pressure / Temperature Recording Graph αα¬αΈααααΈ Test Pack ααΌα α αα αα ααΈααΌαα¬αΈαααα ααα Chemical cleaning ααααααα«ααααΈ cleaning section ααααααα»αααααΏααΈ ααααααΈ α±ααΈαααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈααα‘αα« αααΏααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα (Certificate) ααααΈ ααΈααΌαα¬αΈ αααα
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ααα αααααΈαα αααΈαααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα αααΈαα αααΈα Hydro Test / Air Test αααα ααα«ααα α‘αα αα αα αα ααΌα α»ααααα‘αααΈ α»αααα α»αα αα«ααα αα α Test αααα Pre Test Punch List αααα¬ α α α±ααΈαα α»αα αα«ααα αααααα¬ Flange ααα‘α¬αΈααΈ α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ αΎαααα¬αΈα»αααΈαααα Vent αα drain valve αα¬αΈααα ααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα Pipe Support αα¬αΈ αα±αα¬αα αα±αα¬αα α α αα α Pipe Support αα¬αΈαα drawing αααΌα α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααΈ αααα¬αΈααα¬αΈα α ααααα α α α±ααΈ αα α»αα αα«ααα α‘ααα α αααΌααΈαααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌααα«α αααααα¬ supervisor ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαΎαα¬αΈαα¬ ααα»αααΈ α»αααααΈα αααααΈααα«ααα ααα Punch List clear α»αα ααΌα¬αΈαΏαααα αααααΈαααΈαα αααΈα Hydro Test ααααα Air Test ααααα«ααα ααα Testing αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα Post Hydro Test Punch List αααα¬ α α α±ααΈα α»αααα«ααα α€α‘ααααΌα Test ααα α₯α αα¬ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Temporary Blind Flange αα¬αΈα Pressure Gauge αα¬αΈα vent αα¬αΈα drain αα¬αΈ α»ααα»αααα¬αΈααα¬αΈα αααααΈα ααα αα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α»αααααααααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α αααα¬αΈα α α α±ααΈαααα»αα αα«ααα ααα Test αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α±αα»ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α±αααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα αααΈα α±ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα ααα«ααα α€ααα Flushing αααα α±αααα Flushing αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαααααΈ αααΏααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈα±ααααΌα Inspector α αααα ααα«ααα ααα ααα±αα¬α αααααΈαααΈα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈα α ααααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈ α αααα αα α‘αααααααΈαααα α‘αααΈ ααα±ααΈααα«ααα αα Box Up ααααα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ Tie In ααααααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αααα«ααα Tie In αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα«ααΌααααΈ αααααΈαα ααααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ αααα α α±ααΈαα ααα«ααα α€ααα α α α±ααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘ααααΈαα±αα¬ ααα¬ - P & ID Drawing α»αα αα«ααα P & ID Drawing α αααααΈα ααααα±ααα¬α ααααα±ααα¬αα αααα¬αΈααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα αααα αααα¬αα¬αΈαααα α‘α±ααΈα α αααΈαααΈαααΈ α»ααα»αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα α‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α±αα¬αααΈαΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαα αααΈααα αα αααααΈα αα α±α»ααΈα α₯α αααααα α α α±ααΈαα¬ αα±ααα«ααααΈ αααα±ααααΌα α€αααΈαα ααα±ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈαα α»αα αα«αα αααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα βAs Builtβ αα±αα¬ αααααΈααα¬ ααααααΈααα«ααα α‘ααα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαααΈα ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘αααΈαααααΈααΌααααΈ αα αα»αα α‘ααα±α»αα±α‘α¬α αααααα±αα¬α‘αα« αα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈααα±ααα¬ααΌα ααα±ααΌα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΌα±ααΈαΏααΈ ααα±ααααΌα βAs Builtβ αα±αα¬ αααααΈααα¬ ααααααΈα±ααΈααα α»αα αα«ααα ααα α‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαΏαα αα‘αα±αα¬α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈαααΈα αΏα ααα
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α±αα¬αααΈα‘αααα¬ αααααΈα αααααα¬ααααα α‘αααααα»αα αα«ααα αα Hand Over ααααα α±αααα«ααα α€α‘αααα¬αΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα‘αα α»αα αα αααααα¬α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ αα»ααα αα»αα owner ααα α€α α¬ααΌαα±ααααΌα ααααααΈαα±ααΈααααΈ α‘αααΏααΈα±α»αα¬ααΏα α αα±αααααα«α α€α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈαα»ααΏααΈ αααααα±αα¬ααΈαααα»αα αα»αα αααααΈ αααΈαα αααΈ ααα±ααΌαααΌα αΏααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα α€α α¬ααΌααααα«α αααα‘α»αααααααα«α
α€αααα QC αα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαα αααα‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααα«αΏαα α±α‘α¬αααΌα αα‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈ αααα¬αα¬αΈα
α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
αα - αα Welder Certificate αααα¬
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αα - αα ααα Mill Certificate αααα¬
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ααα αα Fit Up Inspection αααα¬
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ααα αα Visual Inspection αααα¬
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ααα α α Blasting And Painting Request αααα¬
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ααα αα Inspection Request αααα¬
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ααα αα NDT MPI Inspection αααα¬
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ααα αα NDT X Ray Inspection αααα¬
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ααα αα Work Completion Form αααα¬
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αααααααααααα αααααααα Test Pack Test Pack Test Pack Test Pack αααα¬αα αααα¬αα αααα¬αα αααα¬αα
αα - ααα Test Package Cover αααα¬
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αα - ααα Test Package αα¬ααα¬
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αα - ααα Drawing List
αα - ααα ααΈααΌααα»αααα α α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ
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αα - ααα ααααα α¬ααΌαα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈαα«αα α α α α±ααΈα±αα¬ Check List
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αα - αα α Hydro Test αααααΈ
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αα - ααα Hydro Test αααα ααααα α α±ααΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈ αααααΈ
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αα - ααα Test Pack Specification
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αα - ααα α‘α¬αΈααΈα α α±ααΈαΏααΈα Hydro Test αααα α‘ααααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα»ααα
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αα - ααα ααα‘ααΌααΈααααααΈα±ααΈααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘α αααα α¬
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αα - ααα Hydro Test αααΏααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα« αααααΈα α»ααααα α α±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈ
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αα - ααα Hydro Test ααΌα ααΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αα¬αΈα αααα
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αα - ααα α±αα¬αααΈααααααΈααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈαΏααΈααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα (Job Completion Form)
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αα - ααα Pre-Hydro Test Check List
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αα - ααα Reinstatement Checklist (After Hydro Test)
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αα - αα α Punch List
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α‘αααΈ αα αααααΈ ααααΈα±ααΈααΌα»αααΈ
(Piping Design) αααααΈααααΈααΏαα±α»αα¬ααα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αα αα αααΌαααΈαα αα‘α¬αΈα
α‘αααααα‘α±ααααααα¬ αααα‘αα ααα‘ααΌαα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααα‘αααα¬αΈ αααααα±ααα¬α ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈααα ααα±ααα¬α ααα‘αααα¬αΈ αααααα±ααα¬α ααΈα αα αααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ αα±ααΌαΈααα±ααΈα»αααΈααα»αα αα«ααα α»ααα αΌαα±α»αα¬ααα ααααααααα±ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα αααα ααΈαααα‘α α‘α α₯α αααααααα α αααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα±αα¬ααα α αααΈαααααααα¬αΈ α ααα‘α¬αΈααΈαα«αααα« ααα α€ααΌα αααααΈααααΈα αααα»αααΈαα¬ ααα‘αααααα¬αα¬αΈα‘α±ααα α±ααα¬αα α±ααα¬ααααα»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ ααααΈαααΈαα¬ ααα»αααααα»αα α‘αααΈαα αααΈααα αα»ααα ααα α α¬α‘ααα α‘αααΈαααα±ααΈα α»ααα»ααα α α»αα ααααα ααα±αα¬α»ααααα¬ ααααΈ ααΌαα¬ααΌα α‘α±α»ααααα¬αΈαααα α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ α»αα αα«ααα α€α‘αααα¬αΈα α‘α±α»αααΏααΈ αααα¬αα¬ ααααα±ααα¬αααα«ααα ααααααΈααα¬ααΌααααΈ αααααααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααααΏααΈ ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈ ααα»αα αα¬ α€α±ααα¬ααΌα αααα α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈαΏααΈ α‘α»αα¬αΈαααα αα ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αααΈααα αααα¬ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αααΈααα α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα PipingPipingPipingPiping Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Codes and Standards Codes and Standards
Piping Design Engineer αα α₯αΈα‘α±ααα αααα»αα ααα¬αΈααααα¬ Piping Codes and Standards α»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ Piping Codes and Standards αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈ αααα±ααΌαΈαααα»αα αα¬ ααα‘α±ααα ααααα‘αααΈαααααα ααααα α¬α‘αα ααααα‘αααΈααΌα αα¬αααα ααα¬αΈαα α»αα αα«ααα ααααα±αα¬ α‘ααααα¬αα ααΈαα¬αΈαααα ααα«ααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α Piping Codes and Standards αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαααααΈαα αααααΈααααΈα±ααΈααΌαα¬ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ ααααΈα ααα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααααΈα±ααΈααα αααα αααα α₯ααΈα α±ααΌαΈααααα αααααΈαααα¬ααΌα αααΈαααααα±ααΈααα αααα±ααααΏααΈα ααΈαα α»αααΈα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α αααααααα¬αΈ αααα±ααΈααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈααΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈαααααα α±ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααα‘αααα¬αΈ α ααααα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α αα¬αΈαααα±ααΈαα α ααααα»αα αα«ααα αααααΈαα αααΈα ααααΈα±αααΌαα¬ααΌα ααααα¬αα α₯αΈα‘α±ααα α‘ααα±αα¬α»ααα« Piping Codes and Standards αα¬αΈα αααααααα¬αα ααα«ααα αααα¬αα α‘αα α‘αα ααΌαα±αααα¬α±αα¬ code αα standard αα¬αΈα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈααααα¬αΈααααΈ ααα±α»ααα»αα α±ααα¬α±ααα ααα«ααα
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Piping CodesPiping CodesPiping CodesPiping Codes
Piping Codes αα¬αΈα ααααΈαα‘ααααα¬αΈα αααααΈααα»αααΈα α±α»ααΈα»αααΈα αααααΈ ααΌαααΈααα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±αααα α ααΈααα»αααΈ αα αααααΈα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααααα»ααα¬ααΈα±ααΈααα
Piping StandradsPiping StandradsPiping StandradsPiping Standrads
Piping Standards αα¬αΈα ααα±ααΌαααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α αααΈαα αααα¬αααα‘αααα¬αΈα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα»αααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α»ααα¬ααΈα±ααΈααα
α€ααΌα αααααααΈα ααΈα±αα¬ Codes and Standards αα¬αΈαα α‘ααα α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘α»ααα‘α ααααα«α α‘α»ααα‘α α ααααα¬αΈα‘α±ααα αααααα¬ ASME, ASTM, API α αα web site αα¬αΈαα ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα±ααα¬αααα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards ASME Codes and Standards
α‘α±αααα α αααα‘αααααα¬αα¬αΈα‘αααΈ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) α α‘αααααα¬αα¬αα¬αααααα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈα ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α αααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα α ααα α‘αααααα¬αα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααΌ ααΈαααααα α‘αααα¬αα¬αΈ α»αααα±αα±ααΈαα ααααΌαααα»αα αααα ααα ααΌα α ααααΌαα ααΈααα«ααα ASME Codes and Standards αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα‘αα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα αααα ααααα±αα¬ Code αα Standard αα¬αΈααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
αα ααα»α¬ααΈα α αα¬αΈααΈα αΌα±ααα±αα¬ code αα¬ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code α»αα αα«ααα αααΌα α‘αααΈ αα αααΈαα«αα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
α‘αααΈ - α α Power Boilers α‘αααΈ - α α Material Specifications α‘αααΈ - α α Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components α‘αααΈ - α α Heating Boilers α‘αααΈ - α α Nondestructive Examination α‘αααΈ - α α Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers α‘αααΈ - α α Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers α‘αααΈ - α α Pressure Vessels α‘αααΈ - α α Welding and Brazing Qualifications α‘αααΈ - αα α Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels α‘αααΈ - αα α Rules for In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Power Components
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α€α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα ααααααααα±αα¬α‘αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αααΈ αα αα αα αα α α α αα α αααα¬ α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ASMEASMEASMEASME B31B31B31B31
αα ααα»α¬ααΈα α αα¬αΈααΈα αΌα±ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬α code αα ααα¬ ASME B31 α»αα αα« ααα Project B31 α»ααα ααααα¬ ASME B31 β Standard Code for Pressure Piping α αααα ααα ααΌα αααααα±αααα«ααα ααα α‘α±ααααα αααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈ α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈ α»αα αα αααα ααααα¬α α αααΏααΈ American National Standards Committee B31 α ASME Code for Pressure Piping B31 Committee α‘α»αα ASME α ααΌαα ααΈα αααΈα αα αα¬αΈα‘αααΈ α»ααααααΌαα ααΈαααα αα‘ααΌαα ANSI (American National Standards Institute) α α‘αα‘ααα»αααα αααααΌα ASME B31 α α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα αααααα±αααΏααΈ α»αα ααα ASME B31.1 Power Piping USAS B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohol ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping System ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
αααααααααααα αααααααα ANSI ANSI ANSI ANSI Codes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and Standards
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) α αααα American Standards Association (ASA) α αααα¬αΈαααα αααα α αααα ααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα United Stated of America Standards Institute (USASI) α αα¬ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα ANSI α ααΌααΏααΈααΈαααααα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα αααααΈα αΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αα¬αΈα α‘ααα»αα±ααΈααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αααα»αα¬αΈα‘α αΈαα‘ααΌααα¬αΈα α‘α»ααα»αααααα¬ α αααΈα‘ααΌα (ISO β International Organization for Standardization) α α‘α»αα¬αΈ α αααΈαααααααα¬αΈα α»αααα±αα±ααΈαα α±αα¬α ααΌαα±ααΈααα
ANSI α αα¬αααα»αααα±αα±ααΈα α‘ααα»αα±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααααα¬αααα¬ ααααΈαα α±αα¬αααα±ααΈαααα¬ αα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α»ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΏαα ααααα (Safety) α α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈααα
αααααααα¬ ANSI Standards αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα ααα
A13.1-96 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems
391
A112.1.2-91 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems A112.6.1M-88 Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures for Public Use A112.18.1M-96 Plumbing Fixture Fittings A112.19.IM-94 Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures A112.19.3M-87 Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (designed for residential use) A112.21.1M-91 Floor Drains A112.21.2M-83 Roof Drains (revision of ANSI A112.21.2-1971) A112.36.2M-91 Cleanouts (revision of ANSI A112.36.2-1983) AG-1-94 Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads B1.20.1-83 Pipe Threads General Purpose (Inch) B1.20.3-76 Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch) B16.1-89 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings B16.3-92 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings; Classes 150 and 300 B16.4.92 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings; Classes 125 and 250 B16.5-96 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings B16.9-93 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt- Welding Fittings B16.10-92 Face-To-Face and End-To-End Dimensions of Valves B16.11-96 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded B16.12-91 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings B16.14-91 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads B16.15-85 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings; Classes 125 and 250 B16.18-84 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings (R1994) B16.22-95 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings B16.23-92 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings B16.24-91 Bronze Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings; Classes 150 and 300 B16.25-97 Butt-Welding Ends B16.26-88 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes B16.28-94 Wrought Steel Butt-Welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns B16.29-94 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage
Fittings B16.32-92 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Solvent Drainage
Systems B16.33-90 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping
Systems up to 125 psig (sizes 1β2 through 2) B16.34-96 ValvesβFlanged, Threaded, and Welding End
392
B16.36-96 Orifice Flanges B16.38-85 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (manually operated,
NPS 2 1β2 to 12, 125 psig maximum) (R1994) B16.39-86 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions; Classes 150, 250, and 300 B16.40-85 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs and Valves in Gas
Distribution Systems (R1994) B16.41-83 Functional Qualification Requirements for Power-Operated Active
Valve Assemblies for Nuclear Power Plants (R1989) B16.42-87 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings; Classes 150 and
300 (R1997) B16.44-95 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems B16.45-87 Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems B16.47-96 Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS 60 B18.2.1-96 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series) Including Hex
Cap Screws and Lag Screws; Supplement 1318.2.1 B18.2.2-87 Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series) B18.2.3.1M-79 Metric Hex Cap Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.2M-79 Metric Formed Hex Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.3M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.4M-84 Metric Hex Flange Screws (R1995) B18.2.3.5M-79 Metric Hex Bolts; Errata-May 1981 (R1995) B18.2.3.6M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Bolts (R1995) B18.2.4.1M-79 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 1 (R1995) B18.2.4.2M-79 Metric Hex Nuts, Style 2 (R1995) B18.2.4.3M-79 Metric Slotted Hex Nuts (R1995) B18.2.4.4M-82 Metric Hex Flange Nuts (R1993) B18.2.4.5M-79 Metric Hex Jam Nuts (R1990) B18.2.4.6M-79 Metric Heavy Hex Nuts (R1990) B18.5-90 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series) B18.5.2.1M-81 Metric Round Head Short Square Neck Bolts (R1995) B18.5.2.2M-82 Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts (R1993) B18.15-85 Forged Eyebolts (R1995) B18.18.1M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for General Purpose Fasteners B18.18.3M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for Special Purpose Fasteners B18.18.4M-87 Inspection and Quality Assurance for Fasteners for Highly
393
Specialized Engineered Applications (R1993) B18.21.1-72 Lock Washers (Inch Series) B18.21.2M-94 Lock Washers (Metric Series) B18.22M-81 Metric Plain Washers (R1990) B18.22.1-65 Plain Washers B32.5-77 Preferred Metric Sizes for Tubular Metal Products Other than Pipe B32.6M-84 Preferred Metric Equivalents of Inch Sizes for Tubular Products
Other than Pipe (revision of ANSI B32.6-1977) (R1994) B36.10M-96 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe B36.19M-85 Stainless Steel Pipe (revision of ANSI B36.19) MFC-1M-91 Glossary of Terms Used in the Measurement of Fluid Flow in
Pipes MFC-6M-87 Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Vortex Flow Meters MFC-7M-87 Measurement of Gas Flow by Means of Critical Flow Venturi
Nozzles (R1992) N45.2.1-80 Cleaning of Fluid Systems and Associated Components for
Nuclear Power Plants N278.1-75 Self-Operated and Power-Operated Safety-Related Valves
Functional Specification Standard, Reactor Plants and Their Maintenance (R 1992)
NQA-1-1997 Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities TDP-1-85 Recommended Practices for the Prevention of Water Damage to
Steam Turbines Used for Electric Power Generation (Fossil) TDP-2-85 Recommended Practices for the Prevention of Water Damage to
Steam Turbines Used for Electric Power Generation B31 Guide-77 Corrosion Control for ANSI B31.1, Power Piping Systems B31 Guide-91 Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded
Pipelines (a supplement to ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping) 1001-88 Performance Requirements for Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type
Vacuum Breakers 1003-93 Performance Requirements for Water Pressure Reducing Valves 1037-90 Performance Requirements for Pressurized Flushing Devices
(Flusho meters) for Plumbing Fixtures 1045-87 Performance Standard and Installation Procedures for Aluminum
Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with End Cap Components B16.20-93 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flangesβ Ring Joint, Spiral-Wound and
394
Jacketed B16.21-92 Non-metallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
αααααααααααα αααααααα AS AS AS ASTMTMTMTM Codes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and StandardsCodes and Standards
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α αα αα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬ αα ααα±αα¬α ααα αΌααΈααα α ααΈαααα¬ α αααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα±ααΈααα αααα α±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈααΌα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααααα±ααΈα»αααΈ (Determining and verifying characteristics) α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αα«ααΈα ααα«ααα±αα±αα¬ αα«α αα α₯ααΈαα«αααα α‘ααΈα‘α (Chemical composition), α ααα‘α¬αΈ (Tensile Strength)α α±ααΌαΈααΌα α»αααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈ (Bending properties) α α ααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬ α‘ααα»α α±ααΈα»αααΈαα αα«ααααα
ASTM Standards ααα α‘ααΌα±αα«ααΈ αα ααΌ (67 volumes) ααα±ααα¬αΈααα α‘ααΌαα ααΌα α‘α¬αΈ αααα α¬α‘αα α»ααααα»αααααααα¬αΈα α»ααα αΌααααα¬αΈα
ααααααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα α α₯ααα±αααα α αα ααΌα α‘αααΈ αα αααΈαααΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬α αα«α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα ααα±αα¬ ααααααα±αα¬α‘αααΈαα¬ αααΈααα Vol 01.01, Vol 03.03, Vol 08.04 αα±αα¬ααα¬ αα«αα«ααα
Section 1: Iron and Steel Products Volume 01.01 SteelβPiping, Tubing, Fittings
Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products Section 3: Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures
Volume 03.03 Non destructive Testing Section 4: Construction Section 5: Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels Section 6: Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatic Section 7: Textiles Section 8: Plastics
Volume 08.04 Plastic Pipe and Building Products Section 9: Rubber Section 10: Electrical Insulation and Electronics Section 11: Water and Environmental Technology Section 12: Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy Section 13: Medical Devices and Services Section 14: General Methods and Instrumentation Section 15: General Products, Chemical Specialties, and End Use Products Section 00: Index
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αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα AS AS AS ASTMTMTMTM International International International International ββββ StandardsStandardsStandardsStandards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings
ASTM Standards αα¬αΈαα α‘αααα»ααα αα¬αα αα α‘ααΈααΈ (α₯ααα¬ ααΈ αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈα αα ) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬ α ααΈαααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα αα¬αααα α‘α±ααΈα α α±ααα¬ααα±α ααα‘ααΌα ASTM Standards Section 1: Iron and Steel Products, Volume 01.01, SteelβPiping, Tubing, Fittings ααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ α α¬αααΈ α‘α»ααα‘α α α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα (January 2002 updated.)
SteelSteelSteelSteel Pipes Pipes Pipes Pipes
A53 - A53/A53M-99b - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc- Coated, Welded and Seamless
A74 - A74-98 - Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings A105/A105M-01 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping
Applications A106 - A106-99e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-
Temperature Service A126 - A126-95e1 - Specification for Grey Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and
Pipe Fittings A134 - A134-96 - Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes
NPS 16 and Over) A135 - A135-97c - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe A139 - A139-96e1 - Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4
and Over) A182 - A182/A182M-99 - Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges,
Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service A252 - A252-98 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles A312 - A312/A312M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic
Stainless Steel Pipes A333 - A333/A333M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-
Temperature Service A335 - A335/A335M-99 - Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for
High-Temperature Service A338 - A338-84 (1998) - Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and
Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650Β°F (345Β°C)
396
A358 - A358/A358M-98 - Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A369 - A369/A369M-92 - Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service
A376 - A376/A376M-98 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High- Temperature Central-Station Service
A377 - A377-99 - Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe A409 - A409/A409M-95ae1 - Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic
Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service A426 - A426-92 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe
for High-Temperature Service A451 - A451-93 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe
for High-Temperature Service A523 - A523-96 - Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-
Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits A524 - A524-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and
Lower Temperatures A530 - A530/A530M-99 - Specification for General Requirements for Specialized
Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe A648 - A648-95e1 - Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Pre-stressing
Concrete Pipe A674 - A674-95 - Practice for Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile Iron Pipe for
Water or Other Liquids A691 - A691-98 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-
Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures A694 - A694/A694M-00 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe
Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service A716 - A716-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe A733 - A733-99 - Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and
Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples A742 - A742/A742M-98 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic Coated and Polymer
Pre-coated for Corrugated Steel Pipe A746 - A746-99 - Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe A760 - A760/A760M-99 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated
for Sewers and Drains A761 - A761/A761M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-
397
Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches A762 - A762/A762M-98 - Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Polymer Pre-
coated for Sewers and Drains A790 - A790/A790M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic
Stainless Steel Pipe A796 - A796/A796M-99 - Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Steel Pipe,
Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications
A798 - A798/A798M-97a - Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
A807 - A807/A807M-97 - Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
A810 - A810-94 - Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Pipe Winding Mesh
A813 - A813/A813M-95e2 - Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
A814 - A814/A814M-96 (1998) - Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
A849 - A849-99 - Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe
A861 - A861-94e1 - Specification for High-Silicon Iron Pipe and Fittings A862 - A862/A862M-98 - Practice for Application of Asphalt Coatings to Corrugated
Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe A865 - A865-97 - Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated
(Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints A872 - A872-91 (1997) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic
Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments A885 - A885/A885M-96 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber
Composite Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe
A888 - A888-98e1 - Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications
A926 - A926-97 - Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistance of Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal Pipe
A928 - A928/A928M-98 - Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
398
A929 - A929/A929M-97 - Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot- Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe
A930 - A930-99 - Practice for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipe Used for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
A943 - A943/A943M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
A949 - A949/A949M-95e1 - Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
A954 - A954-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe
A972 - A972/A972M-99 - Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles A978 - A978/A978M-97 - Specification for Composite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated
and Polyethylene Lined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, and Other Special Applications
A984 - A984/A984M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric- Resistance-Welded
A998 - A998/A998M-98 - Practice for Structural Design of Reinforcements for Fittings in Factory-Made Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications
A999 - A999/A999M-98 - Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
A1005 - A1005/A1005M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded
A1006 - A1006/A1006M-00 - Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded
Steel TubesSteel TubesSteel TubesSteel Tubes Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:Superheater, boiler and Miscellaneous Tubes:
A178 - A178/A178M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low- Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
A192 - A192/A192M-91 (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service
A209 - A209/A209M-98 - Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy- Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
399
A210 - A210/A210M-96 - Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy- Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
A250 - A250/A250M-95 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy- Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
A254 - A254-97 - Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing A268 - A268/A268M-96 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and
Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A269 - A269-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service A270 - A270-98ae1 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Sanitary Tubing A334 - A334/A334M-99 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-
Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A423 - A423/A423M-95 - Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy
Steel Tubes A450 - A450/A450M-96a - Specification for General Requirements for Carbon,
Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes A608 - A608-91a (1998) - Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel
High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength
Low-Alloy Structural Tubing A632 - A632-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service A688 - A688/A688M-98 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Feedwater Heater Tubes A771 - A771/A771M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A778 - A778-98 - Specification for Welded, Unanneled Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubular Products A789 - A789/A789M-00 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A803 - A803/A803M-98 - Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater
400
Heater Tubes A822 - A822-90 (1995) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel
Tubing for Hydraulic System Service A826 - A826/A826M-95 - Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components
A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A908 - A908-91 (1998) - Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing A953 - A953-96 - Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel
Seamless and Welded Tubing
HHHHeateateateat----Exchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser TubeExchanger and Condenser Tubessss
A179 - A179/A179M-90a (1996) e1 - Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low- Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
A213 - A213/A213M-99a - Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy- Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
A214 - A214/A214M-96 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes
A249 - A249/A249M-98e1 - Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes
A498 - A498-98 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon, Ferritic, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins
A851 - A851-96 - Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes
SSSStructural Tubintructural Tubintructural Tubintructural Tubingggg
A 500 - A500-99 - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
A501 - A501-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing
A847 - A847-99a - Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High Strength, Low Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A618 - A618-99 - Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing
401
MMMMechanical Tubinechanical Tubinechanical Tubinechanical Tubingggg
A511 - A511-96 - Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A512 - A512-96 - Specification for Cold-Drawn Butt weld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A513 - A513-98 - Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A519 - A519-96 - Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A554 - A554-98e1 - Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
WWWWelded Fittingelded Fittingelded Fittingelded Fittingssss
A234 - A234/A234M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
A403 - A403/A403M-99a - Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A420 - A420/A420M-99 - Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
A758 - A758/A758M-98 - Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness
A774 - A774/A774M-98 - Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures
αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α DIN DIN DIN DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fitt Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specificationsings Standards and Specifications
ASTM ααααα DIN (Deutsches Institut fΓΌr Normung) Standard αα¬αΈαα αααΈ α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈααα«ααα α α¬αααα¬ααααΌαα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘α¬αΈααΈ αα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α α‘ααααα¬ ααα¬α α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα
DIN 76-2:1984 : Thread run-outs and thread undercuts for pipe threads conforming to ISO 228 part 1
DIN EN 259-1:2001 : Wall coverings in roll form - Heavy duty wallcoverings - Part 1: Specifications
DIN EN 259-2:2001: Wall coverings in roll form - Heavy duty wallcoverings - Part 2: Determination of impact resistance;
DIN 431:2000 : Pipe nuts with thread according to DIN ISO 228-1 DIN 906:1992 : Hexagon socket pipe plugs
402
DIN 909:1992 : Hexagon head pipe plugs DIN 1230-P1:1992 : Vitrified clay for sewerage; special fittings and adapters with
flexible mechanical joint and compatible accessories; dimensions DIN 1389:2001 : WC connectors - Requirements and testing DIN 1478:1975 : Turnbuckles Made from Steel Tube or Round Steel Bar DIN 1986-4:2003 : Drainage systems on private ground - Part 4: Fields of
application of sewage pipes and fittings of different materials DIN 1988-3 Beiblatt 1:1988 : Codes of practice for drinking water installations
(TRWI); examples for calculation; DVGW code of practice DIN 2406:1968 : Pipelines symbols - pipe classes DIN 2559-2:1984 : Edge preparation for welding; matching of inside diameter for
circumferential welds on seamless pipes DIN 2559-3:1990 : Preparation of welds; matching of inside diameters for
circumferential welds on welded pipes DIN 2559-4:1994 : Preparation of welds; part 4: matching of inside diameters for
circumferential welds on seamless pipes of stainless steels DIN 2609:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; technical delivery conditions DIN 2614:1990 Cement mortar linings for ductile iron and steel pipes and fittings;
application, requirements and testing DIN 2615-1:1992 : Steel butt-welding pipes fittings; tees with reduced pressure
factor DIN 2615-2:1992 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; tees for use at full service
pressure DIN 2616-1:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; eccentric reducers with reduced
pressure factor DIN 2616-2:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; reducers for use at full service
pressure DIN 2617:1991 : Steel butt-welding pipe fittings; caps
αααααααααααα αααααααα IIIISO SO SO SO ---- Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
α‘αααα« ASTM αα DIN ααα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααΌααα¬ α‘α»ααα»αααααα¬ α αααΈα‘ααΌα ISO (International Organization for Standardization) α»αα αα«ααα ISO α αααΈ αα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα±ααα¬ α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬α α‘ααααα¬ α±αα¬α»α αααα«ααα
ISO 7-1:1994-05 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
403
ISO 7-2:2000 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads β Part 2: Verification by means of limit gauges
ISO 49:1994 : Malleable cast iron fittings threaded to ISO 7-1 ISO 228-1:2000 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the
threads - Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation ISO 228-2:1987 : Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the
threads; Part 2 : Verification by means of limit gauges ISO 264:1976 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for
pipes under pressure; Laying lengths; Metric series ISO 265-1:1988 : Pipes and fittings of plastics materials; fittings for domestic and
industrial waste pipes; basic dimensions: metric series; part 1: unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
ISO 392:1986 : Asbestos-cement pipe fittings for building and sanitary purposes ISO 580:1990 : Injection-molded unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) fittings;
oven test; test method and basic specifications ISO 727-1:2002 : Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U),
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 1: Metric series
ISO 727-2:2002 : Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 2: Inch-based series
ISO 881:1980 : Asbestos-cement pipes, joints, fittings/sewage/drain ISO 1179:1981 : Pipe connections, threaded to ISO 228/1, for plain end steel and
other metal tubes in industrial applications ISO 1635-2:1987 : Seamless wrought copper and copper alloy tube ISO 1651:1974 : Tube drawing mandrels ISO 1684:1975 : Wire, bar and tube drawing dies; Specifications ISO 2016:1981 : Capillary solder fittings for copper tubes; Assembly dimensions
and tests ISO 2035:1974 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moulded fittings for elastic
sealing ring type joints for use under pressure; Pressure-resistance test ISO 2044:1974 : Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection-moulded solvent-
welded socket fittings for use with pressure pipe; Hydraulic internal pressure test
ISO 2048:1990 : Double-socket fittings for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
404
pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints; minimum depths of engagement
ISO 2284:1987 : Hand taps for parallel and taper pipe threads; General dimensions and marking
ISO 2507-1:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 1: General test method
ISO 2507-2:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 2: Test conditions for unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) or chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) pipes and fittings and for high impact resistance poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-HI) pipes
ISO 2507-3:1995 : Thermoplastics pipes and fittings - Vicat softening temperature - Part 3: Test conditions for acrylonitrile /butadiene/styrene (ABS) and acrylonitrile /styrene / acrylic ester (ASA) pipes and fittings
ISO 2531:1998 : Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water or gas applications
ISO 2804:1996 : Wire, bar or tube drawing dies - As-sintered pellets of hard metal (carbide) - Dimensions
ISO 2851:1993 : Stainless steel bends and tees for the food industry ISO 2852:1993 : Stainless steel clamp pipe couplings for the food industry ISO 3183-1:1996 : Petroleum and natural gas industries - Steel pipe for pipelines β
Technical delivery conditions - Part 1: Pipes of requirement class A ISO 3183-2:1996 : Petroleum and natural gas industries - Steel pipe for pipelines β
Technical delivery conditions - Part 2: Pipes of requirements class B ISO 3253:1998 : Gas welding equipment - Hose connections for equipment for
welding, cutting and allied processes αααααααααααα αααααααα JIS JIS JIS JIS ---- Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards
α‘αααα« α‘ααΌααα¬αΈααα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈαα ααΌααα¬ JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards α»αα αα«ααα ααα αααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈααα»αα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα±αα¬α»α α±αα¬α α‘α αααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα
JIS G 3429:1988 : Seamless steel tubes for high pressure gas cylinder JIS G 3439 : Seamless steel oil well casing, tubing and drill pipe JIS G 3441:2004 : Alloy steel tubes for machine purposes JIS G 3442:2004 : Galvanized steel pipes for ordinary piping JIS G 3443:2004 : Coated steel pipes for water service
405
JIS G 3444:2004 : Carbon steel tubes for general structural purposes JIS G 3445:1988 : Carbon steel tubes for machine structural purposes JIS G 3446:1994 : Stainless steel pipes for machine and structural purposes JIS G 3447:2004 : Stainless steel sanitary pipes JIS G 3448:2004 : Light gauge stainless steel tubes for ordinary piping JIS G 3451:1987 : Fittings of coated steel pipes for water service JIS G 3452:2004 : Carbon steel pipes for ordinary piping JIS G 3454:1988 : Carbon steel pipes for pressure service JIS G 3455:1988 : Carbon steel pipes for high pressure service JIS G 3456:2004 : Carbon steel pipes for high temperature service JIS G 3457:1988 : Arc welded carbon steel pipes JIS G 3458:1988 : Alloy steel pipes JIS G 3459:2004 : Stainless steel pipes JIS G 3460:1988 : Steel pipes for low temperature service JIS G 3465:1988 : Seamless steel tubes for drilling JIS G 3466:1988 : Carbon steel square pipes for general structural purposes JIS G 3468, : Large diameter welded stainless steel pipes JIS G 3469:2002 : Polyethylene coated steel pipes JIS G 3471:1977 : Corrugated steel pipes and sections JIS G 3474:1995 : High tensile strength steel tubes for tower structural purposes JIS G 3491:2004 : Asphalt protective coatings for steel water pipe JIS G 3492:1993 : Coal-tar enamel protective coatings for steel water pipe JIS G 4903:1991 : Seamless nickel-chromium-iron alloy pipes JIS G 5201:1991 : Centrifugally cast steel pipes for welded structure JIS G 5202:1991 : Centrifugally cast steel pipes for high temperature and high
pressure service JIS G 5525:2000 : Cast-iron drainage pipes and fittings JIS G 5526:1998 : Ductile iron pipes JIS G 5527:1998 : Ductile iron fittings JIS G 5528:1984 : Epoxy-powder coating for interior of ductile iron pipes and
fittings JIS H 0502:1986 : Method of eddy current testing for copper and copper alloy
pipes and tubes JIS H 0515:1992 : Eddy current inspection of titanium pipes and tubes JIS H 0516:1992 : Ultrasonic inspection of titanium pipes and tubes JIS H 3300:1997 : Copper and copper alloy seamless pipes and tubes
406
JIS H 3320:1992 : Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 3401:2001 : Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys JIS H 4080:1999 : Aluminum and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn
tubes JIS H 4090:1990 : Aluminum and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 4202:1998 : Magnesium alloy seamless pipes and tubes αααααααααααα αααααααα ASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM Grades
Carbon steel pipe αα¬αΈα dimension αα¬αΈα ASME B31.10M ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα stainless steel pipe αα¬αΈα dimension αα¬αΈα ASME B31.19M ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈααα ASTM standard αα¬αΈααΌα αααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααααα¬ααΌα αα«ααααα αα«αα±αα«ααΈα ααΈαα (Chemical composition) α αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αα‘αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα«ααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααααΏααΈ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα grade ααΌααα
α₯ααα¬ carbon steel pipe α Grade A αα B α ααΌααααα Stainless steel pipe αα¬αΈα Grade TP304, TP321 α αα»αα ααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα αα αα«αα α ASTM A105N α αα¬ ααααα α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ N ααααα¬ Normalize αααααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα ααα Normalize ααααα¬ ferrous metal αα¬αΈα internal stress α heat treat β ment ααα»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααα α»αααΈα α±ααααα
α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα ASTM A106 α Grade αα¬αΈα Stainless steel αα¬αΈα grade αα¬αΈα High Temp. αα Low Temp. Alloy Steel αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬αΎαααα«α
ASTM Grades
Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts
A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 Gr A A216 Gr WCB A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 Gr B A216 Gr WCB Carbon Steel
A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 Gr C A216 Gr WCB
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H
A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1 A335 Gr P11 A234 Gr WP11 A182 Gr F11 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P12 A234 Gr WP12 A182 Gr F12 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P22 A234 Gr WP22 A182 Gr F22 A217 Gr WC9 A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5
Carbon Steel Alloy High-Temp
A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H
406
JIS H 3320:1992 : Copper and copper alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 3401:2001 : Pipe fittings of copper and copper alloys JIS H 4080:1999 : Aluminum and aluminium alloys extruded tubes and cold-drawn
tubes JIS H 4090:1990 : Aluminum and aluminium alloy welded pipes and tubes JIS H 4202:1998 : Magnesium alloy seamless pipes and tubes αααααααααααα αααααααα ASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM GradesASTM Grades
Carbon steel pipe αα¬αΈα dimension αα¬αΈα ASME B31.10M ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα stainless steel pipe αα¬αΈα dimension αα¬αΈα ASME B31.19M ααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈααα ASTM standard αα¬αΈααΌα αααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααααα¬ααΌα αα«ααααα αα«αα±αα«ααΈα ααΈαα (Chemical composition) α αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αα‘αα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα«ααα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααααΏααΈ αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα grade ααΌααα
α₯ααα¬ carbon steel pipe α Grade A αα B α ααΌααααα Stainless steel pipe αα¬αΈα Grade TP304, TP321 α αα»αα ααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα αα αα«αα α ASTM A105N α αα¬ ααααα α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ N ααααα¬ Normalize αααααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα ααα Normalize ααααα¬ ferrous metal αα¬αΈα internal stress α heat treat β ment ααα»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬ααα α»αααΈα α±ααααα
α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα ASTM A106 α Grade αα¬αΈα Stainless steel αα¬αΈα grade αα¬αΈα High Temp. αα Low Temp. Alloy Steel αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬αΎαααα«α
ASTM Grades
Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts
A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 Gr A A216 Gr WCB A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 Gr B A216 Gr WCB Carbon Steel
A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 Gr C A216 Gr WCB
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H
A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1 A335 Gr P11 A234 Gr WP11 A182 Gr F11 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P12 A234 Gr WP12 A182 Gr F12 A217 Gr WC6 A335 Gr P22 A234 Gr WP22 A182 Gr F22 A217 Gr WC9 A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5
Carbon Steel Alloy High-Temp
A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H
407
A333 Gr 5 A420 Gr WPL6 A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCB Carbon Steel Alloy Low-Temp
A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3 A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3 A320 Gr L7 A194 Gr 7
A312 Gr TP304A403 Gr WP304A182 Gr F304A182 Gr F304 A312 Gr TP316A403 Gr WP316A182 Gr F316A182 Gr F316 A312 Gr TP321A403 Gr WP321A182 Gr F321A182 Gr F321
Austenitic Stainless Steel
A312 Gr TP347A403 Gr WP347A182 Gr F347A182 Gr F347
A193 Gr B8 A194 Gr 8
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM α‘αα‘αα‘αα‘α ααΌα»αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΌα»αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΌα»αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΌα»αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα α₯ααΈαα α₯ααΈαα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ
αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
A106 = Carbon steel pipe for high temperature service A335 = Seamless ferritic alloy - steel pipe for high temperature service A333 = Seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use low temperature service A312 = Seamless, straight-seam welded, and cold worked welded austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high temperature and general corrosive service αααααα α₯ααΈ (Fitting) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
A234 = Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless and welded construction A420 = Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings for low temperature service A403 = Wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings Flanges, Fitting, Valves α ααααα‘ααΌα -
A105 = Forged carbon steel flanges, fittings, valves and similar parts for ambient pressure and higher temperature service conditions
A182 = Forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel flanges, forged fittings, valves and parts for high temperature service
A350 = Several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings and valves for low temperature service
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Valves αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
A216 = Carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts for high temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding.
A217 = Steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloy steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high temperature and corrosive service.
A352 = Steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for low temperature and corrosive service.
A182 = Forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high temperature service.
Bolt and Nuts αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα -
A193 = Alloy and Stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. A320 = Standard specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless steel bolting material for for low temperature service.
A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.
αααααααααααα αααααααα ααααΈααααΈααααΈααααΈ α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα‘α±α»αααα¬αΈ ( ( ( (Design Bases)Design Bases)Design Bases)Design Bases)
Design base αα¬αΈαα¬ Physical attributes, loading and service conditions, environmental factors αα materials-related factors α αααααα«ααααα αααααΈ αα αα ααααΈααα±αα¬ααααα α€α‘αααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈα α ααααααΌααα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα αα±αααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Physical AttributePhysical AttributePhysical AttributePhysical Attributessss
Physical attributes ααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αααααΈα±α»ααΈαα±α»ααΈαααΈα α‘αααΈ α‘αα¬ ααααααααα¬αΈαα αα«ααααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ααΌα αααααααααΈα αα αα¬αΈ α‘αα α αααΈαα¬αΈαααα α₯ααα¬ ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈα α‘αα ααααΈαα αα α‘αααΈ α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα αα αα¬αΈ α ααααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααα‘α»αα α‘ααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα αα α₯ααα¬ α‘αααα»ααα αα‘α¬αΈα»αααααααΈα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααΈαα αα«αα±ααΌαα‘α αααΈ α αααα α»αα ααα
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αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Loading And Service ConditionLoading And Service ConditionLoading And Service ConditionLoading And Service Condition
Loading Condition ααΌα αααα¬αΈα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈ α αα αααααΈα‘α¬αΈ αα«αα»αα α±α αα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααααα αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααΌα internal pressure, piping system deadweight, steady state or transient temperature, wind loads, snow and ice loads α αααα αα«ααααα ααα»αα αααααΈα αα α‘α αα«αααα α±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααααΈααα‘ααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈ α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α α αααα α»αα ααα Service Condition ααΌα loading condition α α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ αα αΏαααα α αΏααα α±αα¬αα»αααΈααΈ α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ αααααΈα αα α‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα»αααααα¬αααα αααααΈ αα α‘αααααααΈ (α±αααα α αα¬αααα) α»αααααα¬ααα α±αααααΈ ααα±ααα α αα α‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΈα»αα ααα αααααΈα ααααΈα±ααΈααΌαα¬ααΌα α€ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αα αααΈ αα αΏαααααΈααα±αα¬ααα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈααα« ααααΌααΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα α αα«ααα ααα»αα service condition ααΌα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααααΌαα»αα ααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ (characteristics) α»αα αα α αΈαα αααΈ (viscosity)α α‘ααα (temperature), α‘α αα‘ααα«αααα (suspended solids concentration), αα‘α αα‘ααα¬αΈα αααααΈα (density), ααΌααΈα α¬αΈααα ααα α¬αΈαα (abrasiveness and corrosively) α αααα αα«αααα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα Environmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors
Environmental factors ααα αααααΈααα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα ααααα α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ αααααααΈα α ααααα αα±αα€α¬α±αα ααααα αααΈααΌαααααα»αα ααΌα α±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈαα±αα±αΎαα¬α αα±ααΈααα»αααΈα αααα¬ ααααααα¬αΈααΌα α±ααααΌααα«α±αα¬ ααααΈααΌαα±αα¬αα»ααα±αΎαα¬α α‘α±ααααααα¬α»αα ααΌα¬ ααΌαα»αααΈ (degradation)α ααααααα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα‘αα« ααα±ααααΌα αααΈαα¬αΈα α±αααα¬αΈ ααα»αααΈα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα ααααΌαα»αααΈα α αααα»αααΈ α ααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα environmental factor ααΌα erosion, corrosion, flow assisted corrosion α αααααα«ααααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααα MMMMaterialsaterialsaterialsaterials----Related ConsiderationsRelated ConsiderationsRelated ConsiderationsRelated Considerations
Materials-Related Consideration ααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α αα«ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα«ααΈα ααα«αααα (chemical composition)α ααα ααα‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα ααα±αααααα¬ ααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈααα‘ααα αα«αααΌααΈα α¬αΈααα ααααα αααα ααααΈα‘ααααααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααααααα α ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα«αααα«ααα
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αααααααααααα αααααααα α α α α αααα Pressure IntegrityPressure IntegrityPressure IntegrityPressure Integrity
Pressure integrity ααα αααααΈααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈαααα¬αΈα ααα‘αααα¬αΈ α ααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα±ααα αα‘α¬αΈαα«αα ααααααααα»αα ααα αα‘αααα¬αΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα±α‘α¬α αα«ααα±ααα»αααΈ ααα±α αα±αα ααααααΈααα α₯α ααΌααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α ααααααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌααΈ α pressure integrity α αααΈαα¬αΈααα±ααΈαα¬ ααααΈαααααΈα α₯αααΈα α‘αα ααααΌααααα α»αα α±αα¬ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααααΈααΌααααα¬ααΌαααααΈααΌααααα¬ααΌαααααΈααΌααααα¬ααΌαααααΈααΌααααα¬ααΌα Code Code Code Code αααααααα Standard Standard Standard Standard αα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈαα»αααΈα‘ααΈαα»αααΈα‘ααΈαα»αααΈα‘ααΈαα»αααΈ
Piping Code αα¬αΈα ααααΈααΌααα¬ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬ α αααΈαα¬αΈα α₯ααα¬ αααααΈαα αα ααΌαα»αααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα allowable working stress, load sets α ααααα α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα ααα‘α α‘αααΈααΈ ααα‘ααααααααα internal pressure α±αΎαα¬α αααα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααααα α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αααααα α‘αα±αΎαα¬α ααα»ααααα¬ααα ααααα«αα αααααΈα ααα‘α±ααΈααα αααααΈα‘α±ααααα±αα¬ααα¬αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αΈ α ααααααααΈ α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα α€αααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ααΌα Piping code αα ααααΈ αα±αα¬αααα αα±αα¬α ααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα ααααΈααΌα αα±αα±α αα¬α αααααΈα αα αααΈαααα«α αα±αα¬αα¬ code α ααααααΈααΈαα¬αΈαααα Standard αα¬αΈα αααααΈααΌα ααααα‘ααΈα»ααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α₯ααα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈα α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα standard αα ααΈαααα Dimensional Standard αα Pressure Integrity Standard ααα»αα αα
Dimensional Standard α αααααα α₯ααΈα ααααΈα αα¬αΈ α αααα α₯ααΈ αα ααααΈ α α‘α±ααΈα αα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±ααΈααα α€ααα α ααααα±ααΈααα»αααΈα»αα α€αα α₯ααΈααΈα αααααααα αααααααααα ααααααα»αα α±α α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ αααααααΈ α»αα α±αα±αααααα
Pressure Integrity Standard α αα α₯ααΈαα αα α‘αααΈααΈ ααααα αΌααΈα αααααααΈα»αα α±α‘α¬α ααααα±ααΈααα α₯ααα¬ ααααΈα α±αα«α αα α (#150) α ααααααα»αααα¬ αααααα«α αααααααα ααααα»αα α±α αααααΈα αα‘α¬αΈ αααααααα¬ α±αα«α αα α (#150) ααα»αα α±αα±αααααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«αα‘αααΈα«α αααααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈαααααααα¬αΈ ( Definitions) ( Definitions) ( Definitions) ( Definitions)
Compressible Fluid β α±αααΌααα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα αααααααα αααααΈααα αααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααααα α‘α±ααΌαα αΌααΈα‘α αα¬αα α‘ααα αΌααΈα‘ααααααΈ
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α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈ αα αα‘α¬αΈααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αα internal energy α‘αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααα
Darcy Friction Factor, f β ααα Reynolds Number α function αα αα»αα αΏααΈ
αααααα¬α»ααα ααααΈαα₯αΎαααΈαααΈαα (relative pipe wall roughness) dΞ΅
α»αα ααα α±ααΈ αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα αα‘ααΌα αααααα¬α»αα αΎαααΈαααΈαααα αααα‘αααΈ αα¬ ααααα ααααααααα±αα ααα‘ααΌα
f αα Re ααααααΌαα¬ααΌα d α‘α α¬αΈ dΞ΅
α parameter αα αα‘α±ααα
α±αα¬α»αα±ααααα
In-Compressible Fluid β αααααΈααα¬ αααΈα±α ααααα αααΈα±αα»αα αααΈαα«αΈαα±αα¬ α±ααΌαααα α±ααααα α‘αααα αΈαααΈααα ααααααααα αααα‘α¬αΈα»αααα ααα α±ααΌααα α‘ααΌααΈαα«α±αα¬ α±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααααα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα α α»αα αααα α‘α±ααΌαα αΌααΈα‘αα α‘ααα αΌααΈα‘ααα ααΌαα‘α¬αΈααα‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈαα ααα ααα±αα¬ internal energy αα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααα
Laminar Flow β α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαα αα ααααα α α‘αααα»ααα¬ α αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈααα Laminar flow αα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ Re < 2100 α±α‘α¬αααΌα α»αα α±ααααα α»ααα»αααα¬αα¬ α±αα¬α±αα¬α±ααΌαα±ααΌαα αΈααΌα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα laminar flow α α±ααα»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
Newtonian Fluids β Shear rate αα shear stress α‘αΎαα¬αΈ linear ααααΌαααααα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬αα±αα¬ α‘ααα α±ααααα
Non-Newtonian Liquids β α±αα¬ααα ααα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααα αα α‘αα αααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈαα Non-Newtonian Liquid αα¬αΈα»αα ααα
Relative Roughness β absolute pipe wall roughness Ξ΅ αα inside diameter d ααα α‘ααΈα»αα ααα
Resistance Coefficient, K β friction loss equation ααΌααα«αα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααααα α₯ααΈ ααα coefficient αα αα»αα ααα ααΈα α‘α¬αΈα»αα nominal diameter (ααα‘ααΌα) α function αα ααααΈ α»αα ααα
Reynolds Number, Re β α‘ααα αΈα»αααΈααΌα α‘ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ(inertia) αα α±α αΈαα α‘α¬αΈ (viscous forces) ααα α‘ααΈαα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬ αααΈαα αα»αα ααα
Shear Rate β α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αα (velocity gradient) α»αα ααα
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Shear Stress β αα ααα α§ααα¬α α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα α‘ααα αΈαα αα¬αΈαα¬ααα‘αααΈα α±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα
Sonic Velocity (Choked Flow) β α‘ααΌααα‘α¬αΈααααααΈααα»αα α±α ααα‘ααΌααΈα αα«αα±ααΌα ααααα αα«αα±ααΌαααα‘ααα‘α±αα¬αα α±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα‘α¬αΈααΌα αααα±αα¬ α‘α»ααααΈα‘αα α»αα ααα αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα‘α»ααααΈ α‘αααα α‘αα α»αααααΈαααααα
Specific Gravity β α‘αα¬αααα αα ααααΈααααααΈα α»αα ααα αα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα α‘α±ααΈαααααααΈαα‘α±αα αα‘α¬αΈαα αααααα‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αααα«α α‘αα¬αααα αα Specific gravity α ααααα±αα¬ααααα α‘αααααα¬ ααααΌααΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααα«ααα
Steam Hammer β α±α‘αΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα±αα«ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ α α±ααΈαα¬αα α±αΎαα¬α ααα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌ αααα«αα¬αα α»αα ααα
Transition Flow β Laminar flow αα Turbulent flow α‘αΎαα¬αΈα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα laminar flow α turbulent flow ααα‘ααΈ αΎαα¬αΈαα¬αα α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα»αα ααα α‘αα α αΈαααΈαα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααααααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααα α αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααααΈ laminar α»αα ααα turbulent α»αα αααα αα±αααα αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα 2100 < Re < 4000 ααΌαα±ααΌαααααα
Turbulent Flow β α‘ααα αΈα»αααΈα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααααααα»αα α±αααα Turbulent flow ααΌα shear stress αα strain rate ααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααα
ααααΌαααα ααα α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααα¬ ααααααα turbulent flow ααΌα α±α»αα¬αααα αααΈαα»αααΈααααΈααααα¬ ααΌααααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αα α αΈα»αααΈααΌα Re ααααΈ 4000 α±αα¬αα¬αα«α turbulent flow α»αα αα¬ααα α‘αα α αα¬αΈααα±α»αα¬ααα turbulent flow ααααα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αααα¬αΈ αααΈαααΈαααα¬ αααααα¬αΈααα α αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈα α±αααα«ααα
Viscosity β ααα‘ααΌααΈααΌααα±αα¬α‘ααα α‘αααα ααα ααα α§ααα¬α shear stress αα α‘ααα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα α±αα¬ααααα±αα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬α velocity gradient ααα α‘ααΈα»αα ααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘ααα αΈαα α‘ααΌααΈαααα (internal resistance) α»αα ααα α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈαα αααΌα α‘ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αααΈ α€ααααΈ αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα«α ααα α₯ααΈα Newtonian fluid α α±ααααα
Water Hammer β α‘ααα αΈα»αααΈα αααααααααααααα«α α‘ααα αΈαα¬α α»αα α±αα α±αα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαα αΌααΈα‘ααα ααααα αα‘α¬αΈα‘α»αα ααα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈαΏααΈ α‘αα α αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ dynamic pressure surge αα αααΈ α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±ααα»αααΈα α±ααααα αα¬αΈα αααααααααααα‘αα« water hammer α»αα ααααα
α‘αααα¬αΈα αααααα (Physical property) αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα»αααΈα αα
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ααα‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααααααα αααααΈααααΈααΌααααα¬ααΌα α€αααααα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈ ααΌααααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααα¬ ααααααα¬αΈα‘αα α‘ααα»αα ααα
ViscosityViscosityViscosityViscosity (α±α αΈαα αααΈ) - α±α αΈαα αααΈα Dynamic viscosity (αα αα«αα α Absolute Viscosity ααααΈα±ααααα) αα Kinematics viscosity ααα»ααα±αα¬α»αααα
Kinematics viscosity = Density Fluid ViscosityDynamic
αα α₯ααΈαα αα Weight DensityWeight DensityWeight DensityWeight Density ααααα Specific Weight ααααα¬ αα αα ααα αααα α‘α±ααΈαα α»αα ααα
Weight Density = Specific Weight = eUnit Volum
Weight
Specific VolumeSpecific VolumeSpecific VolumeSpecific Volume ααααα¬ Weight Density α α±α»αα¬ααΈα»ααα‘ααΈα»αα ααα
Specific Volume = DensityWeight 1
α‘αααα αα Specific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific GravitySpecific Gravity ααααα¬ αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘ααααα αα αα‘ααα weight density αα αα ααααα¬ααααα α±αα weight density α»αα ααα
F)60at (water
e}temperatur specificat liquid{any SoΟ
Ο=
αααΈα±α‘α¬αα±α»αα¬ααα specific gravity ααααα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα ααα α±ααα αααα α α±ααΈααα α±αα«ααα α»αα»αααΈα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ - α‘αααα αα specific gravity αα 1.5 α»αα αα«α αα‘αααα α±ααα αα αααΌαα±ααΈαα α ααααα α ααα¬α α±αα α‘α±ααΈαααα α ααααα α»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α ααα¬α αα‘αααα α.α ααααα α±ααΈααα
α‘ααα‘αααΈαα αα«αα±ααΌααα αα specific gravity ααααα¬ ααα«αα±ααΌααα α±ααα αααα αα±ααΈ/αα±αα«αα α ααα»αααΈα»αα ααα αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα specific gravity α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα±αα¬α»αααααα
(air) M(gas) M Sg =
Mean VelocityMean VelocityMean VelocityMean Velocity Mean velocity ααααα¬ ααα ααααααα»ααα§ααα¬α α»ααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααΈα α‘ααα»αα ααα αα α‘αααα αα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘αααααααα¬α αα αα‘ααα ααα ααααααα»ααα§ααα¬ααα α‘ααΈααα±αα¬α»αααααα
AQ V Velocity,Mean =
αααΌα V = mean velocity, ft/s (m/s)
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Q = volumetric flow rate, ft3/s (m3/s)
A = radius β sectional area, ft2 (m2)
Volumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rateVolumetric flow rate Volumetric flow rate ααααα¬ α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααα¬α (αααΈ) αα α‘ααα αααααΈααα α‘ααΈα»αα ααα
Ο
w Q rate, flow Volumetric =
α€ααΌα w= mass flow rate, lbm/s (kg/s)
Ο = weight density of fluid, lbm/ft3 (kg/m3) αα ααα α»αααααΈα§ααα¬αα¬ -
4D A Area,Sectional
2Ο= α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) (Design Pressure) αααααααα ααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘ααα (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature)
Design Pressure ααα Piping Code α ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα«αα‘α¬αΈ ααααααα (stress limit) α αα±αα¬ααΌαα±α αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α»ααααΈααααα αα‘α¬αΈ α»αα ααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα Design Pressure ααααα¬ αααααΈα αα αα αα α‘α»ααααΈ ααα±αα¬αααα αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα αααα¬αΈαα‘α α‘αα«α‘αα α‘α»ααααΈααααααααα‘α¬αΈ α ααααα αααααα¬ααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈααα αααΈααααΈαα αα»αα ααα αααααΈα αα αα αα αααα‘ααααα±α αα¬α αααα ααα α₯ααααΈα ααΌαααα¬αΈαα ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ Design Pressure αα α±αα¬ααΌααααΌα¬αΈα±α αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα α‘αααΈαα α α‘ααΌααΈααΌααα±ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌα Design Pressure αα αα αα α α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘α»ααα α‘α»ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαααα α»αα ααα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα«α±αα¬ α αα α‘ααΌα Design pressure αα¬ ααααα‘αααΈαα α α‘αΎαα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα α»αα ααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα Design Pressure ααα αααααΈααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα ααα α‘α»ααααΈααααα αα‘α¬αΈαα α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ αααααΈααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα»αααα¬α α‘α»ααααΈααααα αα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈαα¬ α±αα«α ααα α»αα αα«α α‘α»αα¬αΈ ααα αααααα α₯ααΈα ααααΈα αα¬αΈ α αα αααα α±αα«α αααα αα«ααααααααα»αα α±α αα¬α ααααΈα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈαα α±αα«α ααα αααααα ααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααααΈαα αα Design Pressure α ααΌααααα¬ααΌα ααααα¬αα α»αα ααα±α αα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα α»αα ααα±ααα±αα¬ α±ααα αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ -
- αααααΈα α‘ααα‘α»ααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ hydrostatic head - α±αα¬αα»ααααα‘α¬αΈ (back pressure) α α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα - ααΌαα‘α¬αΈααΈαααΈαα (Friction Losses)
415
- αα αααΈαααΈαα±αα±αα¬ (in line) ααααα¬αΈα shutoff head - ααΎαα¬ααα»αα α±ααα±ααα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααα - α‘αααΈα αα αα¬αΈα αααΈααααα αΌααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈααα
αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααΈαα αα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈαα - - ααααααΈααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ safety valve ααααα pressure relief valve ααΌα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ (set pressure) - αααααΈααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα ααα pressure relief valve α set pressure - α‘ααα αααααΈααΌα safety valve/ pressure relief valve ααααα«α pump shutoff pressure
- αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α»αα ααα±α»ααα±αα¬ α‘α»ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ + 25 psi - ααα»αα ααα
αΏααα±α»αα¬ααα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈααα αααααΈαα α α‘ααααα±αα α₯ αααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααΈααΌα¬αΈα α‘α»αααΈααααΈ α‘α±α»α α‘α±ααααα αααααΈα α‘ααΌααΈ ααααα α‘α»αα α‘α»ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ α»αα ααα
αα‘α»αααα¬αΈααΈαα‘α¬αΈ (Maximum allowable pressure in a straight pipe) α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααααα«ααα
A)- 2y(t - D A)- (t 2SE P
mo
m= where : P = maximum allowable pressure
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘αααααααΈα‘ααα (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature) (Design Temperature)
Design Temperature ααα α‘ααα±αα¬α»ααα« ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααααα α‘αααα»αα ααα
α‘ααα¬αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (insulated piping) α‘ααΌα ααααΈα‘ααα α -
οΏ½ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈα±ααα α‘ααα α‘αααααααΈ αααααα οΏ½ ααΌααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘αααααααΈ α‘α±α»ααααααα οΏ½ ααα±ααΌααααΈαα¬αααα¬αΈα α ααΈαααααα¬αΈααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈααααΈ α‘α±α»αααα
ααα οΏ½ αααααΈα α‘αα±ααΈα±αα¬α αα αα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘ααααα±αα¬ αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈ
α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα
α‘ααα¬ααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈ (uninsulated piping) α‘ααΌα ααααΈ α‘αααα -
οΏ½ α‘αααα‘ααα C) (65 F 150 oo ααααα±αα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌα (α±αα‘αααα±αΎαα¬α
α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αααααΈ
416
α‘ααα α»ααααααααα¬ ααΌααααΌααα«α) α‘ααα α‘αααα ααααα«ααα οΏ½ α‘ααα α‘ααα C) (65 F 150 oo ααα»ααα±αα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌα αααα αααα
αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα α‘ααα‘αααα αα % α Flange α‘ααΌα αα%, lap joint flange αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα %, bolt αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα% α ααα«α ααααα ααΌααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα α‘α»ααααΈα‘αααα α‘α±α»αααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα±ααΌααααΈαα¬αααα¬αΈα α ααΈαααααα¬αΈααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±α»αααα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αα¬αΈα‘αα ααααα α‘ααααΈ αααα¬α‘ααΌααΈ α αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α‘ααα α‘ααααα±αα¬αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈ ααααα«ααα
οΏ½ αααα¬ααα±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααα‘α¬αΈ αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααααα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αααα« ααααΌααΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα«ααα
Design Temperature α αααααΈαα‘α»ααααΈα‘ααα + 25 F α α±ααα αααα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααααααααααααααα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ ( ( ( (Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)Material Selection of Pipe)
αααααΈα αα αα αα α‘ααααΌ αααΌααΈαααα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααα αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈ αα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα αα ααααα α ααααα (compatible) αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααααα α₯ααα¬ αααααΈα ααααΈαα αα¬αΈα‘ααα αααααΈα ααααΈαα αααα¬αααααΈα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈαα αααααΈααααΈααΌα α‘αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα±αα¬ αααα ααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈαααααΈ αα»αα α±αα αα α₯ααΈα±ααΌαΈαα α‘αα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα±αα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ - α‘α¬αΈ (strength), α±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααΈ αα (ductility), αααα¬α»αααΎαααΈαααΈαα (toughness)α ααΌααΈα α¬αΈααααα (corrosion resistance)α α‘αα±αΎαα¬α α ααααΌααα (Thermal expansion)α αααααααΌαααα (fabricability), α±α αΈ ααΌαα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααΌααααααα (availability)α αααα αα (cost) ααα»αα ααα ααα»αα αααααΈαα α αα α αα‘α¬αΈ (Design Pressure)α α‘ααα (Design Temperature)α αα«αα±ααΈαααα«αααααα (Chemical Resistance)α α‘ααααα αα‘α¬αΈ ααα ααα (Temperature Pressure relationship)α ααα‘αα (Pipe support)α α±α»αα±αα ααΌαααααα‘αα« α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈ (above ground issues)α α±α»αα±α‘α¬αααΌα αα ααα‘αα« α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αααα¬αΈ (under ground issues) ααα« ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌα αααααΈ αααααΈα αα αα α‘ααα±αα¬ααΈ αα α₯ααΈα α±ααΌαΈαα«α ααα±αα¬α ααα α₯ααΈα‘α ααααΈααΌααα¬αα«α (pipe size, pressure integrity and stress analysis) α‘αααα±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα α₯ααΈαα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ design criteria αα¬αΈαα ααααααα«α ααα»αααΈα±αα¬αααΈααααα α±αα¬ααα α₯ααΈαα ααΈααααΈ α‘αα‘α»αα α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈαα«α₯αΈα
417
αααααΈαα αα‘ααΌα αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα α₯ααΈα±ααΌαΈαα ααα±αα¬αααααΈαααα α€α α¬α‘α α‘αααΈ (α) ααΌα α‘α±αα¬α»ααα α αΌα¬ α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα« ααα αα ααα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα α‘αααα ααα»αα αα ααΌααΈα α¬αΈααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααΌααΈα α¬αΈαααααΌααΈα α¬αΈαααααΌααΈα α¬αΈαααααΌααΈα α¬αΈααα ααα α¬αΈααααα α¬αΈααααα α¬αΈααααα α¬αΈαα (Corrosion) (Corrosion) (Corrosion) (Corrosion)
αα¬αα₯αα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±α α αααααΈααα±ααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±α α αααααΌαα αΈαααΈα±α α±αα¬ α‘ααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±α α αα«αα±αα αα«αα»αααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±α αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα αα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα αααααααΈααα αΎαα¬αΎαα¬ααααααα α‘αααααα αααα¬αΈαα α α α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌαα ααααα αα α‘ααΌα αααα αααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈααααΈαααα ααααααα¬α‘α±ααα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αα¬αΈααααα«ααα Uniform Corrosion, Concentration Cell Corrosion, Intergranular Corrosion Atmospheric Corrosion α αα»αα ααα α¬αΈααα‘ααΈααΈαααα‘αα αααααα ααααααα α¬αΈααα αααααααΈα αααα α¬αΈααα αα¬ααΌααα corrosion control and corrosion prevention techniques αααΈαα¬αΈαααα‘αα αααααααΈα ααΈαααααΈα α‘α α¬αΈαααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα±ααΌαΈααΈα»αααΈ (Materials resistant to Corrosion), ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ α±ααΈααα»αααΈ (Protective coatings), ααΌαααα αα»αααΈααα (Cathodic protection), αααααΈααα α»αα»ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ (Corrosion Inhibitors) α αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααααααΈα ααΈαααααΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα Corrosion Resistance Chart α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αααα₯αΈα αΌα¬ αααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬αα±α»αααα αα¬αΈα α₯αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬α»ααα«ααα ααα¬αΈααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααααα αα¬αΈ ααα±α αααα α»αα αα«ααα
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
ααα»αααα±αα¬ααα»αααα±αα¬ααα»αααα±αα¬ααα»αααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα αα«αα±αααα«αα±αααα«αα±αααα«αα±αα α± α± α± α±αα«ααΈα αααααα¬αΈαα«ααΈα αααααα¬αΈαα«ααΈα αααααα¬αΈαα«ααΈα αααααα¬αΈ (Composition) (Composition) (Composition) (Composition)
Specification and PropertiesSpecification and PropertiesSpecification and PropertiesSpecification and Properties
426
αα¬ααΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈααα¬ααΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈααα¬ααΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈααα¬ααΈαααα αα αααα¬αΈα α‘α α¬αΈαααααα‘α α¬αΈαααααα‘α α¬αΈαααααα‘α α¬αΈααααα
αα¬ααααα αα αααα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα αα«ααα αα uPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride αα PE - Polyethylene PE63, PE80, PE100 αα PP - Polypropylene αα PVDF - Polyvinylidene Fluoride α α PVC-C - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride αα NBR - Butadiene-Acrylnitrile Rubber αα EPM - Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer αα FPM - Vinylidene Fluoride Copolymer
α±ααααα±αα¬α±α»αα¬ααα ααα αααα α‘αααα±αα¬α‘ααΈααΈα α‘ααα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈα α±αα α αααααα±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αααα αΌααΈαααα α‘αα±α‘α¬ααα α‘αα α αα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬ ααα¬αΈα αα¬αΈααα αα«αααααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααααα ααα αααααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αα αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ αα ααααααα αααΏααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα ααα ααα αα ααα«ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α αααα»αα α±αα¬αα¬αα¬ αα tensile strength α α±αα¬αα±α ααα αα¬ααα±αα±ααΈα±αα±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα ααα αααα α±α»ααααΈααα±ααααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ αα«ααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααααα ααααα ααα‘α±ααα‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αα»αα α±αα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαααΌα αα¬ααα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αααΈαααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα ααα ααα α ααααα ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααΈαααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα¬αα α α α±ααΈααααααααα«ααα αα‘αΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αααα«αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαα«αα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬αααααα ααα±αα¬ αααααα«αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα ααααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα ααααα ααααα α±ααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬ ααα¬αΈα ααααααΈααααα«ααα α±αα α‘αα±α‘α¬ααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα α α‘α±αα¬αα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα α‘αα α α‘α»αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬αα‘α»αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα ααα αααΏααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬ αααΏααααα α‘αα α α α‘αα α α‘α»αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αΈαα ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α αααααααΈαααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈααΌααΎαααα«α ααα±αα¬ αα‘αΈαααα¬αΈαα α‘αααα±αα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αα αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα α±α‘ααααα αααΏααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈα αααααα‘αΌ ααΈ (α) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααααα¬αα α±αα¬αα α¬αα‘α±αα¬αα¬αΈα αα»ααα αααΏααα¬ααΌααα¬αΈα αα¬αααααα¬αΈα αα«ααα ααααααααα«α αααα αα αααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈ αααα αΌααΈα α±α‘α¬αααΌα ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα»αα α‘ααααα¬α±αα¬α»ααα αα«ααα
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈα αα«ααα α₯ααΈααααααα¬αΈαα¬ ααααα±αα¬ αααΈαα ααα ααΌααΌα¬αΈααα»αα αα¬ α‘α¬αΈααΈα±αα¬α»ααα α α¬αααα¬α‘ααΌαα α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα α»αα αα»αα
434
αα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α ααααΈαα αααα¬ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα corrosion resistance guide ααΌα αα¬α±ααΌαααααααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈαααααΈαααααΈαααααΈαα αααα αααα αααα αα α‘ααααααα±αα¬α‘ααααααα±αα¬α‘ααααααα±αα¬α‘ααααααα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈ ( ( ( (Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)Operating Pressure of a Pipe)
αααα αα operating pressure α α±α‘α¬ααα« ISO equation α‘αααΈ ααΌαα αααα«ααα
Dmt x (HDS) 2 PR =
α€ααΌα Hydrostatic Design Stress = Hydrostatic Design Basis x Design Factor α»αα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - ααα ααα HDB αα 4000 psi α»αα αΏααΈ ααα αα α‘αα¬αΈα α design factor αα¬ 0.5 α»αα αα»αα HDS for PVC pipe = 2000 psi α»αα αα«ααα ααα»αα -
tDm SDR = α»αα αΏααΈ Dm αα¬ α‘αααα«ααα»αααΈααΌα α±αα¬α»αααα Mean Outside Dia.
ααααα Average Outside Diameter α»αα αα«ααα αα αααΈα±α»αα¬ααααααΈ - Pressure Rating = Pressure Design Basis x Design factor α»αα αα«ααα
α‘ααα αα αααα ααααα (αα ααααα¬αααα) ααΌααα±αα¬ α‘αα αααα αα αααα¬αΈα HDS (psi) αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
PVC 1120 2000 PE 2406 630 PVC 2116 1600 PE 2708 800 CPVC 4120 2000 PE 3408 800 PE 1404 400 PE 3608 800 PE 3708 800 POM 2110 1000 PE 3710 1000 PVDF 2016 1600 PEX 0006 630 PVDF 2020 2000 PEX 1006 630 PVDF 2025 2500
α€ααΌα - PR = Pressure Rating , psi (Mpa) t = Minimum wall thickness, in. (mm) Dm = Mean Outside Diameter, in. (mm) HDS = Hydrostatic Design Stress, psi (Mpa) α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα - PC = Pressure Class = Pressure Rating, SDR = Standard Dimension Ratio HDS = HSB x Design Factor α»αα ααα
435
PEX 5006 630 PA 32312 1250 PEX 0008 800 PA 32316 1600 PEX 1008 800 PA 42316 1600
α€ααΌα PVC = Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe, CPVC = Chlorinated PVC, PE = Polyethylene, PEX = Crosslinked Polyethylene, POM = Polyoxymethylene, PVDF = Poly Vinylidene Difluoride Pipe, PA = Polyamide α»αα αα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss) (Pressure Drop or Head Loss)
Pressure drop ααα ααα α‘ααΌααΈαααααα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα ααΌαααααα±αΎαα¬α ααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα ααα»αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα»αα α±α α±αα¬ α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ (α₯ααα¬ - α‘αααΈ α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌα α±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈ α αα) αααααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα ααΈαααΈα±α αα«ααα α±ααααΌααΈααα±ααΈαα ααα α α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌααααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα‘α»ααααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ head loss ααα« ααααΌααΈααΌααααααα
Allowable pressure drop αα αααααΈα αα α αα‘αααα αααααΈααΏα α αααααα ααααα αααα«ααα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌαα±α»ααααα α ααααα‘α±αα αααα±ααα«ααα
Head Loss α Hazen β Williams formula α»ααααΌααα«ααα α€αα±ααααΈααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬ C ααααΈ (Flow Coefficient) αα¬ GRP αααα PVC αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα 150α steel αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα 120 α»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αα±ααΈα‘α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα C = 70 α»αα αα«ααα Hazen β Williams equation αα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα»αα αα
For British system: 1.852
2.63L (ID) CQ 1046 H
=
For Metric system: 1.852
2.63L (ID) CQ 1068 H
=
α€ααΌα LH = Head loss (ft/100 ft of pipe), (meters per 100 meters of pipe)
Q = discharge (US gallons per minute), ( /secm3 ) C = Hazen-Willams Factor (Flow Coefficient) ID = Inside diameter of pipe (in), (cm)
αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬αααα Dracy-Weisbach equation α»αααααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα Dracy-Weisbach equation α ααααα‘ααα‘ααΌααα α‘α»ααα αΈ (full flow) α‘ααΌα laminar flow α»αα α±α turbulent flow α»αα α±α ααΈααααα ααα±αα¬ α€ααα»αααΈα ααΈααααΌαα±αα¬ αα αααα¬ Darcy friction factor, f α»αα αα«ααα α€ααααΈα
436
handbook αα¬αΈαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ programmable calculator αα¬αΈαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα¬αααα«ααα Dracy-Weisbach formula αα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
2gV x
IDL f H
2
L
= α€ααΌα LH = Frictional resistance (meters)
f = Darcy friction factor L = length of pipe run (meters) ID = internal diameter of pipe (m) V = average velocity of fluid (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
α€αα±ααααΈααΌααα«α±αα¬ f ααααΈα Moody equation α»αα αα¬ααααα«ααα
++=
31
6
R10
ID 200001 0.0055 f Ξ΅
α€ααΌα Ξ΅ = pipe roughness (meters)
Β΅
Β΅ ID R = = Reynoldβs Number, Β΅ = kinematic viscosity of the fluid ( /secm2 )
α‘ααα R ααααΈαα 2000 α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαα«α laminar flow α»αα ααΌα¬αΈ αΏααΈ f α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα
R64 f =
α‘ααα R ααααΈαα 4000 α‘ααα±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈαα«α turbulent flow α»αα ααΌα¬αΈ αΏααΈ f α Colebrook α ααα»αααΈα»αα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα
ααα‘ααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααΌααα ( Ξ΅ - roughness factor) αα ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααα
ααΌα¬ααΌα¬αΈααα Bondstrand GRP ααα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα¬ 5.3 x 106 meter (1.7 x 106
feet) α»αα ααα D Roughness Relative Ξ΅
= , D = Diameter α»αα αα«ααα
437
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Roughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various PipesRoughness of Various Pipes ( ( ( (Ref: http://www.efunda.com/formulae)
Absolute Roughness, e
micron
Pipe Material x 10-6
feet (unless noted)
Drawn Brass 5 1.5
Drawn Copper 5 1.5
Commercial Steel 150 45
Wrought Iron 150 45
Asphalted Cast Iron 400 120
Galvanized Iron 500 150
Cast Iron 850 260
Wood Stave 600 to 3000 0.2 to 0.9 mm
Concrete 1000 to 10,000 0.3 to 3 mm
Riveted Steel 3000 to 30,000 0.9 to 9 mm
PVC 7 2.1
Bondstrand GRP pipe 1.7 5.3
Sources: 1. Cameron hydraulic data book.
2. Enginereed Softwareβs PIPE-FLO software 3. Fiberglass Pipe Handbook, SPI composites Institute
Micron = 10-6 m
438
Β΅ , kinematic viscosity of the fluid αααααΈ α‘ααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα±ααααα ααΌα¬
ααΌα¬αΈααα α‘αααΈα‘αααααΌα α±αα kinematic viscosity ααααΈαα¬
0.000001115 /secm2 (0.000012 /secft2 ) α»αα αΏααΈ α±αα kinematic viscosity ααααΈαα¬ 16.97cSt α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Kinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of FluidsKinematic Viscosity of Fluids (Ref: http://engineeringtoolbox.com)
Temperature Kinematic Viscosity
Liquid (oF) (
oC)
CentiStokes
(cSt)
Seconds Saybolt
Universal (SSU)
61 16.1 0.305
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 68 20 0.295 36
Acetic acid - vinegar - 10% CH3COOH 59 15 1.35 31.7
Acetic acid - 50% 59 15 2.27 33
Acetic acid - 80% 59 15 2.85 35
Acetic acid - concentrated glacial 59 15 1.34 31.7
Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O 59 15 0.88
Acetone CH3COCH3 68 20 0.41
68 20 1.6
Alcohol - allyl 104 40 0.90 cp 31.8
Alcohol - butyl-n 68 20 3.64 38
68 20 1.52 31.7
Alcohol - ethyl (grain) C2H5OH 100 37.8 1.2 31.5
59 15 0.74
Alcohol - methyl (wood) CH3OH 32 0 1.04
68 20 2.8 35
Alcohol - propyl 122 50 1.4 31.7
Aluminum sulfate - 36% solution 68 20 1.41 31.7
Ammonia 0
-
17.8 0.3
68 20 4.37 40
Aniline 50 10 6.4 46.4
77 25 159-324 737-1.5M
Asphalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 100 37.8 60-108 280-500
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 10W 0 -17.8 1295-max 6M-max
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 10W 0 -17.8 1295-2590 6M-12M
439
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 20W 0 -17.8
2590-
10350 12M-48M
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 20 210 98.9 5.7-9.6 45-58
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 30 210 98.9 9.6-12.9 58-70
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 40 210 98.9 12.9-16.8 70-85
Automatic crankcase oil SAE 50 210 98.9 16.8-22.7 85-110
Automotive gear oil SAE 75W 210 98.9 4.2 min 40 min
Automotive gear oil SAE 80W 210 98.9 7.0 min 49 min
Automotive gear oil SAE 85W 210 98.9 11.0 min 63 min
Automotive gear oil SAE 90W 210 98.9 14-25 74-120
Automotive gear oil SAE 140 210 98.9 25-43 120-200
Automotive gear oil SAE150 210 98.9 43 - min 200 min
Beer 68 20 1.8 32
32 0 1
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 68 20 0.74 31
130 54.4 47.5 220
Bone oil 212 100 11.6 65
Bromine 68 20 0.34
-50 0.52
Butane-n 30 -1.1 0.35
68 20 1.61
Butyric acid n 32 0 2.3 cp 31.6
Calcium chloride 5% 65 18.3 1.156
Calcium chloride 25% 60 15.6 4 39
65 18.3 11.83
Carbolic acid (phenol) 194 90 1.26 cp 65
68 20 0.612
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 100 37.8 0.53
32 0 0.33
Carbon disulfide CS2 68 20 0.298
100 37.8 259-325 1200-1500
Castor oil 130 54.4 98-130 450-600
69 20.6 308.5 1425
China wood oil 100 37.8 125.5 580
68 20 0.38
Chloroform 140 60 0.35
440
100 37.8 29.8-31.6 140-148
Coconut oil 130 54.4 14.7-15.7 76-80
100 37.8 32.1 150
Cod oil (fish oil) 130 54.4 19.4 95
130 54.4 28.7 135
Corn oil 212 100 8.6 54
70 21.1 32.1 150
Corn starch solution, 22 BaumΓ© 100 37.8 27.5 130
70 21.1 129.8 600
Corn starch solution, 24 BaumΓ© 100 37.8 95.2 440
70 21.1 303 1400
Corn starch solution, 25 BaumΓ© 100 37.8 173.2 800
100 37.8 37.9 176
Cotton seed oil 130 54.4 20.6 100
60 15.6 3.8 39
Crude oil 48o API 130 54.4 1.6 31.8
60 15.6 9.7 55.7
Crude oil 40o API 130 54.4 3.5 38
60 15.6 17.8 88.4
Crude oil 35.6o API 130 54.4 4.9 42.3
60 15.6 23.2 110
Crude oil 32.6o API 130 54.4 7.1 46.8
0 17.8 2.36 34
Decane-n 100 37.8 1.001 31
Diethyl glycol 70 21.1 32 149.7
Diethyl ether 68 20 0.32
100 37.8 2-Jun 32.6-45.5
Diesel fuel 2D 130 54.4 1.-3.97 -39
100 37.8 6-11.75 45.5-65
Diesel fuel 3D 130 54.4 3.97-6.78 39-48
100 37.8 29.8 max 140 max
Diesel fuel 4D 130 54.4 13.1 max 70 max
122 50 86.6 max 400 max
Diesel fuel 5D 160 71.1 35.2 max 165 max
59 15 0.4
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 68 20 0.49
Ethyl bromide C2H5Br 68 20 0.27
Ethylene bromide 68 20 0.787
Ethylene chloride 68 20 0.668
441
Ethylene glycol 70 21.1 17.8 88.4
Formic acid 10% 68 20 1.04 31
Formic acid 50% 68 20 1.2 31.5
Formic acid 80% 68 20 1.4 31.7
68 20 1.48
Formic acid concentrated 77 25 1.57cp 31.7
Freon -11 70 21.1 0.21
Freon -12 70 21.1 0.27
Freon -21 70 21.1 1.45
68 20 1.45
Furfurol 77 25 1.49cp 31.7
70 21.1 2.39-4.28 34-40
Fuel oil 1 100 37.8 -2.69 32-35
70 21.1 3.0-7.4 36-50
Fuel oil 2 100 37.8 2.11-4.28 33-40
70 21.1 2.69-5.84 35-45
Fuel oil 3 100 37.8 2.06-3.97 32.8-39
70 21.1 7.4-26.4 50-125
Fuel oil 5A 100 37.8 4.91-13.7 42-72
70 21.1 26.4- 125-
Fuel oil 5B 100 37.8 13.6-67.1 72-310
122 50 97.4-660 450-3M
Fuel oil 6 160 71.1 37.5-172 175-780
70 21.1 13.9 73
Gas oils 100 37.8 7.4 50
60 15.6 0.88
Gasoline a 100 37.8 0.71
60 15.6
Gasoline b 100 37.8 0.64
60 15.6 0.46
Gasoline c 100 37.8 0.4
68.6 20.3 648 2950
Glycerin 100% 100 37.8 176 813
68 20 5.29
Glycerin 50% water 140 60 1.85 cp 43
100 37.8 7.7M-22M 35M-100M
Glucose 150 65.6 880-2420 4M-11M
Heptanes-n 0 -17.8 0.928
442
100 37.8 0.511
0 -17.8 0.683
Hexane-n 100 37.8 0.401
Honey 100 37.8 73.6 349
100 37.8 550-2200 2500-10M
Ink, printers 130 54.4 238-660 1100-3M
70 21.1 24.1 max 115 max
Insulating oil 100 37.8 11.75 max 65 max
Kerosene 68 20 2.71 35
Jet Fuel -30 -34.4 7.9 52
100 37.8 62.1 287
Lard 130 54.4 34.3 160
100 37.8 41-47.5 190-220
Lard oil 130 54.4 23.4-27.1 112-128
100 37.8 30.5 143
Linseed oil 130 54.4 18.94 93
70 21.1 0.118
Mercury 100 37.8 0.11
68 20 0.44
Methyl acetate 104 40 0.32 cp
68 20 0.213
Methyl iodide 104 40 0.42 cp
100 37.8 29.8 140
Menhaden oil 130 54.4 18.2 90
Milk 68 20 1.13 31.5
100 37.8 281-5070
1300-
23500
Molasses A, first 130 54.4 151-1760 700-8160
100 37.8 1410-13.2M 6535-61180
B, second 130 54.4 660-3.3M 3058-15294
100 37.8 2630-55M 12190-255M
C, blackstrap 130 54.4 1320-16.5M 6120-76.5M
176 80 0.9
Naphthalene 212 100 0.78 cp
100 37.8 49.7 230
Neatstool oil 130 54.4 27.5 130
Nitrobenzene 68 20 1.67 31.8
0 -17.8 1.728
Nonane-n 100 37.8 0.807 32
Octane-n 0 -17.8 1.266 31.7
443
100 37.8 0.645
100 37.8 43.2
Olive oil 130 54.4 24.1 200
100 37.8 47.8
Palms oil 130 54.4 26.4
100 37.8 42
Peanut oil 130 54.4 23.4 200
0 17.8 0.508
Pentane-n 80 26.7 0.342
130 54.4 20.5 100
Petrolatum 160 71.1 15 77
Petroleum ether 60 15.6 31(est) 1.1
32 0 1.52 cp
Propionic acid 68 20 1.13 31.5
Propylene glycol 70 21.1 52 241
Quenching oil
(typical) 100-120 20.5-25
100 37.8 54.1 250
Rapeseed oil 130 54.4 31 145
100 37.8 324.7 1500
Rosin oil 130 54.4 129.9 600
100 37.8 216-11M 1M-50M
Rosin (wood) 200 93.3 108-4400 500-20M
100 37.8 39.6 184
Sesame seed oil 130 54.4 23 110
Sodium chloride 5% 68 20 1.097 31.1
Sodium chloride 25% 60 15.6 2.4 34
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 20% 65 18.3 4 39.4
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 30% 65 18.3 10 58.1
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 40% 65 18.3
100 37.8 35.4 165
Soya bean oil 130 54.4 19.64 96
100 37.5 21-23 110
Sperm oil 130 54.4 15.2 78
68 20 14.56
Sulphuric acid 100% 140 60 7.2 cp 76
Sulphuric acid 95% 68 20 14.5 75
Sulphuric acid 60% 68 20 4.4 41
3M-8M
Sulphuric acid 20% 650-1400
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70 21.1 600-1760
15M-
300M
Tar, coke oven 100 37.8 141-308 2M-20M
70 21.1 3300-66M 2500
Tar, gas house 100 37.8 440-4400 500
100 37.8 559 200-300
Tar, pine 132 55.6 108.2 55-60
68 20 0.68
Toluene 140 60 0.38 cp 185.7
400-440
Triethylene glycol 70 21.1 40 185-205
100 37.8 86.5-95.2 1425
Turpentine 130 54.4 39.9-44.3 650
68 20 313
Varnish, spar 100 37.8 143
Water, distilled 68 20 1.0038 31
60 15.6 1.13
Water, fresh 130 54.4 0.55 31.5
Water, sea 1.15 31.5
100 37.8 35-39.6 163-184
Whale oil 130 54.4 19.9-23.4 97-112
68 20 0.93
Xylene-o 104 40 0.623 cp
1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
α‘αααα« αα±ααααΈααΌα α±ααα‘αα (design velocity of water flowing) α α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααΈ αααααα
Service Condition Reasonable velocity, ft/s (m/s) Boiler Feed 8 β 15 (2.5 β 4.6) Pump suction and drain lines 4 β 7 (1.2 β 2.1) General service 4 β 10 (1.2 β 3.0) City Water to 7 (to 2.1)
α‘αααα«ααΌααααΈα αα±αα¬ ααα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα (head loss) α Resistance coefficient, K α»αα α±α»αα¬ααααα αααααα¬ αααααα α₯ααΈαα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α head loss α ααα«ααα
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αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Resistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, KResistance coefficient, K
Resistance coefficient, K α α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααΈ αα¬αααα«ααα
)DL( fK =
α€ααΌα f = friction factor L = Length of pipe D = internal diameter α»αα ααα
Friction Losses in Pipe Fitting and Valves
Resistance Coefficient K (Use in formula hf=Kv2/2g) Nominal Pipe Size
Β½ ΒΎ 1 1Β½ 2 2Β½-3 4 6 8-10 12-16 18-24 Fitting K Value
90Λ Elbow 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
45Λ Elbow 0.43 0.4 0.37 0.34 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19
90Λ LR Elbow 0.43 0.4 0.37 0.34 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19
Equal Tee 0.54 0.54 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24
Ball Valve 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.40
Butterfly Valve 0.86 0.81 0.77 0.68 0.63 0.35 0.30
Gate Valve 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10
Globe Valve 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈαααα ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ (Interna (Interna (Interna (Internal l l l PressurePressurePressurePressure))))
αααααΈα α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈ (Internal Pressure) α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα« ααα α€αα±ααααΈα ααα‘αααΌααα αα±ααααΈαα ααααΈαα₯αΎαααααα«ααα
t) - (OD
2st Pi = α€ααΌα iP = rated internal pressure, psi or kg/cm2
s = allowable hoop stress psi or kg/cm2
OD = minimum outside diameter (in or cm) t = minimum wall thickness (in or cm)
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ααααα α α€ααααΈαα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα»αα αΏααΈ αααααα α₯ααΈαα αα¬ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα α€ααααΈαα α±αα¬ααααα»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα α‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈαα‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈαα‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈαα‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈα ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ (External (External (External (External Collapse Collapse Collapse Collapse Pressure)Pressure)Pressure)Pressure)
αααααΈα α‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈ (External Collapse Pressure) α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
3lc
3c
c )ID - (1t2E P
Ο Ο =
α€ααΌα cP = external collapse pressure, psi or kg/cm2
cE = effective circumferential modulus of elasticity, psi or kg/cm2
ID = pipe inside diameter (in or cm) t = minimum wall thickness (in or cm) lΟ = Poissonβs ratio for contraction in the circumferential direction due to
tensile stress in the longitudinal direction cΟ = Poissonβs ratio for contraction in the longitudinal direction due to
tensile stress in the circumferential direction
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααΌαΈααΌαΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing) (Pipe Sizing)
αααααΈααααΈαα αα ααΌααα¬ααΌα αααααΈααΌαααααα¬ ααα α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈ (Inside Diameter)α α αα α‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈ (System flow rate)α αα αα‘α¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα (Pressure drop) ααα»αα αα«ααα αααααΈαα αα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα α α α±αα«ααΈ αααααΈα‘αααα ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααα (allowable pressure drop) ααα‘α±αα αααααΌαααααα
α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌααααα¬ααΌα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα α‘α±α»αα‘α±α (Phase) αα ααΈαααΈα αααα«ααα αααααα¬ α‘ααααα αααΈ α‘αααα ααΈαααΈα αα«αα±ααΌαααααααΈ αα«αα±ααΌααα ααΈαααΈ α‘α»αα αα¬ αα±αα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈα±αα α₯ α‘ααααα α‘α±ααΌααααααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘α±ααΌαααα α‘αααα αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα±α»αα¬ααΈαα αααα«ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααΈ ( design flow rate) αα¬ α αα ααα‘ααα α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα Design flow rate αα ααα Inside diameter α ααααααΌααα α±αα¬αααΈ (trial and error) α»αα α‘α±α»ααααααα α‘ααααααΌααααα«ααα αα¬αα α‘ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ αααααΈα αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα αααααα±αα¬ αα α‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα (acceptable velocity in pipe) 2.1 Β± 0.9 m/s (7 Β± 3 ft/s) αα α±αααΌαα±ααα¬ααΌα (at point of discharge) α‘αα¬αΈααΈ α αΈαααΈααααααα (maximum
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velocity limit) α 2.1 m/s ( 7 fi/s ) α αααααα«ααα αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α 15 ft/sec α»αα αα«ααα (ααααα¬αΈαα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘αα«α‘αα) αα¬ααα‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α€α‘ααα αΈαααΈα α±αΎαα¬ααΈααΈαα±αα¬αααααα αααααα«ααα α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααΈα»ααα αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α±αααα αΌααΈα‘αααα»αααΈ αα αα‘α¬αΈαααΈαα¬ααα‘ααΌα - Benoulliβs Theorem, α‘ααα αΈαααΈαααααα¬ ααα»αααΈ αα ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΌαα‘α¬αΈααΈαααΈααααα‘ααΌα - Darcyβs Formula α αα α‘αααααα¬αααα¬ α±αααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααα¬ ααΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌαααΌααα¬ααΌα α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« α₯αα±αααα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ pressure drop α βpsi/100 ft of pipeβ α»ααααΌααα«α αα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈ (velocity) α ft/sec α»ααα±ααΌαΈαα«α ααααΈααΌααα¬ααΌα ααααααΈ ααα±αα¬ α α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα αα‘ααα αΈαααΈαα¬αΈα‘αααΈ αααα¬αα«α αα Fluid flow ααα¬αα Reynolds number α αα¬αα«α Reynolds number αα ααα‘ααΌαα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα α‘ααα α±α αΈαα αααΈα αααααΈα ααα‘α±αααααα±αααα αα α‘ααα αΈ α»αααΈα ααΌαα»ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ (slug, laminar, transition, turbulent) α α±αα¬α»αααα Sanitary system (α±ααααα αα ) αα α‘α»α turbulent flow (Reynolds number >4,000) αααα αα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ ααα‘ααΌααΈααα‘αααΈ (inside pipe diameter) ααα¬αα«α ααα pressure drop, Reynolds number, velocity ααααΌααα¬ααΌα ααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα»αα ααα α α ααααααα¬α»αα αΎαααΈαααΈαααΈ (roughness of pipe) ααα¬αα«α αααα¬α»αααΎαααΈα±αα ααΌαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα ααΌαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±α αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααΈ αα¬αΈα±α α»αα ααα αα αααααα±αα¬ α αΈα»αααΈ (α‘αα) - αα‘ααΌα ααα±ααΌααα‘α¬αΈ (actual pressure) αα pressure drop ααΌααα¬ααΌα ααα±αα¬αααααα αα ααααα±αα¬ α αΈα»αααΈ (α‘α±ααΌα α αα«αα±ααΌα) - αα‘ααΌα ααα±ααΌααα‘α¬αΈ (actual pressure) αα pressure drop ααΌααα¬ααΌα αααα ααα±αα¬αααα±αααα
ααααα
αα α‘αα (Incompressible flow) - αααααΈαααα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈααα¬αΈααααΏααΈ αα‘α¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα αααΈααα α±αααα α‘αααα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα 0.5 to 1.0 psi/100ft α α±ααΌαΈαααα«ααα αααααΈαααα 1.0 to 2.0 psi/ 100ft α α±ααΌαΈαα αα«ααα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα α±ααααα±αα¬ α‘αα ααααα¬ α αΈαα αααΈ (viscosity) 10 cp ααααα αααααααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα αααα«ααα α αΈαα αααΈ 10 cp αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα pressure drop ααΌααα¬ααΌα αααα ααα»αααΈα ααΈαααα Reynolds number α αΎαααΏααΈ ααΈα»ααααα«ααα αα α‘α±ααΌα (Compressible Flow) - α±ααΈα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα ααα‘ααΌαααΌααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα ααα α ααΌααααΈαα¬αΈααααΌααα«α α α α±αα«ααΈ pressure drop αα supply pressure α 10% αα ααααα«α ααααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααΌααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΌαααα«ααα Saturated steam
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449
450
(α±ααΌαααα»αα) α‘αα«α‘αα α‘α±ααΌαα α±ααΌααααα¬αΈα PV = nRT αα±ααααΈα»ααααΌααα«ααα
Hazen β Williams equation α α‘ααΈαααΈααΈα±αα¬α»αααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααα«ααα
V = 0.35464 C D0.63 I0.54
Q = 0.27853 C D2.63 I0.54
I = 10.666 C -1.85 D-4.87 I1.85
α€ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈαααΈαΏααΈ αααααΌαα α±α‘α¬ααα« ααααα¬αΈααα«ααα αααααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα»αα αααα‘αα±αα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈ (flow velocity), α‘ααα αΈααααα¬α (flow volume) α‘αα α‘ααα±αα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα ααΌααα αΌα¬ αα¬ααααα«ααα (Ref: Kubota Ductile Iron Pipeline Design Manual, Kubota Corp., July, 2009)Hazen-Williams formula α‘α»αα Colebrook-White formula ααααΈ ααΈαΎααα«ααα αα α±αα¬ ααΈααα‘αααΈαα αααα«ααα
Gravity sewer αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα« Manning Formula α ααΈαααα«ααα
α₯ααα¬ααΌαα -
120 m3 of water is required at the delivery point 4000m away the water source.
The delivery point is 75m higher than the water source. The head available at the source is 145m and the required head at the delivery point is 20m. What nominal diameter of pipe is required?
Discharge: Q = 120 m3/h = 33.3 lit/s
Equivalent loss of head (i.e. hydraulic gradient) I:
m m/1000 4.75 )(4000/1000
3 - 12 10 I =+
=
α€ααΌα K αα linear measurement α»αα αΏααΈ 0.1 α αααααα«ααα Re αα Raynolds Number α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα n αα coefficient α»αα αΏααΈ ductile iron αααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα 0.0010 α 0.0013 α»αα αα«ααα R = A/P , A = Sectional Area of pipe, P = Circumferential Length of pipe to be contacted with the fluid (m)
α€ααΌα C = Flow Coefficient I = Hydraulic Gradient (unit head loss of pipe line) = h / L
Q = Fow Volume ( /secm3 )
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α α¬αααα¬ ααα α αααααΌααΎαααα«α ααα‘ααΌα DN200 (α αααΌαα) αα±ααΌαΈαααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘ααααα‘αα ααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈ (De (De (De (Determination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thicknesstermination of the Piping Wall Thickness))))
ααααα‘αα ααΌαααα»αααΈαα αααααΈααααΈαααα¬ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈαα αα αα»αα ααα ααα‘αααΌαα»αααΈα‘ααΌα ααααα¬αα α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααααα
οΏ½ Pressure integrity οΏ½ ααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ Mechanical Strength, corrosion, erosion, wear, threading,
grooving αα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααααααααΈαα¬αΈα οΏ½ αααα¬αΈα‘α α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α (tolerance) οΏ½ αααααα ααα‘ααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α α±αα¬αααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬
ααα‘α (α₯ααα¬ ααα α‘αα α±αα¬α»αααΈ)
ASME piping code ααΌα pressure-integrity design α‘ααΌα ααα‘α αα±ααααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
Py)2(SEPD t
+= ααααα
2SEPD t =
α€ααΌα - t = design minimum wall thickness required to ensure pressure integrity, in P = design pressure, psig D = outside diameter of pipe, in S = allowable stress, psi
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E = weld joint efficiency factor (some codes also specify a casting quality factor F for cast piping materials) y = coefficient (function of material and temperature) usually 0.4
α‘αααΎαα¬αα¬ααααα‘α αα±ααααα¬αΈα αααααα‘α¬αΈ ααααΈαα¬αααα¬ α‘ααα αα‘ααααα¬ ααααΌαααααα«α ααα‘ααα±ααααΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
( )PYSEW 2PD t
+= , α€ααΌα W αα weld joint strength reduction factor α»αα αα«ααα
Coefficient YCoefficient YCoefficient YCoefficient Y
β€ 900 F
β€ 482 C
950 F 510 C
1000 F 538 C
1050 F 566 C
1100 F 593 C
β₯1150 F β₯621 C
Ferritic Steels
0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Austenitic Steels
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
Other Ductile Metals
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Cast Iron 0.0 ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
ASME B31.4, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Par. 404.1.2, Pressure Design of Straight Pipe ααΌα ααα‘ααα±ααααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
S 2D P t i= , units metric in
S 20D P t i= , At tn +=
αααα ααααα‘ααα tn ααααααα αααα αααΈααα«ααα
α€ααΌα t = pressure design wall thickness, in. (mm)
tn = nominal wall thickness satisfying requirements for pressure and
tolerances, in (mm) A =sum of allowances for threading, grooving, corrosion, etc. in (mm) (α‘ααα ααΈααααα αααααΈαα α αα α αα±ααΈααααα±αΎαα¬α ααα α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαααα¬ 0.02 in/yr α»αα αα«α A ααααΈαα¬ A = 8 x 0.02 = 0.16 in α»αα αα«ααα)
Pi = internal design gage pressure, psi (bar) D = outside diameter, in (mm)
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S = applicable allowable stress value, psi (MPa)
α‘αααα«αα±ααααΈα Allowable stress value, S , αα±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααααα«ααα
S = 0.72 x E x Specified Minimum Yield Strength of pipe, psi (MPa)
α€ααΌα 0.72 = design factor on nominal wall thickness E = weld joint factor α»αα αα«ααα
Weld Joint Factor, E, α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααααα«ααα
Weld Joint Factor, E, for Steel Pipe Pipe Type Joint Factor Seamless 1.00 Electric Resistance Weld 0.85 Furnace Butt Weld 0.60 Single Fusion Weld 0.80 to 1.00 Double Fusion Weld 0.85 to 1.00 API 5L SAW, GMAW 0.95
α‘ααα ααααΈαααα α₯ααΈα‘ααΌα Weld Joint Factor α ααααααα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααααα«ααα
οΏ½ α‘ααα C)(510 F950 oo ααα±α‘α¬α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα 1.00
οΏ½ α‘ααα C)(815 F1500 oo α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα 0.5
οΏ½ α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα₯αΈα±α»αα¬αα‘ααΈααα¬ (linearly interpolate) ααααα« ααα
Minimum Yield Strength of pipe αα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
For Seamless Standard and Line Pipe Grades MYS (psi) MTS (psi) Grade 1 (ASTM A252) 30,000 50,000 Grade 2 (ASTM A252) 35,000 60,000 Grade 3 (ASTM A252) 450,000 66,000 Grade A (ASTM A53, A106, A523, API 5L PSL1) 30,000 48,000 Grade B (ASTM A53,A106, A523, API 5L PSL1) 35,000 60,000 Grade C (ASTM A106) 40,000 70,000
PSL1 PSL2 For API pipes MYS (psi) MTS (psi) MYS (psi) MTS (psi) API 5L X42 42,000 63,000 46,000 63,000
α€ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α±ααΌαΈαα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ low alloys, stainless steels αα nickel alloy αα¬αΈα α ααΈαααΏααΈ ααα¬α±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈα‘α±αα α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
454
API 5L X46 46,000 60,000 42,000 60,000
API 5L X52 52,000 66,000 52,000 66,000
API 5L X56 56,000 71,000 56,000 71,000
API 5L X60 60,000 75,000 60,000 75,000
API 5L X65 65,000 77,000 65,000 77,000
API 5L X70 70,000 82,000 70,000 82,000
MYS = Minimum Yield Strength, MTS = Minimum Tensile Strength
At tn += α A ααααΈααΌα αα αΎαα¬αα¬αα»αα αα±ααΈααα»αααΈα α±αα±ααα
ααα α¬αΈα»αααΈα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα ααααα αααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘αα ααα±αΎαα¬α αααααα¬αΈα α¬αΈααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈα αααα ααααα ααααα α‘αα α±αα¬α»αααΈ (threading)α α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αα¬α»αααΈ (grooving) αα αααααα¬α»ααα α α¬αΈααα»αααΈ (shaving)α ααα αα α±ααα¬α αα α±ααα¬αα αααα¬ααΌα ααααα«ααα±ααα±α‘α¬α αα»ααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘α αααα¬αΈ α αααα αα«αααα«ααα ααααα±ααααΌα αααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ αα«ααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαα (longitudinal) αα α‘αααΈαα (circumferential β hoop stress) α ααα¬ hoop stress αα¬ longitudinal stress αα αα ααααααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα‘ααΌα ααα‘ααααΌααα¬ααΌα longitudinal stress αα hoop stress α αα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα
αααα¬ααΌαα (From Piping Handbook, Seventh Edition, Mcgraw-Hill, Year 2000) A carbon-steel pipe having a required minimum inside diameter of 11.2 in (284 mm) is to transport water at 700 psig (4830 kPa gage) and 90ΛF (32ΛC). The design code is ASME B31.1, and the design life is 8 years. The water has a nominal oxygen content of 1 ppm. Butt-welded construction is used. Calculate the required minimum wall thickness.
Evaluation: An economical grade of seam-welded carbon-steel pipe (ASTM A53Grade A) is selected. FromASMEB31.1, the allowable working stress at 90ΛF (32ΛC) is 10,200 psi (70.4 MPa), the corrosion rate is estimated at 0.02 in (0.5 mm) per year.
From ASME B36.10M, NPS 12 (DN 300) [12.75-in (324-mm) OD] is tentatively selected. Using the stated 8-year design life and 0.02 in/yr corrosion rate, the total corrosion allowance of 8 x 0.02 = 0.16 in (4 mm) is calculated. Butt-welded construction is specified; therefore, no additional wall thickness allowance for joining (threading, grooving, etc.) is required. From ASME B31.1, y = 0.4 is selected for ferritic steels at temperatures at or below 900ΛF (482ΛC).
455
The pressure-integrity design will be based upon ASME B31.1. Then
mm) (14.9 in 0.586
0.16 700) x 0.42(10,200
12.75 x 700
A Py)2(SE
PD tm
=
++
=
++
=
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Hoop StressHoop StressHoop StressHoop Stress
ααα‘αααΌααα¬ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαα ααα¬ Hoop Stress α»αα αα αα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
3-
nh 10 x
2tPD S = α€ααΌα hS = hoop stress, MPa
nt = pipe nominal wall thickness, mm
P = design pressure, kPa D = outside diameter of pipe, mm α»αα αα«ααα
ααα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααααα‘α¬αΈαα α‘αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα net longitudinal stress (αααααΈα‘αα¬αΈα‘ααα»αα α±αα¬αα«αα‘α¬αΈ) αα ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα αα hoop stress ααα±αα«ααΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα«ααα
T x S 0.90 S -S Lh β€ ( LS αα + α»αα α±ααα«α α€αα±ααααΈα ααΈααααα«α αααα
αα¬ tension (α ααααΌαα»αααΈ) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα)
Longitudinal compression stress α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌαααααα«ααα
)T -(T E -S v S 12chL Ξ±=
α€ααΌα hS = hoop stress due to design pressure, MPa
LS = longitudinal compression stress, MPa
v = Poissonβs Ratio
Ξ± = Linear coefficient of thermal expansion, C-1o
cE = modulus of elasticity of steel, Mpa
2T = maximum temperature at time of restraint, Co
1T = ambient temperature at time of restraint, Co
S = specified minimum yield strength, MPa T = temperature factor
456
Restrained Span pipe line αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααααααα¬ T x S S S -S BLh β€+ α»αα αΏααΈ
αααΌα BS = absolute value of beam bending compression stress resulting from
live and dead loads, MPa α»αα ααα Thermal expansion stress range α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαααα
T x S 0.72 SE β€ α€ααΌα = thermal expansion stress, MPa
S = specified minimum yield strength, MPa T = temperature factor
α±αααα»αααΈααα‘α»αα¬αΈααα±ααααα±αα¬αα±ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈαααα‘α¬αΈαα«α αα α±ααΌαΈααΌααααα«αα‘α¬αΈααΈ α α α±αα«ααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈαααα«ααα
TL x x F x S S S 0.5 Bh β€+ α€ααα»αααΈαα« αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»αααα
α‘αααΈ α»αα ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ ( ( ( (Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer αααααααααααααααααααα Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock) Hydraulic Shock)
αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααααα±αα αΈαααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌα¬αΈααα‘αα« ααααα α αΈαααΈα±α αα α‘αα αααααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈααα‘αα«ααΌα water hammer α»αα ααααα αααααΈ ααα±αα±α α‘ααα αΈαααΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α α»ααα±αα±αα α±αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαααΈ αα¬αΈα±αα±α α»αα ααα αααααΈαααα¬ αααααΈα (surge pressure + operating pressure ) αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈα‘ααααΈαα α₯ααΈα α‘α»ααααΈααααΈαα‘α¬αΈ αα αα±αα¬αα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα α±αα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ (water hammer) α»αααΈααααααα¬ααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±αα αααα±ααα«ααα
οΏ½ α‘ααα α‘αα (Liquid Velocity) οΏ½ αααααΈα‘αα (Length of pipe run) οΏ½ Modulus of Elasticity of piping material οΏ½ ααα α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘αααΈ (Inside Diameter of Pipe) οΏ½ αααα α‘αα¬αΈαα‘α (Pipe Wall Thickness) οΏ½ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈαααα αΎαα¬αα (Valve and Pump closing times) οΏ½ αα±αα±αα¬ α±α (Entrapped Air)
αααα₯αΈα αΌα¬ αααααΈα»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα¬αΈαααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αααΈα»αα ααΌαααα«ααα ααα‘ααΈ α‘α α¬αΈα±ααααααΏααΈ ααααΈαα¬ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα
457
21
R 2) - (D Ek1
4600 a
+
=
α₯ααα¬ - DR21 α αααΌ PVC ααα‘ααΌα wave velocity αα¬ -
[ ]
ft/sec 1177.9 2) - (21 0.751
4600 a21 =
+
= α»αα ααα
αααα αα« αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα‘αα αα ααααΈα α‘α»αααααΈααα»αα Pressure Surge α α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌαααααα«ααα
g 2.31
aV P =
α₯ααα¬ - α‘αααα« α₯ααα¬α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΈαα 12 ft/sec α»αα αα ααα« α αα αα‘αα« Maximum Pressure Surge αα¬ -
32.2 x 2.3112 x 1178 P = = 190 psi α»αα ααα
Maximum Pressure Surge α ααα±αα¬α±αα¬ α‘αααα‘ααα‘ααΌααΈ αααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα αααΈαααααααΈα±α αα ααα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααα αααα±ααΈαααα αα¬αΈααααα
critical closing time (Tc) αααα±αα¬α±α αα ααα αααα«ααα αα¬αΈααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«
αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌαααααα«ααα
aL x 2 Tc >
α‘αααα« α₯ααα¬ααΌα a = 1178 ft/sec α»αα ααα αα‘αα« α‘αα α±α ααα α α αααΌ DR21 αααααΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈ αα¬αΈαααααα¬ -
sec. 0.17 1178
100 x 2 Tc => α»αα ααα
Solenoid controlled diaphragm valve αα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈα α‘ααααα±α‘α¬α α±αα αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ (upstream and downstream) αα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈα»αα α±αααα αα‘α¬αΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈ α‘ααα ααααα»ααα αΌα¬ ααααααΌαααααα αα¬αΈαα»ααα αΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα‘α¬αΈααΈααα αα¬αΈααααα α±αα¬αααΈ αα αα¬αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααα±ααΈααα α‘α»ααα‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα¬αΈααΌα
α€ααΌα - P = Pressure Surge, psi V = Velocity change, ft/sec
g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/ sec2
α€ααΌα Tc = Critical Valve Closure Time, sec. L = Length of the pipe run, ft. a = Sonic Velocity of the pressure wave, ft/sec.
458
ααααα ααα αα αα¬αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα‘αα¬αΈααΈα αΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈααα
Flow Rate Vs Valve Closing Time
Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer Water Hammer αααα α± α± α± α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ
Water Hammer α α»αα α±α αα α‘ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα»αααΈα ααΌα α»αααΈα ααααα¬αΈ α ααα±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα»αααΈα α±αααα»αααΈ α αα ααα»αα ααα Water Hammer αα αααααΈαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααα αΈα±α ααααα‘ααΌα αααααΈαα αα ααααΈαααα¬ααΌα αα αααΈαα αααααΈα±α‘α¬α ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααα«ααα Water Hammer α α±αα¬ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈα αααα¬αααα«ααα αα αααααΈα α‘α»ααααΈα‘αααααααα‘α¬αΈ (maximum operating pressure + surge
pressure) αα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα αααααα‘αααΈααΈα‘α αα‘αααΈ ααααα αααα¬ α α‘α»ααααΈ ααααΈαα‘α¬αΈαα αα±αα¬ααΌαα±α ααα«α
αα α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα αα α ααααα α α±α (5 ft/sec) αα αα±αα¬α±α ααα«α αα ααΌααααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααα ααα α ααααα α±ααα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααΌααΈ α‘ααΈα»αα»αααΈ αα αααααα ααα‘ααΌα α‘αααα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬αα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα«α α α α±ααααααΈααα αα¬αΈα αα ααααΌααΏααΈ ααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα«α αα αααα α±ααααααΈααααααααΌα check valve ααααα»αααΈα»αα αααΈα α±αα»ααα±α α±α‘α¬α αααα¬αΈαα«α αα ααααα αααα±αα¬ααΈα ααααα αααΈα α ααα‘ααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α±αα‘α¬αΈ ααΈα αααα¬αΈαα«α αα αααααΈα‘ααααα±αα α₯ αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα¬αΈα αΏααα±α‘α¬ααΈααα¬α±α αα ααα ααα«α
459
αα αααααΈααΌα αα‘ααα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ (α₯ααα¬ - pressure relief valve, surge arrestor, shock absorber α αα) αααααααα«α αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±α»αα±αααααααΈα»αα±αααααααΈα»αα±αααααααΈα»αα±αααααααΈ ααααΈααααΈααααΈααααΈ (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design) (Aboveground Pipe Design)
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘αααα±αΎαα¬αα‘αααα±αΎαα¬αα‘αααα±αΎαα¬αα‘αααα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈαααααΈαααααΈαααααΈ α ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈ αααα α αα»αααΈα αα»αααΈα αα»αααΈα αα»αααΈ (Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)(Thermal Expansion and Contraction)
α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα ααααΌαα ααααα»αααΈα T L L β=β Ξ± α»ααααΌααααα«ααα L α per 100 ft α»αα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα T β α )T-T ( 21 α»αα
αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»ααα«α -
100L x
10)T - (T
L 21Ξ±=β α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα Lβ = Expansion of pipe (in)
Ξ± = coefficient of thermal expansion (in / F10o / 100ft)
1T = Maximum Temperature ( Fo )
2T = Minimum Temperature ( Fo )
L = length of pipe run (ft)
α‘ααΈαα»αα ααα ααααα α‘αα±αΎαα¬α α ααααΌαα ααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈααΌα α€ Thermal expansion/contraction α α±ααα¬α αΌα¬ααΌααα ααα«ααα PVC ααααΌα Ξ± ααααΈαα 0.36 α»αα ααα
α₯ααα¬ - How much expansion will result in 300 ft of PVC pipe installed at F50o and
operating at F125o ?
in 8.1 100300 x
1050) - (125 x 0.36 L ==β
αααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαΞ± ααααΈαα¬ 18x10-6 mm/mm/ Co α»αα ααα
ααα‘ααΌα α±α ααα (30.48 m) α‘αααααααΈααΌα α‘αααααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαα C50o α‘ααΌα
α ααααΌαα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬ 50 x 30.48x 10 x 18 L -6=β = 27.4 mm α»αα ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion αααααααα Contraction Contraction Contraction Contraction αααα αααΈααα»αααΈαααΈααα»αααΈαααΈααα»αααΈαααΈααα»αααΈ
α€ααα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈ α ααααΌαα»αααΈα α αααα»αααΈαα¬αΈ α±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (tensile force) αα ααΌα‘α¬αΈ (compressive force) ααα α±αα¬ααα ααα ααααα α±αα¬ααα αααααΈααΌα loop αα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα offset αα¬αΈ
460
α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααΌααΈ ααααα±ααΈαααα Expansion joint αα¬αΈαααΈααα±αα¬ αααΈ ααααααααα¬αΈααα»αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»ααα expansion loop, offset αα¬αΈααα¬ ααΈ
α±αααΎαααα αααααα¬ α α α±αα«ααΈ α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα F30o ( C17o ) αα α±αα¬αα«α expansion loop αα¬αΈ ααααΌααΈααααα»αααΈα α‘ααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α»αα αα«ααα
Expansion Loop Formula :
S 2L)( ED 3 L β
= α€ααΌα L = Loop length (in)
E = Modulus of elasticity at maximum temperature (psi) S = Working stress at maximum temperature (psi) D = Outside diameter of pipe (in) Lβ = Change in length due to change in temperature (in)
αααα¬ααΌαα - What would be the loop length to be to compensate for 4β of expansion of 3β PVC
Sch 80 pipe with a minimum temperature of F110o ? (Outside diameter of 3β PVC pipe = 3.5β , E = 371,000, S = 1500)
S 2
L)( ED 3 L β= =
1500 x 24 x 3.5 x 371000 x 3 L = = 74.83 in
Expansion Loop
461
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘ααα«αα‘α¬αΈααα‘ααα«αα‘α¬αΈααα‘ααα«αα‘α¬αΈααα‘ααα«αα‘α¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αΈααα‘αα¬αΈααα‘αα¬αΈααα‘αα¬αΈαα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ ( ( ( (ThermalThermalThermalThermal Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force Stress and Longitudinal Force))))
α‘αα±αΎαα¬α α ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα α αα αααααΈααα¬αΈαα«α αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα«α α±αααα¬ααα»αα ααα ααα«αα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌααααα«ααα
TE St β= Ξ± α€ααΌα St = Stress (psi)
E = Longitudinal Modulus of elasticity (psi x 510 )
Ξ± = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ -5Fx10o )
Tβ = Temperature change between the installation temperature and max/min temperature, whichever
produces the greater differential ( Fo ) αααα¬ααΌαα - What is the induced stress developed in 2β Sch 80 PVC pipe with the
pipe restricted at both ends? (Assume the temperature extremes are from F70o
to F100o ).
psi 324 70)-(100x 10 x 3.0x 10 x 3.6 TE St -55 ==β= Ξ±
Longitudinal force αα¬ α‘αααα« stress α ααα α»αααααΈα§ααα¬ (cross sectional area) α»ααα±α»αα¬ααα±αα¬ αααα»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α -
F = St x A α€ααΌα F = Force (lbs)
Offset
462
St = Stress (psi)
A = Cross sectional area (in2) = )ID -(OD 4
22Ο
αααα¬ααΌαα - With the stress as shown in the previous example (324 psi), calculate the amount of force developed in the 2β Sch 80 PVC pipe.
Cross sectional area of 2β pipe = A = )ID -(OD 4
22Ο
222 in 1.556 )1.913 - (2.375 4
3.1416 ==
ααα±αΎαα¬α F = St x A = 324 psi x 1.556 2in = 504 lbs. αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈα‘αα¬αΈαααααΈα‘αα¬αΈαααααΈα‘αα¬αΈαααααΈα‘αα¬αΈ α± α± α± α±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈα»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈα»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈα»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈ (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) (Length Change Due to Pressure) 1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained S1. Unrestrained Systemystemystemystem ( ( ( (α‘αααΈα‘ααααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘ααααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘ααααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘ααααα±αα¬ α αα α αα α αα α αα )))) αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈ (internal pressure) α±αΎαα¬α ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (thrust force) αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα±αααα¬αα¬ ααα‘αα¬αΈα α ααααΌαα±α ααα αα ααααΌαα»αααΈαα ααα α‘ααα αααα¬αΈα‘αα Poissonβs Ratio, Axial Modulus of Elasticity, Circumferential Modulus of Elasticity α ααααα±αα αααα±ααα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±ααααΈα αΎαααα«α
=β
cm
2
iclm
2
E D2t (ID) p -
E D4t (ID) pL L Ο
α€ααΌα lm
2
E D4t (ID) p
αα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ αα«α α»αα ααα cm
2
ic E D2t (ID) p Ο αα
αααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ αα¬αΈααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬α α αααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘ααα»αα ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α ααααΌααα¬α±αα¬ ααα‘αα α ααααΈα±α‘α¬α αααααα -
EE 2 - 1
E D4t (ID) pL L
c
lic
lm
2
=β Ο α αααα α€αα±ααααΈααΌα -
L = length of the pipe (in or cm)
p = internal pressure (psi or kg/cm2)
icΟ = Poissonβs Ratio for contraction in the longitudinal direction due to the strain in
the circumferential direction
cE = circumferential modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)
lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)
mD = mean diameter of pipe wall = ID + t
463
ID = Inside Diameter of the pipe (in or cm) t = thickness of pipe wall (in or cm)
α₯ααα¬ααΌαα - Find the length change in 10 m of Bondstrand series 2000M, 8β pipe
which is subjected to an internal pressure of 145 psi (10 bars) at F75o ( C24o ).
a. English Unita. English Unita. English Unita. English Unit
icΟ = 0.56 , cE = 3,600,000 psi , lE = 1,600,000 psi
ID = 8.22 in , t = 0.241 in , mD = 8.46 in
L = 394 inches , p = 145 psi
psi 3,600,000psi 1,600,000 x 0.56 x 2 - 1
psi 1,600,000 in) (8.46 in) 4(0.241 in) (8.22 psi 145 in) (394 L
2
=β
in 0.147 L =β b. Metric Unitb. Metric Unitb. Metric Unitb. Metric Unit
icΟ = 0.56 , cE = 253105 kg/cm2 , lE = 113490 kg/cm2
ID = 20.9 cm , t = 0.612 cm , mD = 21.5 cm
L = 1000 cm , p = 10 bars = 10.02 kg/cm2
kg/cm 253105kg/cm 113490 x 0.56 x 2 - 1
kg/cm 113490 cm) (21.5 cm) 4(0.612 cm) (20.9 kg/cm 10.02 cm) (1000 L 2
2
2
22
=β
cm 0.373 L =β
464
2222. . . . RRRRestrained Systemestrained Systemestrained Systemestrained System ( ( ( (α‘αααΈα‘αααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘αααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘αααα±αα¬α‘αααΈα‘αααα±αα¬ α αα α αα α αα α αα ))))
Restrained system α‘ααΌα αα±ααααΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
E D2t
(ID) p L L cm
2
ic
β=β Ο α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αααα«α‘αααΈ
α»αα αα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ ( ( ( (ThThThThrustrustrustrust Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in Due to Pressure in an an an an Anchored System)Anchored System)Anchored System)Anchored System)
αααααΈα αααααααααααα±α‘α¬α α‘α»ααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α αα ααΌα αα‘α¬αΈ α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα
)(- x EE x
2ID D p P lc
c
lm Ο Ο
=
α€ααΌα P = Thrust Force (lbf or kg) ID = internal diameter (in or cm)
lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)
cE = circumferential modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/cm2)
icΟ = Poissonβs Ratio
α₯ααα¬ααΌαα - For 6β Bondstrand fiberglass pipe, ID = 6.26β, mD = 6.44 in, P = 100
psi, lE = 1.6x106 psi, cE = 3.6x106 psi, icΟ = 0.56 , then
(tension) lbf 1580 (0.56) x (3.6)(1.6) x
2(6.26) (6.44) (100) 3.142 P ==
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Thrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed EndThrust Due to Pressure On A Closed End
α‘ααα αααα αααα ααα ααΈααΌα αααα¬αΈαα ααα«α αα αα‘αα« αα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±ααααα±αα¬ααα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα ααα
465
p x 4
(ID) P2Ο
= α€ααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»αααα
α‘αααΈα»αα ααα α‘ααα 100 psi αα‘α¬αΈαα α αααΌ Bondstrand ααα±αα ααα±αα¬αααααα«α αα αα‘αα« ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αααα‘α¬αΈαα¬ -
lbf 3080 100 x 4(6.26) x 3.142 P
2== α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα ααα‘α±ααααα‘α±ααααα‘α±ααααα‘α±αα αααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα αΌα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αααααα αΌα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αααααα αΌα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αααααα αΌα¬ααα±αα¬αα±ααα ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααα‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±αααααΈααΈααΈααΈα ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ (Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)(Support Spacing for Uniformly Distributed Load)
ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αααα¬ ααααααα‘α±ααΈαααα ααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα α‘α±ααΈααα α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαα α αααα α»αα αα«ααα αααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα ααα αααΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈαααα¬ αααααΈαα α±αα¬α ααααα»αα αα«ααα ααα α‘α±ααΈα ααα αΌα¬αααΈαα¬αΈαααα ααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααα αα ααα¬αΈα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα Permissible deflection α 0.5 in α αα¬αΈαα«α ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα«ααα
W(El) 0.258 L
41
= α€ααΌα L = Support spacing, ft
(EL) = Beam stiffness (lb-in2)
W = Total uniformly distributed load (lb/in)
α‘ααα metric α αα α»ααααΌαααααα -
41
W(El) 0.124 L
= α€ααΌα L = Support spacing, m
(EL) = Beam stiffness (kg-cm2)
W = Total uniformly distributed load (kg/m)
α₯ααα¬ααΌαα - Calculate the recommended support spacing for 6β Bondstrand series
2000M pipe full of water at F150o .
ft 16.5 1.36
19.0 x 1,200,000 0.258 L 41
=
=
466
Support spacing ααΌααα¬ααΌαααΈαα Modulus of elasticity of Bondstrand GRP pipe
Temperature El
100 Fo (38 Co ) 1,500,000 psi (105,500 kg/cm2)
150 Fo (66 Co ) 1,200,000 psi (84,400 kg/cm2)
200 Fo (93 Co ) 900,000 psi (63,300 kg/cm2)
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘ααα‘ααα‘ααα‘αααα‘αααα±αα¬ααααα‘αααα±αα¬ααααα‘αααα±αα¬ααααα‘αααα±αα¬ααα αααΏααααααααΏααααααααΏααααααααΏααααα α‘αΌ ααα¬ααα»αααΈα»ααα‘αΌ ααα¬ααα»αααΈα»ααα‘αΌ ααα¬ααα»αααΈα»ααα‘αΌ ααα¬ααα»αααΈα»αα α α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α±ααΈα»αααΈ (Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)(Use Euler and Roark Euqations to check the stability of the restrained lines)
21
AT I L
β=
Ξ±Ο
α€ααΌα L = unsupported length or guide spacing (in or cm)
I = beam moment of inertia (in4 or cm4 )
Ξ± = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ Fo or m/m/ Co )
A = cross sectional area ((in2 or cm2 )
Tβ = change in temperature ( Fo or Co )
ααα ααα αΌααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααααΈαααα¬αΈααα αααα α‘αααα«αα±ααααΈ α»ααααΌαααα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈαα αααααΏαααααα±ααΈαααα (guide ααααα) α‘αα¬αΈααΈα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα ααα Euler α αα±ααααΈαααα¬ Roark α ααα±ααααα±αα¬ααα α‘α±ααΈαααα¬αΈ α±αΎαα¬α ααα±ααΌαΈααΌαααα ααα¬αα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ αα±ααααΈ αααααα
)4KL -
4KL (tan
2KP-WL y =
α€ααΌα 21
ElP K
= αα E A T
LEl P 2
2β== Ξ±
Ο α»αα ααα
El= longitudinal modulus of elasticity (psi or kg/ cm2 )
W = uniform horizontal load (lb/in or kg/cm) L = guide spacing (in or cm)
α‘ααα ααα±ααΌαΈααΌααα y αα ααααα (1.27cm) αααααα ααα«α αα α‘αΌ ααα¬ααα»αααΈα»ααααΌαααα±αα¬ L α ααΈαα ααα±αα¬αα«ααα α‘ααα y ααααΈαα ααααααα αααΈα±ααα«α L ααααΈα ααα±αα¬αΏααΈ Roark ααα»αααΈα»αα y ααααΈα αααα¬αα«α α±αα¬αααΈ y ααααΈ αααααα±α‘α¬α α±αα¬αααα αα¬αααα«ααα
467
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Expansion joint Expansion joint Expansion joint Expansion joint αα¬αΈαα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα Guide Spacing Guide Spacing Guide Spacing Guide Spacing αααα ααΌαα»ααΌαα»ααΌαα»ααΌαα»αααΈαααΈαααΈαααΈ ((((Calculating the GuidCalculating the GuidCalculating the GuidCalculating the Guide Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Jointse Spacing of Pipe Runs Containing Expansion Joints))))
21
21
FIEl
TAI L
=
β=
Ξ±Ο
α€ααΌα L = guide spacing (in or cm) F = TAEl βΞ± = force of compressing an expansion joint (lb or kg)
Ξ± = coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ Fo or m/m/ Co ) lE = longitudinal modulus of elasticity at highest operating temperature
(psi or kg/cm2)
Tβ = change in temperature ( Fo or Co )
I = beam second moment of inertia (in4 or cm4 )
A = cross sectional area ((in2 or cm2 )
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Anchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping SystemAnchors in Piping System
αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌαα αααΈαα anchor αα¬αΈα αααααΈααΌα ααααΌααΈααααα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα Anchor ααααα¬ αααααΈα αα±ααΌαα±α αααα ααα ααα‘ααααααΌαα¬ αααα¬αΈαα αααα¬α α±αααα«ααα Anchor α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±α»α α‘α±ααα¬αΈααΌα ααααΌααΈααααα«ααα
οΏ½ α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌαα αααΈααααααα α‘αααα‘αααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈ οΏ½ loop αα¬αΈα expansion joint αα¬αΈα±ααααα±αα¬ααα α‘α¬αΈα αα±ααα α¬αΈαα οΏ½ αααΈααΌαα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαα¬αΈα±αα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌ α αααα±αα¬αα±α αα οΏ½ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα¬αΈαα‘α±ααΈααααααΈαα αα αα¬αΈαα‘ααΌαα‘ααααααα
αααΌα/αααα α‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘α±ααα‘α¬αΈαααα±αα¬αα±α αα αα¬αΈα‘αααα¬αΈα ααΈαααααα±ααΈαα
αααααααααααα αα ααα ααα ααα α α± α± α± α±α»αα±α‘α¬ααααααΈααα»αααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααααΈααα»αααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααααΈααα»αααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααααΈααα»αααΈ (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe)) (Underground Installation (PVC Pipe))
αααα αααααα¬α»αααΈα αααααΈααα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬α»αααΈα αααααα ααΌααα»αααΈα αΎαα¬αααα»αααΈα ααααααα₯αα αααΌααΌαα»αααΈ ααα±αΎαα¬α ααΌααΈααααα¬αΈ α‘α α¬αΈ ααα αααα¬αΈα α±α»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈααα ααΌααΈααα ααα αααα α‘α α α αα ααΌααα±α»ααααα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ductile iron αααα¬αΈαα ααα αααα αα α αα ααΌααα±α»ααααα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααα«ααα AWWA α‘ααΌαα αα±αααα»ααα
468
ααα‘α ααα αααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬αααΌα α‘αα ααα αΎαα¬ααααΏααΈ ααΌααααααα¬αΈαα αα αα α Ductile iron αααα¬αΈαα α‘αα αα ααα α ααα«ααα American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) α α αααΈαα¬αΈα‘α ααα ααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬αα»ααααα¬ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈ α α±αα‘αα ααααα ααα α‘αααΈ (ααα αα‘αα αα¬αΈαα¬) αα¬αΈαααα»αα αα«ααα Minimum soil stiffness E = 1000 α»αα αααα ααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αααΈ ααααα ααΈααα¬αΈ αααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααΌα¬αΈααα α±α»αα±α‘α¬α α‘αααΈααΈ α α±α ααααα ααα α‘αααΈ (ααα α α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬) ααΌα α»ααααααα ααα»ααααα α±α»ααααΈααΈαα¬ααΌα αααΈα±α‘α¬ααα±α»ααα¬αΈαα ααα¬α±αα¬ααΌααααα α‘ααα ααα¬α±α‘α¬ααααα αα»αα αααα«α α±α»ααα¬αΈααα‘αααα¬αΈ ααα±ααΈαααα αααα±α»ααααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα α±α»αα α¬αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα«α±α αα α±α»ααααα¬ααΌα ααα±αα¬α±αα¬α±α»αα α¬αα¬αΈαα¬ ααΈαααα αα αα«αααα α ααα α‘ααα¬αααΏααΈ αα α αα αα¬αααΈα αααΌα¬αΈα±α‘α¬α αα±ααΈαααα α±α»ααααα¬ααΌα α±α»ααααΈα α‘αααα»ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ α±α»ααα α (vibrator) α»αα αα±ααΈαααα α ααααααα»αα αα‘α¬αΈα»αααααα«α α±ααα¬ ααα¬α αΌα¬ ααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα α±α»ααααα αααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αααα ααα»ααα α α±ααΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα α±α»αααα±αα¬α‘αα« α±α»ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ α±ααα¬αα ααΌααααα¬αΈ ααααα±α αα αααα¬αΈααα«ααα ααα±αα¬α±α»ααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα α‘αααααααα¬αΈα αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααΈαα αααα αα¬αΈα α ααααααα«α±α αα ααα»αααα«ααα α±αα¬αααΈα‘αα α±α»ααααα‘αα«ααα¬ α±α»ααα α ααααα αααΈαααα ααα¬αΈα ααΈααα«ααα ααα ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈαα α±αα¬αααααΏααΈααα‘αα« ααα α±α»ααΌαα α±α»ααΌα±αα¬αααα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα ααα ααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±α»αα¬α α±ααΈαα α‘ααα αα«ααα»αα α±α αα ααα»ααα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα α±α»ααΌααα±α»ααΌα±αα¬α ααααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α α‘αα ααα α₯α ααα α‘ααααα α±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΈα»ααα α‘αα« ααα α‘αααααΌα¬ααα α‘αα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Loop Offset (in) for Contraction Table
Maximum Temperature Variation, Fo ( Co ), Between Time of Joined Pipe and Final Usage
Source: Adapted from NIBCO, Inc. Data
469
Pipe Snaking
αααααααααααα αα ααα ααα ααα α αααααααα α± α± α± α±α»αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬αα»αααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α α» α» α» α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α± α± α± α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈ (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover) (Earth Pressure due to Earth Cover)
α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±α ( ( ( (αααα) Prism Formula) Prism Formula) Prism Formula) Prism Formula
ααΈα±αα¬α±α»αα‘αααα α ααα¬ (α α±α) ααααα αααααααΈαα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈ α ααΈαα«α H 0.001 Wf Ξ³=
α€ααΌα - Wf = Earth pressure due to earth cover (MPa)
Ξ³ = Unit weight of back filling soil (kN/m3 )
H = Depth of earth cover (m)
α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±α ( ( ( (αααα) Marstonβs Formula for ditch condition) Marstonβs Formula for ditch condition) Marstonβs Formula for ditch condition) Marstonβs Formula for ditch condition
ααΈα±αα¬α±α»αα‘αααα α ααα¬ (α α±α) αα ααααα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα ααΈαα«α
)Be - (1 tan 2k 0.001 W H/B tan 2k-
fΟ
Ο
Ξ³=
470
α€ααΌα B = Width of trench at the top of the pipe (m)
Ο = Internal friction angle of backfilling soil (deg.)
Ο+
Ο=
sin 1 sin - 1 k
α‘αααα«αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈα unit weight of backfilling soil α α α¬αααα¬ ααα ααΌα α±αα¬α»α αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈα ααααα«α
α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±α ( ( ( (αααα) Marstonβs Formula for positive) Marstonβs Formula for positive) Marstonβs Formula for positive) Marstonβs Formula for positive----projection conditionprojection conditionprojection conditionprojection condition
α‘ααα αααΈα α‘αααα αα α‘αααΈαα α‘ααΌα ααααΈα±ααα«α ααααα positive projection α»αα α±ααα« α α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±ααααΈα ααΈαα«α D 0.001C W cf Ξ³=
cC = Coefficient
D = Diameter of pipe (m)
Typical Soil Characteristics (Unit Weight of Backfilling Soil) (Ref: Lindeburg, Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam, 8th ed.)
Soil Type
g
(lb/ft3)
gsat
(lb/ft3)
g
(kN/m3)
gsat
(kN/m3)
Sand, loose and uniform 90 118 14.14 18.54
Sand, dense and uniform 109 130 17.12 20.42
sand, loose and well graded 99 124 15.55 19.48
Sand, dense and well graded 116 135 18.22 21.21
glacial clay, soft 76 110 11.94 17.28
glacial clay, stiff 106 125 16.65 19.64
Cc ααααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα« αααα
ααααααα«ααα
471
Calculation coefficient : Cc Calculation coefficient : Cn
α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘α±α»αα‘α±α ( ( ( (αααα) Marstonβs Formula for negative) Marstonβs Formula for negative) Marstonβs Formula for negative) Marstonβs Formula for negative----projection conditionprojection conditionprojection conditionprojection condition
Negative projection α‘ααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±ααααΈα ααΈαα«α B 0.001C W nf Ξ³=
nC = coefficient
(α‘αααα« αααα ααααα«)α B = width of trench
αααααααααααα αα ααα ααα ααα α αααααααα α± α± α± α±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα¬ααα¬αΈααα¬ααα¬αΈααα¬ααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΎαα¬ααΎαα¬ααΎαα¬α α» α» α» α»αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα¬αα¬αα¬αα¬ α± α± α± α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈ (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to (Earth Pressure due to Vehicle LoadVehicle LoadVehicle LoadVehicle Load))))
ααα»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈα‘α±ααα α»ααααΌα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα« Boussinesq αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
472
P10F W Ξ±=t
Wt = Earth pressure due to truck load (MPa) F = Impact Factor ( = 1.5) P = Load of one rear tire of truck
Ξ± = Coefficient
Coefficient Ξ± for one truck
Depth of earth cover (m)
Coefficient Ξ± for two truck
Depth of earth cover (m)
473
αααααααααααα αα ααα ααα ααα α αααααααα αααα¬αα¬αΈα±αααα¬αα¬αΈα±αααα¬αα¬αΈα±αααα¬αα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΎαα¬ααΎαα¬ααΎαα¬α α» α» α» α»αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα α±ααα±αα¬αα¬αα¬αα¬ α± α± α± α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈα»ααα‘α¬αΈ ( ( ( (Caterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by BulldozerCaterpillar Load by Bulldozer))))
α‘ααα ααα»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±α»ααααΈα‘α±ααα α»ααααΌα¬αΈαα αα¬α₯αα ααααα¬ ααα αααΈαααΈα»ααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα¬α₯ α»αα αα«α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±α αααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
Ο+
+=
tan 2H b) i 1 (q n W B
B
H = Depth of earth cover
Ο = Distribution angle of caterpillar load (normally Ο = o45 i = impact factor (i=0.2 for weak ground and i = 0 for others) b = Width of caterpillar (m)
Bq = Vertical pressure of vehicle (MPa) (α±α‘α¬ααααα¬αΈααΎαααα«)
Class of Bulldozer qB (Mpa) b (m) Distance of caterpillars (m)
30kN 0.033 0.30 1.19
60kN 0.046 0.35 1.42
80kN 0.048 0.41 1.54
110kN 0.058 0.46 1.88
150kN 0.060 0.51 1.88
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα ααΌαααα ααΌαααα ααΌαααα ααΌαααα α± α± α± α±αα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ ααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈααα»αααΈ (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring (Thrust Anchoring))))
α‘ααα αΈαααΈαα αααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα α α₯αΈααααα±α»αα¬ααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α±ααα¬ααΌα ααααα ααα ααααΌααααααα«α αα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (thrust
WB = Earth pressure due to truck load (MPa) n = Number of caterpillars affects on the pipe (n=1 or 2)
474
force) α±αααα¬ααα αα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααα‘α±ααααΌααααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘αααα¬αΈααΌα αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ αα«ααα¬αΈα±αααααα«ααα ααα«αα α±αα¬αααα¬αΈαα αα‘α¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααΌαααα‘αα¬ααα¬αΈ ααα±ααΈααααα«ααα α€ααα Thrust Anchoring α α±ααα»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈ (Bends) (Bends) (Bends) (Bends) ααΌαααΌαααΌαααΌα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα ααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈααα¬αΈ (Tee) (Tee) (Tee) (Tee) ααΌαααΌαααΌαααΌα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Reducer Reducer Reducer Reducer αα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ
2 Sin2pA P ΞΈ
=
where P = Thrust Force p = Internal Pressure A = Sectional area of pipe ΞΈ = Angle of Bend
P = pa
where P = Thrust Force p = Internal Pressure a = Sectional area of branch pipe
P = p (A β a)
where A - a = Changed Sectional area
475
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααααααααααααααααααα (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) (Pipe Ends) αα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌααα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ
Thrust Force at 0.1MPa pressure, in kN
α‘ααα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (Thrust force) αα 0.1MPa ααααα¬αΈαα«α αα¬αΈααα‘α±αα¬α α‘αααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±α»αα¬αα±ααΈααα α»αα αα«ααα α₯ααα¬ - DN600 (24β) ααα αα ααα elbow α‘ααΌα αα‘α¬αΈ 0.5MPa α»αα αα«α Thrust force αα 24.239 x 5 = 121.195 kN α»αα αα«ααα ααα±ααΈαα ααΌααααα±αα¬ααα α€ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα ααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αα ααα«ααα ααΌαααα ααααΌαααααα±αα¬ααΈαααα»αα αΏααΈ αααααααΌααΈ ααΌααα αα±αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈ (precast blocks) α»αα ααααα«α
P = p A
476
ααΌαααα ααααααααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
Concrete Protective Covering
477
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α α± α± α± α±αα»ααααα»ααααα»ααααα»ααα α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ
l)h -(h C 21 E 2
12
2e Ξ³=
α€ααΌα - P = Thrust Force
W = Total weight at the block bottom (=W1+W2+W3)
W1= Weight of the soil on the block
W2 = Weight of water and pipe in the block
W3 = Weight of Block
Β΅ W= Friction force
Β΅ = Friction coefficient between concrete block and soil
E = Passive earth pressure at the backside of the block
) 2 (45tan C 2
eΟ
+= o α€ααΌα eC = = = = Coefficient of passive earth pressure
Ξ³ = Unit weight of soil
l = Projection length of the block α±αα»αααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈ (Horizontal bends) α‘ααΌα ααΌααααα±αα¬ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«
αα±ααααΈα αααα¬αααα
EW P +Β΅<
478
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α‘α±ααααα‘α±ααααα‘α±ααααα‘α±αααα α± α± α± α±αα¬ααααααα¬α±αα¬αα¬ααααααα¬α±αα¬αα¬ααααααα¬α±αα¬αα¬ααααααα¬α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈααΌααααα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends) (Upward Vertical Bends)
α€ααΌα - P = Thrust Force 1P = Horizontal component of thrust force
2P = = = = Vertical component of thrust force
)P-(W 2Β΅ = Friction Force
E = Passive earth pressure at the backsides of the block F = Active earth pressure at the both sides of the block
ααΌααααα±αα¬ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈαα ααααααα - Thrust force α α±αα»αααααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (Horizontal component) α αααααα -
E)P-(W 2 Sin P P 21 +Β΅<ΞΈ
=
- Thrust force α α±αα¬αααααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (Vertical component) α αααααα -
FW 2 Cos P P2 +<ΞΈ
=
Β΅+Ξ³== ) (B 2 )h -(h s C 21 2F F 2
12
2'
e'
l
α€ααΌα W = Width of block l = Length of block
'eC = coefficient of active earth pressure
) 2 (45tan C 2'
eΟ
β=o
479
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα α± α± α± α±α‘α¬αααα‘α¬αααα‘α¬αααα‘α¬ααα α± α± α± α±αα¬ααααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα¬ααααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα¬ααααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα¬ααααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΌαααααΌαααααΌαααααΌααα αα±αα¬αααΈαα±αα¬αααΈαα±αα¬αααΈαα±αα¬αααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ ααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈααΌαα»αααΈ (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends) (Downward Vertical Bends)
ααΌααααα±αα¬ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈαα ααααααα - Thrust force α α±αα»αααααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (Horizontal component) α αααααα -
E)P(W 2 Sin P P 21 ++Β΅<ΞΈ
=
- Thrust force α α±αα¬αααααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ (Vertical component) α αααααα -
2 Cos P P2ΞΈ
=
a2
BLP W Ο<
+=Ο
α€ααΌα Ο = Required bearing capacity of the ground
aΟ = Allowable bearing capacity of the ground
α‘ααα allowable bearing capacity of the ground αα ααα±αα¬ααααΈ α»αα αα±αα¬ αααααα¬αΈ ααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααΏααΈ αααα¬α±αα¬ααααΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈ αααα α±ααΈαααα
ααΌααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααααα±αα¬ αααααΈα α±αααα Hydro-test α ααΈαΏααΈα ααααα«ααα αααααΈα α±ααααα ααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘αααα¬αΈα αα±αα¬αααΈ αα¬αΈα»αα ααΌααα±αα±α αα α»αα αα«ααα
α‘αααα«αα±ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ Friction Coefficient α ααααααΈ αα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααααααα«ααα
480
Friction Coefficient, Β΅
Type of Soil Friction Coefficient, Β΅
Gravel 0.6
Clay 0.2 β 0.5
Dry Sand 0.5
Wet Sand 0.33
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Ground, aΟ
Type of Soil Allowable Bearing Capacity (kN/m2)
Clay 50- 200
Soil mixed with sand 300 - 400
Wet Sand 10 - 300
Dry Sand 300 - 500
Unit Weight, Ξ³ and Internal Friction Angle, Ο of Soil
Unit Weight Internal Friction Angle
Type of Soil Conditions (kN/m3) (degree)
Normal Soil Dry 14 30 - 40
Wet 16 45
Saturated 18 25 - 30
Sand Dry 16 30 - 35
Wet 18 40
Saturated 20 25
Sand mixed with
clay Dry 15 40 - 45
Wet 19 20 - 25
Clay Dry 16 40 - 45
Wet 20 20 - 25
Gravel Dry 18 35 - 40
Wet 19 27 - 40
Silt --- 17 10 - 20
481
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α± α± α± α±α»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈα»αα±α‘α¬ααααΈ ααα»αααΈα‘ααΌαααα»αααΈα‘ααΌαααα»αααΈα‘ααΌαααα»αααΈα‘ααΌα αααα¬αααα‘αααα¬αΈαααα¬αααα‘αααα¬αΈαααα¬αααα‘αααα¬αΈαααα¬αααα‘αααα¬αΈ
αα ααααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα¬αααα«α±α α α‘αααααΈ αααΈαα«ααα αα Mechanical joint αα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ ααααΈααα α‘αα ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈαα α αααα¬αΈα α‘α»ααααΌααααΏααΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αααα«ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈααΌααΈααΏααΈα αααα«α αα α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααααααΏααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬αα α±α»ααΌααα±α»ααΌα±αα¬α ααα±ααΈαα«α αα ααα±α»ααα α±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααα α±α»αα ααα αα αα¬αΈα αα αα α‘ααΈα‘αα α‘αααααα αα¬αΈ αααΈα ααααα α α α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬αα ααα ααααα¬αΈα»αααΈ αα»ααα αα α‘α¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααα ααΌαααα α‘αα αα±ααΈααααα«α αα±ααα¬α αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈα αααααα±αα¬ααΈαΏααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌαααα ααΈαα¬αΈ α αααααααα αααα αααααα¬ ααΌαααα α α±αα¬ααΈααααα αα α±α»αα±α‘α¬α αααααα±ααα¬αααααα ααα αΌα¬αααα¬αΈαα«α ααααα ααα αΈαα«αα¬ ααα«α αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈααααα»αααΈ (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation) (Piping Insulation)
αααααΈα α‘ααα¬ααααα»αααΈα α‘ααααααΌααααα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα α‘ααα α»αααα±ααα‘αααα αααααα α‘ααα»αααα¬αΈααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘αα/α‘α±ααΌαααα α‘ααα¬αΈ α»αααα±ααα‘ααΌααΈ α±αα¬ααααΌα¬αΈ α±α αα ααααα α»αααα±ααα α‘ααα¬αΈ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘αα/α‘α±ααΌααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααα¬ α±α αα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα
α ααααααααΈααΈ α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌααααααΈα α±αα‘αα‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈαα α±ααΈα±αα¬ α±αα±ααΌαΈα±αααΌαααααΈ α ααααααΌα αααααΈαα‘ααα¬αΈ ααΈαααΈαααΌα¬αΈα±α αα α‘ααα¬αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈαααα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα αα ααΌαα α»αααα±ααα α‘ααα¬αΈ α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌααΈ αα±αα¬ααα¬α±α αα α‘ααα¬αααααααα α‘ααα¬αααααα ααααααα¬αα ααα‘ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αα¬αΈαααααα α‘ααα¬αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααααααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈαα ααααα¬ α‘ααα¬α ααααααααααααα αα±αα¬α‘ααα±αα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αααα±ααα« ααα α€α±ααααΌα α‘αα αΈαα shout circuit αα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα Short circuit αα¬αΈααΌα αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααααα‘αααα¬αΈ α αα αααα α‘ααα»αα ααα αααααΈαα‘ααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈααα αα α»ααααααα αΈααΌα ααΌα¬αΈααααα
ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααα¬ααα α»αααΈα α α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈ ααααααααα αααααΈ αα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα α‘ααΈα αα α»αααΈα αα ααΈα»αααΈα α±ααΈα»αααΈα α α ααα»αααααααααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈαααα»ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈ αααααααα
482
α‘ααα¬αα α₯ααΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααΈααααααΈααααααΈααααααΈα α‘αααΈαααΈαααα‘αααΈαααΈαααα‘αααΈαααΈαααα‘αααΈαααΈααα ααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈααΌαααα»αααΈ
αααααΈαα αα α‘α αααααΈαα¬αα ααααα αααααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααααα
xT t A K Q ββ’
=
α€ααΌα Q = Heat gain or loss (Btu)
483
K = Thermal conductivity of the pipe ( FHR--ft / in - Btu 2 o )
T β = Temperature difference of inside and outside pipe walls ( Fo )
A = Surface Area ( 2ft )
x = Wall thickness (in) t = Time (hrs)
α₯ααα¬ - What is the heat loss over 1 hr of a 1 foot long section of 2β PVC Sch 80
pipe with a temperature difference of F80o ?
K = 1.2 FHR--ft / in - Btu 2 o (for PVC) D = 2.375β for 2β Sch 80 PVC pipe
A = Ο DL = (3.141) (2.375 in)(1 ft/12 in) (1 ft) = 0.621 2ft X = 0.218 in.
Btu 273.47 0.218
80 x 0.621 x 1 x 1.2 x
T t A K Q ==ββ’
=
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα ααα‘αααα¬αΈααΌαααα‘αααα¬αΈααΌαααα‘αααα¬αΈααΌαααα‘αααα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαααααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαααααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαααααα‘ααα¬αα¬αΈααααα
ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααΈαααΈαααα»αα α‘ααα¬αααααααα±αα¬ αααααΈ αα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈααααααα«ααα α±α‘α¬αααΌα αα α‘ααααααΈα‘ααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
A. Ring B. Shoe C. Clevis
484
Split Ring Hanger
485
α€ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘αα α‘ααα¬αααααα α‘ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬ Clevis Hanger α»αα αα«ααα αααα‘αααα ααααααααααα±αααα‘ααΌα ααα α‘ααα¬αΈ ααα‘ααααα αΈααΈαα ααα±αα¬α±αα ααα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈαααΈααα‘αααΈααΈα»αα ααα Shield ααααα saddle (α‘αααα«αααΌα ααα«α 5 αα 6) αααα ααα α‘α±ααΈααα ααααΈ αα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα ααα‘α±ααΈααα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈα±αα αα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌ ααα±αα¬ααα αα»αα α±α α±αα¬α±αα ααα‘α±ααΈααα ααα αΌα¬αααΈαααα Shield ααααα saddle α α‘αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααααααΌααααα«ααα ααααα¬ ααα‘α±ααΈααα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈ αααΏααΈααΌαα α‘ααα¬αα αα¬ααΌαααα±αααα
486
α‘αααα«αααΌα αααα‘αα±ααΈαα ααα‘α±ααααΌα α‘αα±ααΈαα«αα¬ (heat tracing) αααααΏααΈ α‘ααα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα α»ααα¬αΈααα α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααααΏααΈα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααα αΈα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌααα αααα‘α±ααα ααα»αα¬αΈ (metal jacketing or lagging) αααα¬ααααα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα
αα‘α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααα α‘ααααα coated steel ααα»αα ααααα αα‘α»αα¬αΈ αα¬αΈα ααααααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα‘α ααα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈααΈαα±αα¬ αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααα α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα α αααα¬ααΌα α±ααα±α‘α¬ααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
αααααΈααα ααααΌαΏα αααααΈα αααααΈααααα¬αα αααααααΈααΌα α‘ααα¬αααααα αααα α α αΏααΈ α‘αααααα αα‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααα‘ααΌα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬α±ααα¬ αα¬αΈα±ααΈαα ααα«ααα
487
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘αα ααααααα α‘ααα¬α»αα¬αΈ α‘ααα¬αΈ
Insulation Nominal Thickness NPS OD,
in.
ID,
in. 1 1βΒ½ 2 2βΒ½ 3 3βΒ½ 4 4βΒ½ 5
Β½ 0.8 0.9 2.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8
ΒΎ 1.1 1.1 2.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8
1 1.3 1.3 3.5 4.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8
1βΒΌ 1.7 1.7 3.5 5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8
1βΒ½ 1.9 1.9 4 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8
2 2.4 2.4 4.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8
2βΒ½ 2.9 2.9 5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14
3 3.5 3.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14
3βΒ½ 4 4.0 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 12.8 14
4 4.5 4.5 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15
4βΒ½ 5 5.0 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 14 15
5 5.6 5.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16
6 6.6 6.7 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16 17
7 7.6 7.7 10.8 11.8 12.8 14 15 16 17 18
8 8.6 8.7 11.8 12.8 14 12 16 17 18 19
9 9.6 9.7 12.8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
10 10.8 10.8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
α‘ααα¬αα α₯ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα α±ααΌααα α₯ Different Types of Insulation
Materials
488
11 11.8 11.8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
12 12.8 12.8 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
14 14 14.1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size, OD = Pipe Outside Diameter, ID = Insulation Inside Dia. αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααΈααΌααααααΈααΌααααααΈααΌααααααΈααΌα αααααααααααααααααααααααααααα αααααααααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping sy (Choosing the Pump Capacity for specific piping system)stem)stem)stem)
αααααΈαα αααΌα αααααα αααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ (capacity) α±ααΌαΈαααα ααα α₯αΈα αΌα¬ ααααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α α α±αα«ααΈ Head Loss α ααΌαααα«ααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ αα‘α¬αΈ P1 αα±αα¬ααΌααααΌααΈαΏααΈ α±αα‘ααΌα (discharge) Q1 αααααα αα‘ααα αααα‘ααΌα αααα»αα αααααΈα αααααααΈααα αα‘α¬αΈααΈαααΈαα (Pressure loss) αα±αα¬ααααα αααααΈα±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈ operating pressure P2 α»αα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±αα‘ααΌα Q2 ααα±ααΈαα ααα ααα±αα¬ α€αααα¬αααΈ ααααα ααααα α ααΌα¬αα«ααα ααααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααα α±αα‘ααΌααααααα αααααααααα¬αΈα ααα αΌα α¬α±α α¬ααα¬αΈααΌα αΎαααααα«ααα α€α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈαα¬ αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαααα±ααΌαΈαα α€α±ααα¬ααΌα ααααααΏααΈ ααα±ααΌααα α‘ααΈ αααα α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αΎαααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααΌααΈαααααααΌααΈαααααααΌααΈαααααααΌααΈαα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ HeadHeadHeadHead αααΌαα»αααΌαα»αααΌαα»αααΌαα»αααΈαααΈαααΈαααΈ
(R (R (R (Required Head equired Head equired Head equired Head of Pump)of Pump)of Pump)of Pump) α±α‘α¬ααα«αααΌα α±αα ααα±αα¬α±ααα¬ (suction point) α α±αα¬αααΈ α±ααα‘ααΌααΈ ααΌαααΌααααα α±ααααααααα±αα¬α±ααα¬α (discharge into the atmosphere) αααα ααΌααΈααα head* αα¬αΈα α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
β’ head = α±ααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα‘α»ααα»ααα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α α±αα αααα ααα¬ ααα»αα α»ααα«ααα
α±αα ααααα±ααα¬αα α±αααααααα±ααα¬αα ααα α‘α»αα Ha ααΌα¬αα ααα«α αα
ααααα αα‘α»αααα αα‘ααΌα¬α α±ααα‘α¬αΈα αααααΈαα α±αα¬αα±ααΌαααα αα‘α¬αΈααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈ α α±αα¬ααΌααΏααΈ αα‘αα±αα¬ α±αα αΈα‘αααα ααα¬ααα±α αα ααΌααΈααααα α»αα αα«ααα
489
Hda
Ha
Hsa
Hs
hs
Ha = Hsa
hs
Hs
490
H = Total Head (m)
aH = Actual Head (m)
saH = Actual Suction Head (m)
daH = Actual discharge Head (m)
sH = Total suction head (m)
sh = Total loss of suction head (m)
dh = Total loss of discharge head (m)
2gV 2s = Suction velocity head (m)
2gV 2d = Discharge velocity head (m)
α α α±αα«ααΈ ααΌααΈααααα α±ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬ βTotal Headβ α»αα αΏααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα α±αα¬α»α αααα«ααα
Ξ³
+++=) P- (P 1000
2gV h H H sd
2d
a l
α€ααΌα H = Total Head (m) aH = Actual Head (m)
h
l= Total head Loss (m)
dV = Flow velocity at the end of the discharge piping (m/s)
2gV 2d = Discharge velocity head (m)
dP = Pressure exerted on the discharge water surface (MPa)
sP = Pressure exerted on the suction water surface (MPa)
Ξ³ = Specific weight of pumped liquid (kN/m3)
α±αα αααα±αα¬ α±ααααααα« α±ααααα‘ααΌαα‘αααΈ αα¬αΈααα»αα αα«α αααα α α α±αα«ααΈ head α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ ααΌαααααα
2gV h H H
2d
a ++=l
ααααα l
H H H a +=
α€ααΌα l
H αα total head loss α»αα αΏααΈ discharge velocity head αα« αα«ααα
491
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααααααααααα α αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαααΌαα»αα αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαααΌαα»αα αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαααΌαα»αα αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈαααΌαα»αααΈααΈααΈααΈ (((( Required Required Required Required Power of Pump)Power of Pump)Power of Pump)Power of Pump) αααα αα‘αα±αα¬ α αΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
(kW) QH 0.163 C PtpΞ·Ξ·
Ξ³= (HP)
4.5 QH C P
tpΞ·Ξ·
Ξ³=
α€ααΌα P = Power required for the prime mover C = Excess : Motor ; 0.11 β 0.12 Engine; 0.115 β 0.125
Q = Capacity of flow volume (m3 / min), H = Total Head
pΞ· = Pump efficiency (%)
tΞ· = Transmission efficiency (%)
Reduction gear box with horizontal spur gears; 0.92 β 0.98 Reduction gear box with bevel gears; 0.90 β 0.95 Flat Belt; 0.90 β 0.93 V - Belt; 0.93 β 0.95 Shaft coupling; 1.0
Capacity, m3/min
Approximate Pump Efficiency, pΞ·
Pump Efficiency, pΞ· αα αααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα αααααΈα ααα‘α¬αΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈα±αα
αααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα«ααα α‘αααα«αααααΌα Pump Efficiency, pΞ· αααααααα«ααα
ααα‘ααΌααα±ααΌαΈαα¬ααΌα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈαααΈαα α‘ααα α‘ααααα« ααααΌααΈ
492
α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααα«ααα α‘ααα ααα±ααΈαα αα±αα¬α±αααα¬ααα±α‘α¬α α‘αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αααα αα‘αα« head loss αα¬αΈααα αααα‘ααΌααααΈαααΈαααα ααα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα αΈαααΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααααα
Imperial ααα α‘ααΌα -
v = 0.4085 q / d2
ααααα α αα α‘ααΌα -
v = 1.274 q / d2
ααααααΌααΈααααα α α α±αα«ααΈ head loss αααΌααα¬ααΌα minor loss αα¬αΈα ααα
equivalent length (Leq) (αααΈαααΈααααααα±αα¬ αααα‘αα¬αΈ) α»ααα»ααα«ααα Leq α
α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααα«ααα
Dx DL L eq
eq = α€αα±ααααΈααΌααα«α±αα¬ DLeq α α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈααΌα ααααααα«
ααα
Typical Values of DLeq
Item
DLeq
Globe Valve (Conventional) 400 Globe Valve (Y-Pattern) 160 Gate Valve (Full open) 10 Gate Valve (75% open) 35 Gate Valve (50% open) 150 Gate Valve (25% open) 900 Standard Tee (Flow through run) 10 Standard Tee (Flow through branch) 60
α€ααΌα -
v = velocity (ft/s) q = volume flow (US gal. /min) d = pipe inside diameter (inches)
α€ααΌα -
v = velocity (m/s)
q = volume flow (m3/s)
d = pipe inside diameter (m)
493
90deg Standard Elbow 30 45deg Standard Elbow 16 Return Tee 50
α₯ααα¬ - ααααααααααΈααΌα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ gate valve αα αα α‘α»ααααΌααα¬αΈαα ααα»αα α±αααα head loss α equivalent length of pipe αα αααα»αα αααααΈα
α‘αααα«ααα¬αΈα Gate valve α α‘α»ααααΌααα¬αΈαα DLeq αα 10 α»αα αα ααα±αΎαα¬α -
Dx DL L eq
eq = = 10 x 10 = 100 inches α»αα ααα
ααααα α α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαααααα¬ α±αααα‘ααΌααα¬ α»αα αΏααΈ ααα±ααΌαααΌααααα¬ααΌα αααααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααΈαα¬αΈααΌαααα αα«ααα αααααα¬ α‘ααα αΈαααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα ααα αα‘α¬αΈα‘αααΈα‘α α¬αΈ α αααααα¬ αααααα¬ααα‘αα α‘α α¬αΈα α¬αΈααα¬ αααα‘ααΌα ααΈααα α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αα ααΌαααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα ααΈαααααΈαααααΈαααααΈααα αααααααααααααααα α± α± α± α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈααΌαΈααα»αααΈ
α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αα α ααα αααα±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα αααα¬ααα α‘αααα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααααααα«ααα
αα α αα α‘ααΌααΈ ααααα±αα¬ααΈααααα α‘αα/α‘α±ααΌαααα¬αα ααΌααα«α ααα αα¬ ft3/hr,
Liter/minute ααααα m3/hr α»αα αα«ααα
αα α‘ααα α±α αΈαα αααΈ (viscosity) ααα¬αα«α α±α‘α¬αααΌα viscosity conversion chart α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα α‘αα (α) ααΌαααΌαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αααααααα pump capacity α α±ααΌαΈαα«α αα α±α αΈααΌαα‘ααΌααΈααααα αααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α ααααααΈαααα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈ
(Helical gear, spur gear, internal eccentric gear α αα) αααα±ααα¬αΏααΈ ααα αα αα ααααα αααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαα«α
α α αααα‘αα (α ααα) ααα‘ααΌαα α±αα±ααα¬αα¬ααΌααΏααΈ α±ααΌαΈαα«α ααααααααΈα α±αα ααα α α‘ααα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα suction distance α α±ααααα α suction distance αα αα αααααα±ααα¬ α»ααααΌα¬αΈααααα‘α α±αα¬ααα¬ααα αααααα¬ - α‘ααα ααααα ααΈα ααααα±ααααα¬α»αααααα±αα¬ α±α»αα»ααααΌα αααα«α suction distance, 7m ααα ααα«α αα ααααα ααααα±ααααα¬α»ααα‘αα ααα¬ αααα α»ααα±αα¬ αααΈα±α»αααΌα αααα«α suction distance αα¬ 6m αα¬ αα±αα¬ααα»αα αα«ααα αα α‘α ααα¬ αααα α»ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααααΈα±ααααΌα ααααααα«α suction distance αα¬ 5 m
494
αα¬ αα±αα¬ααα»αα αα«ααα ααααα α αααααααα ααΌααΈαααα»αα αα«α αααα±α‘α¬αα±α»α αα ααααΈααα αΌα¬ αααααααα ααα«ααα αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α±αα ααααα αααα‘ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈααααΏααΈ αααΈαααααΈα ααααΈ ααα±αα¬α αααα«ααα α±ααΈααααα«α αα αααα‘ααΌα α±αααααα‘ααΌαα ααΌαααα±ααΌαΈαααα«α ααα α‘ααα α±α αΈαα αααΈ αα α±αααααα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈααα‘α±ααααααα«ααα αα αααα αα«αα« (Hp, kW) α ααΌαααα±ααΌαΈαααα«α α€ααΌααα‘ααα α‘ααΌαα‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α»αα αα«ααα ααα»αα α±ααααα α‘αααααα±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈα ααΈαααα±ααα¬α»αα αα«α α±αα¬αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ααΈαα αα¬αΈα α‘αααα»αα αα«α αααααααα αααα α‘αααα»αα ααααΈα α‘αααα‘ααα α₯ααΈα α±α αΈααΌαααΌα α‘ααΌααα ααααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα¬α»αα αα«α ααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααΈαααααΈα α±αα¬αα¬α efficiency ααααααααΈα ααααα α α‘αααα α±αα¬αα¬α ααααα ααΌαα¬αΈααααΈα Gear Box αααα¬αΈα Belt αααα¬αΈα α αα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈα αα¬α‘αα αα¬αΈ α αΌα¬αααα«α±ααΈααα ααα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΈα ααα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬αα«α
495
496
α‘αααΈ αα
Stress Analysis αααα (Introduction to Stress Analysis)
αααααΈαα αα ααααΈααΌαα¬ααΌα Stress Analysis αααααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈααα αα«ααα±ααα«ααα ααα±αα¬ stress analysis α α±αα¬αα αααΌαααα α€ααα¬ααα α±ααα¬ααα α¬αΈα±αα¬α ααααα α€ααα¬α»αα ααα α¬αΈα±αα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈααα¬ ααΌααΈααΌ ααΈαααα ααααΌαααΌααααααα«ααα α‘α±ααΈααααΈαα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα αααααα¬ ααα αΌα α¬α‘αα α¬αααΈαα¬αΈ α»αααα αα±αα¬ααα«ααα αα α¬α‘ααα¬αΈααΌα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααααα ααΌααααα ααΌααΈαααα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα pipe guide αα¬αΈαααααα ααααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα anchor αα¬αΈαααααα Loop αα¬αΈα αααααααααα α ααααα α‘α±αα¬α‘αα α»ααα ααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα»αα αα¬ α€α‘ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈαααα αα±αα¬ααα«ααα α€α α¬α‘αααΌααααΈ ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈα Guide, Anchor, Loop αα¬αΈ ααααΌααΈαααα α‘ααα»ααα»ααα α α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€α‘αααΈα ααααΌααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈα ααααΌααααα¬ Stress Analysis ααα α‘ααα»αα ααααΈα Stress Analysis α αααααααΌααααααΈ α ααααα ααα±ααΈ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααααα±ααΈααα»αααΈααα¬ α»αα αα«ααα α αααα α¬αΈααα¬αΈ αααα α±ααα¬ααααα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis α‘ααα‘ααα‘ααα‘ααα±αΎαα¬αα±αΎαα¬αα±αΎαα¬αα±αΎαα¬α α‘α±ααΈαααΈααααΈα‘α±ααΈαααΈααααΈα‘α±ααΈαααΈααααΈα‘α±ααΈαααΈααααΈ
αα¬αααααααΈα‘ααΌα αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αα ααα±αα¬ αα«αα±ααα ααα αααααΈ α»αα ααααα«α αα αααααΈααααΈα α±αα«α±αα«ααααΌαα αααα«α αααα¬αΈαα α±αα«αααΌα±α αα α±αα¬ ααααα ααααα α±αα±α ααα±αα¬α ααααα αααααα±αα±α ααα±αα¬α ααααα αααααΈααα ααΈααΌα¬αΈα αΌα¬ αααα±α α±αα¬ α αα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈααα α‘α±ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα α±ααα«α α‘ααΌαα‘ααα¬ααααΈαα«ααα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα«ααα»αα αα±αα«ααΈ α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈ αα±αααα αα¬αααα¬αΈαααΈ αααΏαα ααα‘ααΌα αα«αα±ααα ααα α±ααααα ααα αα α αααα¬αΈα αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα Stress Analysis αα αααα»αα αα ααα«ααα Stress Analysis ααΌα ααα±ααααα±αα¬αα±ααα ααα‘α¬αΈααΈα αα«αα‘α¬αΈααΈα ααααΌααΈααΌαααααα«ααα α±ααΈα±ααΈααΌααΌαα±ααΈα α‘α αααα¬αΈαα αααα«α Stress Analysis ααΌα αα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±αα¬ ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα αα¬ α‘αααα α‘αααα¬αΈ αα±αα¬αααΈ αΏααα α‘αΎαααΈαα₯αΈα±α»αα¬ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααα¬αΈααααα«ααα
497
αα αααααΈαααααΈαα α±αα¬α αααααΈα‘ααααα±αα α₯ αααααΈα‘α±ααααα±αα¬α αααα ααα αα«αα‘α¬αΈαααα α‘α¬αΈααΈαα¬α±ααΌ ααααΌααΈαα«α αα ααααα¬αΈαα αααααΈα‘α±αα ααααααα«αααα±αα¬αα±α ααα αααα αααα
αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααα‘α±αα ααααα α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααα αααα αα¬α±ααΌ α±αα¬αααα«α
αα α‘ααα±α‘α¬αα α±ααΈαααα¬ (ααΈαα) α ααα±αα¬ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αα αααααΈ α α‘ααΈααΌα¬αΈααΈαααα±α αα α‘α»αααΈααααΈαα«αα‘α¬αΈα αααααα«α
αα αααααΈα‘α±αα (ααΈααααΈααα) ααα±αα¬ααα ααα αα«αα‘α¬αΈ α‘α¬αΈααΈα α±αα«ααΈαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α α±αα«ααΈαααα ααΌααα«α α α αααααΈααααΈα ααΌααααΏααΈαΏαααα«α αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα«αα‘α¬αΈαα (stress pattern)
αα αααααΈααα αΈαααα α‘αααα‘ααα‘ααΌααΈ (within the failure limit) ααα¬ αα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααα¬αα«α±α α
ααα±ααααΌα stress analysis α ααΌαα»ααα¬ααααααα¬αΈα»αα α±αα¬ CAEPIPE, CAESAR α ααααα»αα ααΌαααα±ααΏα α»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌα stress analysis ααΌαα ααΌααααΈ α‘α±α»αααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬αα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αα«ααααα«ααααα«ααααα«ααα αα«αα‘α¬αΈααααΌαααα«αα‘α¬αΈααααΌαααα«αα‘α¬αΈααααΌαααα«αα‘α¬αΈααααΌαα (Stress (Stress (Stress (Stress ββββ Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship) Strain Relationship)
αα α₯ααΈαα αα αα«αα‘α¬αΈ (Stress) ααααα¬ ααα α₯ααΈ αα ααααΌααΈαααΌα¬αΈα±α αα αα‘α±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα αααααααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα‘ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈ α»αα ααα αα«α (Strain) ααααα¬ αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααααα±αα¬ ααααα αα ααααΌααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα αα αα«αα α±ααααα Stress β Strain Diagram ααααα¬ αααα α₯ααΈαα αα±αααα αα ααα α α±αα¬ααα‘α¬αΈ (stress) ααα±ααΈαααααΈ α»αα α±αααα¬αα αα α₯ααΈα αα ααα α ααααΌααα (strain) ααα ααααΌα ααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα»αα ααα αααααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«αααααΌα ααααα yield strength α±αα¬ααα«ααΈα stress αα strain αα ααααα‘ααΈαααα yield strength α±αα¬ααα«ααΈα‘αααα α ααααα‘ααΈ αα»αααΈα α±αα¬αααΈααα»αα ααα αααααα‘ααΌααΈ αααα ααΌαα¬αΈαα¬α α»ααααα αααα αα αααα αααα α‘αααΈα»ααα»αα ααΌα¬αΈααα αα elastic region αα±ααααα ααα±αα¬ yield strength α‘ααΈ elastic limit αα±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈααα αααα αααα α»αααα ααα±αα¬αα«α αα permanent set α α±ααααα Yield strength α‘ααααΌαα αααα ααΌα‘α¬αΈαααααΈααα«ααα ααααα α‘αααΈα‘αα¬α α‘α αΌααΈααααααΌααααα α±ααα¬α»αα ααα Ultimate Tensile strength ααααα¬αΈ ααα ααΌααααααααα¬ α‘αα¬αΈααΈα ααααΌααα¬α±αα¬α±ααα¬ α±αα¬αα±α‘α¬αααΌαα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈ α»αα ααα αα‘ααα α±αα¬ααΌα¬αΈαααα αααα
498
499
ααΈα»αααα α αααααααΈαααα¬αΏαα»αα ααα αα necking α α±ααααα ααααα αααΈαααα¬αααΈ ααααΌαα¬αα αααα α»ααααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα«ααααα αααα»ααααΌαααΌα¬αΈ ααα ααΌααα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα breaking strength α α±ααααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis αααααααααααα α‘αααααΈα‘αααααΈα‘αααααΈα‘αααααΈ
Stress Analysis ααα αααααΈα±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ α±α»αααΌα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αα¬α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αα¬α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌααΈα‘α»αα αα‘α¬αΈ α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌααΈα αΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα±αΎαα¬αα±αα¬ αααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα ααααα«αα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ α αα static load, dynamic load α‘α¬αΈααΈα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα¬ αααααΈαααααα‘α¬αΈα ααΌαα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘ααα»αα αα«ααα α€ααααΌααα¬ααΌα αααα¬ααα code and standards αα¬αΈαααΈααα«ααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α stress analysis α ααΌααααααΈ αα - αα αααααΈαα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΏαα ααααααα±α αα αα ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα αααααΈαααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαααα¬αα¬αΈα ααΈαΏαα αααα αα±α αα αα αααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααααααααααΏααΈ αααααΈαααΈ α±ααΌαΈααΌααααα¬α±α αα - α ααααα»αα αα«ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘αααααα‘αααααα‘αααααα‘ααααα ααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈ (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail) (How Piping and Components Fail)
αααααΈα αα αααΈα ααα αΈα±α ααα±αα¬ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααα±αα«ααΈ αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα α‘αα α‘αααα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα αα«ααα
αα αααα αα αααααΌααΈαα (Failure by Excessive Plastic Deformation) (α) Yielding at Sub Elevated Temperature (α) Yielding at Elevated Temperature
αα ααΈααααα ααΌαα (Failure by Fracture) (α) αΎααΌαααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααΌα»αααΈ (Brittle Fracture) - αΎααΌαααα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α»αα ααααα (α) ααα±αα¬ααΈα»αααΈ (Fatigue) - αα α±ααα¬αααΌα αααα¬αααα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈααα±αα¬α α»αααΈαααα α»αα ααααα (ααΌααααΈαααΈαα αα α±ααΌαΈαααααααααα»αααΈα»αα ααΈαααααα α»αα ααα)
500
αααααααααααα α αα αα αα α ααααα‘αα«ααΌαααααα‘αα«ααΌαααααα‘αα«ααΌαααααα‘αα«ααΌα αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈααα αΈααααααΈ (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure) (When Piping and Components Fail (Theories of Failure)
ααα αΈα»αααΈαα‘αα αααα¬ααΌα αααααα αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα«ααΈα ααΏααΈ αααααΈα±ααααα±αα¬ααα¬ αααααΈααα αΈα ααΌααΈααα α±ααα¬ααΌαααα»αααΈ α»αα αα«ααα αααααΈααααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα αΈα»αααΈαα‘ααα¬αΈαα¬ α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αα αα«ααα
αα Maximum Principal Stress Theory
α€αα‘αααΌα αα ααααα α α‘α»ααα‘ααα‘αααα»αα±ααα α±αα¬αααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈααΈααΈα ααα¬ααα ααα α‘αα¬αΈααΈαααααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα«α αααα αααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα‘α¬αΈααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα
αα Maximum Shear Stress Theory
α€αα‘αααΌα Tensile Test ααα α₯α yield point α shear stress αα maximum shear stress α α±αα¬ααΌαααΌα¬αΈααα‘αα« αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αααα‘α¬αΈ ααααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα αααααα¬ -
In the tensile test, at yield, S1 = Sy (yield stress), S2 = S3 = 0.
So yielding in the components occurs when:
Maximum Shear Stress = Ο max = S1 - S2 /2 = Sy / 2
Note: Maximum or Minimum normal stress is called principal stress.
αααααααααααα αααααααα αα«αα‘α¬αΈαα«αα‘α¬αΈαα«αα‘α¬αΈαα«αα‘α¬αΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories) (Stress Categories)
α‘αα αα«αα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ Primary, Secondary αα Peak stress ααα»αα αα«ααα
αα αααα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Primary Stresses)
ααααΈαα (αααα‘α±ααΈααα ααα‘ααΌααΈαα‘ααα α‘α±ααΈααα αα) ααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ αα«αα‘α¬αΈα»αα αΏααΈ α‘ααΌααΈα α‘α»ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα (internal and external forces) αα±α»αααΌα (equilibrium) αα±αα±α αα αααΈαα¬αΈαααααα (Primary stresses are not self-limiting.)
αα ααααα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Secondary Stresses)
αααααΈα‘α±ααΌα ααααααααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ αα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ ααα»αααΈα ααααΌαα»αααΈαα¬αΈα anchor
501
point ααααα¬αΈα»αααΈαα¬αΈ α ααααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±ααα±αα¬ αα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα (Secondary stresses are self-limiting.)
αα α‘α»ααααΈ αα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Peak Stresses)
Secondary stress αα¬αΈαα αααααΈα ααΌααααααΌα¬αΈα±α α±αα¬αααΈ peak stress αα¬αΈαα¬α αααααΈα αααΌααααα±α αα«α Peak stress αα¬αΈαα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈ α‘α»αα ααΈαα«αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α‘ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααΈα ααΈααα±α α±αα¬ α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαααΈ α»αα ααα αααααααααααα αααααααα ααααααααα‘α¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ ( ( ( (ClassificatiClassificatiClassificatiClassification of Loads)on of Loads)on of Loads)on of Loads)
α‘αα ααα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ Primary Load αα Expansion Load ααα»αα αα«ααα
αα ααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Primary Loads)
ααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααααΈα‘α±αα α‘α¬αΈαα αα ααα±αα¬αααα»αααΈα»αα αααααΈα α ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈα ααα»αααΈ α ααααα»αα α±α αΏααΈ αααααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα normal αα shear stress α»αα αα α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈ ααααΈα±ααΈααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αααααΈ αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αα‘α¬αΈαααΈαα¬αα αααααΈα plastic deformation α»αα α±α ααα α€αααα αααααΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈααα±ααα¬α ααΈααααΌα¬αΈα±α ααα ααααα‘α¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±ααα±αα¬ stress α α±αα¬αααααα αααααΈαα±ααα±ααΌααα¬αααααΈ αα±ααααα¬α»αα ααα
ααα‘α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα αα¬αα‘αααΈα‘α»αα¬αΈα±αααααα ααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αα ααΈ αααααΌα»αα¬αΈααααα α) α‘ααα»ααααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Sustained Loads) αααααΈαα±ααα±ααΌααα¬αααααΈ αααααΈα‘α±αα α±αα¬αα±αα¬αααα±αα¬αα±α α±αα¬ααα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ - ααααα‘ααααα α‘α±ααΈαααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααΈα α‘ααα αα‘α¬αΈα α) αα αα«αα αα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈ (Occasional Loads)
α‘α»ααααα αα αα«αα αααα¬ αααααΈα‘α±αα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ - ααααα«αα αααααΈαα«α α ααα
αα α‘α»αα¬αΈ ααΈααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈ (Secondary Loads or Expansion Loads)
αααααΈα α‘α±ααΌαα±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±ααα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ - αααα ααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααΈααΌα ααααααααα¬αΈαα (α‘αααα±αΎαα¬α ααααα¬αΈααΌα αα¬α»αααΈ)α αααα±αα¬ααΈαααα»αα αααααα«ααΌα¬αΈα»αααΈα α‘ααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα±αΎαα¬α ααα ααααΌααα¬α αααααΈα±ααΌααα¬αΈα»αααΈα ααα‘αα (anchor) αα¬αΈα±ααΌαα»αααΈα α‘α±αα¬α
502
α‘α₯α±αΎαα¬αα±ααΌαα»αααΈ α ααα Secondary load αα¬αΈαα cyclic αααΈα»αα ααααα αααααα¬ αααα
αααα αααααααα α»αα ααααα ααα±αα¬ ααααααα αααααααααααα αααααααα Stress Stress Stress Stress α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈ
αααα αααΌαααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ stress αα¬αΈ α coordinate system α»ααα»ααα ααα α₯ααα¬ - ααα axial ααααα longitudinal direction (α‘αα¬αΈαα) α‘αααΈ ααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ stress, ααα radial direction (α‘αααΈαα) α‘αααΈ ααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ stress, ααα circumferential direction (α ααααΈ) α‘αααΈ ααα±αα¬αα±αα±αα¬ stress α αααα α»αα αα« ααα
αα¬αΈαα¬α‘ααα»αα α±αα¬ normal stress αα¬αΈα principal stress αα¬αΈαα±ααααα α
principal stress αα¬αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈ (maximum) S1 , α‘ααα‘αα S2 αα α‘αααΈααΈ
(minimum) S3 α ααΈααΈααα¬ αααΈααΈα±αα«ααΈα ααααα external stress αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ
α±αα«ααΈααααα α‘αααα α»αα αααα αααααα¬ -
SL + SH + SR = S1 + S2 + S3 α»αα ααα
α€ααΌα -
SL = Axial Stress, SH = Circumferential Stress, SR = Radial Stress α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααα Axial Load Axial Load Axial Load Axial Load
503
αααα ααα α‘αα¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈ (Axial force) FL ααα±αα¬αααααααα
αα‘α¬αΈαα compressive force (αα‘α¬αΈ) ααααα tensile force (ααΌαααα‘α¬αΈ) α»αα αα
ααα αααΌαα»ααα¬αΈα±αα¬ FL αα¬ tensile force α»αα ααα ααα Axial stress (SL) α
α»αα α±α ααα ααα‘α¬αΈααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈαα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈα α±αα¬ααααα±ααα ααα ααααααα»ααα§ααα¬ (cross sectional area of pipe wall normal to the load
direction) α»αα αΏααΈ αα αα±αα€α Am α»ααα»αααα αα‘αα« Axial stress (SL) α α±α‘α¬ααα«
α‘αααΈααΌαααααα
m
LL A
F S = α€ααΌα Am α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌαααααα
diameter) outside on (basedt d
diameter) average on (based 2t d(d
(rigorous) 4
d-(d A
o
io
2i
2o
m
Ο=
+Ο=
Ο=
)
)
Axial Load αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα ααααα α±αα¬ααααααααΈ αα¬αΈααΌα ααααααααΌααΈαα‘ααα α‘α±ααΈααα α‘αααα±αΎαα¬α αααααΈααααΌααα¬α»αααΈ α αααααα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α₯ααα¬αα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Internal / ExternalInternal / ExternalInternal / ExternalInternal / External PressurePressurePressurePressure
α‘αα / α‘α±ααΌααα¬αΈα αα α±ααα¬ααα α±ααα¬αα αααααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈ (internal pressure) ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈα jacketed pipe αα heat exchanger α tube αα¬αΈααΌαα±αα¬αααΈα±αα¬ααΈ external pressure
ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈα ααααα ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααααΌα axial stress SL αα
circumferential stress SH α α»αα α±ααα±α ααα radial stress SR αα»αα α±α αααα±αα¬
αααΈ αα αα«αα αααΌα αα ααααα¬αΈααααα Internal pressure α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ axial load αα¬ α internal pressure αα
ααα cross sectional area α±α»αα¬αααα»αα ααα
4dP F
2i
LΟ
=
α‘ααααα¬ outside diameter α ααα cross sectional area ααΌααα¬ααΌα αααΈαα«α axial stress α α±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααααααΈααΌαααααααα
4tdP S o
L =
504
Internal pressure αα circumferential direction α‘αααΈααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ stress ααα« α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α»αα α±α ααααα
ααα Inner radius α‘αααΈααΌα stress αα α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα αΏααΈ outer radius α‘αααΈααΌα α‘αααΈααΈα»αα ααα ααα αααα radius ααΌααααα±αα¬ Hoopeβs stress α Lameβs Equation α‘α α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈααΌααααααα
)r - (r )/rrr (r P rat S 2
i2
o
22o
2i
2i
H+
=
αα«αΈα±αα¬αααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα radial stress α α±α»αα¬ααΈαααα αα αααααααα Membrane
theory α‘α SH αα±α‘α¬ααα«αα±ααααΈα»αα ααΌααααααα
2tdP S o
H = or 2tdP S i
H =
ααααα external pressure Pext αα αααα ααα α‘ααΌααΈαααααα¬α»ααααΌα radial
stress αα compressive ααα»αα αΏααΈ fluid pressure Pabs α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Bending LoadBending LoadBending LoadBending Load
ααα‘α±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ α±αα¬α α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα ααα‘α¬αΈαα ααα¬ Bending load (α±ααΌαΈααΌαα‘α¬αΈ) α»αα ααα αα‘α¬αΈα normal and shear stress αα¬αΈα α»αα α±α ααα αααα±ααΌαΈααΌαα±α α±αα¬ α‘ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα αααα αα ααα¬ uniform load α»αα αΏααΈ α±αα¬α αα ααα¬ concentrated load α»αα ααα
Internal pressure αα Radial stress ααααΈ α»αα α±ααα±α ααααα αααΌα αΎαααα«α ααα α‘α»αααααααα¬α»αα ααΌα radial stress αα compressive
α»αα αΏααΈ atmospheric pressure Patm
505
ααα ααα‘ααα±ααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αααα‘αααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα αααααα‘α±ααΈαααα ααα‘ααΌααΈαα‘ααα α‘α±ααΈααααα±αα«ααΈαα¬ ααα α±ααΌαΈααΌα α±α (bending) ααα ααα‘αααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘α±ααΈαα ααα αΌα¬ (uniformly distributed load) αα±αα±αα¬αααΈ ααα‘αααα ααΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααααααααΌαα bending moment αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα ααα
αααα‘α±ααΈααα ααα‘ααΌααΈαα‘ααα α‘ααα¬ α‘α¬αΈααΈα α α±αα«ααΈ α‘α±ααΈαααα W, ααα‘αααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈαα L α»αα ααααα«α αα
αα ααα α‘αα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΈαα (Weight per unit length, w) αα L W w = α»αα ααα
Beam theory α‘α ααα‘αααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααααααααΌα α»αα α±ααα±αα¬ maximum
bending moment αα¬ Pin support αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα 8
wL M2
max = αα Pin support αα¬αΈ
α‘ααΌα 12wL M
2
max = α»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ ααααααα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααααααα‘αα
α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα‘ααΌα α ααααΌαα±αα±αα¬α α±ααααα±αα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα 10wL M
2
max = α
ααα¬ααΌαααααα α±αα¬αααα‘α¬αΈα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα ααα¬ αα α±ααα¬αααΌα α αΏαααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ concentrated load α»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ αααααΈααΌα gate valve αααααα¬αΈα»αααΈα αααΌααΎαααα«α α€α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘ααΌα maximum bending moment αα¬ Pinned Support α‘ααΌα
LWab Mmax = α»αα αΏααΈ Rigid support (fixed supports) αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα
2
2
max LbWa M = α»αα ααα α€ααΌα a αα ααααα¬α±ααα¬αα ααα‘ααααααΈαα ααα±ααΈ
α±αα¬ α‘αααΈα‘αα¬ α»αα αα«ααα
Pinned support
Fixed support
506
α€αα±ααααΈααΎαααα a ααααα b ααα¬ zero (αα) α»αα α±α‘α¬α αααααα«α bending moment αα ααα»αα ααΌα¬αΈααα αααααα¬ α€ααα α±αα¬ concentrated load (αα α±ααα¬αααΌα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΏαααα±αα¬αα±αα¬) α α±α‘α¬ααααα ααΌα ααα‘ααααα±ααΈααα»αααΈα»αα bending moment α α±αα¬ααα ααααααα αααα α±ααΌαΈααΌαααΌα¬αΈαα αααααα¬α»ααα±ααααΌα tensile stress α±αα¬α compressive stress αα« ααα±αα¬αααα αααΌααΎαααα«α
α stress αα¬αΈαα¬ axial stress αα¬αΈα»αα ααα ααα αα ααααΌα tensile stress α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα α αα±ααα¬α αααααααααΌαα compressive stress α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα ααα α α‘αααα αα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααααααααΌα αααα stress αα ααα α¬αΈαα±αα¬ αΎαα¬αΈαα (neutral point) αααΈαα αα‘αααα¬ ααα α‘αααα₯αΈ (centre line) α±ααααΌααααα ααα Centre Line αα±αα αααΈαα α‘ααΌα¬α‘α±ααΈ c α bending moment M
α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ axial tensile stress αα¬ Ic M S b
L = α»αα ααα α€αα±ααααΈααΌααα«α±αα¬ I
αα¬ αα cross section (ααααααα»ααα§ααα¬) α moment of inertia α»αα ααα αα±ααααΈ
αα¬64
)d- (d I 4i
4oΟ
= α»αα ααα α‘ααα c α ααααΈαα ααα α‘α»ααααα‘αααΈ
(outside diameter) αααααΌα¬αΈαα«α maximum tensile stress ααααα αα‘αα« -
Pinned support
Fixed support
507
ZM
Ir M S bob
L == α»αα ααα α€ααΌα Z αα section modulus of pipe α»αα αΏααΈ αα
ααααΈαα¬ orI
α»αα ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Shear LoadShear LoadShear LoadShear Load
Shear stress αα»αα α±α αααα¬ shear load α»αα αα shear load α‘ααΈααΈααα α‘αα α±ααααα±αα¬ shear load αα¬ ααα‘α±ααα±αα¬ααααααααα±αα¬ shear force ααα»αα ααα αααΌααΎαααα«α Shear stress αα α‘ααααΌα α±αα¬α»αααΏααΈα±αα¬ axial stress ααα±α»αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααααΈ αααααα±αααα ααα ααα α‘αααααα₯αΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα αΏααΈ ααα α‘α»αααα αααα¬α»ααααΌα α‘αααΈααΈα»αα ααα ααα¬ααα¬αααΈ αα±α»αα¬αα±αα¬ααα«α ααα‘ααΌα stress analysis ααΌααα¬ααΌα αα αα«αα α±α αααααΌααα«α α‘ααα ααααΌαααα«α
αα±ααααΈαα¬ AQV m
max =Ο α»αα αα«ααα α€ααΌα Q αα shear form factor α»αα αΏααΈ mA
αα¬ ααα cross sectional area α»αα αα«ααα
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Torsional LoadTorsional LoadTorsional LoadTorsional Load
Shear stress αα»αα α±α αα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αΈαα ααΈαα¬ torsional load α»αα αα«ααα Torsional load α±αΎαα¬αα»αα α±αα¬ shear stress αα¬ αααα‘α»ααααα‘αααΈααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αα ααα αα torsional moment αα ααα dimension ααα»αα α±α‘α¬ααα« α‘αααΈ α±αα¬α»αααααα
Z 2M
I 2r M
Rr M ) r r (at ToT
T
oTo ====Ο
α€ααΌα TR αα torsional resistance α»αα αΏααΈ moment of inertia α αα αα»αα ααα
508
αααααααααααα αααααααααααα Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis ααΌαααααΌαααααΌαααααΌααα αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬αα‘αα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈ
1. Outside diameter of pipe, wall thickness (or nominal diameter, schedule number) 2. Temperature, internal pressure 3. Material of piping. (Expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and material density will be selected for this material.) 4. Insulation thickness and insulation material. (If not given, standard thickness for calcium silicate will be selected.) 5. Specific gravity of contents 6. Any wind load to be considered? If yes, the direction of application is important. 7. Any anchor initial translation. (For towers, exchangers, and so on, nozzle initial translation is important.) 8. Corrosion allowance for piping 9. Flange rating, (ANSI B16.5) 10. Standard valve weight and flange weight will be used. (For special valves mark the weight on pipe stress isometric.) 11. Long radius elbows will be used. (If short radius or any other bend radius, mark on the isometric.) For short-radius elbow, radius= diameter 12. Any allowable loading from manufacturers on pumps, turbines, compressors? (From the vendor drawing for equipment.) 13. Any preference to use expansion loops, expansion joints, and so on, if needed? 14. Mark type of intersection (reinforced fabricated tee, etc.) 15. Mark support locations (available steel crossing, and so on) on the isometric 16. Is hydraulic testing load condition to be considered to get structural support loads? 17. Pipe stress isometrics (x-, y-, z-axis) piping plans, and sections are necessary.
509
αααααααααααα αα αα αα αα αααα Code Requirements Code Requirements Code Requirements Code Requirements
Code requirement αα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα«ααα α€ααΌαα‘α»ααα‘α αα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬α ααα¬ααααα¬ααα¬ α±αα¬α»ααααα«ααα
αα ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Subsection NB
α€α‘αααΈαα Nuclear piping, Class 1 α‘ααΌα code requirement αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα« ααα αα ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Subsections NC and ND
α€α‘αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα Nuclear piping, Class 2 αα Class 3 α‘ααΌα code requirement αα¬αΈα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα αα ASME B31.1 Power Piping Code
α€α‘αααΈαα Nclear piping ααααα αα¬ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α₯αα¬αΈα fossil-fuel power plant αα¬αΈα α±αα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαα αα α±αα αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααααΈα αα αα¬αΈ αα«αααα«ααα α€α‘αααΈαα ααα ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα αααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈα αα‘α¬αΈααα α‘α»αα¬αΈ αααααΈα‘α αα‘αααΈα αααα¬αα¬αΈα design requirement αα¬αΈα αα¬αααα αααα αααααΈα‘α±αα α‘ααΌαα‘ααΌ αα«αα‘α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα (overstressing) ααα¬ααΌα αα ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αααααΈα‘αααΈ (guide) αα¬αΈαααΈαα«ααα±ααΈααα αα ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code
α€α‘αααΈαα αα«αα±ααα±ααΈααα α±αα αα ααααα ααα αα±αα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈ α‘α¬αΈααΈαα ααααααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα«αα±ααα αααα¬αΈα α±ααααα αααα¬αΈα αα«α α±ααΈαα αα α±ααα»αααα±ααα¬αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααα¬ααα«αα±ααΌαα αααα¬αΈα α±αααα ααα¬ααα«αα±ααΌα α±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα
α€α‘αααΈααΌα ααα«α±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα‘α¬αΈ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) αα α‘ααα
366 Fo (186 Co ) αααααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααα¬ααα»αα α±α αααα α‘αααα αα«αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα B31.1, B31.4, B31.8 ααααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ α ααααα»αα ααα αααααΈα‘α±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα‘αα« pressure, weight (live and dead loads), impact, wind, earthquake-induced horizontal forces, vibration, discharge reactions, thermal expansion and contraction, temperature gradients, and anchor movements α ααααα‘α¬αΈααΈα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα
Piping Stress αα±α‘α¬ααα«ααα»αααΈαα¬αΈα»αα αααΈαα¬αΈααα
510
1. . . . Stresses due to sustained loads.
Pressure, weight, and other sustained loads α±αΎαα¬αα»αα αα¬αα longitudinal stresses (SL) αα basic allowable stress at maximum metal temperature (Sh) ααααα±α αα SL ααΌααα¬ααΌαααΈα±αα¬ ααα‘ααα ααα nominal thickness α mechanical, corrosion, and corrosion allowance αα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈαα thickness α»αα αααα 2. . . . Stresses due to occasional loads
α±α»ααααα α±ααααααΈααααα αα αα«αα αααΌα α»αα ααα±αα¬ αα‘α¬αΈαα¬αΈα Pressure, weight, and other sustained loads ααα±αΎαα¬αα»αα αα¬α±αα¬ longitudinal stresses α α α±αα«ααΈαα 1.33Sh ααααα±α αα α±αααα»αααΈαα ααααααα»αααΈα ααΏααααααα±αα¬αααααα ααα αα¬αααα«α
3. Stress range due to expansion loads.
Displacement stress range SE αα SA ααααα±α αα
SS A E β€ where 21
2t
2b E )S 4 (SS +=
bS = resultant bending stress, psi
[ ]
Z)M (i ( S
21
2oo
2
b+
=)iM i
iM = in-plane bending moment, in-lb
oM = out-of-plane bending moment, in-lb
ii = in-plane stress intensification factor
io = out-of-plane stress intensification factor
tS = torsional stress, psi , 2ZM S t
t =
tM = torsional moment, in-lb
aS = allowable displacement stress range
[ ] LhLhc
hcA
S S when S - )S (S 1.25 f )S 0.25 S (1.25 f S
>+=
+=
cS = basic allowable stress at minimum metal temperature, psi
f = stress range reduction factor α α ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum
511
Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols Piping Code
ASME B31.4 αα for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia αα Alcohols ααα α‘ααααααα αα ααααΈαααΈα αααΈααα±ααΈααα αααΌα α±ααα ααΈα ααα¬ααα«αα±ααΌααα α‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααΌ αΈ (condensate)α α±αααα«αα±ααΌααα (liquefied petroleum gas)α α‘αααα±αα¬α Anhydrous ammonia α‘αα αα αααα α±ααΈααΌα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈ αα«ααααα α±ααα±αα¬αααα ααα¬ααα«αα±ααΌαα αααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈα α±αα ααα ααα αα«αααααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααΈαα¬αΈα ααα α»αααα»ααΈαα¬α α αααααα«ααααα α€ B31.4 ααΌα ααα«αααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ α±αα α±αα α±αα±ααΌαΈα±αααΌα α±αα¬αα α±αα¬αα α¬ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααααααααα»αα α±αα±α αα¬α α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) αααααΈα±αα¬ αααΈ
αα¬αΈα α‘ααα 20 Fo (29 Co ) αααααΈαΏααΈ 250 Fo (121 Co ) αααα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α¬αΈ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) αααα¬αΈαα αααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈ ASME B31 αα αΏαααα±αα¬ α±αααα α αααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαα»αααα»ααΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααΈαα¬αΈαα«αα±ααΌαααΈ α±ααα ααα¬αΈ α αααα α»αα ααα αα ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping Code
α‘ααα - 320 Fo (- 196 Co ) ααα±αα¬ α±ααα αα α±αα±α‘αΈα±ααΈα α αααααΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α€α‘αααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα α€α‘αααΈααΌα ααα«αααααα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈ αααΈααα»αα α±α α ααααα»αα α±α α‘ααΌααΈ ααααα α‘α»αααα‘α¬αΈ 15 psi (103.5 kPa) αα αα±αα¬α±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα
αα ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code
αα«αα±ααΌααααααΈα‘α¬αΈααΈααα α€α‘αααΈα αα¬αααα α€α‘αααΈααΌα ααα«αα
αααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααααΈααα‘ααα 450 Fo ( 232.2 Co ) α‘αα ααααα - 20 Fo
(- 29 Co ) α±α‘α¬α αα±αα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈ ASME B31 αα αΏαααα±αα¬ α±αααα α αααα¬αΈα αα«αα±ααΌαα»αααα»ααΈα±ααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα α±αααα«αα±ααΌααααααααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬ααα±αααα‘α¬αΈ α»αα α‘αααααα ααα¬ααα α±ααααααα¬αΈα α»αα ααα α α¬αΏααΈαα αα-αα-αααα α α αα¬α αα ααα Blk 134A, Kang Ching Road Singapore 619062